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The Genus Thrips Linnaeus (Ttiysanoptera: Thripidae

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öESir»'^^ United States The Genus ^ Agricultural Research Service Thrips Linnaeus Technical Bulletin Number 1822 (Ttiysanoptera: July 1994 Thripidae) of the New World t » -■f P^ > ri::? --! r-> O n > !:::' > ÍJ3 > Qiao to United States Department of The GenusThrips Linnaeus Agriculture Agricultural (Thysanoptera: Thrîpidae) Research Service of the New World Technical Bulletin Number 1822 July 1994 Sueo Nakahara Systennatic Entomology Laboratory, Plant Sciences Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350. Abstract Nakahara, Sueo. 1993. The Genus Thrips Linnaeus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the New World. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 1822, 183 pp. Sixty-two species are treated in this review of Thrips for the New World, comprising 43 endemic species from Canada and the continental United States, 18 introduced species, and 1 Holarctic species. The following 18 new species are described from the United States and Canada: alhogilvus, aureolariae, aurulentus, brevialatus, crawfordi, distinctus, fallado sus, helvolus, idahoensis, intricatus, konoi, nelsoni, paramadronii, pauciporus, pruni, pseudoflavus, simulator, and stannardi. In the rest of the New World, the genus is represented by only seven introduced species, which also occur in Canada, or the United States, or both. Three species—aureus Hood, heraclei Moulton, dind pectinatus Hood—are revalidated (New Status); anemonensis Moulton is pre- sented as a junior synonym of sieversiae Hood and clarus Moulton as a junior syn- onym oipalmi Kamy (New Synonymy); sylvanus Stannard is returned to Thrips from Microcephalothrips; and dilatatus Uzel Sind flavus Schrank are deleted from the New World fauna. Species previously assigned to Thrips in the New World are reviewed. The author provides a key to genera of Thripidae with abdominal ctenidia in the New World, as well as general information on the distribution, phytogeny, biology, natural enemies, and economic importance, and a list of species currently or previously assigned to Thrips in the New World. A key is presented for females of all species and for known males. A description, synonymy, distribution, hosts, comments, and pertinent illustra- tions are provided for each species. Keywords: Thysanoptera, Thripidae, Thrips, New World, keys. While supplies last, single copies of this publication may be obtained at no cost from USD A-ARS, Plant Sciences Institute, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350. Copies of this publication may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs). Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communica- tion of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA Office of Communications at (202) 720-5881 (voice) or (202) 720-7808 (TDD). To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agricul- ture, Washington, D.C. 20250, or call (202) 720-7327 (voice) or (202) 720-1127 (TDD). USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer. Issued July 1994 Contents V Acknowledgments vi Abbreviations 1 Introduction 2 Distribution and origin 3 Review and phylogeny 3 Biology 5 Host plants 5 Economic importance 6 Natural enemies 6 Morphology and terminology 8 Methods 9 New World species 11 Nomina dubia 12 Genera of Thripidae with ctenidia in the New World 13 Description of the genus Thrips Linnaeus 15 Key to species 28 Thrips albogilvus, new species 30 Thrips albopilosus Uzel 31 Thrips alysii Hood 32 Thrips atratus Haliday 34 Thrips aureolariae, new species 36 Thrips aureus Hood, new status 38 Thrips aurulentus, new species 39 Thrips australis (Bagnall) 41 Thrips brevialatus, new species 43 Thrips brevipilosus Moulton 44 Thrips calcaratus Uzel 46 Thrips crawfordi, new species 48 Thrips discolor Haliday 50 Thrips distinctus, new species 51 Thrips fallaciosus, new species 55 . Thrips florum Schmutz 56 Thrips frosti Moulton 58 Thrips funebris Bagnall 59 Thrips fuscipennis Haliday 61 Thrips gracilis Moulton 62 Thrips graminae Moulton 63 Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) 65 Thrips helianthi Morgan 67 Thrips helvolus, new species 68 Thrips heraclei Moulton, new status 70 Thrips herricki Bagnall 72 Thrips idahoensis, new species 73 Thrips impar Hood 75 Thrips intricatus, new species 77 Thrips l<onoi, new species 81 Thrips madrona Moulton 83 Thrips magnus Moulton 84 Thrips monotropae Hood 86 Thrips mucidus Moulton 87 Thrips nelsoni, new species 88 Thrips nigropilosus Uzel 90 Thrips orientalis (Bagnall) 92 Thrips pallicornis Hood 93 Thrips pallidicollis Hood 95 Thrips palmi Karny 97 Thrips paramadronii, new species 99 Thrips pauciporus, new species 101 Thrips pectinatus Hood, new status 103 Thrips pini (Uzel) 105 Thrips pruni, new species 106 Thrips pseudoflavus, new species 109 Thrips quinciensis Morgan 110 Thrips sierrensis Gentile and Bailey 111 Thrips sieversiae Hood 113 Thrips simplex (Morison) 114 Thrips simulator, new species 116 Thrips spinosus Morgan 117 Thrips stannardi, new species 119 Thrips sylvanus Stannard, new status 121 Thrips tabaci Lindeman 122 Thrips thalictri Hood 124 Thrips trehernei Priesner 126 Thrips tripartitus Hood 127 Thrips validas Uzel 128 Thrips varipes Hood 130 Thrips vulgatissimus Haliday 132 Thrips winnemanae Hood 135 References 144 Appendix A: Index to Thrips taxa and natural enemies 149 Figures Acknowledgments I am indebted to the following colleagues and curators for the loan of material: B.S. Heming (UA); L.A. Mound and J. Palmer (NHM); P.H. Arnaud, WJ. Pulawski, V. Lee, and N.D. Penny (CAS); T. Kono (CDFA); M.W. Heyn, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina; R. Foottit (CNC); C.L. Cole (ESUT); R. zur Strassen (SMF); H.A. Denmark (FSCA); K.C. McGiffen and D. Voegtlin (INHS); H. Chaisson (LEM); R.M. Johansen (UNAM); E.U. Balsbaugh, Jr. (NDSU); R.O. Schuster (UCD); W.H. Ewart (UCR); R.J. Beshear (UGG); P.J. Clausen (UMN). I acknowledge with gratitude the following colleagues and organizations for permis- sion to reproduce many of the illustrations in this publication: H.A. Denmark (FSCA); L.A. Mound and J. Palmer (NHM); A.K. Walker, Commonwealth Institute of Ento- mology, London; K. O'Neill, former thysanopterist. Systematic Entomology Labora- tory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD; the Entomological Society of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, for illustrations published in the Canadian Entomologist; the Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, for illustrations published in The Thrips, or Thysanoptera, of Illinois; the New York Entomological Society, New York, for illustrations published in Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society; the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, San Francisco, CA, for illustrations published in the Pan-Pacific Entomologist; the Royal Entomological Society of London, United Kingdom, for illustrations published in Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects—Thysanoptera; the Science Information Publishing Centre, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, New Zealand, for illustrations pub- lished in Fauna of New Zealand, No. 1, Terehrantia (Insecta: Thysanoptera); the University of California Press, Berkeley, for illustrations published in "A revision of the genus Thrips Linnaeus in the New World with a catalogue of the world species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)"; and the Entomological Society of Washington, Washing- ton, DC, for illustrations published in Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. The illustrations that are not reprinted, except for konoi, were made by L.H. Lawrence, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. I also wish to thank J. Plaskowitz, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, for the photographic reproductions of the illustrations. My sincere appreciation to the following colleagues for their reviews of the manuscript and useful suggestions: R.J. Beshear (UGG), H.A. Denmark (FSCA), L.A. Mound and J. Palmer (NHM), B.S. Heming (UA), and M.B. Stoetzel, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD. Abbreviations Acronyms of Museums and Depositories CAS = California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco CDFA = California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento CNC = Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ontario ESUT = Extension Service, University of Texas, Bryan FSCA = Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville INHS = Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign LEM = Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory, McGill University, Ste. Anne-de-Bellvue, Quebec, Canada NDSU = North Dakota State University, Fargo NHM = Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom NHMV = Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria SMF = Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany UA = University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada UCD = University of California, Davis UCR = University of California, Riverside UGG = University of Georgia, Griffin UNAM = Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City UMN = University of Minnesota, St. Paul USNM = U.S. Museum of Natural History (Thysanoptera collection located at Beltsville, MD). State Abbreviations AK Alaska MT Montana
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  • An Overview of Chilli Thrips, Scirtothrips Dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Biology, Distribution and Management

    An Overview of Chilli Thrips, Scirtothrips Dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Biology, Distribution and Management

    Chapter 3 An Overview of Chilli Thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Biology, Distribution and Management Vivek Kumar, Garima Kakkar, Cindy L. McKenzie, Dakshina R. Seal and Lance S. Osborne Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55045 1. Introduction The industrial revolution, globalization and international trade liberalization are some of the important events that have afforded vast opportunities for invasive insect species to establish in new territories [1]. These invasive species, facing no challenge by their natural enemies, thrive well in the new environment [2]. In addition to the disturbance they cause to the biodiversity, pest invasion in any country results in increased pressure on biosecurity, national economy, and human health management systems [1, 3, 4]. Apart from economic loss in managing them, these pests pose a significant detrimental impact on tourism and recreational value of the region, which further adds in indirect economic damage to the nation [5]. Of this large group of invasive pests, thrips are one of the most important members. The invasive status gained by thrips across the globe is due to their high degree of polyphagy, wide host range and easy dispersal that can be anthropogenic or natural (wind-mediated). The earliest fossil record of order Thysanoptera dates back to the Late Triassic period, from the state of Virginia in the United States and the country Kazakhstan in Central Asia, but their abundance was rare until the Cretaceous period from which many specimens of Thysanoptera have been recorded [6]. The order Thysanoptera was given its current taxonomic rank by an Irish entomologist, A.