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STATE of INDIANA Matthew E. Welsh, Governor DEPARTMENT OF STATE OF INDIANA Matthew E. Welsh, Governor DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION Donald E. Foltz, Director GEOLOGICAL SURVEY John B. Patton, State Geologist Bloomington Special Report No. 1 UNDERGROUND STORAGE OF NATURAL GAS IN INDIANA by T. A. Dawson and G. L. Carpenter Printed by authority of the State of Indiana BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA November 1963 For sale by Geological Survey, Indiana Department of Conservation, Bloomington, Ind. Price 50 cents - SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STAFF OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY JOHN B. PATTON, State Geologist MAURICE E. BIGGS. Assistant State Geologist MARY BETH FOX, Mineral Statistician COAL SECTION GEOPHYSICS SECTION CHARLES E. W1ER, Geologist and Head MAURICE E. BIGGS, Geophysicist and Head S. A. FRIEDMAN, Geologist ROBERT F. BLAKELY, Geophysicist HAROLD C. HUTCHISON, Geologist CHARLES S, MILLER, Instrument Maker HOWARD W. LEE, Paleobotanist ALBERT J. RUDMAN, Geophysicist RICHARD L. POWELL, Geologist JOSEPH F. WHALEY, Geophysicist WILLIAM C. RICHARDSON, Geological Assistant CLARENCE HASKINS, Driller WAYNE COX, Assistant Driller ARTHUR WA YNE AYNES, Geophysical Assistant DRAFTING AND PHOTOGRAPHY SECTION WILLIAM H. MOHAN, Chief Draftsman INDUSTRIAL MINEHALS SECTION ROBERT E. JUDAH, Geological Artist-Draftsman BETTY MARZAN, Geological Draftsman LAWRENCE F. ROONEY, Geologist and Head JOHN E. PEACE, Senior Geological Draftsman DONALD D. CARR, Geologist GEORGE R. RINGER, Photogl'spher ROBERT R. FRENCH, Geologist JACK A. SUNDERMAN, Geologist EDUCATIONAL SERVlCES PETROLEUM SECTION R. DEE RARICK, Geologist and Head T. A. DAWSON, Geologist and Head LEROY E. BECKER, Geologist GEOCHEMISTRY SECTION G. L. CARPENTER, Geologist ANDREW J. HREHA, Geologist R. K. LEININGER, Geochemist and Head STANLEY KELLER, Geologist MAYNARD E. COLLER, Chemist HOWARD SMITH, Geologist JACK L. HARRISON, X-ray Mineralogist DAN M. SULLIVAN,Geologist MA MA LAY SEIN. Spectrographer G. A. ABBOTT, Geological Assistant LOUIS V. MILLER, Coal Chemist JAMES T. CAZEE, Geological Assistant E. M. CRAIG. Geochemical Assistant PHILLIP W. CAZEE, Geological Assistant JOHN R. HELMS, Geological Assistant GEOLOGY SECTION ROBERT H. SHAVER, PaleontolOgist and Head HENRY H. GRAY, Head Stratlgrapher PUBLICATIONS SECTION WILLIAM J. WAYNE, Head Glacial Geologist ALLAN F. SCHNEIDER, Glacial Geologist GERALD S. WOODARD, Editor and Head CARL B. REXROAD. Paleontologist LEW1S W. NELLINGER, Sales and Record Clel'k CONTENTS 3 Page Page Abstract ----------------- 5 Laconia project -- 16 Introduction -------------------- 5 Lawrenceburg project ----------- 17 Reason for underground gas Leesville project ------------- 17 storage ----------- -------- 5 Linkville project -------- 17 Who stores gas - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 Linton project ----------- 17 Status of gas storage development Lonetree project ------------ 18 in Indiana - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 Loogootee project ------------- 18 Acknowledgments - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 Oaktown project -------------- 18 Factors influencing the location of gas Oliver project ------------ 18 storage development in Indiana - - - - - - 8 Royal Center project ------------ 18 Regional geology - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 Unionport project -------------- 19 Entrapments ----------- 10 Unionville project ------------ 19 Porous strata --------------- 12 Westpoint project -------------- 19 Availability of subsurface Wilfred project ---------- 20 information ----------------- 13 Worthington project ------- 20 Gas storage projects in Indiana ------- 14 Gas storage possibilities in Indiana ---- 20 Alford project ----- 14 Pennsylvanian and MisSissippian Giro East project -------------- 14 Systems ------------------ 20 Glendale North project ----------- 14 Devonian and Silurian Systems ----- 23 Green Hill project ------------- 14 Ordovician and Cambrian Systems -- 27 Greensburg project ------------- 16 Conclusions ---------------- 28 Howesville project ------------ 16 Selected bibliography ------------- 28 ILLUSTRATIONS Plate 1. Maps of gas storage projects in Indiana ----------------------- In pocket Page Figure 1. Map of Indiana showing counties ----------------- -------------- 6 2. Map of Indiana showing gas pipelines, storage projects, and consuming centers ----------------------------------------------- 7 3. Graph showing total gas storage projects in Indiana by years - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 4. Generalized bedrock map of Indiana - - - - - - - 9 5. Map of Indiana showing regional structure on top of the Knox Dolomite ------- 10 6. Map of Indiana showing regional structure on top of the Trenton Limestone ---- 10 7. Map of Indiana showing regional structure on top of the Devonian carbonate sequence - --------- 12 8. Map of Indiana showing regional structure on top of the Cypress Formation --- 12 9. Map showing outcrop and subsurface distribution of the Geneva Dolomite in Indiana ----------------------------------------------- 13 10. Map of Indiana showing stratigraphic position and ownership of gas storage projects-- --------------- -------------- -------- 15 4 ILLUSTRATIONS Page - Figure 11. Map of Indiana showing areas of oil production --------------------- 21 12. Map of Indiana showing areas of gas production ---------- ----- 22 13. Map showing structure of Mt. Carmel Fault region, south-central Indiana ---- 25 14. Map showing location of reef structures in west-central Indiana ----------- 26 TABLES Page Table 1. Stratigraphic position of natural gas reservoirs and gas storage reservoirs in Indiana ----------------------------------- 11 2. Statistical summary of gas storage projects in Indiana ------------- facing 14 UNDERGROUND STORAGE OF NATURAL GAS IN INDIANA 1 r By T. A. Dawson and G. L. Carpenter ABSTRACT with the problem of trying to transmit gas cross country at uniform rates to a consumer Underground gas storage is the practical public that cannot use it at uniform rates. means of making available the increased sup­ Three media have been employed to overcome plies of natural gas that are needed in Indiana this problem. in winter periods of peak demand. To date, Where considerable quantities of natural 21 gas storage projects providing an estimated gas have been developed locally, these may storage capacity of 48 billion cubic feet have be used to supplement transmission line gas been initiated. Expansion of storage capac­ supplies in winter periods of peak demand. ity is anticipated. Unfortunately, not many areas of the Midwest Basic geologic factors and availability of have appreciable quantities of locally devel­ subsurface information make establishment oped natural gas. Indiana has very little, its of gas storage in the Illinois Basin much gas production being only a fraction of a per­ easier than in the Michigan Basin or on the cent of the total gas used, Cincinnati Arch. Within the Illinois Basin, A second medium that has been used to storage possibilities are good in the area in overcome the problem of uniform gas trans­ which Pennsylvanian and Mississippian rocks mission versus nonuniform gas demand is contain oil and gas and are excellent in the makeup gas, that is, coke gas and liquified Geneva Dolomite belt. Throughout Indiana petroleum gas, The use of makeup gas to reservoir conditions inOrdovician and Cam­ meet peak winter demands, however, is sel­ brian rocks are adequate for gas storage, but dom completely satisfactorybecause of costs. known significant entrapments in these rocks Not infrequently makeup gas costs more than are few. the price for which it is sold. The third medium used to overcome the discord between gas supply and gas demand INTRODUCTION is underground gas storage. Underground gas storage consists of stockpiling cross­ REASON FOR UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE countrytransmission line gas in the proxim­ ity of consuming areas when demand is low, Most gas consumed in the Midwest is primarily in summer months, and using this transported cross country from the Midcon­ stockpiled gas when demand is high, primar­ tinent and Gulf Coast by pipelines. Cross­ ily in winter months. For much of the Mid­ country gas transmission pipelines, with at­ west, stockpiling transmission line gas in tendant compressor installations and other natural underground reservoirs is the only needs, require vast capital outlays. These practical means of overcoming the supply­ costly transmission systems need to be used demand discord. In Indiana, with its meager proficiently if transmission costs are not to supplies of native naturalgas and many urban become a burdensome part of the price paid gas-consuming centers, underground gas for gas by the consumer. They need to be storage has become a primary concern of the used continuously at near maximum capacity; gas industry. they need to be used in the summer as' well as in the winter. But consumer demand for WHO STORES GAS natural gas is particularly variable in the Midwest because the temperature spread is Normally two types of gas companies pro­ great and because much of the gas consumed vide service in moving gas from the Midcon­ is used for home heating; gas consumption on tinent and Gulf Coast fields to the Midwest a cold winter day may be several times as consumer. One is the gas transmission com­ much as on an average day and many times pany' and the other is the gas distribution as much as on a warm summer day. Thus company; the services of each are totally the gas industry in the Midwest is confronted complimentary to the other. The transmis­ 1 As of October 10, 1961. 5 6 UNDERGROUND STORAGE OF NATURAL GAS IN INDIANA sion company transmits gas
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