Nicotine Induces Polyspermy in Sea Urchin Eggs Through a Non-Cholinergic Pathway Modulating Actin Dynamics
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Bioactive Marine Drugs and Marine Biomaterials for Brain Diseases
Mar. Drugs 2014, 12, 2539-2589; doi:10.3390/md12052539 OPEN ACCESS marine drugs ISSN 1660–3397 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Review Bioactive Marine Drugs and Marine Biomaterials for Brain Diseases Clara Grosso 1, Patrícia Valentão 1, Federico Ferreres 2 and Paula B. Andrade 1,* 1 REQUIMTE/Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; E-Mails: [email protected] (C.G.); [email protected] (P.V.) 2 Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, Campus University Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-22042-8654; Fax: +351-22609-3390. Received: 30 January 2014; in revised form: 10 April 2014 / Accepted: 16 April 2014 / Published: 2 May 2014 Abstract: Marine invertebrates produce a plethora of bioactive compounds, which serve as inspiration for marine biotechnology, particularly in drug discovery programs and biomaterials development. This review aims to summarize the potential of drugs derived from marine invertebrates in the field of neuroscience. Therefore, some examples of neuroprotective drugs and neurotoxins will be discussed. Their role in neuroscience research and development of new therapies targeting the central nervous system will be addressed, with particular focus on neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In addition, the neuronal growth promoted by marine drugs, as well as the recent advances in neural tissue engineering, will be highlighted. Keywords: aragonite; conotoxins; neurodegeneration; neuroinflammation; Aβ peptide; tau hyperphosphorylation; protein kinases; receptors; voltage-dependent ion channels; cyclooxygenases Mar. -
Density-Dependent Sexual Selection in External Fertilizers
vol. 164, no. 3 the american naturalist september 2004 ൴ Density-Dependent Sexual Selection in External Fertilizers: Variances in Male and Female Fertilization Success along the Continuum from Sperm Limitation to Sexual Conflict in the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus Don R. Levitan* Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Keywords: sexual selection, density dependence, echinoid, micro- Tallahassee, Florida 32306-1100 satellites, multiple paternity, Bateman’s principle. Submitted October 31, 2003; Accepted May 4, 2004; Electronically published July XX, 2004 Sexual selection, the selection that arises from differences in mating success (Arnold 1994b), can strongly influence Online enhancements: appendix tables. the evolution of traits within a species and the evolution of reproductive isolation among species (Andersson 1994). Most research on sexual selection has focused on situations where sexual selection is clearly more intense for one sex abstract: Sperm competition and female choice are fundamentally than the other. Because they often invest less in each suc- driven by gender differences in investment per offspring and are cessful mating, males are generally regarded as competing often manifested as differences in variance in reproductive success: for mates, and females are seen as choosing among po- males compete and have high variance; most females are mated and tential mates (Birkhead and Møller 1998). Male compe- have low variance. In marine organisms that broadcast spawn, how- tition can result in high variance in male reproductive ever, females may encounter either sperm limitation or sperm com- success because some males are more successful than oth- petition. I measured the fertilization success of male and female Strongylocentrotus franciscanus over a range of population densities ers, and it can result in low variance in female reproductive using microsatellite markers. -
Fungi.Mycotoxins.Pdf
Fungi: Mycotoxin: Acremonium crotocinigenum Crotocin Aspergillus favus Alfatoxin B, cyclopiazonic acid Aspergillus fumigatus Fumagilin, gliotoxin Aspergillus carneus Critrinin Aspergillus clavatus Cytochalasin, patulin Aspergillus Parasiticus Alfatoxin B Aspergillus nomius Alfatoxin B Aspergillus niger Ochratoxin A, malformin, oxalicacid Aspergillus nidulans Sterigmatocystin Aspergillus ochraceus Ochratoxin A, penicillic acid Aspergillus versicolor Sterigmatocystin, 5 ethoxysterigmatocystin Aspergillus ustus Ausdiol, austamide, austocystin, brevianamide Aspergillus terreus Citreoviridin Alternaria Alternariol, altertoxin, altenuene, altenusin, tenuazonic acid Arthrinium Nitropropionic acid Bioploaris Cytochalasin, sporidesmin, sterigmatocystin Chaetomium Chaetoglobosin A,B,C. Sterigmatocystin Cladosporium Cladosporic acid Clavipes purpurea Ergotism Cylindrocorpon Trichothecene Diplodia Diplodiatoxin Fusarium Trichothecene, zearalenone Fusarium moniliforme Fumonisins Emericella nidulans Sterigmatocystin Gliocladium Gliotoxin Memnoniella Griseofulvin, dechlorogriseofulvin, epidecholorgriseofulvin, trichodermin, trichodermol Myrothecium Trichothecene Paecilomyces Patulin, viriditoxin Penicillium aurantiocandidum Penicillic acid Penicillium aurantiogriseum Penicillic acid Penicillium brasalianum Penicillic acid Penicillium brevicompactum Mycophenolic acid Penicillium camemberti Cyclopiazonic acid Penicillium carneum Mycophenolic acid, Roquefortine C Penicillium crateriforme Rubratoxin Penicillium citrinum Citrinin Penicillium commune Cyclopiazonic -
Achieving Monospermy Or Preventing Polyspermy? Open Access to Scientific and Medical Research DOI
Journal name: Research and Reports in Biology Article Designation: REVIEW Year: 2016 Volume: 7 Research and Reports in Biology Dovepress Running head verso: Dale Running head recto: Achieving monospermy or preventing polyspermy? open access to scientific and medical research DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/RRB.S84085 Open Access Full Text Article REVIEW Achieving monospermy or preventing polyspermy? Brian Dale Abstract: Images of sea urchin oocytes with hundreds of spermatozoa attached to their sur- face have fascinated scientists for over a century and led to the idea that oocytes have evolved Centre for Assisted Fertilization, Naples, Italy mechanisms to allow the penetration of one spermatozoon while repelling supernumerary spermatozoa. Popular texts have extrapolated this concept, to the mammals and amphibians, and in many cases to include all the Phyla. Here, it is argued that laboratory experiments, using sea urchin oocytes deprived of their extracellular coats and inseminated at high densities, are artifactual and that the experiments leading to the idea of a fast block to polyspermy are flawed. Under natural conditions, the number of spermatozoa at the site of fertilization is extremely low, compared with the numbers generated. The sperm:oocyte ratio is regulated first by dilution in For personal use only. externally fertilizing species and the female reproductive tract in those with internal fertiliza- tion, followed by a bottleneck created by the oocytes extracellular coats. In order to progress to the oocyte plasma membrane, the fertilizing spermatozoon must encounter and respond to a correct sequence of signals from the oocytes extracellular coats. Those that do not, are halted in their progression by defective signaling and fall to the wayside. -
Eosinophil Functions Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase In
The Differential Role of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Eosinophil Functions This information is current as of September 30, 2021. Tetsuya Adachi, Barun K. Choudhury, Susan Stafford, Sanjiv Sur and Rafeul Alam J Immunol 2000; 165:2198-2204; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.4.2198 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/165/4/2198 Downloaded from References This article cites 57 articles, 38 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/165/4/2198.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication by guest on September 30, 2021 *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2000 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Differential Role of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Eosinophil Functions1 Tetsuya Adachi, Barun K. Choudhury, Susan Stafford, Sanjiv Sur, and Rafeul Alam2 The activation of eosinophils by cytokines is a major event in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. -
Calcium Dependence of Phalloidin-Induced Liver Cell Death (Toxin/Plasma Membrane/Cytochalasin B/Microfilaments/Scanning Electron Microscopy) AGNES B
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 1177-1180, February 1980 Medical Sciences Calcium dependence of phalloidin-induced liver cell death (toxin/plasma membrane/cytochalasin B/microfilaments/scanning electron microscopy) AGNES B. KANE, ELLORA E. YOUNG, FRANCIS A. X. SCHANNE, AND JOHN L. FARBER* Department of Pathology and the Fels Research Institute, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140 Communicated by Hans Popper, December 10, 1979 ABSTRACT The role of Ca2+ in toxic liver cell death was Phalloidin is a toxic bicyclic heptapeptide isolated from the studied with primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Within mushroom Amanita phalloides (16, 17). Treated animals die 1 hr of exposure to phalloidin, a bicyclic heptapeptide isolated within a few hours with a hemorrhagic necrosis of the liver from the mushroom Amanita phalloides, at 50 ,g/ml, 60-70% of the cells were dead (trypan blue stainable). There was no loss characterized by numerous nonfatty vacuoles (18). Phalloidin of viability of the same cells exposed to phalloidin in culture is active on rat hepatocytes in uitro, where it produces easily medium devoid of Ca2+. A marked structural alteration of the observed deformations of the cell surface that accompany the surface of the phalloidin-treated hepatocytes characterized by death of the cells (14, 15). The protrusions or evaginations of innumerable evaginations seen by scanning electron microscopy the plasma membrane seen by scanning electron microscopy occurred in the presence or absence of Ca2+. Pretreatment of are felt to to the of the the cells with cytochalasin B at Ig/ml10 prevented the surface correspond invaginations plasma alteration and the death of the cells in Ca2+ medium. -
Contractile Dysfunction in Heart Failure and Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
CONTRACTILE DYSFUNCTION IN HEART FAILURE AND FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY By YI-HSIN CHENG Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Adviser: Dr. Julian E. Stelzer Department of Physiology and Biophysics CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY January, 2014 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of __________Yi-Hsin Cheng ________________________________ candidate for the _________Doctoral_______________________degree *. (signed)__________Corey Smith_______________________ (chair of the committee) ___________Julian Stelzer ______________________ ___________Thomas Nosek _____________________ ___________David Van Wagoner _________________ ___________Brian Hoit _________________________ ___________Xin Yu ___________________________ (date) ______September 10th, 2013________________ *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. ii DEDICATION To my family overseas, who have supported me and allowed me to pursue anything I want. To my boyfriend, who has helped me through the conflicts and struggles due to the nature of this work and led me on the right path. To my vegan mentors and community, who continue to give me hope. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ix List of Figures x Acknowledgements xii List of Abbreviations xv Abstract xx Chapter 1: Cardiac Health and Disease 22 1.1 Introduction 22 1.2 Cardiac Structure and Functions 23 1.2.1 Heart Structure and Functions -
Difference in F-Actin Depolymerization Induced by Toxin B from The
Toxins 2013, 5, 106-119; doi:10.3390/toxins5010106 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Article Difference in F-Actin Depolymerization Induced by Toxin B from the Clostridium difficile Strain VPI 10463 and Toxin B from the Variant Clostridium difficile Serotype F Strain 1470 Martin May 1, Tianbang Wang 1, Micro Müller 2 and Harald Genth 1,* 1 Institute of Toxicology Hannover Medical School, Hannover D-30625, Germany; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (T.W.) 2 Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D-30625, Germany; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-511-532-9168; Fax: +49-511-532-2879. Received: 14 November 2012; in revised form: 14 December 2012 / Accepted: 28 December 2012 / Published: 11 January 2013 Abstract: Clostridium difficile toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB) are the causative agent of the C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) and its severe form, the pseudomembranous colitis (PMC). TcdB from the C. difficile strain VPI10463 mono-glucosylates (thereby inactivates) the small GTPases Rho, Rac, and Cdc42, while Toxin B from the variant C. difficile strain serotype F 1470 (TcdBF) specifically mono-glucosylates Rac but not Rho(A/B/C). TcdBF is related to lethal toxin from C. sordellii (TcsL) that glucosylates Rac1 but not Rho(A/B/C). In this study, the effects of Rho-inactivating toxins on the concentrations of cellular F-actin were investigated using the rhodamine-phalloidin-based F-actin ELISA. -
Impact of Actin Filament Stabilization on Adult Hippocampal and Olfactory Bulb Neurogenesis
The Journal of Neuroscience, March 3, 2010 • 30(9):3419–3431 • 3419 Development/Plasticity/Repair Impact of Actin Filament Stabilization on Adult Hippocampal and Olfactory Bulb Neurogenesis Golo Kronenberg,1,2,5* Karen Gertz,1,2* Tina Baldinger,1 Imke Kirste,5 Sarah Eckart,3 Ferah Yildirim,1 Shengbo Ji,1 Isabella Heuser,5 Helmut Schro¨ck,6 Heide Ho¨rtnagl,4 Reinhard Sohr,4 Pierre Chryso Djoufack,7 Rene´Ju¨ttner,8 Rainer Glass,8 Ingo Przesdzing,1 Jitender Kumar,8 Dorette Freyer,1 Rainer Hellweg,3 Helmut Kettenmann,8 Klaus Benno Fink,7 and Matthias Endres1,2 1Klinik und Poliklinik fu¨r Neurologie, 2Center for Stroke Research Berlin, 3Klinik fu¨r Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, and 4Institut fu¨r Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Charite´-Universita¨tsmedizin Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany, 5Klinik und Hochschulambulanz fu¨r Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charite´- Universita¨tsmedizin Berlin, D-14050 Berlin, Germany, 6Institut fu¨r Neurophysiologie, Medizinische Fakulta¨t Mannheim, Universita¨t Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany, 7Institut fu¨r Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universita¨t Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany, and 8Max Delbru¨ck Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13092 Berlin, Germany Rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton is essential for dynamic cellular processes. Decreased actin turnover and rigidity of cytoskeletal structures have been associated with aging and cell death. Gelsolin is a Ca 2ϩ-activated actin-severing protein that is widely expressed throughout the adult mammalian brain. Here, we used gelsolin-deficient (Gsn Ϫ/Ϫ) mice as a model system for actin filament stabiliza- tion. In Gsn Ϫ/Ϫ mice, emigration of newly generated cells from the subventricular zone into the olfactory bulb was slowed. -
Emergence of a Bacterial Clone with Enhanced Virulence by Acquisition of a Phage Encoding a Secreted Phospholipase A2 Izabela Sitkiewicz*, Michal J
Emergence of a bacterial clone with enhanced virulence by acquisition of a phage encoding a secreted phospholipase A2 Izabela Sitkiewicz*, Michal J. Nagiec*†, Paul Sumby*, Stephanie D. Butler‡, Colette Cywes-Bentley§, and James M. Musser*¶ *Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030; ‡Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227; and §Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Communicated by Richard M. Krause, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, September 1, 2006 (received for review July 20, 2006) The molecular basis of pathogen clone emergence is relatively frequency and severity of serotype M3 invasive infections (3). poorly understood. Acquisition of a bacteriophage encoding a Humans with GAS infections seroconvert to SlaA, indicating previously unknown secreted phospholipase A2 (designated SlaA) that this protein is made during infection (3). In addition, SlaA has been implicated in the rapid emergence in the mid-1980s of a has enzymatic activity against several phospholipid head groups new hypervirulent clone of serotype M3 group A Streptococcus. and acyl chains located at the sn-2 position (14). For example, Although several lines of circumstantial evidence suggest that SlaA SlaA cleaves and releases arachidonic acid, a potent mediator of is a virulence factor, this issue has not been addressed experimen- the inflammatory cascade. tally. We found that an isogenic ⌬slaA mutant strain was signifi- With the goal of directly testing the hypothesis that SlaA cantly impaired in ability to adhere to and kill human epithelial cells contributes to pathogenesis, we made a ⌬slaA isogenic mutant compared with the wild-type parental strain. -
Internalization and Phagosome Escape Required for Francisella to Induce Human Monocyte IL-1 Processing and Release
Internalization and phagosome escape required for Francisella to induce human monocyte IL-1 processing and release Mikhail A. Gavrilin*, Imad J. Bouakl*, Nina L. Knatz†, Michelle D. Duncan*, Mark W. Hall*†, John S. Gunn‡§, and Mark D. Wewers*¶ *Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, ‡Department of Molecular Virology and Immunology and Medical Genetics, and §Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and †Columbus Children’s Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43205 Edited by Charles A. Dinarello, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, and approved November 15, 2005 (received for review May 23, 2005) Macrophage responses to Francisella infection have been charac- IL-1 has a key role in initiating and maintaining the inflam- terized previously by subdued proinflammatory responses; how- matory response. It is synthesized as biologically inactive 31-kDa ever, these studies have generally focused on macrophage cell precursor (pro-IL-1). To be active, pro-IL-1 must first be lines or monocyte-derived macrophages. Therefore, we studied the processed to a 17-kDa mature molecule and released. This ability of fresh human blood monocytes to engulf and respond to process is controlled by the IL-1-converting enzyme Francisella by using the live vaccine strain variant and Francisella (caspase-1) (9). A specific configuration of the intracellular novicida. Because Francisella organisms have been reported to host-defense molecules that is composed predominately of mem- escape from the phagolysosome into the cytosol, we hypothesized bers of the NLR family is called the inflammasome (10). The that this escape may trigger the activation of caspase-1. -
Pre-Incubation of Porcine Semen Reduces the Incidence of Polyspermy on Embryos Derived from Low Quality Oocytes
Ciência Rural,Pre-incubation Santa Maria, ofv.46, porcine n.6, p.1113-1118,semen reduces jun, the 2016 incidence of polyspermy on embryos http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20150700 derived from low quality oocytes. 1113 ISSN 1678-4596 ANINAL REPRODUCTION Pre-incubation of porcine semen reduces the incidence of polyspermy on embryos derived from low quality oocytes Pré-incubação dos espermatozoides suínos diminui polispermia e aumenta a produção embrionária em oócitos de baixa qualidade Cláudio Francisco BrogniI Lain Uriel OhlweilerI Norton KleinI Joana Claudia MezzaliraI Jose CristaniI Alceu MezzaliraI* ABSTRACT embrionário de oócitos de baixa qualidade fecundados com sêmen pré-incubado por 0h (controle), 0,5h, 1h e 1,5h. O experimento The main cause of low efficiency of in vitro 3 investigou a fecundação e as taxas de monospermia dos produced porcine embryos is the high polyspermic penetration mesmos grupos do experimento 2. O experimento 4 avaliou o rates at fertilization, which is aggravated in low quality oocytes. desenvolvimento embrionário, a densidade celular, a fecundação e Experiment 1 evaluated the embryo development in high and low as taxas de monospermia de oócitos de alta qualidade, fecundados quality oocytes. Experiment 2 evaluated the embryo development com sêmen pre-incubado com o melhor tempo observado nos and quality of low quality oocytes fertilized with sperm pre- experimentos anteriores. As taxas de clivagem e de blastocistos incubated during 0h (control), 0.5h, 1h and 1.5h. Experiment 3 foram submetidas ao teste de Qui-quadrado e os demais dados investigated fertilization and monospermic rates of the same groups submetidos à ANOVA e teste de Tukey (P≤0,05).