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Exploring Available Knowledge and Evidence on Prostitution in Scotland Via Practitioner-Based Interviews

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Exploring Available Knowledge and Evidence on Prostitution in Scotland Via Practitioner-Based Interviews EXPLORING AVAILABLE KNOWLEDGE AND EVIDENCE ON PROSTITUTION IN SCOTLAND VIA PRACTITIONER-BASED INTERVIEWS CRIME AND JUSTICE social research CONTENTS SUMMARISED FINDINGS – EXPLORING AVAILABLE KNOWLEDGE AND EVIDENCE ON PROSTITUTION IN SCOTLAND VIA PRACTITIONER-BASED INTERVIEWS 3 INTRODUCTION 3 BACKGROUND 3 AIMS 4 METHODS 4 QUESTION 1. Scale and nature of prostitution 5 QUESTION 2. Support for women and men involved in prostitution and help to exit 9 QUESTION 3. Human trafficking and organised crime 11 QUESTION 4. Impact of prostitution on local communities 12 QUESTION 5. Demand 13 MAIN REPORT – EXPLORING AVAILABLE KNOWLEDGE AND EVIDENCE ON PROSTITUTION IN SCOTLAND VIA PRACTITIONER-BASED INTERVIEWS INTRODUCTION 15 BACKGROUND 15 METHODS 17 QUESTION 1. Scale of prostitution – Estimating the numbers involved: Scotland-wide and the four largest cities 21 QUESTION 2. Support for those involved in prostitution 55 QUESTION 3. Human trafficking and organised crime 65 QUESTION 4. Impact on local communities 68 QUESTION 5. Demand 70 SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS 72 REFERENCES 77 ANNEX – LITERATURE REVIEW – PROSTITUTION IN SCOTLAND – SCOTTISH CENTRE FOR CRIME AND JUSTICE RESEARCH 78 2 SUMMARISED FINDINGS – EXPLORING AVAILABLE KNOWLEDGE AND EVIDENCE ON PROSTITUTION IN SCOTLAND VIA PRACTITIONER-BASED INTERVIEWS INTRODUCTION This is a summary of findings from research conducted by Justice Analytical Services (Scottish Government) into available knowledge and evidence on the scale and nature of prostitution in Scotland focussing predominantly, though not exclusively on women involved in prostitution. The project gathered evidence and views from professionals with knowledge and expertise on prostitution. BACKGROUND The project was undertaken in tandem with research conducted by the Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research (SCCJR) reviewing published research and evidence on prostitution (with a particular focus on the extent and nature of the „sex industry‟, impact on health and wellbeing, vulnerability and violence as well as access to resources). This is attached as an annex to this report and is intended to provide contextual background to the Justice Analytical Services report. These two connected pieces of work were designed to provide context and understanding to a further piece of work undertaken by the SCCJR which considered the evidence on the impact of the criminalisation of the purchase of sexual services in places where that has happened. In this report „prostitution‟ refers to the activity of buying and selling sex, including women and men, and from „on-street‟ or indoor environments. The research focussed mainly on women, reflecting the mainstay of support provision and the majority of those police come into contact with. However, it does provide information on men in prostitution where available. Similarly the research found a lack of available information on those involved in prostitution (selling sex), who are transgender1. The research focuses on the sale and purchase of sex, but does not include wider aspects of the commercial sex industry (such as lap-dancing and pornography) although a degree of overlap was highlighted by a number of respondents. People and organisations involved in this project sometimes used different language to refer to people who sell sex, to emphasise or avoid certain implications. Some terms may be perceived to associate the sale of sex as being inherently exploitative, while other terms might be perceived to present prostitution as a legitimate form of employment. In this report, in an attempt to use neutral language, and with reference to terminology used within the report of the 2004 expert group on prostitution in Scotland we have mainly used the term “women and men involved in prostitution” to refer to those who sell sex, apart from situations where the respondent is directly quoted, or where the context of the discussion depends on the use of specific language or terms. 1 We were therefore unable to investigate this issue within sufficient depth within the scope of this project. 3 AIMS The aim of this research was to understand more about the scale and nature of prostitution in Scotland, the support services currently available, the links to organised crime and trafficking, the impact on local communities and the demand for sexual services in order to help inform any future policy development in this area. METHODS Semi-structured qualitative interviews (individual and small group) were conducted with a range of professionals who have knowledge and expertise in dealing with prostitution, to gather and assess evidence available to answer the key research questions. This included police, local authority, NHS and third sector contacts (providing support and key services to those involved in prostitution). In addition, a number of interviews were conducted with organisations which campaign for legislative change/raise awareness in relation to prostitution. Interviews conducted with respondents from Police Scotland involved a range of specialisms, including prostitute liaison officers, as well as leads on human trafficking and violence against women. NHS interviews included strategic leads and clinicians who specialise in public/sexual health. Local Authority contacts included social workers and those involved in the provision of support services as well as those with a more strategic remit in terms of developing services to reduce violence against women. Interviews were also conducted with third sector support/charitable organisations involved in the provision of support to those involved in prostitution. Views and evidence were also sought from feminist voluntary organisation, the Women‟s Support Project2, as well as campaigning and networking organisations Scotpep3, Sex Worker Open University4, and Umbrella Lane5. The mainstay of the research was conducted between October 2015 and January 2016. In addition, updates were sought from key service providers and police in late 2016. The focus on professional interviews/service providers who regularly engage with women and men involved in prostitution mean the findings are subject to a number of limitations. There were no interviews with women and men currently or previously involved in prostitution. The main focus of the project was understanding the scale and nature of prostitution in Scotland, with a particular focus on the four cities and research was therefore focussed on the main data sources for considering these 2 Which has a capacity building and development role in relation to Commercial Sexual Exploitation (CSE) and a remit to develop networks across specialist third sector specialist support providers. The project is a registered charity which more broadly works to raise awareness of the extent, causes and effect of male violence against women and for improved services for those affected. 3 Scotpep is a registered charity dedicated to the promotion of sex workers‟ rights, safety and health. It‟s stated long term goals include: „Actively campaigning for the full decriminalisation of sex work, sex workers, clients, management and others related to sex workers, within a human rights-based framework. Ensuring that services aimed at and relevant to sex workers meaningfully consult sex workers in the commissioning, design and delivery of their services‟. 4 As well as campaigning for rights and safety, SWOU aims to build the sex work community and organise workplaces, providing support, education and a social network for sex workers. 5 A Scottish Charitable Incorporated Organisation described as a Glasgow-based sex worker community project which aims to develop networks, share information and resources as well as offer services based on the needs of those who sell sexual services. 4 questions, which was found to provide a partial picture, partly due to the inherent difficulties in researching prostitution but also due to variation in approaches to evidence gathering and record keeping across different service providers. In addition a number of service providers acknowledged that they may only deal with a small section of the overall population of those involved in prostitution in the local area. Challenging timescales and practical and ethical difficulties inherent in conducting research with those involved in prostitution meant that it was not possible to interview people involved in prostitution within the short space of time. Accurate estimates of the nature and extent of prostitution are difficult. This is partly due to the hidden, quasi-legal and stigmatised nature of prostitution. However, the recent growth in off-street prostitution and the decrease in street based activity has made estimating numbers more difficult, as it is now less visible. While advertisements on the internet (i.e. through websites which are specifically for advertising the sale of sex or on escort agencies), provide some indication of scale, there are inherent difficulties with an open-source approach, due to duplication of profiles and accuracy of descriptions (i.e. nationalities may be different to those cited). Furthermore, many who sell sex and have moved off-street may not necessarily advertise online (often operating instead via mobile phone). A further layer of difficulty is encountered in providing estimates of the numbers of people trafficked for the purposes of Commercial Sexual Exploitation (CSE), due to its illicit and hidden nature. Bearing in mind these limitations and the challenges involved in researching prostitution, the following section provides a
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