FREE BLOOD COUNTS PDF

Martin O'Brien | 368 pages | 01 May 2014 | Cornerstone | 9781848090590 | English | London, United Kingdom What are low blood counts? | Aplastic Anemia & MDS International Foundation

A complete blood count CBCalso known as a full blood count FBCis a set of medical laboratory tests that provide information about the cells in a person's blood. The CBC indicates the amounts of white blood cellsred blood cells and plateletsthe concentration of hemoglobinand the hematocrit the volume percentage of red blood cells. The red Blood Counts cell indiceswhich indicate the average size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells, are also reported, and a white blood cell differentialwhich counts the different types of Blood Counts blood cells, may be included. The CBC is often carried out as part of a medical assessment, and can be used to monitor health or diagnose diseases. The results are interpreted by comparing them to reference rangeswhich vary with gender and age. Conditions like anemia and thrombocytopenia are defined by abnormal complete blood count results. The red blood cell indices can provide information about the cause of a person's anemia such as iron deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiencyand the results of the white blood cell differential can help to diagnose viralbacterial and parasitic infections and blood disorders like leukemia. Not all results falling outside of the reference range require medical intervention. The CBC is performed using basic laboratory equipment or an automated hematology analyzerwhich counts red and white Blood Counts cells and platelets and collects information on their size Blood Counts structure. The concentration of hemoglobin is measured, and the red blood cell indices are calculated from measurements of red Blood Counts cells and hemoglobin. Manual tests can Blood Counts used to independently confirm abnormal results. The hematocrit can be determined manually by centrifuging the sample and measuring the proportion of red blood cells, and in laboratories without access to automated instruments, blood cells are counted under the microscope using a hemocytometer. InKarl Vierordt published the first procedure for performing a blood count, which involved spreading a known volume of blood on a microscope Blood Counts and counting every cell. The invention of the hemocytometer in by Louis-Charles Malassez simplified the microscopic analysis of blood cells, and Blood Counts the late 19th century, Paul Ehrlich and Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky developed Blood Counts for staining white and red blood cells that Blood Counts still used to examine blood smears. Automated methods for measuring hemoglobin were developed in the s, and Maxwell Wintrobe Blood Counts the Wintrobe hematocrit method inwhich in turn allowed him to define the red blood cell indices. A landmark in the automation of blood cell counts was the Coulter principlewhich Blood Counts patented by Blood Counts H. Coulter in The principle involves using electrical Blood Counts measurements to count blood cells and measure their sizes, a technology that remains in use in many automated analyzers. Further research in the s involved the use of optical measurements to count and identify cells, which enabled the automation of the white blood cell differential. Blood is composed of a fluid portion, called plasmaand a cellular portion that contains red blood cellswhite blood cells and platelets. Some medical conditions, such as anemia or thrombocytopeniaare defined by marked increases or decreases in blood cell counts. Because of the amount of information it provides, the complete blood count is one of the most commonly performed medical laboratory tests. The Blood Counts is often used to screen for diseases as part of a medical assessment. People who have been diagnosed with disorders that may cause abnormal CBC results or who are receiving treatments that can affect blood cell counts may have a regular CBC performed to monitor their health, [3] [11] and the test is often performed each day on people who are hospitalized. The complete blood count has specific applications in many medical specialties. It is often performed before Blood Counts person undergoes surgery to detect anemia, ensure that platelet levels are sufficient, and screen for infection, [14] [15] as well as after surgery, so that blood loss can be monitored. The complete blood count is an essential tool of hematologywhich is the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, Blood Counts prevention of Blood Counts related to blood. Examination of the CBC results and the blood smear can help to distinguish between causes of anemia, such as nutritional deficienciesbone marrow disordersacquired hemolytic anemias and inherited conditions like sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. The sample is collected by drawing blood into a tube containing an anticoagulant —typically EDTA —to stop its natural clotting. On board the analyzer, the sample is agitated to evenly distribute the cells, then diluted and partitioned into at least two channels, one of which is used to count red blood cells and platelets, the other to count white blood cells and determine the hemoglobin concentration. Some instruments measure hemoglobin in a separate Blood Counts, and additional channels may be used for differential white blood cell counts, reticulocyte Blood Counts and specialized measurements of platelets. To measure the hemoglobin concentration, a reagent chemical is Blood Counts to the sample to destroy lyse the red cells in Blood Counts channel separate from that used for red blood Blood Counts counts. On analyzers that perform white blood cell counts in the same channel as hemoglobin measurement, this permits white blood cells to be counted more easily. Chemicals are used to convert different forms of hemoglobin, such Blood Counts oxyhemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobinto one stable form, usually cyanmethemoglobin Blood Counts, and to create a permanent colour change. The absorbance of the resulting colour, when measured at a specific wavelength—usually nanometres —corresponds with the concentration of hemoglobin. Sensors count and identify the cells in the sample using two main principles: electrical impedance and light scattering. The amplitude of the voltage pulse generated as a cell crosses the aperture correlates with the amount of fluid displaced by the cell, and thus the cell's volume, Blood Counts [60] while the total number of pulses correlates with the number of cells in the sample. The distribution of cell volumes is plotted on a histogramand by setting volume thresholds based on the typical sizes of each type of cell, the different cell populations can be identified and counted. In light scattering techniques, light from a laser or a tungsten-halogen lamp is directed at the stream of cells to collect information about their size and structure. Cells scatter light at different angles as they pass through the beam, which is detected using photometers. Radiofrequency -based methods can be Blood Counts in combination with impedance. These techniques work on the same principle of measuring the interruption in current as cells pass through an aperture, but since the high-frequency RF current penetrates into the cells, the amplitude of the resulting pulse relates to factors like Blood Counts relative size of the nucleusthe nucleus's structure, and the amount of granules in the cytoplasm. Most analyzers directly measure the average size of red blood cells, which is called the mean Blood Counts volume MCVand calculate the hematocrit by multiplying the red blood cell count by the MCV. Some measure the Blood Counts by comparing the total volume of red blood cells to the volume of blood sampled, and derive Blood Counts MCV from the hematocrit and red blood cell count. After being treated with reagents, white blood cells form three distinct peaks when their volumes are plotted on a histogram. These peaks correspond to populations of granulocytesmononuclear cells and lymphocytes, allowing a three-part Blood Counts to be performed based on cell volume alone. The data collected from these measurements is analyzed and plotted on a Blood Countswhere it forms clusters that correlate with each white Blood Counts cell type. The cell images are displayed to a human operator, who can manually re-classify the cells if necessary. Most analyzers take less than a minute Blood Counts run all the Blood Counts in the complete blood count. Point-of-care testing refers to tests conducted outside of the laboratory setting, such as at a person's bedside or in a clinic. Commonly used devices for point-of-care hematology testing include the HemoCuea portable analyzer that uses Blood Counts to measure the hemoglobin Blood Counts of the sample, and the i-STATwhich derives a hemoglobin reading by estimating the concentration Blood Counts red blood cells from the conductivity of the blood. The tests can be performed manually when automated equipment Blood Counts not available or when the analyzer results indicate that further investigation is needed. To perform a manual white blood cell differential, the microscopist counts cells on the blood smear and Blood Counts them based on their appearance; sometimes cells are counted. The hematocrit can performed manually by filling a capillary tube with blood, centrifuging it, Blood Counts measuring the percentage of the blood that consists of red blood cells. Red and white blood cells and platelets can be counted using a hemocytometera microscope slide containing a chamber that holds a specified volume of diluted blood. The hemocytometer's chamber is etched with a calibrated grid to aid in cell counting, and the cells seen Blood Counts the grid are counted and divided by Blood Counts volume of blood examined, Blood Counts is determined from the number of squares counted on the grid, to obtain the concentration of cells in the sample. Manual platelet counts are Blood Counts in a similar manner, although some methods leave the red blood cells intact. Using a phase-contrast microscoperather than a light microscopecan make platelets easier to identify. Hemoglobin can be measured manually using a spectrophotometer Blood Counts colorimeter. To measure hemoglobin manually, the sample is diluted using reagents that destroy red blood cells to release the hemoglobin. Other chemicals are used to convert different types of hemoglobin to one form, allowing it to be easily measured. The solution is then placed in a measuring cuvette and the absorbance is measured at a specific wavelength, which depends Blood Counts the type of reagent used. A reference standard containing a known amount of hemoglobin is used to determine the relationship between the absorbance and the hemoglobin concentration, allowing the hemoglobin level of the sample to be measured. In rural and economically disadvantaged areas, Blood Counts testing is limited by access to equipment and personnel. At primary care facilities in these regions, testing may be limited to examination of Blood Counts cell morphology and manual measurement of hemoglobin, while more complex techniques like manual cell counts and differentials, and sometimes automated cell counts, are performed at district laboratories. Regional and provincial hospitals and academic centres typically have access to automated analyzers. Where laboratory facilities are not available, an estimate of hemoglobin concentration can be obtained by placing a drop of blood on a standardized type of absorbent paper and comparing it to a colour scale. Automated analyzers have to be regularly calibrated. Most manufacturers provide preserved blood with defined parameters and the analyzers are adjusted if the results are outside defined thresholds. The samples are formulated to provide specific results, and laboratories compare their Blood Counts against the known values to ensure the instrument is functioning properly. Assuming that the characteristics of the patient population remain roughly the same over time, the average should remain constant; large shifts in the average value can indicate instrument problems. In addition to analyzing internal quality control samples with known results, laboratories may receive Blood Counts quality assessment samples from regulatory organizations. While the purpose of internal quality control is to ensure that analyzer results are reproducible within a Blood Counts laboratory, external quality assessment verifies that results from different laboratories are consistent with each other and with the target values. Blood Counts tests in the CBC measure the amounts of platelets and red and white blood cells, along with the hemoglobin and hematocrit values. Red blood cell indices—MCV, MCH and MCHC—which describe the size Blood Counts red blood cells and their hemoglobin content, are reported along with the red blood cell distribution width RDWwhich measures the Blood Counts of variation in the sizes of red blood cells. A white Blood Counts cell differential, which enumerates the different types of Blood Counts blood cells, may Blood Counts performed, and a count of immature red blood cells reticulocytes is sometimes included. Red blood cells deliver oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and on their return carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs where it is exhaled. These functions are mediated by the cells' hemoglobin. This relationship, called the rule of threecan be used to confirm that CBC results are correct. Two other measurements are calculated from the red blood cell count, the hemoglobin concentration, and the hematocrit: the mean corpuscular hemoglobin and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin Blood Counts. The MCHC gives the average proportion of the cell that is hemoglobin. An abnormally low hemoglobin, hematocrit, or Blood Counts blood cell count indicates anemia. An increased number of red blood cells, which usually leads to an increase Blood Counts the hemoglobin and hematocrit, is called polycythemia. Polycythemia can also occur when the body Blood Counts more red blood cells to compensate for chronically low oxygen levels in conditions like lung Blood Counts heart diseaseor when a person has abnormally high levels of erythropoietin EPOa hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells. In polycythemia verathe bone marrow produces red cells and other blood cells Blood Counts an excessively high rate. Evaluation of red blood cell indices is helpful in determining the cause of anemia. Anemia with a low MCHC is called hypochromic anemia. If anemia is present but the red blood cell indices are normal, the anemia is considered normochromic and normocytic. Elevation of the MCHC above the upper reference value is rare, mainly occurring in conditions such as spherocytosissickle cell disease and hemoglobin C disease. Microcytic anemia is typically associated with iron deficiency, thalassemia, and anemia of chronic diseasewhile macrocytic anemia is associated with alcoholismBlood Counts and B12 deficiency Blood Counts, use of some drugs, and some bone marrow diseases. Acute blood loss, hemolytic anemia, bone marrow disorders, and various Blood Counts diseases can result in anemia Blood Counts a normocytic blood picture. It is relatively stable over time compared to other CBC parameters, so a large change in MCV may indicate that the sample was drawn from the wrong patient. White blood cells defend against infections and are involved in the inflammatory response. It can also be caused by diseases that involve Blood Counts production of blood cells, such as myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders. In the white blood cell differential, the different types of white blood cells are identified and counted. The results are reported as a percentage and as an absolute number per unit volume. Five types of white Blood Counts cells— neutrophilslymphocytesmonocyteseosinophilsand basophils —are typically measured. Differential results are useful in diagnosing and monitoring many medical conditions. For example, an elevated neutrophil count neutrophilia is associated with bacterial infection, inflammation, and myeloproliferative disorders, [] [] while a decreased count neutropenia may occur in individuals who are undergoing chemotherapy or taking Blood Counts drugs, or who Blood Counts diseases affecting the bone marrow. Low Red Blood Cell Count: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments | New Health Advisor

Blood Counts blood cells are one of the major components of blood, along with white blood cells and platelets. Red blood cells help carry oxygen throughout the body. Doctors measure your red blood cell count to help diagnose medical conditions and learn more about your health. A high red Blood Counts cell count means the number of red blood cells in your bloodstream is higher than normal. Normal red blood cell counts are:. Doctors Blood Counts find a high red blood cell count during tests for another health issue. These Blood Counts include tests to Blood Counts for conditions that cause your body to produce too many red blood cells, such as heart failure, or disorders that restrict your oxygen supply, such as sleep apnea. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or Blood Counts. High Red Blood Cell Count A high red blood cell count is generally considered to be anything above 6. Additional tests will help your doctor determine the cause of your high red blood cell count and next steps in your care. Cancer Answer Line Overview Possible Causes Care and Treatment. What is high red blood cell Blood Counts Normal red blood cell counts are: For men, 4. Show More. Complete blood count (CBC) - Mayo Clinic

A complete blood count CBC is a blood test used to evaluate your overall health and detect a wide range of disorders, Blood Counts anemia, infection and leukemia. Abnormal increases or decreases in cell counts as revealed in a complete blood count may indicate that you have an underlying medical condition that calls for further evaluation. If your blood sample is being tested only for a complete blood count, you can eat and drink normally before the test. If your blood sample will be used for additional Blood Counts, you may need to fast for a certain amount of time before the test. Your doctor will give Blood Counts specific instructions. For a complete blood count, a member of your health care team takes a sample of blood by inserting a needle into a vein in your arm, usually at the bend Blood Counts your elbow. The blood sample is sent to a lab for analysis. You can return to your usual activities immediately. Female: 3. Male: A complete blood count is typically not a Blood Counts diagnostic test. Depending on the reason your doctor recommended this test, results outside the normal range may or may Blood Counts require follow-up. Your doctor may need to look Blood Counts the results of a CBC along with results of other blood tests, or additional tests may be necessary. For example, if you're otherwise healthy and have no signs or symptoms of illness, results slightly outside the normal range on a complete blood count may not be a cause for concern, and follow-up may not be needed. Of if you're undergoing cancer treatment, the results of a complete blood count outside the normal range may indicate a need to Blood Counts your treatment plan. In some cases, if your results are significantly above or below the normal ranges, your doctor may refer you to a doctor who specializes in blood disorders Blood Counts. Results in the following areas above or below the normal ranges on a Blood Counts blood count may indicate a problem. Red blood cell count, hemoglobin and hematocrit. The results of your red blood cell count, hemoglobin and hematocrit are related because they each measure aspects of your red blood cells. If the measures in these Blood Counts areas are lower than normal, you have anemia. Anemia causes fatigue and weakness. Anemia has many causes, including low levels of certain vitamins or iron, blood loss, or an underlying condition. A red blood cell count that's higher than normal erythrocytosisor high hemoglobin or hematocrit levels, could Blood Counts to an underlying medical condition, such as polycythemia vera or heart disease. White blood cell count. A low white blood cell count leukopenia may be caused by a medical condition, such as an autoimmune disorder that destroys white blood cells, bone marrow problems or cancer. Certain medications also can cause white blood cell counts to drop. If your white blood cell count is higher than normal, you may have an infection or Blood Counts. Or, it could indicate that you have an immune system Blood Counts or a bone marrow disease. A high white blood cell count can also be a reaction to medication. For specifics about what your complete blood count results mean if they fall outside the normal ranges, Blood Counts to your doctor. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. This content does not have an English version. This content does not have an Arabic version. Overview A complete blood count CBC is a blood test used to evaluate your overall health and detect a wide range of disorders, including anemia, infection and leukemia. A complete blood count test measures several components and features of your blood, including: Red Blood Counts cells, which carry oxygen White blood cells, which fight infection Hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying Blood Counts in red blood cells Hematocrit, the proportion of red blood cells to the Blood Counts component, or plasma, in your blood Platelets, which help with blood clotting. Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic. Share on: Facebook Twitter. Blood Counts references Complete blood count. Lab Tests Online. Accessed Aug. Blood Counts with differential, blood. Mayo Medical Laboratories. Understanding blood counts. Leukemia Blood Counts Lymphoma Society. Complete blood count CBC About. Mayo Clinic Marketplace Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic. Male: 4.