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Glaciation and Sea Level Change Cold Hardiness Restoration And Volume 29: Number 3 > Summer 2012 Palmetto Glaciation and Sea Level Change ● Cold Hardiness ● Restoration and Recreation at Suwannee Ridge Craig N. Huegel, Ph.D. The Relative Cold-Hardiness of Some South Florida Plants office in Largo, where, since 1990, I have worked on the native plant collection. This has allowed me to experiment with a wide variety of plants and has provided a place to show the public what these plants look like “in the bark.” More than 160 species of woody natives have been incorporated into this landscape, grow- ing together in an area of about 30 acres, and this includes a small area of native trees and shrubs that are typically consid- ered south Florida species. Because all of the plants are in the same general area, it is easy to evaluate their relative growing needs – including their tolerance of cold. Over the last sev- MODERATE DAMAGE: Long Key locustberry (Byrsonima lucida) eral decades, this collection of plants has experienced temperatures below freezing. I am a gardener at heart and I’ve had Pinellas County is an ideal location to Most significant were the two consecutive many opportunities over the years to experiment with a diversity of Florida na- winters of 2009/10 and 2010/11, when indulge my passion for plants. I also am tives as it, in many ways, is a microcosm extended periods of freezing temperatures not a purist when it comes to the use of of the state. As a peninsula that juts out regularly dipped for hours to about 26°F. natives in developed landscapes, since into the Gulf of Mexico, climate near the What followed in the months after was an I believe there is a difference between coast is ameliorated by warm water. The ideal opportunity to compare the respons- restoration and landscape plantings. The south end of Pinellas contains elements of es of many semi-tropical species growing various landscapes I’ve had the oppor- south Florida flora; white stopper (Eugenia side-by-side under the same conditions. tunity to play in have combined plants axillaris), sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera), saf- The data set on page 10 may be valuable to from diverse regions of the state, when I fron plum (Sideroxylon celastrinum), and homeowners and landscapers interested can meet their microclimate and habitat gumbo limbo (Bursera simaruba) to name in pushing a few of these species outside needs effectively and when using them a few. At the south end of Pinellas, man- their typical range in developed land- seems to make sense in order to achieve groves achieve their typical stature and scapes. It is definitely not intended to be a landscape goal. Sometimes, increasing many south Florida natives are incorpo- used to extend their use in natural areas habitat diversity and wildlife habitat rated into landscapes. At the north end, outside their native range. value means adding species that would mangroves typically freeze to the ground For simplicity, I have lumped plant not normally exist in the same eco- with regularity and salt marsh is found responses into just a few broad catego- system. If such an approach does not more regularly than mangrove forest. The ries. Some are obvious. Plants that died require a concomitant need to water, typical low temperatures near the coast never recovered in the months following fertilize or “fuss” more, I see that as a are often higher by several degrees than the coldest weather (i.e. 26°F). This list gain. Thus, I have added strictly north seen 10-20 miles inland, 3-4 counties included species native to Pinellas County. and south Florida natives to landscapes south of us. A few species did not die immediately and in my central Florida home, in Pinellas My greatest playground has been the some tried valiantly to recover, but in the County, since 1987. Pinellas County Cooperative Extension intervening months they declined and 8 ● The Palmetto Volume 29:3 ● Summer 2012 NO DAMAGE: Black ironwood NO DAMAGE: Cinnamon bark (Krugiodendron ferreum) (Canella winterana) SEVERE DAMAGE: Gumbo limbo LIGHT DAMAGE: Marlberry LIGHT DAMAGE: Limber caper (Bursera simaruba) (Ardisia escallonioides) (Capparis flexuosa) SEVERE DAMAGE: Pond apple (Annona glabra) LIGHT DAMAGE: Bitterbush (Picramnia pentandra) Continued on page 10 Volume 29:3 ● Summer 2012 The Palmetto ● 9 The Relative Cold-Hardiness Common Name Latin Name of Some South Florida Plants NO DAMAGE Continued from page 9 Paurotis palm Acoelorraphe wrightii Cinnamon bark Canella winterana passed to the great beyond. Plants that showed no sign of Jamaican caper Capparis jamaicensis damage were also obvious. Such plants did not drop leaves Pigeon plum Coccoloba diversifolia or show leaf scorching; if they were blooming or in fruit, like White stopper Eugenia axillaris wild cinnamon (Canella winterana), they kept right at it with- Spanish stopper Eugenia foetida out any bud or fruit drop. Intermediate categories were a bit Black ironwood Krugiodendron ferreum more subjective. Plants with light damage showed some evi- Saffron plum Sideroxylon celastrinum dence of leaf scorching and new growth was often killed at West Indian mahogany Swietenia mahagoni the tips of branches, though the body of the plant was visually Wild lime Zanthoxylum fagara unaffected. Moderate damage occurred when medium branch- LIGHT DAMAGE es were killed back to the primary stems. Severe damage was assessed if the plant was nearly killed to the ground, Marlberry Ardisia escallonioides leaving only a small portion of the main trunk which recovered Limber caper Capparis flexuosa in the following months. The photographs which accompany Redberry stopper Eugenia confusa Blolly Guapira discolor this article depict the various categories I have used, showing Bitterbush Picramnia pentandra typical damage. Of course, cold damage will depend on a variety of fac- MODERATE DAMAGE tors that will change depending on specific location and the Long Key locustberry Byrsonima lucida genetics of the plants. A northern exposure will increase cold Florida silver palm Coccothrinax argentata damage and protection from the wind, regardless of exposure, Red stopper Eugenia rhombea will decrease it. The value of the data is that it came from one Holywood lignumvitae Guaiacum sanctum landscape under the same general conditions. The responses Catclaw blackbead Pithecellobium unguis-cati observed have been similar over a number of winters with freez- Bahama wild coffee Psychotria ligustrifolia ing temperatures in the past two decades. Individual plants Wild coffee Psychotria nervosa of the same species can show different responses as well. Of White indigoberry Randia aculeata three redberry stoppers, planted next to each other, one has Florida royal palm Roystonea regia consistently lost its outer branch tips during the coldest tem- Biscayne pricklyash Zanthoxylum coriaceum peratures, while the other two have had very little noticeable SEVERE DAMAGE damage. Of two red stoppers, one had little damage while the second lost all of its side branches, nearly to the trunk. Pond apple Annona glabra We must give consideration to the cold hardiness of the plants Gumbo limbo Bursera simaruba we decide to use in our landscapes. Global climate change does Spicewood Calyptranthes pallens not mean we will not experience atypically cold winters in the Myrtle-of-the-river Calyptranthes zuzygium future. That concept seems to be lost here in Pinellas where so Coco plum (both growth forms) Chrysobalanus icaco Fiddlewood Citharexylum spinosum many cold sensitive plants are being installed – both native and Sea grape Coccoloba uvifera non-native – with the idea that this practice is now acceptable Quailberry Crossopetalum ilicifolium due to “global warming.” Wild sage Lantana involucrata Although this landscape has not seen truly cold temperatures Privet cassia Senna ligustrina since it was first installed, chances are it will someday see a winter Paradise tree Simarouba glauca like the one of 1987/88 when temperatures dropped into the high ‘teens. If your site rarely experiences freezes below the mid-20’s, KILLED this data may be of value to you. Good luck with your landscape. Satinleaf Chrysophyllum oliviforme Buttonwood (both color forms) Conocarpus erectus About the Author Varnishleaf Dodonaea viscosa Craig Huegel has a Ph.D. in Animal Ecology from Iowa State University. His Beach creeper Ernodea littoralis interests include exploring the concept of creating habitat in developed West Indian cherry Prunus myrtifolia landscapes. Craig is the author two books on Florida’s native plants – Native Sargent’s cherry palm Pseudophoenix sargentii Wildflowers and Other Ground Covers for Florida Landscapes and Native Plant Chapman’s wild sensitive plant Senna mexicana var. chapmanii Landscaping for Florida Wildlife, published by the University Press of Florida. Bay cedar Suriana maritima 10 ● The Palmetto Volume 29:3 ● Summer 2012 The purpose of the Florida Native Plant Society is to conserve, preserve, and restore the native plants and native plant communities of Florida. Official definition of native plant: The Florida Native Plant Society For most purposes, the phrase Florida native plant refers PO Box 278 to those species occurring within the state boundaries Melbourne FL 32902-0278 prior to European contact, according to the best available scientific and historical documentation. More specifically, it includes those species understood as indigenous, occurring in natural associations in habitats that existed The Palmetto prior to significant human impacts and alterations of (ISSN 0276-4164) Copyright 2014, Florida Native Plant Society, all rights reserved. No part of the the landscape. contents of this magazine may be reproduced by any means without written consent of the editor. The Palmetto is published four times a year by the Florida Native Plant Society (FNPS) as a benefit to members. The observations and opinions expressed in attributed columns and articles are those of the respective authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official views of the Florida Native Plant Society or the editor, except where otherwise stated.
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