Dominant-Negative Pes1 Mutants Inhibit Ribosomal RNA Processing
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Published online May 31, 2006 3030–3043 Nucleic Acids Research, 2006, Vol. 34, No. 10 doi:10.1093/nar/gkl378 Dominant-negative Pes1 mutants inhibit ribosomal RNA processing and cell proliferation via incorporation into the PeBoW-complex Thomas Grimm, Michael Ho¨ lzel, Michaela Rohrmoser, Thomas Harasim, Anastassia Malamoussi, Anita Gruber-Eber, Elisabeth Kremmer1 and Dirk Eick* Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology and Tumour Genetics, GSF Research Centre for Environment and Health, Marchioninistrasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany and 1Institute of Molecular Immunology, GSF Research Centre for Environment and Health, Marchioninistrasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany Received February 27, 2006; Revised April 19, 2006; Accepted May 2, 2006 Downloaded from ABSTRACT Ribosome biogenesis is the major metabolic challenge of rapidly proliferating cells, particular in tumour cells, as it The nucleolar PeBoW-complex, consisting of Pes1, consumes up to 80% of the total energy. However, little is Bop1 and WDR12, is essential for cell proliferation known about the molecular mechanism that ensure the equi- http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/ and processing of ribosomal RNA in mammalian librium between cell division and ribosome biogenesis cells. Here we have analysed the physical and required for balanced cell proliferation (1). Recently it has functional interactions of Pes1 deletion mutants become evident that ribosome synthesis is cell cycle con- with the PeBoW-complex. Pes1 mutants M1 and M5, trolled and sensitive to growth factor and nutrient signalling, with N- and C-terminal truncations, respectively, and likewise inhibited upon stress signals. Interestingly, sev- displayed a dominant-negative phenotype. Both eral pivotal regulators of cell cycle progression and senes- mutants showed nucleolar localization, blocked cence, such as p19ARF reside within the nucleolus and are processing of the 36S/32S precursors to mature also involved in the control of ribosome biogenesis. More- by guest on November 16, 2015 over, nucleolar proteins like nucleophosmin not only function 28S rRNA, inhibited cell proliferation, and induced in the maturation of ribosomes, but are also implicated in the high p53 levels in proliferating, but not in resting control of the tumour suppressors p53 and p19ARF (2,3). cells. Mutant M1 and M5 proteins associated Noteworthy, dysfunction of nucleophosmin is frequently with large pre-ribosomal complexes and co- associated with acute myeloid leukaemia and heterozygous immunoprecipitated Bop1 and WDR12 proteins mice develop myelodysplastic syndromes (4,5). In conclu- indicating their proper incorporation into the sion, the recent years have unravelled remarkable links PeBoW-complex. We conclude that the dominant- between the nucleolus and cell cycle regulation, thus under- negative effect of the M1 and M5 mutants is lining the importance of the nucleolus far beyond the produc- mediated by the impaired function of the PeBoW- tion of ribosomes. complex. The nucleolus owns a particular ability in sensitizing cellu- lar stress after ultraviolet (UV) radiation of cells. Using micropore irradiation, Rubbi and Milner (6) demonstrated that large amounts of nuclear DNA damage failed to stabilize INTRODUCTION p53 unless the nucleolus was affected. In addition, forcing Eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis is a highly regulated, evolu- nucleolar disruption by anti-upstream binding factor (UBF) tionary conserved process in the nucleolus. A large precursor antibody microinjection (in the absence of DNA damage), ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) is transcribed by Pol I and rap- different chemotherapeutic drugs, or cre-mediated deletion idly packaged into the 90S ribonucleoprotein particle (90S of the Pol I specific transcription factor TIF-IA also caused pre-RNPs) containing ribosomal proteins, non-ribosomal pro- p53 stabilization and a p53-dependent cell cycle arrest. This teins and snoRNA-containing ribonucleoprotein particles suggests that the nucleolus is a stress sensor responsible for (snoRNPs). The 90S pre-RNPs are processed into intermedi- the maintenance of low levels of p53, which are automatic- ates, which finally give rise to mature 40S and 60S ribosomal ally elevated as soon as nucleolar function is impaired in subunits (1). response to stress (6,7). *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: ++49 89 7099 512; Fax: ++49 89 7099 500; Email: [email protected] Ó 2006 The Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commerical use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Nucleic Acids Research, 2006, Vol. 34, No. 10 3031 How does nucleolar stress result in the activation of cell dominant-negative effect on rRNA processing and cell cycle check points? Several mechanisms have been proposed growth. Both mutants were incorporated into the PeBoW- that link ribosome biogenesis to the cell cycle machinery in complex and induced accumulation of p53. Our data suggests mammalian cells. A central player in all models is Mdm2, that essential cellular functions of Pes1 are mediated by its a p53-specific ubiquitin ligase. Disturbance of ribosome bio- incorporation into the PeBoW-complex. genesis may decrease the demand for ribosomal proteins and thus lead to an excess of free ribosomal proteins as L5, L11 and L23, which directly bind and inactivate Mdm2 resulting MATERIALS AND METHODS in the accumulation of p53 (8–12). Alternatively, export of ribosomal subunits to the cytoplasm may be a critical step Cloning/plasmids for p53 degradation, which does not take place, if rRNA pro- Pes1 was cloned from human cDNA using the following pri- cessing is inhibited (13). However, other models cannot be mers: HsPescadillo fwd: 50-GCCACCATGGGAGGCCTT- excluded. GAGAAGAAG-30; HsPescadillo bwd: 50-CTCCGGCCTTG- We have recently described the nucleolar complex PeBoW, CCTTCTTGGCCTTC-30. Cloning into the modified pUC18 consisting of Pes1 (Pescadillo), Bop1 (block of proliferation) vector resulted in the addition of a C-terminal HA-tag to the and WDR12 (WD-repeat protein) in mammalian cells. Pes1 open reading frame. The mutant Pes1-HA alleles were Knockdown of WDR12 by siRNA technology or expression created by standard techniques of molecular biology using of a dominant-negative WDR12 mutant blocked processing restriction enzymes and site directed mutagenesis. Pes1-HA Downloaded from of the 32S pre-rRNA, evoked stabilization of p53 and induced wild-type and mutants were cloned into the vector pRTS-1 a strong cell cycle arrest (14). Likewise, expression of using the SfiI restriction site (22). dominant-negative mutants of other members of the complex, Pes1 and Bop1, inhibit rRNA processing and cell cycle pro- Tissue culture gression (15,16). TGR-1 rat fibroblasts (provided by J. Sedivy, Brown Univer- http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/ The structure and function of the PeBoW-complex appears sity, Providence, RI) and U2OS osteosarcoma cells were cul- to be highly conserved throughout evolution. A homolog tured in DMEM with 10% FBS at 8% CO2. For generation complex consisting of Nop7 (Yph1p), Erb1 and Ytm1p has of polyclonal cell lines, 6 · 105 cells were transfected with been identified in yeast. As in mammals, mutants of Nop7 7.5 mg pRTS-1 plasmids using Polyfect (QIAGEN) and selec- and Ytm1 inhibit rRNA processing and cell cycle progression ted in the presence of 200 mg/ml hygromycin B for 10 to (17). Mutations in Ytm1 disrupt interactions between Ytm1 14 days. Conditional gene expression was induced with 1 and Erb1, destabilize the heterotrimer, and significantly mg/ml doxycycline. The percentage of induced cells was reduce association of all three proteins with 66S pre- monitored by FACS analysis for EGFP expression. by guest on November 16, 2015 ribosomes (18). Even though a function of the PeBoW-complex in pro- BrdU light assay cessing of the 32S rRNA precursor is established, the struc- ture of the complex and the role of its components Pes1, BrdU light assays were performed essentially as described Bop1 and WDR12 in other cellular processes is largely unre- previously (23). Briefly, stable polylclonal TGR-1 cells were seeded in the presence of 1 mg/ml doxycycline at a dens- solved e.g. mouse embryos lacking Pes1 arrest at morula 5 stages of development, their nucleoli fail to differentiate ity of 10 cells per 100 mm well. After 30 h seeding, the cells and accumulation of ribosomes is inhibited, suggesting an were incubated with 100 mM BrdU and doxycycline for 72 h. essential role of Pes1 for ribosome biogenesis and nucleolo- Culture medium was then removed and replaced by medium genesis (19). Overexpression of Pes1 can replace the SV40 T containing doxycycline and Hoechst 33 258 at 2 mg/ml for antigen in inducing colony formation in soft agar growth but 3 h. Finally, cells were placed on sheet of glass 11 cm not in inducing cell immortalization (20). Transient depletion above a 30 W fluorescent daylight bulb and irradiated from of Pes1 resulted in an increase of abnormal mitoses with beneath for 15 min. Cells were washed in phosphate-buffered appearance of binucleate or hyperploid cells, of cells with saline (PBS) two times and regular culture medium without multipolar spindles and of aberrant metaphase plates (21). doxycycline was added. Thus, Pes1 appears to be involved in multiple cellular pro- 32 in vivo cesses, yet it is unclear, whether all these processes require