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A History of Archives in Zambia, 1890-1991

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A History of Archives in Zambia, 1890-1991 A HISTORY OF ARCHIVES IN ZAMBIA, 1890-1991 MIYANDA SIMABWACHI THIS THESIS HAS BEEN SUBMITTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY OF HUMANITIES, FOR THE CENTRE FOR AFRICA STUDIES, AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE SUPERVISOR: DR. LINDIE KOORTS CO-SUPERVISORS: PROF. JACKIE DU TOIT DR. CHRIS HOLDRIDGE FEBRUARY 2019 Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis, submitted in accordance with the requirements for the award of the doctoral degree in Africa Studies in the Faculty of Humanities, for the Centre for Africa Studies at the University of the Free State is my original work and has not been previously submitted to another university for a degree. I hereby authorise copyright of this product to the University of the Free State. Signed: ________________ Date: _________________ Miyanda Simabwachi Dedication I dedicate this work to my loving mother, Rosemary Zama Simabwachi, for her unwavering support in parenting my daughters (Natasha and Mapalo) throughout the duration of my study. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. i OPSOMMING .......................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ................................................................................................................ vi CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction to the Study .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Historical Background ............................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Survey of the Literature .......................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Methodology and Sources ...................................................................................................... 28 1.5 Scope and Organisation of the study ...................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................................... 38 The Creation of the British South Africa Company Records in Northern Rhodesia, 1890 – 1923 .... 38 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 38 2.2 The origins and development of the British South Africa Company records in Northern Rhodesia ........................................................................................................................................ 39 2.2.1 The genesis of records creation in North Eastern Rhodesia ................................................ 39 2.2.2 Partnership in the creation of the British South Africa Company records in North Eastern Rhodesia ........................................................................................................................................ 44 2.2.3 The British South Africa Company administration and the creation of records .................. 46 2.2.4 The North Eastern Rhodesia Order in Council and the creation of the BSAC records......... 50 2.3. The British South Africa Company and the creation of records in North Western Rhodesia 54 2.3.1 Politics of treaty making and records creation .................................................................... 54 2.3.2 The creation of records under the statute law of North Western Rhodesia ....................... 59 2.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 68 The Historical Development of Records Management in Northern Rhodesia, 1924-1944 .................. 68 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 68 3.2 The British colonial government and the management of records in Northern Rhodesia .... 69 3.2.1 The British colonial administration takes over the British South Africa Company records . 69 3.2.2 The Northern Rhodesia Order in Council and the shaping of the Northern Rhodesian colonial records. ............................................................................................................................ 76 3.2.3 The introduction of records management systems in colonial government departments . 80 3.3 The Colonial Office and the preservation of records in Northern Rhodesia .......................... 86 3. 3.1 The Colonial Office circular and the 1929 departmental records survey series ................. 86 3.3.2 The Colonial Office and the formulation of an archives preservation policy in Northern Rhodesia ........................................................................................................................................ 97 3.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 105 CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................................................... 107 The Formation of the Central African Archives and Archival Legislation in Northern Rhodesia, 1945-1952 ....................................................................................................................................... 107 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 107 4.2 The centralisation of the Central African Archives ............................................................... 108 4. 2. 1 Historical background to the formation of the Central African Archives ........................ 108 4.2.2 The centralisation of the Central African Archives: Official and unofficial reactions ........ 113 4.2.3 Sending the Northern Rhodesian archives south. ............................................................. 125 4.3 The formation of the Central African Archives and archives legislation in Northern Rhodesia .................................................................................................................................................... 130 4.3.1 The formation of the Central African Archives and the making of the Northern Rhodesia Archives Ordinance ..................................................................................................................... 130 4.3.2 The formulation of the Archives Destruction and Disposal Regulation of 1947 ............... 136 4.3.3 The process and practice of archives preservation in Northern Rhodesia ........................ 142 4.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 146 CHAPTER FIVE ..................................................................................................................................... 148 The Federal Government and Records Management in Northern Rhodesia, 1953 – 1963 ........... 148 5.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 148 5. 2 The federal government and the provision of archives legislation ..................................... 149 5. 2. 1 The federal government and the challenges of financing archives ................................. 149 5.2.2 The federal government and the interim archives legislation for Northern Rhodesia ..... 153 5.2.3 The making and implementation of subsidiary archives legislation in Northern Rhodesia .................................................................................................................................................... 158 5.3 The introduction of a records management scheme in the federal territories .................... 166 5.3.1 The role of records management in the creation of archives in Northern Rhodesia ........ 166 5.3.2 The resumption of archival activities in Northern Rhodesia ............................................. 175 5.4 The enactment of a National Archives Act in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland .. 178 5.4.1 The National Archives Act (1958) and the transformation of records management procedures in Northern Rhodesia ............................................................................................... 178 5.5 The dissolution of the federation and the apportioning of federal records and archives .. 183 5.5.1 Mapping strategies for the preservation of federal records ............................................
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