DOCSLIB.ORG

A1 – General Biomechanics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A1 – General Biomechanics 84 ANIMAL ABSTRACTS A1 – GENERAL BIOMECHANICS exclusively jaw-powered suction mechanism to capture prey. Analysis of A1.1 the skeletal morphology, high-speed video recordings and computational fluid dynamics simulations show how a fast separation of its large upper Hydrodynamic analysis of suspension feeding and lower jaws creates explosive, high flow velocity suction, while the in extinct and extant crinoids (Echinodermata: viscerocranial elements mainly serve to accommodate the engulfed Crinoidea) water volume. A shift in function of the viscerocranium from its primitive, obligatory active role in powering suction to a more passive, supporting role mgiht have released the biomechanical constraints on the evolution Janina F. Dynowski (State Museum of Natural History and University of the hyobranchial system within the early tetrapod lineage, allowing of Tübingen, Germany), James H. Nebelsick (University of Tübingen, development of a muscular tongue. Germany) and Anita Roth-Nebelsick (State Museum of Natural History, Email address for correspondence: [email protected] Germany) 11:15 Friday 29th June 2012 Crinoids belong to the phylum Echinodermata, which today also includes the echinoids, asteroids, ophiuroids and holothuroids. Based on their long and complete fossil record, their great diversity and their passive A1.3 suspension feeding strategy, crinoids represent ideal objects to study effective biological filter mechanisms. Biting force as a key factor for ecological Fossil representatives can differ strongly in their morphology from diversification in South American caviomorph recent forms and thus alternative feeding positions can be assumed rodents than those effective today. Recent stalked crinoids open their arms in a parabolic filtration fan, creating a three-dimensional filter to capture nutritive particles that are in the water. Some of the fossil representatives Federico Becerra (Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina), were possibly not as flexible, and thus not able to bend their arms to such Aldo I. Vassallo (Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina) and an extent. Furthermore, recent stalked forms are restricted to deeper Adrià Casinos (University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain) water settings with relatively constant flow conditions, while fossil crinoids mainly lived in shallow water habitats, where flow velocities and directions Within mammals, the South American caviomorph rodents became one changed more rapidly. of the most diverse clades considering their occupied habitats, diets, The interdisciplinary project presented analyses the filter-feeding locomotor modes and body sizes. This might have been partly achieved mechanisms of recent and fossil crinoids using flume experiments by diversifying their feeding system and its ecological commitment, e.g. (particle image velocimetry) as well as modern computational approaches chisel-tooth digging. Thus, both powerful jaw musculature and biting (computational fluid dynamics). In a first attempt, two crinoids are force, exerted at the tip of the incisors, might have allowed these rodent analysed: Encrinus liliiformis (Middle Triassic, 243–228million years ago) species to differentiate in their environmental use. with 10 simple arms, and recent Hyocrinus sp. with five unbranching The in vivo forces of specimens of three southern South American arms. For Encrinus, analyses reveal that – based on the general crown caviomorph species – the chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera, which is social shape – a backward current is generated leading food particles back into and ground dwelling), the degu (Octodon degus, which is social and the crown. For the recent crinoid Hyocrinus, further analyses are needed, fossorial) and the sand dune tuco-tuco (Ctenomys australis, which is including more detailed morphological structures that were found to be solitary and subterranean/claw and chisel-tooth digger) – were measured. essential for the circulation pattern around the animal. Estimations of biting forces were also achieved by measuring the Email address for correspondence: [email protected] dissected jaw muscles, and their in- and out-levers, considering biting forces as reaction forces to food particles acting at different angles on the 11:00 Friday 29th June 2012 incisors’ tips (from 30º higher to 30º lower than the maximum out-lever at the incisors’ tips). We found that estimated biting forces were statistically higher than in A1.2 vivo forces. Since the species of tuco-tuco studied displayed the highest in vivo relative values and the chinchilla the lowest ones, we assumed Biomechanics of prey capture in the Chinese that the biting force would mainly be associated to the fossorial status giant salamander and what it might tell us about and aggressive territorial behaviour, which seems common in tuco-tucos. early tetrapod evolution Thus, our functional approach would complement the morphological assessments carried out so far on caviomorph rodents’ skull and jaw structure and muscles. Egon Heiss (University of Antwerp, Belgium and University of Vienna, Email address for correspondence: [email protected] Austria) and Sam Van Wassenbergh (University of Antwerp, Belgium) 11:30 Friday 29th June 2012 An important step in furthering our understanding of tetrapod evolution is to identify how early amphibians managed to capture prey, after substantial changes in the anatomy of their feeding system during the A1.4 fish–tetrapod transition. Similar to their sarcopterygian ancestors, the first amphibians were large aquatic predators that, in many aspects, The muscle, its force, its heat and its structure: resembled today’s basal amphibian species of Asian giant salamanders. Just elasticities in series? Consequently, functional morphological insights into the feeding strategy employed by these ‘living fossil’ amphibians might explain how profound Michael Günther (University of Stuttgart, Germany), Daniel F.B. modifications of the cranial architecture could have occurred without a Haeufle (University of Stuttgart, Germany) and Syn Schmitt (University major loss in prey-capture performance. Here, we show that the broad- of Stuttgart, Germany) skulled Chinese giant salamander, Andrias davidianus, uses a novel, Society for Experimental Biology abstracts.indd 84 08/06/2012 11:38:49 ANIMAL ABSTRACTS 85 Recently, it was demonstrated that the Hill relation can be derived from a The long distal tendons of cursorial animals are thought to have evolved A1 very simple, macroscopic structural arrangement of mechanical elements. to reduce the metabolic cost of running. During level running, force must Compared to the force–velocity relation, the corresponding heat rate be produced to support bodyweight while the cyclical fluctuations of the relation seems to contain even more subtle information about muscle mechanical energy of the body occurring over the course of a step are structure. Based on this, we present a revised muscle model that can fit accommodated. It is assumed that this can be achieved more economically both relations perfectly, using not more than six parameters. For this, a if muscle generates force isometrically and tendon stretches and recoils much lower dissipation coefficient, when compared to that in parallel to the than if muscle produces force while stretching and shortening, as muscle source of active force generation, is predicted in series. The main result is actively shortening and doing work is metabolically expensive. However, that the model explains both relations at once by the interaction of: tendon stretch and recoil also reduces the metabolically-inexpensive • an active force generator (active element); force production during stretch. Thus, to evaluate the metabolic benefits • energy dissipation in parallel to the AE (parallel damping element); of tendon, muscle ergometry and myothermic techniques were used • some partitioning between presumably elastic (serial element) and to determine the cost of producing force in frog iliofibularis muscles dissipative forces (serial damping element) in series to the active element. contracting isometrically and undergoing active stretch–shorten cycles; As a consequence, the assumption that any series elastic element is at conditions that simulated muscle action with and without effective tendon constant length in isotonic contractions should be reconsidered. energy storage and recovery respectively. Email address for correspondence: [email protected] If isometric muscle contraction with tendon stretch and recoil represents the most economical way for muscle to function during 11:45 Friday 29th June 2012 level running, the cost of force production would be lower in isometric than stretch–shorten cycles. However, we found that there was no significant difference (p=0.15) in the cost of force production in isometric A1.5 (20.1 ±3.6 mJ N-1 s-1) and stretch–shorten cycles (15.1 ±3.6 mJ N-1 s-1). This suggests that tendons do not provide some of the energetic benefits Does hibernation affect skeletal muscle previously assumed and that their ability to reduce work done by muscle performance in 13-lined ground squirrels? might not have been the driving force behind their evolution. Email address for correspondence: [email protected] Rob S. James (Coventry University, UK), James F. Staples (University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada), Jason C.L. Brown (University 12:15 Friday 29th June 2012 of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada), Shannon N. Tessier (Carleton University, Ontario, Canada)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hunting in Archerfish – an Ecological Perspective on a Remarkable Combination of Skills Stefan Schuster*
    © 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2018) 221, jeb159723. doi:10.1242/jeb.159723 REVIEW Hunting in archerfish – an ecological perspective on a remarkable combination of skills Stefan Schuster* ABSTRACT and van Leeuwen, 2004) or mantids (Rossel, 1983)] at prey. Thus, Archerfish are well known for using jets of water to dislodge distant this Review may be of interest also to those studying non-spitting aerial prey from twigs or leaves. This Review gives a brief overview of a creatures. It should also be useful for researchers investigating number of skills that the fish need to secure prey with their shooting which properties of brains might be crucial for allowing some technique. Archerfish are opportunistic hunters and, even in the wild, species to use tools, imitate others or show insight into the tasks shoot at artificial objects to determine whether these are rewarding. demanded of them (e.g. Sol et al., 2005; Emery, 2006; Huber et al., They can detect non-moving targets and use efficient search strategies 2009; Morand-Ferron et al., 2016; Cauchoix et al., 2017; Powell with characteristics of human visual search. Their learning of how to et al., 2017; Street et al., 2017). Here, archerfish illustrate how engage targets can be remarkably efficient and can show impressive difficult it is to devise standardized tests that could compare learning ‘ ’ degrees of generalization, including learning from observation. In other and cognition across species. Such tests would require a detailed cases, however, the fish seem unable to learn and it requires some understanding of basic environmental constraints that can understanding of the ecological and biophysical constraints to sometimes be far from obvious.
    [Show full text]
  • §4-71-6.5 LIST of CONDITIONALLY APPROVED ANIMALS November
    §4-71-6.5 LIST OF CONDITIONALLY APPROVED ANIMALS November 28, 2006 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME INVERTEBRATES PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Oligochaeta ORDER Plesiopora FAMILY Tubificidae Tubifex (all species in genus) worm, tubifex PHYLUM Arthropoda CLASS Crustacea ORDER Anostraca FAMILY Artemiidae Artemia (all species in genus) shrimp, brine ORDER Cladocera FAMILY Daphnidae Daphnia (all species in genus) flea, water ORDER Decapoda FAMILY Atelecyclidae Erimacrus isenbeckii crab, horsehair FAMILY Cancridae Cancer antennarius crab, California rock Cancer anthonyi crab, yellowstone Cancer borealis crab, Jonah Cancer magister crab, dungeness Cancer productus crab, rock (red) FAMILY Geryonidae Geryon affinis crab, golden FAMILY Lithodidae Paralithodes camtschatica crab, Alaskan king FAMILY Majidae Chionocetes bairdi crab, snow Chionocetes opilio crab, snow 1 CONDITIONAL ANIMAL LIST §4-71-6.5 SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME Chionocetes tanneri crab, snow FAMILY Nephropidae Homarus (all species in genus) lobster, true FAMILY Palaemonidae Macrobrachium lar shrimp, freshwater Macrobrachium rosenbergi prawn, giant long-legged FAMILY Palinuridae Jasus (all species in genus) crayfish, saltwater; lobster Panulirus argus lobster, Atlantic spiny Panulirus longipes femoristriga crayfish, saltwater Panulirus pencillatus lobster, spiny FAMILY Portunidae Callinectes sapidus crab, blue Scylla serrata crab, Samoan; serrate, swimming FAMILY Raninidae Ranina ranina crab, spanner; red frog, Hawaiian CLASS Insecta ORDER Coleoptera FAMILY Tenebrionidae Tenebrio molitor mealworm,
    [Show full text]
  • Fishes of Terengganu East Coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia Ii Iii
    i Fishes of Terengganu East coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia ii iii Edited by Mizuki Matsunuma, Hiroyuki Motomura, Keiichi Matsuura, Noor Azhar M. Shazili and Mohd Azmi Ambak Photographed by Masatoshi Meguro and Mizuki Matsunuma iv Copy Right © 2011 by the National Museum of Nature and Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Kagoshima University Museum All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publisher. Copyrights of the specimen photographs are held by the Kagoshima Uni- versity Museum. For bibliographic purposes this book should be cited as follows: Matsunuma, M., H. Motomura, K. Matsuura, N. A. M. Shazili and M. A. Ambak (eds.). 2011 (Nov.). Fishes of Terengganu – east coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia. National Museum of Nature and Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Kagoshima University Museum, ix + 251 pages. ISBN 978-4-87803-036-9 Corresponding editor: Hiroyuki Motomura (e-mail: [email protected]) v Preface Tropical seas in Southeast Asian countries are well known for their rich fish diversity found in various environments such as beautiful coral reefs, mud flats, sandy beaches, mangroves, and estuaries around river mouths. The South China Sea is a major water body containing a large and diverse fish fauna. However, many areas of the South China Sea, particularly in Malaysia and Vietnam, have been poorly studied in terms of fish taxonomy and diversity. Local fish scientists and students have frequently faced difficulty when try- ing to identify fishes in their home countries. During the International Training Program of the Japan Society for Promotion of Science (ITP of JSPS), two graduate students of Kagoshima University, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Sample Assessment Tasks
    SAMPLE ASSESSMENT TASKS MARINE AND MARITIME STUDIES GENERAL YEAR 11 Copyright © School Curriculum and Standards Authority, 2014 This document – apart from any third party copyright material contained in it – may be freely copied, or communicated on an intranet, for non-commercial purposes in educational institutions, provided that the School Curriculum and Standards Authority is acknowledged as the copyright owner, and that the Authority’s moral rights are not infringed. Copying or communication for any other purpose can be done only within the terms of the Copyright Act 1968 or with prior written permission of the School Curriculum and Standards Authority. Copying or communication of any third party copyright material can be done only within the terms of the Copyright Act 1968 or with permission of the copyright owners. Any content in this document that has been derived from the Australian Curriculum may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. Disclaimer Any resources such as texts, websites and so on that may be referred to in this document are provided as examples of resources that teachers can use to support their learning programs. Their inclusion does not imply that they are mandatory or that they are the only resources relevant to the course. 2014/18740v5 1 Sample assessment task Marine and Maritime Studies – General Year 11 Task 3 — Unit 1 Assessment type: Extended response Conditions Period allowed for completion of the task – three weeks; a combination of in-class and out-of-class time Task weighting: 2.5% of the school mark for this pair of units __________________________________________________________________________________ Marine resource management research (25 marks) Background Commercial fishing is an important contributor to the Western Australian economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Trypanosomatids in Cockroaches and the Description of Herpetomonas Tarakana Sp
    Published by the International Society of Protistologists Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology ISSN 1066-5234 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Diversity of Trypanosomatids in Cockroaches and the Description of Herpetomonas tarakana sp. n. Vyacheslav Yurchenkoa,b, Alexei Kostygova,c, Jolana Havlovad, Anastasiia Grybchuk-Ieremenkoa, Tereza Sev cıkovaa, Julius Lukesb,e,f, Jan Sev cıkg & Jan Votypka b,d a Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic b Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 Cesk e Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic c Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia d Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic, e Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 Cesk e Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic f Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontorio M5G 1Z8, Canada g Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic Keywords ABSTRACT Monoxenous Trypanosomatidae; parasites of cockroaches; taxonomy. In this study, we surveyed six species of cockroaches, two synanthropic (i.e. ecologically associated with humans) and four wild, for intestinal trypanoso- Correspondence matid infections. Only the wild cockroach species were found to be infected, V. Yurchenko, Life Science Research with flagellates of the genus Herpetomonas. Two distinct genotypes were Centre, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho documented, one of which was described as a new species, Herpetomonas 10, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic tarakana sp. n. We also propose a revision of the genus Herpetomonas and Telephone number: +420 597092326; FAX creation of a new subfamily, Phytomonadinae, to include Herpetomonas, number: +420 597092382; Phytomonas, and a newly described genus Lafontella n.
    [Show full text]
  • A Parasitological Evaluation of Edible Insects and Their Role in the Transmission of Parasitic Diseases to Humans and Animals
    RESEARCH ARTICLE A parasitological evaluation of edible insects and their role in the transmission of parasitic diseases to humans and animals 1 2 Remigiusz GaøęckiID *, Rajmund Soko ø 1 Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland, 2 Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract From 1 January 2018 came into force Regulation (EU) 2015/2238 of the European Parlia- ment and of the Council of 25 November 2015, introducing the concept of ªnovel foodsº, including insects and their parts. One of the most commonly used species of insects are: OPEN ACCESS mealworms (Tenebrio molitor), house crickets (Acheta domesticus), cockroaches (Blatto- Citation: Gaøęcki R, SokoÂø R (2019) A dea) and migratory locusts (Locusta migrans). In this context, the unfathomable issue is the parasitological evaluation of edible insects and their role in the transmission of parasitic diseases to role of edible insects in transmitting parasitic diseases that can cause significant losses in humans and animals. PLoS ONE 14(7): e0219303. their breeding and may pose a threat to humans and animals. The aim of this study was to https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219303 identify and evaluate the developmental forms of parasites colonizing edible insects in Editor: Pedro L. Oliveira, Universidade Federal do household farms and pet stores in Central Europe and to determine the potential risk of par- Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL asitic infections for humans and animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Family Toxotidae)
    Rec. West. Aust. Mus., 1978,6 (4) A REVIEW OF THE ARCHERFISHES (FAMILY TOXOTIDAE) GERALD R. ALLEN* [Received 16 July 1977. Aceepted 27 September 1977. Published 31 December 1978.J ABSTRACT The six species of Toxotes which constitute the fish family Toxotidae are reviewed. This group, commonly known as archerfishes, is renowned for its ability to knock down insects from overhanging vegetation with squirts of water ejected from the mouth. The habitat consists of mangrove-lined estuaries and freshwater streams of southeast Asia, northern Australia and the islands of the western Pacific in the Indonesia-New Guinea-Philippines region. A brief diagnosis, illustrations, and tables of counts are presented for each of the following species (approximate distributions indicated in parentheses): blythi (Burma), chatareus (widespread from India eastward to northern Australia and New Guinea), jaculator (widespread from India to the New Hebrides), lorentzi (northern Australia and New Guinea), microlepis (Thailand, Sumatra, and Borneo), oligolepis (eastern Indonesia, New Guinea, and northern Australia). A generic diagnosis and key to the species are also provided. INTRODUCfION The perciform family Toxotidae is comprised of a single genus, Toxotes, which contains six species: T. blythi Boulenger, T. chatareus (Hamilton), T. jaculator (Pallas), T. lorentzi Weber, T. microlepis Gunther, and T. oligolepis Bleeker. These fishes exhibit one of nature's most remarkable feeding adaptations which has been the subject of papers by Zolotnisky (1902), Gill (1909), Smith (1936 and 1945), and AlIen (1973). When suitable prey, usually a small insect, is sighted the fish rises to the surface and ejects an aqueous 'bullet' by forcefully compressing the gill covers, thus propelling a jet of water from the mouth.
    [Show full text]
  • Archerfish Use Their Shooting Technique to Produce Adaptive Underwater Jets Jana Dewenter*, Peggy Gerullis*, Alexander Hecker and Stefan Schuster‡
    © 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2017) 220, 1019-1025 doi:10.1242/jeb.146936 RESEARCH ARTICLE Archerfish use their shooting technique to produce adaptive underwater jets Jana Dewenter*, Peggy Gerullis*, Alexander Hecker and Stefan Schuster‡ ABSTRACT related to the fish using their mouth as an ‘active muzzle’, i.e. a Archerfish are renowned for dislodging aerial prey using well-aimed muzzle of continuously changing cross-section that opens slowly shots of water. Recently it has been shown that these fish can shape (compared with the duration of the shot) and starts closing as the their aerial jets by adjusting the dynamics of their mouth opening and jet is just being formed. By adjusting the dynamics of the opening closing. This allows the fish to adjust their jet to target distance so that and closing phases, the fish modify lifetime and time of focus of they can forcefully hit prey over considerable distances. Here, we their water jets to adjust them to the target distance. The suggest that archerfish use the same technique to also actively relationship between the effective target range and the timing control jets under water. Fired from close range, the underwater jets precision required to adjust the opening and closing maneuvers are are powerful enough to lift up buried food particles, which the fish then remarkably similar to that in human throwing. In this celebrated ‘ ’ can pick up. We trained fish so that we could monitor their mouth uniquely human maneuver, precise temporal control of the opening and closing maneuvers during underwater shooting and release of the projectile is the key to the ability to forcefully hit compare them with those employed in aerial shooting.
    [Show full text]
  • Spitting Success and Accuracy in Archer Fishes Toxotes Chatareus (Hamilton, 1822) and Toxotes Jaculatrix (Pallas, 1767)
    Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 6(7), pp. 1627-1633, 4 April, 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/SRE ISSN 1992-2248 ©2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Spitting success and accuracy in archer fishes Toxotes chatareus (Hamilton, 1822) and Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas, 1767) K. D. Simon1, Y. Bakar2, S. E. Temple3 and A. G. Mazlan4* 1Marine Science Programme, School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D. E., Malaysia. 2Biology Programme, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D. E., Malaysia. 3School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia. 4Marine Ecosystem Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia. Accepted 16 February, 2011 Spitting success and accuracy of two congeneric archer fishes Toxotes chatareus and Toxotes jaculatrix were studied to determine whether spitting success and accuracy rate varied with height and/ or group size. Overall, individuals of both species exhibited greater spitting success rate when alone than in a group. Greatest spitting success was observed in T. jaculatrix (29.87%) when alone followed by T. chatareus (27.55%), while lowest spitting success (14.88%) was observed for the average of all individuals in a group of two T. chatareus and two T. jaculatrix. Based on spitting accuracy categories right side high (RH), right side low (RL) and left side high (LH) showed no significant differences among the test groups. Key words: Archer fish, Toxotidae, prey catching, mangrove vegetation.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxotes Kimberleyensis, a New Species of Archerfish (Pisces: Toxotidae) from Fresh Waters of Western Australia
    © Copyright Australian Museum, 2004 Records of the Australian Museum (2004) Vol. 56: 225–230. ISSN 0067-1975 Toxotes kimberleyensis, a New Species of Archerfish (Pisces: Toxotidae) from Fresh Waters of Western Australia GERALD R. ALLEN Department of Aquatic Vertebrates, Western Australian Museum, Francis Street, Perth WA 6000, Australia Conservation International, 1919 M Street, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, United States of America [email protected] ABSTRACT. Toxotes kimberleyensis n.sp. is described from 22 specimens, 52.5–126.3 mm SL, collected from freshwater streams in the Kimberley region of northwestern Australia. It was previously identified as Toxotes oligolepis Bleeker, a poorly known species from Indonesia. However, re-examination of Bleeker’s type specimen indicates significant differences between the two species relating to the length of the dorsal spines, and lateral-line scale count. A key to the seven species of Toxotes is provided. ALLEN, GERALD R., 2004. Toxotes kimberleyensis, a new species of archerfish (Pisces: Toxotidae) from fresh waters of Western Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 56(2): 225–230. The perciform family Toxotidae is well known for its ability the Western Australia in 2001 revealed additional significant to shoot down insects from overhanging vegetation with a differences. Therefore, it is concluded that the population jet of water squirted from the mouth. The family contains a from Western Australia is a distinct new species, which is single genus, Toxotes, which ranges from India to Vanuatu, described herein. and northern Australia to the Philippines. These fishes are common inhabitants of mangrove-lined estuaries and Materials and methods freshwater streams.
    [Show full text]
  • Frontispiece
    FRONTISPIECE ODE TO A FERAL FISH O fish, little fish of beautiful hue, Did you come here by chance, Did you come from afar? Are there others like you from similar climes, Beyond the horizon or round the next bend? Are you looking for refuge, are you friend, are you foe, Where did you come from, where will you go? Tell me, O fish, little fish of beautiful hue, Are you here for a while, Or just passing through? a.c. webb, Aug 2002 i THE ECOLOGY OF INVASIONS OF NON-INDIGENOUS FRESHWATER FISHES IN NORTHERN QUEENSLAND Thesis submitted by ALAN CHARLES WEBB in December 2003 For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology and Tropical Ecology within the School of tropical Biology James Cook University ii STATEMENT OF ACCESS I, the undersigned, the author of the thesis, understand that James Cook University will make it available for use within the University Library and, by microfilm or other means, allow access to users in other approved libraries. All users consulting this thesis will have to sign the following statement: In consulting this thesis I agree not to copy or closely paraphrase it in whole or in part without the written consent of the author; and to make proper written acknowledgment for any assistance that I have obtained from it. Beyond this, I do not wish to place any restriction on access to this thesis. --------------------------------------------- ---------------------- iii DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my own work and has not been submitted in any form for another degree or diploma at any other university or other institution of tertiary education.
    [Show full text]
  • Stomach Contents of Banded Archerfish, Toxotes Jaculatrix (Pallas 1767) (Toxotidae) from Brackish Waters of South Andaman, India
    Asian Fisheries Science 26 (2013): 243-250 Asian Fisheries Society ISSN 0116-6514 E-ISSN: 2073-3720 https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs.2013.26.4.006 Stomach Contents of Banded Archerfish, Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas 1767) (Toxotidae) from brackish waters of South Andaman, India M.P. GOUTHAM-BHARATHI1*, R. MOHANRAJU2, P. KRISHNAN3, C.R. SREERAJ3 and K.D. SIMON4,5 1Fisheries Science Division, Central Agricultural Research Institute, Post Box No. 181, Garacharma (Post), Port Blair - 744 101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India 2Department of Ocean Studies and Marine Biology, Pondicherry University, Brookshabad Campus, Post Bag No. 26, Chakkargaon Post, Port Blair - 744 112, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India 3National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Anna University Campus, Chennai - 600 025, India 4School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D. E., Malaysia 5Marine Ecosystem Research Centre (EKOMAR), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D. E., Malaysia Abstract Stomach contents of banded archerfish, Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas 1767) (Toxotidae) ranging from 13-24 cm total length (TL) collected from brackish waters of South Andaman, India were examined. Brachyuran crabs were the dominant prey item with an occurrence frequency (%F) of 89 followed by insects (71). Though insects were present in all length categories, their percent composition significantly decreased from 61% in the smallest to about only 3% in the largest. Ontogenetic changes in food preferences were apparent as significant decreases in number of prey categories with increasing fish size (nine, six and three prey categories from the smallest to the largest size class) were observed.
    [Show full text]