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Archaeology of Finnish Wetlands with Special Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies University of Helsinki Finland ARCHAEOLOGY OF FINNISH WETLANDS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO STUDIES OF STONE AGE STATIONARY WOODEN FISHING STRUCTURES Satu Koivisto ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of All Arts of the University of Helsinki, for public examination in Small Hall, University main building, on 30th September 2017, at 12 o’clock. Helsinki 2017 Supervisors Doc. Jarmo Kankaanpää Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies University of Helsinki, Finland Prof. Mika Lavento Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies University of Helsinki, Finland Reviewers Prof. Tony Brown Physical Geography within Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, UK Dr. Valdis Bērziņš Institute of Latvian History, University of Latvia Opponent Dr. Harald Lübke Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology (ZBSA), Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen, Schloss Gottorf, Schleswig, Germany © Satu Koivisto (Summary paper) © Centre for Underwater Archaeology, Vilnius (Paper I) © Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group (Papers II & IV) © The Archaeological Society of Finland (Paper III) ISBN 978-951-51-3612-1 (pbk.) ISBN 978-951-51-3613-8 (PDF) http://ethesis.helsinki.fi Unigrafia Helsinki 2017 ABSTRACT This study seeks to draw attention to the lack of knowledge of and the small amount of research dealing with archaeological cultural resources in Finnish wetlands, as well as to demonstrate its huge scientific and interpretative potential. To this end, the study presents a compilation of Finnish wetland archaeological sites, contextualizes and evaluates them with the help of archaeological, environmental, and ethnographic data, and offers an assessment of areas with the highest potential for encountering new sites. The scientific and interpretative potential of Finnish wetland archaeological resources is then illustrated with the help of two case studies representing stationary wooden fishing structures associated with Stone Age fishery sites. The prehistoric fishing theme involves a detailed examination of the fishing structure types and the estuary fishing methods, as well as their contextual circumstances, which provide an analytical framework explicating and illuminating this as yet unexplored archaeological evidence. Finally, the study seeks to further our knowledge concerning the detection and prospection of archaeological sites situated in demanding wetland settings with the help of geophysical testing and trial excavations conducted within stationary wooden fishing structures. The total number of wetland sites has multiplied in the course of this study, even though it is still very low when compared to the extensive area of Finnish wetlands. The areas with the highest wetland archaeological potential in Finland are located in river estuaries, coastal areas affected by strong isostatic rebound, and terrestrialized lakes. Today, stationary wooden structures associated with fishing sites represent the most typical wetland archaeological resource in Finland. The case studies described in this work demonstrate that these wooden archaeological remains yield valuable evidence for investigating fishing methods, technological adaptations, and modes of subsistence among prehistoric populations. The lack of viable techniques for the detection and prospection of sites has been hindering wetland archaeological research in Finland. The most crucial threats to the preservation of our organic archaeological resources situated in wetland landscapes are drainage, peat extraction, acidification, and climate change. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At an early stage of my journey as an archaeology professional in 1996, I had the opportunity to participate in a multi-year wetland archaeological fieldwork project at Purkajasuo Mire in Yli-Ii, northern Ostrobothnia. Before that point, I had only briefly touched upon wetlands and prehistoric organic materials thanks to series of lectures given by our late Professor Ari Siiriäinen, who had a personal interest in wetland archaeology, having excavating several Finnish ‘classic’ wetland sites such as Kierikkisaari Island in Yli-Ii, Kärräniemi Island in Rovaniemi, and Järvensuo Mire in Humppila. At the very moment when the first wooden artefacts underlying the nearly two-meter-thick peat and alluvial layers began to emerge at Purkajasuo, I understood that I was witnessing something unique and archaeologically significant, something that was also to gain very special importance in my own perspective in the years to come. The remarkable preservation and huge volume of the archaeological wood material dating back more than 5000 years was something that I had not even dreamt of in a country known for its poor organic preservation in dryland sites. Already when recovering the wooden artefacts in the muddy wetland trench in the late 1990s, we joked with the other excavation workers that I would most probably write my doctoral thesis on the Purkajasuo wood materials, or more precisely on a specific birch bark binding technique of the lath screen fishing structures, which of course amused us a lot back then. I must admit that this topic did not leave me be until I reached this point, even though it has taken me a long time and a huge amount of determination to be able to finalize this project. Throughout the process of conducting my wetland archaeological studies and writing this dissertation, the dearth of wetland archaeological research in Finland has been the driving force that kept me going. Therefore, the Purkajasuo site plays a very special role in this dissertation, not only in having provided me with a case study for research, but also as a lens through which I have sought to explore the various nuances of the Finnish wetland archaeological cultural heritage in general, something that I never imagined during those years of wading in the wetland trenches in Yli-Ii. Good organic preservation is typically the first issue that is highlighted when wetland archaeological resources are concerned. After being involved with the Purkajasuo materials and later with my other wetland projects as well, it has been quite difficult to adjust myself to dryland archaeology in my work as a field archaeologist. One of the most striking issues to me is the representativeness of the archaeological record. Without the exceptional preservation conditions for organics at Purkajasuo, only a handful of pebbles (and two amber pendants) would have been recovered at the site and we would not have had a clue of the over 5000-year-old elaborate carpentry and birch bark binding techniques. Because of this, I have a constant problem in making 4 assumptions and interpretations concerning past lifeways based on the materials recovered at dryland sites. As already stated, the research process associated with the finalizing of this thesis has been lengthy and laborious and I have conducted a huge amount of work on my own time in between working periods that I dedicated solely to writing this thesis. Due to the periodical nature of conducting research and writing, I chose an article-based dissertation structure already at the beginning of this project in order to be able to finalize one piece at a time and then move to the next theme. Actually, the structure and method chosen seem to agree relatively well within this type of topic, because now the articles may be seen as individual entities and they may be read independently. The Finnish Graduate School in Archaeology, the Finnish Cultural Foundation, and the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters (the Jutikkala fund) have provided me with financial support that enabled me to write this dissertation. In addition, the project Lost Inland Landscapes at the University of Helsinki (three-year research grants) provided support for finalizing this work. My deepest gratitude goes to all the above mentioned. Because I have done a lot of work on my own time while working at the NBA, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to my wonderful working community at the Archaeological Field Services, especially our Chief Intendant Marianna Niukkanen, for constant support, encouragement, and understanding in my struggle with this academic milestone. I am most indebted to my supervisors, Docent Jarmo Kankaanpää and Professor Mika Lavento, for their tireless support and belief in my work and in the special importance that wetland archaeology bears in Finland. I must admit that I have not been an ideal PhD student for them, because I have used such a long time for finalizing this project and been involved in so many other things during this time. Nevertheless, my supervisors have never (I hope) lost their faith in me and they have clearly affirmed the importance of my work, which of course has boosted my self-assurance in concluding this project. In addition, Jarmo has tirelessly revised my English texts and helped me with terminology of which I cannot thank him enough. I would also like to thank the pre-examiners, Professor Tony Brown and Dr. Valdis Bērziņš, for their constructive comments and encouraging feedback on this work. I would furthermore like to offer my greatest gratitude to my co-authors, Katariina Nurminen, Niko Latvakoski, and Wesa Perttola, for helping me with the research process and the articles. My friends, colleagues, family members, and institutions, at home and abroad, who have supported me in numerous ways in the course of this project are warmly thanked: the University
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