Behavioral, Morphological and Genetic Evidence Of

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Behavioral, Morphological and Genetic Evidence Of ElEl ComplejoComplejo dede EspeciesEspecies dede lala MojarraMojarra ComúnComún enen DosDos LagunasLagunas CratéricasCratéricas NicaragüensesNicaragüenses TheThe MidasMidas CichlidCichlid SpeciesSpecies ComplexComplex inin TwoTwo NicaraguanNicaraguan CraterCrater LakesLakes Cuaderno N° 12 Colección Naturaleza Cuadernos de Investigación de la U.C.A. 12:19-47 (1 Julio 2002) Cuadernos de Investigación de la UCA / N° 12 Behavioral, Morphological and Genetic Evidence of Divergence of the Midas Cichlid Species Complex in Two Nicaraguan Crater Lakes Evidencias Comportamental, Morfológica, y Genética de Divergence en el Complejo de Especies de la Mojarra Común en Dos Lagunas Cratéricas Nicaragüenses Kenneth R. McKaye1, 2, Jay R. Stauffer Jr3., Eric P. van den Berghe4, Rene Vivas1, Lorenzo J. Lopez Perez1, Jeffrey K. McCrary1,5, Roxana Waid1, Ad Konings6, Woo-Jai Lee7, Thomas D. Kocher7 Abstract Resumen The Midas Cichlid complex has long been proposed to El complejo de especies de la mojarra común ha sido contain a multitude of species, although the results of propuesto contener una multitud de especies, aunque several attempts to identify species and clarify taxo- los resultados de varios intentos a identificar especies nomic status have been disputed. Here we demonstrate y aclarar el estado taxonómico del complejo han sido results of studies in breeding habitat selection, feeding disputados. Aquí, demostramos resultados de estudios ecology, and microsatellite genetics of three newly de- en la selección de hábitat de aparaeamiento, la ecología scribed species in Lake Xiloá, Nicaragua, and conclude de alimentación, y la genética microsatelital, de tres that these species are clearly distinct following the bio- especies nuevamente descritas de la laguna de Xiloá, logical species concept. Furthermore, using micro- Nicaragua, y concluímos que estas especies son satellite genetic data we demonstrate that these spe- claramente distintas, siguiendo el concepto biológico cies are all distinct from forms of the Midas Cichlid de especies. Además, utilizando datos genéticos species complex occurring in Lake Apoyo. The three microsatelitales, demostramos que estas especies son described species from Lake Xiloá assortatively mated distintas de las formas del complejo de la mojarra and differed in habitat preferences. This suggests that común encontradas en la laguna de Apoyo. Las tres the processes of radiation of species in Lake Apoyo and especies descritas de la laguna de Xiloá se aparearon Lake Xiloá are separate, and that similar morphologies asociativamente y difieron en preferencias por hábitat. between taxa of different lakes are due to convergent Esto sugiero que los procesos de radiación de especies evolution. In addition, sympatric speciation may be oc- en la lagunas de Xiloá y de Apoyo son separados, y curring in each of Nicaragua’s crater lakes. The Great que las morfologías semejantes de los taxa en diferentes Lakes Basin of Nicaragua, therefore, provides a unique lagunas se deben a la evolución convergente. Adicional- opportunity to study the process of evolution occur- mente, especiación simpátrica puede estar sucediendo ring in rapidly evolving species. We recomend urgently en cada una de las lagunas cratéricas de Nicaragua. La cuenca de los Grandes Lagos de Nicaragua, por ende, ofrece una oportunidad única para estudiar el proceso de evolución en especies que evolucionan 1University of Central America, Managua, Nicaragua rápidamente. Recomendamos urgentemente que se 2Appalachian Laboratory, UMCES, 301 Braddock Rd, Frostburg, MD 21532 U.S.A tomen medidas de conservación hacia los miembros 3School of Forest Resources, The Pennsylvania State University, de este complejo de especies. University Park, PA 16802 U.S.A. 4Ave Maria College of the Americas, San Marcos, Carazo, Nicaragua Introducción 5Conservation Management Institute, College of Natural Resources, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Los peces cíclidos (familia Cichlidae) han sido obje- Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA to de considerable cantidad de investigaciones ecoló- 6 Cichlid Press, P.O. Box 13608, El Paso, TX 79913 USA gicas, evolucionarias, y etológicas. Sin duda, su 7Department of Zoology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, especiación explosiva, sus especializaciones alimen- NH 03824 U.S.A. 19 Cuadernos de Investigación de la UCA / N° 12 that steps be taken toward the conservation of the tarias, los diversos sistemas de apareamiento, y su gran members of this species complex. importancia como fuente de proteína en países tropi- cales, todos han jugado papeles en el impulso de in- Introduction vestigación sobre este grupo (Fryer y Iles, 1972; Keenleyside, 1991; Barlow, 2000; Coleman, 2001). Des- Cichlid fishes have been the focus of considerable afortunadamente, muchos de estos esfuerzos han sido ecological, evolutionary, and behavioral research. Un- retardados y sus resultados muchas veces se han con- doubtedly, the cichlids’ explosive speciation, unique fundido, por el estado sistemático incierto de algunos feeding specializations, diverse mating systems, and de los cíclidos examinados. La mayoría de la íctiofauna their great importance as a protein source in tropical del lago de Malawi, por ejemplo, es inédita (Stauffer countries have all been factors stimulating research et al., 1997). Muchas especies en el lago Victoria se ex- interest in this group (Fryer and Iles, 1972; Keenleyside, tinguieron, a causa de la introducción de peces exóti- 1991; Barlow, 2000; Coleman, 2001). Unfortunately, cos, antes de que fueran formalmente descritas. Ade- many of these research efforts have been slowed and más, las especies de cíclidos en la cuenca de los Gran- results often are confused by the uncertain systematic des Lagos de Nicaragua, se encuentran bajo amenaza status of some of the cichlids being examined. The por la introducción de “tilapias” africanas (McKaye et majority of Lake Malawi’s fauna, for example, is al., 1995, 1998a). Introducciones de peces se están ha- undescribed (Stauffer et al., 1997). Many species from ciendo y proponiendo sin conocimiento de las com- Lake Victoria became extinct, due to the introduction posiciones ícticas de los cuerpos de agua (McCrary et of exotic fishes, before they were formally described al., 2001). (Witte et al., 1992). Furthermore, the cichlid species Observaciones subacuáticas directas demuestran within the Great Lakes Basin of Nicaragua are now que los varios miembross del complejo de especies de seriously threatened by the introduction of African “ti- la mojarra común se aparean asociativamente por co- lapia” (McKaye et al., 1995, 1998a). Introductions are lor y forma, y que sus preferencias en hábitat y formas being made and proposed throughout the country de nidos difieren (Barlow, 1976; McKaye y Barlow, without even knowing the species composition of in- 1976; Stauffer et al., 1995; Murry et al., 2001; Vivas y dividual water bodies (McCrary et al., 2001). McKaye, 2001). Las estrechas semejanzas genéticas Direct underwater observations show that the spe- (McKaye et al., 1998b) y el aislamiento reproductivo cies of the Midas Cichlid species complex assortatively entre estas formas sugieren que especiación intra- mate by color and shape, and that their habitat prefer- lacustrina puede haber sucedido en ambas lagunas ences and nest forms differ (Barlow, 1976; McKaye and Xiloá y Apoyo, Nicaragua (McKaye, 1980; McKaye et Barlow, 1976; Stauffer et al., 1995; Murry et al., 2001; al., 2001; Wilson et al., 2000). Ejemplos similares de Vivas and McKaye, 2001). The close genetic similari- especiación intralacustrina en peces cíclidos, han sido ties (McKaye et al., 1998b) and reproductive isolation reportados en lagos en Camerún occidental (Lowe- of these morphs suggest that intralacustrine speciation McConnell, 1991). En lago Barombi Mbo (Trewavas et might have occurred in both lakes Xiloá and Apoyo, al., 1972), los lagos Kotto y Mboandong (Corbet et al., Nicaragua (McKaye, 1980; McKaye et al., 2001; Wilson 1973), lago Bermin (Stiassny et al., 1992) y lago Ejagham et al., 2000). Similar examples of intralacustrine specia- (Schliewen et al., 2002), especies endémicas evidente- tion of cichlids, within crater lakes, have been reported mente evolucionaron de manera simpátrica dentro de in West Cameroon lakes (Lowe-McConnell, 1991). In estos lagos, a partir de poblaciones ancestrales. Lake Barombi Mbo (Trewavas et al., 1972), lakes Kotto La especiación simpátrica sucede cuando una po- and Mboandong (Corbet et al., 1973), Lake Bermin blación fundadora se divide en dos poblaciones sepa- (Stiassny et al., 1992), and Lake Ejagham (Schliewen et radas, o Unidades Evolutivamente Significativas (UES; al., 2002), endemic species evidently evolved sympat- Stauffer et al., 1995), que tienen trayectorias evolucio- rically within these lakes from ancestral populations. narias separadas mientras mantienen su distribución Sympatric speciation occurs when one founder simpátrica. Para inferir que especiación simpátrica population divides into two separate populations or incipiente puede estar sucediendo, uno debe encon- Evolutionary Significant Units (Stauffer et al., 1995) that trar dos o más poblaciones, fenotípicamente discer- have separate evolutionary trajectories while maintain- nibles, de origen monofilético (McKaye, 1980; Stauffer ing their sympatric distribution. To infer that incipient et al., 1995; Schliewen et al., 2002). McKaye (1980) pro- sympatric speciation might be occurring, one must puso primero que la especiación simpátrica
Recommended publications
  • Description of Two New Species of the Midas Cichlid Complex (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua
    PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 123(2):159–173. 2010. Description of two new species of the Midas cichlid complex (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua Matthias F. Geiger, Jeffrey K. McCrary, and Jay R. Stauffer, Jr.* (MFG) Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (ZSM), Department of Ichthyology, Mu¨nchhausenstr. 21, 81247 Munich, Germany; (JKM) Fundacio´n Nicaragu¨ense Pro-desarrollo Comunitario Integral (FUNDECI/GAIA), Estacio´n Biolo´gica, Laguna de Apoyo Nature Reserve, Nicaragua; (JRS) School of Forest Resources, 432 Forest Resources Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, U.S.A., e-mail: [email protected] Abstract.—Two species belonging to the Amphilophus citrinellus (Gu¨nther, 1864) species complex endemic to Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua are described. Both species exhibit unique phenotypic characters that have not been found in other members of the species complex. Furthermore, they breed assortatively in Lake Apoyo and can readily be distinguished in the field from all other described species found in that lake. Including the two herein described species, six species that form a monophyletic species assemblage within the Midas cichlid complex inhabit Lake Apoyo, Nicaragua. Midas cichlids are monogamous sub- allowed the description of three endemic strate spawners that form pairs only species from Lake Xiloa´ in 2002 and three during breeding season, when they ag- endemic species from Lake Apoyo in gressively defend their territory and fry. 2008 (Stauffer & McKaye 2002,
    [Show full text]
  • Rapid Evolution and Selection Inferred from the Transcriptomes of Sympatric Crater Lake Cichlid Fishes
    Rapid evolution and selection inferred from the transcriptomes of sympatric crater lake cichlid fishes K. R. ELMER, S. FAN, H. M. GUNTER, J. C. JONES, S. BOEKHOFF, S. KURAKU and A. MEYER Lehrstuhl fUr Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitiitstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany Abstract Crater lakes provide a natural laboratory to study speciation of cichlid fishes by ecological divergence. Up to now, there has been a dearth of transcriptomic and genomic information that would aid in understanding the molecular basis of the phenotypic differentiation between young species. We used next-generation sequencing (Roche 454 massively parallel pyrosequencing) to characterize the diversity of expressed sequence tags between ecologically divergent, endemic and sympatric species of cichlid fishes from crater lake Apoyo, Nicaragua: benthic Amphilophus astorquii and limnetic Amphilophus zaliosus. We obtained 24174 A. astorquii and 21382 A. zaliosus high­ quality expressed sequence tag contigs, of which 13 106 pairs are orthologous between species. Based on the ratio of non synonymous to synonymous substitutions, we identified six sequences exhibiting signals of strong diversifying selection (KalKs > 1). These included genes involved in biosynthesis, metabolic processes and development. This transcriptome sequence variation may be reflective of natural selection acting on the genomes of these young, sympatric sister species. Based on Ks ratios and p-distances between 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) calibrated to previously published species divergence times, we estimated a neutral transcriptome-wide substitutional mutation rate of ~1.25 x 10-6 per site per year. We conclude that next-generation sequencing technologies allow us to infer natural selection acting to diversify the genomes of young species, such as crater lake cichlids, with much greater scope than previously possible.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is a Species? an Endless Debate
    GENERAL ARTICLE What is a Species? An Endless Debate Uttam Saikia, Narayan Sharma and Abhijit Das Everybody is familiar with the ubiquitous term ‘species’.But what is a species? Undeniably, this is one of the most complex dilemmas in the history of biology. There is no other concept in biology as elementary yet controversial as the concept of species. In practice, a species is regarded as the fundamental unit of comparison in all biological disciplines like systemat- ics, evolution, ecology, ethology, physiology, and genetics. However, little agreement exists in the scientific community regarding the nature of species, whether it is a real entity or (left) Uttam Saikia is a cultural artifact, its biological significance or how to delin- working at High Altitude eateaspecies. Thisarticleisareview oftheseeminglyendless Zoology Field Station, debate on the species concept and its implications. Zoological Survey of India, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. The Species Concept: Historical Perspective (right) Narayan Sharma is Since olden times, naturalists have felt the need for a unit by a research scholar in National Institute of which diversity of life form on Earth can be described and Advanced Studies, IISc measured. Early naturalists and philosophers like Pluto and Campus, Bangalore. His Aristotle initiated the process of classifying biological objects area of research is primate based on typological essentialism i.e., every species (species is ecology and behaviour. the Latin word for kind) should conform to certain predetermined (center) Abhijit Das is a ideal “type”. Anything not similar to a particular type is consid- research scholar in Utkal ered a different species. This is known as typological species University, Orissa.
    [Show full text]
  • Lrghjudgdflyq GH
    (QFXHQWUR$f2;/1 0D\RU,QIRUPDFLyQ $SGR3RVWDO1R0DQDJXD1LFDUDJXD 7HO )D[ (PDLOXFDSXEOL#QVXFDHGXQL (QFXHQWUR(QFXHQWUR(QFXHQWUR(QFXHQWUR(QFXHQWUR %LRGHJUDGDFLyQ GH''7 %LRSURVSHFFLyQGHHQ]LPDVGHUHVWULFFLyQ (QIHUPHGDGGH&KDJDV ´&RQFKDVQHJUDVµ\FDOLGDGGHODJXD 3DUWLFLSDFLyQFLXGDGDQD 5HYLVWD$FDGpPLFDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG&HQWURDPHULFDQD ,661$f2;/1 +LVWRULD OTRAS PUBLICACIONES PERIÓDICAS DE LA UCA 5HYLVWD(QFXHQWUR )XQGDGD HQ (QFXHQWUR HV XQD SXEOLFDFLyQ FXDWULPHVWUDO GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG &HQWURDPHULFDQD 8&$ GH0DQDJXDFX\DHGLFLyQHVWiDFDUJRGHOD'LUHFFLyQGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ\3UR\HFFLyQ6RFLDOGH HVWD XQLYHUVLGDG (V XQD UHYLVWD FRQ XQ SHUILO DFDGpPLFR \ FLHQWtILFR GHVWLQDGD D LQYHVWLJDGRUHV SURIHVRUHV\HVWXGLDQWHVGHHGXFDFLyQVXSHULRU6XFRQWHQLGRSXHGHVHUUHSURGXFLGRFLWDQGRODIXHQWH\ (QYtR (V XQD UHYLVWD GH DQiOLVLV SROtWLFRV VRFLDOHV HQYLDQGR FRSLD GH OR SXEOLFDGR D OD 'LUHFFLyQ GH (QFXHQWUR /RV DUWtFXORV SXEOLFDGRV H[SUHVDQ ODV HFRQyPLFRVFXOWXUDOHVHFROyJLFRV\GHJpQHURGHODUHDOL RSLQLRQHVGHVXVDXWRUHV\QRQHFHVDULDPHQWHODRSLQLyQHGLWRULDOGHODUHYLVWD GDGGH1LFDUDJXD0p[LFR\&HQWURDPpULFD$SDUHFHFDGD PHV \ VH SXEOLFD HQ HVSDxRO LQJOpV H LWDOLDQR 'LUHFFLyQ /D8QLYHUVLGDG&HQWURDPHULFDQD 8&$ GH0DQDJXDIXQGDGDSRUOD&RPSDxtDGH-HV~VHQHV 5HYLVWD (QYtR $SGR SRVWDO $ 0DQDJXD 1LFDUDJXD XQDXQLYHUVLGDGSULYDGDGHVHUYLFLRS~EOLFRHLQVSLUDFLyQFULVWLDQDUHFLEHDSR\RHVWDWDO\SRVHHFXDWUR 7HO )D[ (PDLO IDFXOWDGHV+XPDQLGDGHV\&RPXQLFDFLyQ&LHQFLDV-XUtGLFDV&LHQFLDV(FRQyPLFDV\(PSUHVDULDOHV HQYtR#QVXFDHGXQLyLKFD#FDEOHQWFRPQL \&LHQFLD7HFQRORJtD\$PELHQWH 3DUDODRUJDQL]DFLyQ\JHVWLyQGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQOD8&$FXHQWDFRQHO,QVWLWXWRGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ\
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Barcode, Una Alternativa Para Identificar Especies Del Complejo Midas Cichlidae En Nicaragua
    Encuentro 2008/ Año XL, N° 81, 99-111 DNA Barcode, una alternativa para identificar especies del Complejo Midas Cichlidae en Nicaragua Lucía Páiz-Medina y Jorge A. Huete-Pérez Centro de Biología Molecular, Universidad Centroamericana, Rotonda Rubén Darío, 500 mts al oeste, Apto. Postal 69. Managua, Nicaragua. Tel: 278-3923 Ext. 1189. Correo electrónico: [email protected], [email protected] EL COMPLEJO MIDAS CICHLIDAE (especies del género Amphilophus) ha sido objeto de discusión entre diferentes grupos de científicos debido a que desde los primeros intentos de su clasificación taxonómica presentó problemas dada la similitud 101 morfológica entre especies del Complejo. Inicialmente se pensó que era solamente una especie polimórfica pero, luego de realizar diferentes estudios, se sabe que son diferentes especies. DNA Barcode (Código de Barras genético) es una técnica moderna que se está implementando en el Centro de Biología Molecular, y que pretende identificar las diferentes especies del Complejo Midas Ciclhidae utilizando una secuencia relativamente corta del gen mitocondrial COI. Palabras clave: DNA Barcode / Complejo Midas Cichlidae / Nicaragua 1. Introducción Uno de los objetivos de las ciencias biológicas, especialmente de la sistemática, ha sido la clasificación de los seres vivos de acuerdo a sus características morfológicas y de comportamiento para facilitar y universalizar su estudio. En Nicaragua existe un grupo de peces perteneciente a la familia Cichlidae, género Amphilophus, que desde los primeros intentos de clasificación ha sido objeto de discusión debido a que algunos son muy parecidos morfológicamente y no fue posible diferenciarlos y clasificarlos. Se pensaba que solamente existía una especie y que ésta presentaba diferentes formas (Mckaye y Stauffer, 2002).
    [Show full text]
  • Publis013-Cbgp-063 Dumas Thès
    UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DU LANGUEDOC THESE Pour obtenir le diplôme de doctorat Formation doctorale : Biologie de l'évolution et écologie Ecole Doctorale : Systèmes Intégrés en Biologie, Agronomie, Géosciences, Hydrosciences, Environnement, SIBAGHE Étude intégrative du statut des deux variants adaptatifs à la plante hôte de Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Pascaline DUMAS le 29 octobre 2013 Devant le jury composé de : Emmanuelle d’ALENÇON, Chargée de recherche, INRA Montpellier (Directrice de Thèse) Denis BOURGUET, Directeur de recherche, INRA Montpellier (Examinateur) Michel CUSSON, Chercheur scientifique, RNCan Québec (Rapporteur) Gaël KERGOAT, Chargé de recherche, INRA Montpellier (Invité, co-Directeur de Thèse) Emmanuelle JOUSSELIN, Chargée de recherche, INRA Montpellier (Représentante Ecole Doctorale) Jean-François SILVAIN, Directeur de recherche, CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (Examinateur) Jean-Christophe SIMON, Directeur de recherche, INRA Rennes (Rapporteur) 1 2 3 4 UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DU LANGUEDOC THESE Pour obtenir le diplôme de doctorat Formation doctorale : Biologie de l'évolution et écologie Ecole Doctorale : Systèmes Intégrés en Biologie, Agronomie, Géosciences, Hydrosciences, Environnement, SIBAGHE Étude intégrative du statut des deux variants adaptatifs à la plante hôte de Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Pascaline DUMAS le 29 octobre 2013 Devant le jury composé de : Emmanuelle
    [Show full text]
  • View/Download
    CICHLIFORMES: Cichlidae (part 6) · 1 The ETYFish Project © Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara COMMENTS: v. 6.0 - 18 April 2020 Order CICHLIFORMES (part 6 of 8) Family CICHLIDAE Cichlids (part 6 of 7) Subfamily Cichlinae American Cichlids (Acarichthys through Cryptoheros) Acarichthys Eigenmann 1912 Acara (=Astronotus, from acará, Tupí-Guaraní word for cichlids), original genus of A. heckelii; ichthys, fish Acarichthys heckelii (Müller & Troschel 1849) in honor of Austrian ichthyologist Johann Jakob Heckel (1790-1857), who proposed the original genus, Acara (=Astronotus) in 1840, and was the first to seriously study cichlids and revise the family Acaronia Myers 1940 -ia, belonging to: Acara (=Astronotus, from acará, Tupí-Guaraní word for cichlids), original genus of A. nassa [replacement name for Acaropsis Steindachner 1875, preoccupied by Acaropsis Moquin-Tandon 1863 in Arachnida] Acaronia nassa (Heckel 1840) wicker basket or fish trap, presumably based on its local name, Bocca de Juquia, meaning “fish trap mouth,” referring to its protractile jaws and gape-and-suck feeding strategy Acaronia vultuosa Kullander 1989 full of facial expressions or grimaces, referring to diagnostic conspicuous black markings on head Aequidens Eigenmann & Bray 1894 aequus, same or equal; dens, teeth, referring to even-sized teeth of A. tetramerus, proposed as a subgenus of Astronotus, which has enlarged anterior teeth Aequidens chimantanus Inger 1956 -anus, belonging to: Chimantá-tepui, Venezuela, where type locality (Río Abácapa, elevation 396 m) is
    [Show full text]
  • Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan
    NUMBER 741 July, 2009 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR , MICHIG A N CAPTIVE BREEDING OBSERVATIONS SUPPORT THE VALIDITY OF A RECENTLY DESCRIBED CICHLID SPECIES IN LAKE APOYO, NICARAGUA Ronald G. Oldfield ABSTRACT.—Amphilophus citrinellus, A. zaliosus, and a recently described species, A. astorquii, were held in a large aquarium and allowed to mate. The species mated assortatively. Observations were made of the breeding fish and their offspring, and of additional fish raised in the laboratory, includingA. labiatus. Amphilophus astorquii were distinguishable from A. zaliosus by having a less elongate lateral spot, deeper body, and a more rounded snout, and were distinct from A. citrinellus and A. labiatus by having black breeding coloration, a continuous lateral stripe, a more elongate lateral spot, and a shallower body. Characters shared between A. astorquii and A. zaliosus, but absent in A. citrinellus and A. labiatus, including black breeding coloration, an elongate lateral spot, a continuous lateral stripe, and a relatively shallow body suggest recent common ancestry and intra-lacustrine speciation. Key words: Amphilophus, crater lake, evolution, mate choice, speciation. INTRODUCTION The Midas cichlid species complex is a group of cryptic species from the Great Lakes and volcanic crater lakes of Nicaragua (Villa, 1976), with the type species of the genus, Amphilophus citrinellus (Günther, 1864; Fig. 1), from Lake Nicaragua. Populations in some of the lakes appear to have recently evolved into multiple species. In 1976 Barlow & Munsey described the arrow cichlid, Amphilophus zaliosus, as a species endemic to Lake Apoyo, and determined that it was more similar to sympatrically occurring A.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Phenotypic Plasticity in the Midas Cichlid Fish Pharyngeal Jaw
    Muschick et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011, 11:116 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/116 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Adaptive phenotypic plasticity in the Midas cichlid fish pharyngeal jaw and its relevance in adaptive radiation Moritz Muschick1,2, Marta Barluenga1,3, Walter Salzburger1,2 and Axel Meyer1* Abstract Background: Phenotypic evolution and its role in the diversification of organisms is a central topic in evolutionary biology. A neglected factor during the modern evolutionary synthesis, adaptive phenotypic plasticity, more recently attracted the attention of many evolutionary biologists and is now recognized as an important ingredient in both population persistence and diversification. The traits and directions in which an ancestral source population displays phenotypic plasticity might partly determine the trajectories in morphospace, which are accessible for an adaptive radiation, starting from the colonization of a novel environment. In the case of repeated colonizations of similar environments from the same source population this “flexible stem” hypothesis predicts similar phenotypes to arise in repeated subsequent radiations. The Midas Cichlid (Amphilophus spp.) in Nicaragua has radiated in parallel in several crater-lakes seeded by populations originating from the Nicaraguan Great Lakes. Here, we tested phenotypic plasticity in the pharyngeal jaw of Midas Cichlids. The pharyngeal jaw apparatus of cichlids, a second set of jaws functionally decoupled from the oral ones, is known to mediate ecological specialization and often differs strongly between sister-species. Results: We performed a common garden experiment raising three groups of Midas cichlids on food differing in hardness and calcium content. Analyzing the lower pharyngeal jaw-bones we find significant differences between diet groups qualitatively resembling the differences found between specialized species.
    [Show full text]
  • Diss 5.3 for Server
    Convergence and plasticity in the adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Philosophie vorgelegt der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Basel von Moritz Muschick aus Wolfenbüttel, Deutschland Basel, 2013 1 Genehmigt von der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät auf Antrag von Prof. Dr. Walter Salzburger (Departement Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Basel) und Prof. Dr. Patrik Nosil (Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder) Basel, den 15. November 2011 Prof. Dr. Martin Spiess (Dekan) Originaldokument gespeichert auf dem Dokumentenserver der Universität Basel edoc.unibas.ch Dieses Werk ist unter dem Vertrag „Creative Commons Namensnennung-Keine kommerzielle Nutzung-Keine Bearbeitung 2.5 Schweiz“ lizenziert. Die vollständige Lizenz kann unter creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-nd/2.5/ch eingesehen werden. 2 Namensnennung-Keine kommerzielle Nutzung-Keine Bearbeitung 2.5 Schweiz Sie dürfen: das Werk vervielfältigen, verbreiten und öffentlich zugänglich machen Zu den folgenden Bedingungen: Namensnennung. Sie müssen den Namen des Autors/Rechteinhabers in der von ihm festgelegten Weise nennen (wodurch aber nicht der Eindruck entstehen darf, Sie oder die Nutzung des Werkes durch Sie würden entlohnt). Keine kommerzielle Nutzung. Dieses Werk darf nicht für kommerzielle Zwecke verwendet werden. Keine Bearbeitung. Dieses Werk darf nicht bearbeitet oder in anderer Weise verändert werden. • Im Falle einer Verbreitung
    [Show full text]
  • Body Size Evolution and Diversity of Fishes Using the Neotropical Cichlids (Cichlinae) As a Model System
    Body Size Evolution and Diversity of Fishes using the Neotropical Cichlids (Cichlinae) as a Model System by Sarah Elizabeth Steele A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto © Copyright by Sarah Elizabeth Steele 2018 Body Size Evolution and Diversity of Fishes using the Neotropical Cichlids (Cichlinae) as a Model System Sarah Elizabeth Steele Doctor of Philosophy Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto 2018 Abstract The influence of body size on an organism’s physiology, morphology, ecology, and life history has been considered one of the most fundamental relationships in ecology and evolution. The ray-finned fishes are a highly diverse group of vertebrates. Yet, our understanding of diversification in this group is incomplete, and the role of body size in creating this diversity is largely unknown. I examined body size in Neotropical cichlids (Cichlinae) to elucidate the large- and small-scale factors affecting body size diversity and distribution, and how body size shapes species, morphological, and ecological diversity in fishes. Characterization of body size distributions across the phylogeny of Neotropical cichlids revealed considerable overlap in body size, particularly in intermediate-sized fishes, with few, species-poor lineages exhibiting extreme body size. Three potential peaks of adaptive evolution in body size were identified within Cichlinae. I found freshwater fishes globally tend to be smaller and their distributions more diverse and right-skewed than marine counterparts, irrespective of taxonomy and clade age, with a strengthening of these trends in riverine systems. Comparisons of Neotropical cichlid body size diversity and distribution to this broader context shows that body size patterns are largely abnormal compared to most freshwater fishes, particularly those of the Neotropics.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genomic Timeline of Cichlid Fish Diversification Across Continents
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17827-9 OPEN The genomic timeline of cichlid fish diversification across continents ✉ ✉ Michael Matschiner 1,2,3 , Astrid Böhne 1,4, Fabrizia Ronco 1 & Walter Salzburger 1,3 Cichlid fishes are celebrated for their vast taxonomic, phenotypic, and ecological diversity; however, a central aspect of their evolution — the timeline of their diversification — remains contentious. Here, we generate draft genome assemblies of 14 species representing the 1234567890():,; global cichlid diversity and integrate these into a new phylogenomic hypothesis of cichlid and teleost evolution that we time-calibrate with 58 re-evaluated fossil constraints and a new Bayesian model accounting for fossil-assignment uncertainty. Our results support cichlid diversification long after the breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana and lay the foundation for precise temporal reconstructions of the exceptional continental cichlid adaptive radiations. 1 Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. 2 Department of Palaeontology and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 3 Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. 4 Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research ✉ (ZMB), Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany. email: [email protected]; [email protected] NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2020) 11:5895 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17827-9 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17827-9 wing to their spectacular ecological and morphological cichlid lineage that lived in freshwaters of the former super- diversity and species richness, cichlid fishes have become continent Gondwana and diverged by vicariance with its tectonic O 3 one of the most important model groups in evolutionary breakup between 150 and 85 Ma , all younger timelines require biology and adaptive radiation research1,2.
    [Show full text]