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Cromwellian A CROMWELLIANA The Cromwell Association 1-974 CROMWELL'S DA.Y, September 3rd, 1973 THE CROMWELL (The Address given by Lady Antonia Fraser at the Annual Commemoration Service held in St. Margaret's Church, Westminster) ASSOCIATION I have taken as my theme this afternoon, on this his most auspicious day, the private greatness of Oliver Cromwell. This is not because I believe in President: Mr. MAURICE ASHLEY, D.Phil.(Oxon.), B.A. any way that his private greatness eclipsed his public splendour. Not only Vice-President: THE LORD CARADON OF ST. CLEER. do I esteem Cromwell among the greatest Englishmen, but carrying it a Chairman: Mr. TREWIN COPPLESTONE. stage further, I also believe he can successfully beat off the claims of most other contenders, with the possible exception of Sir Winston Churchill. Council: In quoting Milton's heroic sonnet, therefore, beginning Cromwell Our Mr. ESMOND S. DE BEER, M.A., D.Litt., F.S.A., Chief of Men, for the title of my own biography, I was therefore attracted as much by the sentiment as by the language. The Rev. D. A. GREEVES, M.A., Miss J. S. HENDERSON, I have chosen my theme in the first place, because it was in the nature Mr. R. HENDON, of a discovery for me, during my researches, to find that this man, so Mr. F. E. LEESE, M.A., B.Litt., Mr. G. G. LILBURN, B.A.(Oxon.), impressive in his public image, had a private greatness which as it unfolded The Rev. ROBERTS. PAUL, M.A., D.Phil., Mr. A. W. SMITH, was not less. That is a personal explanation. Secondly and more importantly, I consider that the private greatness of Oliver Cromwell has Mr. R. E. SHERWOOD, Miss J. SOLOMON, M.B.E. something to tell us about the public man, and his stature among his Hon. Secretary: Miss H. PLATT, B.A. contemporaries. I am not trying to argue, of course, that the possession Combe Lodge, Ringley Park Avenue, Reigate, Surrey. of a blameless, even exemplary and inspiring private life, necessarily implies the possession of an equally exemplary public character. History Hon. Treasurer: Mr. S. J. P. THOMAS, B.A. is far too full of examples pointing in the opposite direction. It is not a Oak Lodge, Blanford Road, Reigate, Surrey. subject on which one can draw up a general law. But from the point of view of the biographer there is always so much to be learnt from the private life, particularly with regard to a character whose motives in public are frequently so obscure and unelucidated as those of Oliver Cromwell. THE CROMWELL ASSOCIATION was founded in 1935 by the late Rt. This knowledge can be reflected in a new understanding of his outward Hon. Isaac Foot and others to help to preserve the memory of Oliver career. C_romwell the great puritan statesman, and to encourage study of the For one thing one can appreciate that Oliver Cromwell had great charm hist.o~y of the. C?mmonwealth protectorate and its leaders. It is not a in his intimate relationships, a charm seen in his gift for friendship with po1It1cal o~ga~1sat1on and its aims are principally historical and antiquarian. a series of varied, stimulating and often controversial persons. One might The Asso~1at~on has at present over 300 members. It is anxious to extend its cite the ebullient Roman Catholic Sir Kenelm Digby, even the Quaker membership m order to widen its influence and increase its work. George Fox. Any man who has very disparate types of friendships, and again one is reminded of the late Sir Winston Churchill who had the same Since the Association has come into existence it has: - capacity - one can be certain that he has got that interest in others of I. Put up commemorative tablets at Dunbar, Edgehill, Naseby, Preston, different opinions, that ability to tolerate in private what might be Wor~ester, the Huntingdon Grammar School, and elsewhere to mark unacceptable in public, which amounts to charm. the sites of Cromwell's victories or famous episodes in his c~reer. Then there is Cromwell's knowledge of men and his ability to get along 2. Helped to constitute a Cromwellian Museum at present housed in the with his fellows, one quality which struck his contemporaries very forcibly, Old Gr~mmar School, Hun.tingdon. It arranges for lectures to be given, and must I think be reckoned with, not only in accounting for his political leaflets ISSued, etc., as reqmred on Cromwellian subjects. rise, but also in his generalship of the Army. It was his doctor, George 3. Establish~d an Annua~ Service held on September 3rd each year, by Bate, subsequently turned a very hostile witness, who admitted, that "no C:romwell s ~t~tue .outside the Houses of Parliament, when the address is Man knew more of Men". This talent contributed formidably to his given by a d1stmgu1shed Cromwellian. formation of the New Model Army, just as his ability to act the good committee man before the outbreak of the war, assisted his political 4. The Association has also forn;ied a small reference Jihrury from which aspirations. For it is significant that Cromwell, unlike many men of future books can be borrowed on wntten application, cnclosin11 ,itistuge from destiny, was able to act with others, and act the second in command, with the Hon. Secretary, to whom communicul inn~ 111111 tHlqull'ics ~an be great grace. made. If one turns to other qualities, seen in private, which I believe to be an important rock in his whirlpool of activities, let us take fir~t of nil hi~ The minimum annual suhscriplion i~ ~Ill, J .lf 1• ~h•11illci hlp £ 10.50. (See note on page 13) 11 relationships with women. Cromwell had the admirable cnpncity for 8 enjoying the friendships of women - intelligent lively WQmen .naturally - seventeen onwards, he had .to adopt the headship of a totally feminine for it is into this pattern that I believe his friendship with the vivacious family unit. But the psychological significance of this role is I think even wilful Bess Countess of Dysart and the more spiritual Frances Lambert more important than its cause: Oliver's early role as protector to his fell, certainly nothing more scandalous. Lady Ormonde, wife of the mother and sisters enabled him to cultivate certain qualities as a father Royalist general, was also able to appreciate the courteous ,eyen witty side figure, which must have been inherent in him, and greatly added to his of the. Protector's nature, as well as his mercy. And it was Lady Mordaunt, mastery as Protector. who when she went to plead for her conspirator husband found the Protector able to play "the gallant so well that she believed he' wou]d have Indeed, I hope I am not straying over far into the language of the 20th waited upon her the nex.t morning, which she said he told her.'; century, if I say that Cromwell both as a soldier, as a politician, and above all as Protector, owed something of his success to being a Father Figure. All this does not merely represent the kind of tolerance and appreciation It was a point made in the oration at his funeral by George Lawrence. He of the world which I mentioned earlier. For Cromwell's attitude to women, referred to Cromwell among other titles as "A Captain, a Shield, the Head, particularly in his marriage, also represented that section of the community the Heir of Restraint, the Breath of our Nostrils, an Healer, a Shepherd, most in advance of their times on this subject, the Puritans. I refer to the a Father and Nursing Father, a Builder, a Watchman, an Eye, a Saviour, values of Puritan family life. We are able to be well informed in theory a Steersman and Rector .... " on the .tenets by which Puritan family life was lived, since the Puritans w~re .in the habit of issuing a number of handbooks or guides to its proper Let us concentrate on the aspect as Father and Nursing Father. Here I pnnc1ples. These books often ran through many editions and make .the think that the private life gives us a clue to wha.t can only be guessed at most enlightening reading. Above all one finds in them a feeling for the in its entirety, the patriarchal impression which Oliver Cromwell created. posi-tion of women, a respect for them, which was characteristic of the As Robert Flecknoe, one of his earliest biographers, wrote: the government Puritans. Because they are physically weaker, says one handbook, they of the family has "a certain Analogy with the government of a common­ sho~ld not b~ considered morally weaker: In a lighter vein, Gouge, a wealth". A patriarchal quality is something in their leaders for which sensible man if ever there was one, wrote in 1630 in his Of Domesticall people search even today: certainly there is something primitive and deep Duties, what I think we should all agree today, that wife-beating was only in human nature which leads us to make that search. As leaders, I believe permissible in self-defence! people will always tend to turn towards such, in spite of young meteors This reverence and real respect of Oliver Cromwell for women is in .the sky like J: F. Kennedy. We find in Oliver Cromwell from early on an exceptionally committed and loving father, and on the whole, consider­ s~mething whi~h I believe emerges very strongly in his relationship with his wife.
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