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Birth of the Us Cavalry: the Regiment of Dragoons, Military

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Birth of the Us Cavalry: the Regiment of Dragoons, Military BIRTH OF THE U.S. CAVALRY: THE REGIMENT OF DRAGOONS, MILITARY PROFESSIONALISM, AND PEACEKEEPING ALONG THE PERMANENT INDIAN FRONTIER, 1833 - 1836 A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Richard N. Grippaldi August, 2011 Examining Committee Members: Gregory J. W. Urwin, Advisory Chair, History Andrew Isenberg, History David Waldstreicher, History Durwood Ball, History, University of New Mexico i © Copyright 2011 by Richard N. Grippaldi All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT Birth of the U.S. Cavalry: The Regiment of Dragoons, Military Professionalism, and Peacekeeping along the Permanent Indian Frontier, 1833 – 1836 Richard N. Grippaldi Doctor of Philosophy Temple University, 2011 Gregory J. W. Urwin “Birth of the U.S. Cavalry” examines the founding and initial operations of the U.S. Regiment of Dragoons, forebear of the First Cavalry Regiment and thus the army’s first permanent mounted unit. The dragoons escorted traders along the Santa Fe Trail and projected American authority by visiting the villages of many Plains Indian nations. Dragoon officers and men made the first contacts between the U.S. government and the Kiowa, Comanche, and Wichita nations. They also helped negotiate a treaty that ultimately cleared the way for the completion of Jacksonian Indian Removal. The appointment of dragoon officers and recruitment of their enlisted subordinates reflect diverging military cultures in Jacksonian America. Approximately half of the officers served as volunteer officers during the Black Hawk War. These men clashed with the regiment’s regular officers, who viewed themselves as members of a nascent profession. Analysis of government records and army registers shows that the regulars emphasized the need for military education, sought to exclude partisan politics from the appointment process, and served longer on average than the ex-volunteers. The army, expressing concerns over the quality of infantry and artillery rank and file, wanted iii healthy, native-born citizens for the dragoons. It departed from established recruiting practices and recruited the dragoons from all over the country, including rural areas. These novel efforts attained the desired results. Enlistment records reveal that dragoons tended to be younger than other recruits, to hail from all regions of the country, and to have been farmers or skilled tradesmen in civil life. Obtaining these men came at a price. Dragoons saw themselves as virtuous citizens and did not like regular discipline or performing the mundane tasks of frontier regulars. Many expressed dissatisfaction by deserting, making dragoon desertion rates higher than those of the army as a whole. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Colonel Henry Dodge believed that taking one part of the Regiment of Dragoons’ officer complement from those in the regular army, “who understand the first principles of their profession,” and taking the other from experienced frontiersmen, “who understand the woods’ service, would promote the good of the service.” In that spirit I must acknowledge that I could not have completed this without the co-operation of many people throughout the historical profession, and a few entirely outside of it. Linda McCurdy, Janie C. Morris and Eleanor Mills, Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library, Duke University; Shari Stelling, State Historical Society of Iowa Library; and Susan Lintelmann, Special Collections and Archives Division, U. S. Military Academy Library all allowed me to borrow or obtain materials from their respective institutions. The staff in the Interlibrary Loan Office, Paley Library, Temple University, also helped me borrow important books and articles. Dennis Northcott and Molly Kodner, Missouri Historical Society, and Trevor Plante, National Archives, Washington D.C., assisted me with the primary source materials in those places. William Gorenfeld and Barbara MacLeish generously shared with me their knowledge of the U.S. Dragoons and the environment in which they served. Jeffrey T. Gaffney and Andrew Tuozzolo provided me with places to rest while I worked in Washington. In Fall 2005 and Fall 2006 I participated in dissertation colloquia in the history department at Temple University. Dr. Bryant Simon and my classmates offered many valuable critiques. In particular, fellow students Katherine Scott and Andrew McKevitt v read several of my chapters. Kate and Drew, not military historians by training, encouraged and helped me to make this accessible to a broader historical audience. Their value as editors is exceeded only by their value as friends. I presented an earlier version of Chapter Four at the 2007 Society for Military History meeting in Frederick, Maryland. Dr. Robert P. Wettemann, Jr., of the U. S. Air Force Academy, and the late Dr. David Dixon of Slippery Rock University commented directly on that paper, while the audience added questions and suggestions based on the presentation. My thanks to them all. Drs. Andrew Isenberg and David Waldstreicher of Temple University and Durwood Ball of the University of New Mexico all agreed to sit on my doctoral committee largely on the promise of this work. I hope I have met their expectations. Dr. Gregory J. W. Urwin has been my major professor since I arrived at Temple in September 2001. I find it impossible to sum his contributions in one paragraph, but I’ll try. When I started this project, I most valued his expertise and example. In the middle, I appreciated his advice and encouragement. Near the end, I drew upon his patience and faith. For want of any of it, this would have been lost. Finally, I would like to thank my parents Ricardo and Kathleen and my brother Michael. Without their spiritual support, I would not have begun this journey. Without their material support, I would not have completed it. vi For Ricardo N. Grippaldi, James F. Byrnes (1934 – 2007) and John P. Karras, who all rode the Siberian Express and lived to tell about it; and for Russell F. Weigley (1930 – 2004), who helped me understand what those stories meant. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................................v DEDICATION.................................................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. xi INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1. “A UNITED STATES’ EPAULETTE ON HIS SHOULDER”: THE MILITIA SYSTEM, THE WAR OF 1812, AND NASCENT MILITARY PROFESSIONALISM IN JACKSONIAN AMERICA ......................................................1 The Militia System, from Colonial Times Through the War of 1812 .....................4 Republicanism, the Militia System, and the War of 1812 Experience ..................18 Jacksonian-Era Attitudes towards the Professions ................................................24 The Regular Army and the Birth Pangs of the Military Profession.......................32 Conclusion .............................................................................................................39 2. “MEASURES MOST EXPENSIVE AND INCONVENIENT”: THE ARMY, THE INDIANS, AND THE PERMANENT INDIAN FRONTIER, 1815-1833 ..............41 Prologue: Colonial Concepts of Empire ................................................................43 Ordering the West: Treaties, Ordinances, and Intercourse Acts............................47 The Army and Trans-Appalachian Indian Policy ..................................................53 The Army in the Southwest, 1817 – 1832 .............................................................62 viii Peacekeeping Volunteers: The Rise and Fall of the Battalion of Mounted Rangers ..................................................................................................................75 3. “THE BEST POSSIBLE APPOINTMENTS SHOULD BE MADE”: THE OFFICERS OF THE REGIMENT OF DRAGOONS AND MILITARY PROFESSIONALISM.......................................................................................................81 Military Education .................................................................................................83 Politics and Officer Appointment ..........................................................................92 The Career Officer and the Development of Military Professionalism...............103 Long Service Regulars.............................................................................105 Comparing West Pointer Careers to Ranger Officer Careers ..................106 Death............................................................................................107 Cashiering ....................................................................................109 Resignation ..................................................................................110 Retirement....................................................................................114 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................117 4. “HEALTHY, ACTIVE, RESPONSIBLE MEN OF THE COUNTRY”: THE ENLISTED MEN OF THE REGIMENT OF DRAGOONS, 1833 – 1836.....................119
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