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ÍJ3 > Qiao to United States Department of The GenusThrips Linnaeus Agriculture Agricultural (Thysanoptera: Thrîpidae) Research Service of the New World Technical Bulletin Number 1822

July 1994

Sueo Nakahara

Systennatic Entomology Laboratory, Plant Sciences Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350. Abstract

Nakahara, Sueo. 1993. The Genus Thrips Linnaeus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the New World. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 1822, 183 pp.

Sixty-two species are treated in this review of Thrips for the New World, comprising 43 endemic species from Canada and the continental United States, 18 introduced species, and 1 Holarctic species. The following 18 new species are described from the United States and Canada: alhogilvus, aureolariae, aurulentus, brevialatus, crawfordi, distinctus, fallado sus, helvolus, idahoensis, intricatus, konoi, nelsoni, paramadronii, pauciporus, pruni, pseudoflavus, simulator, and stannardi. In the rest of the New World, the genus is represented by only seven introduced species, which also occur in Canada, or the United States, or both. Three species—aureus Hood, heraclei Moulton, dind pectinatus Hood—are revalidated (New Status); anemonensis Moulton is pre- sented as a junior synonym of sieversiae Hood and clarus Moulton as a junior syn- onym oipalmi Kamy (New Synonymy); sylvanus Stannard is returned to Thrips from Microcephalothrips; and dilatatus Uzel Sind flavus Schrank are deleted from the New World fauna.

Species previously assigned to Thrips in the New World are reviewed. The author provides a key to genera of Thripidae with abdominal ctenidia in the New World, as well as general information on the distribution, phytogeny, biology, natural enemies, and economic importance, and a list of species currently or previously assigned to Thrips in the New World. A key is presented for females of all species and for known males. A description, synonymy, distribution, hosts, comments, and pertinent illustra- tions are provided for each species.

Keywords: Thysanoptera, Thripidae, Thrips, New World, keys.

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Issued July 1994 Contents

V Acknowledgments vi Abbreviations 1 Introduction 2 Distribution and origin 3 Review and phylogeny 3 Biology 5 Host plants 5 Economic importance 6 Natural enemies 6 Morphology and terminology 8 Methods 9 New World species 11 Nomina dubia 12 Genera of Thripidae with ctenidia in the New World 13 Description of the genus Thrips Linnaeus 15 Key to species 28 Thrips albogilvus, new species 30 Thrips albopilosus Uzel 31 Thrips alysii Hood 32 Thrips atratus Haliday 34 Thrips aureolariae, new species 36 Thrips aureus Hood, new status 38 Thrips aurulentus, new species 39 Thrips australis (Bagnall) 41 Thrips brevialatus, new species 43 Thrips brevipilosus Moulton 44 Thrips calcaratus Uzel 46 Thrips crawfordi, new species 48 Thrips discolor Haliday 50 Thrips distinctus, new species 51 Thrips fallaciosus, new species 55 . Thrips florum Schmutz 56 Thrips frosti Moulton 58 Thrips funebris Bagnall 59 Thrips fuscipennis Haliday 61 Thrips gracilis Moulton 62 Thrips graminae Moulton 63 Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) 65 Thrips helianthi Morgan 67 Thrips helvolus, new species 68 Thrips heraclei Moulton, new status 70 Thrips herricki Bagnall 72 Thrips idahoensis, new species 73 Thrips impar Hood 75 Thrips intricatus, new species 77 Thrips lThrips palmi Karny 97 Thrips paramadronii, new species 99 Thrips pauciporus, new species 101 Thrips pectinatus Hood, new status 103 Thrips pini (Uzel) 105 Thrips pruni, new species 106 Thrips pseudoflavus, new species 109 Thrips quinciensis Morgan 110 Thrips sierrensis Gentile and Bailey 111 Thrips sieversiae Hood 113 Thrips simplex (Morison) 114 Thrips simulator, new species 116 Thrips spinosus Morgan 117 Thrips stannardi, new species 119 Thrips sylvanus Stannard, new status 121 Thrips tabaci Lindeman 122 Thrips thalictri Hood 124 Thrips trehernei Priesner 126 Thrips tripartitus Hood 127 Thrips validas Uzel 128 Thrips varipes Hood 130 Thrips vulgatissimus Haliday 132 Thrips winnemanae Hood 135 References 144 Appendix A: Index to Thrips taxa and natural enemies 149 Figures Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the following colleagues and curators for the loan of material: B.S. Heming (UA); L.A. Mound and J. Palmer (NHM); P.H. Arnaud, WJ. Pulawski, V. Lee, and N.D. Penny (CAS); T. Kono (CDFA); M.W. Heyn, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina; R. Foottit (CNC); C.L. Cole (ESUT); R. zur Strassen (SMF); H.A. Denmark (FSCA); K.C. McGiffen and D. Voegtlin (INHS); H. Chaisson (LEM); R.M. Johansen (UNAM); E.U. Balsbaugh, Jr. (NDSU); R.O. Schuster (UCD); W.H. Ewart (UCR); R.J. Beshear (UGG); P.J. Clausen (UMN).

I acknowledge with gratitude the following colleagues and organizations for permis- sion to reproduce many of the illustrations in this publication: H.A. Denmark (FSCA); L.A. Mound and J. Palmer (NHM); A.K. Walker, Commonwealth Institute of Ento- mology, London; K. O'Neill, former thysanopterist. Systematic Entomology Labora- tory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD; the Entomological Society of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, for illustrations published in the Canadian Entomologist; the Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, for illustrations published in The Thrips, or Thysanoptera, of Illinois; the New York Entomological Society, New York, for illustrations published in Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society; the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, San Francisco, CA, for illustrations published in the Pan-Pacific Entomologist; the Royal Entomological Society of London, United Kingdom, for illustrations published in Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects—Thysanoptera; the Science Information Publishing Centre, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, New Zealand, for illustrations pub- lished in Fauna of New Zealand, No. 1, Terehrantia (Insecta: Thysanoptera); the University of California Press, Berkeley, for illustrations published in "A revision of the genus Thrips Linnaeus in the New World with a catalogue of the world species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)"; and the Entomological Society of Washington, Washing- ton, DC, for illustrations published in Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington.

The illustrations that are not reprinted, except for konoi, were made by L.H. Lawrence, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. I also wish to thank J. Plaskowitz, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, for the photographic reproductions of the illustrations.

My sincere appreciation to the following colleagues for their reviews of the manuscript and useful suggestions: R.J. Beshear (UGG), H.A. Denmark (FSCA), L.A. Mound and J. Palmer (NHM), B.S. Heming (UA), and M.B. Stoetzel, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD. Abbreviations

Acronyms of Museums and Depositories

CAS = California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco CDFA = California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento CNC = Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ontario ESUT = Extension Service, University of Texas, Bryan FSCA = Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville INHS = Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign LEM = Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory, McGill University, Ste. Anne-de-Bellvue, Quebec, Canada NDSU = North Dakota State University, Fargo NHM = Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom NHMV = Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria SMF = Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany UA = University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada UCD = University of California, Davis UCR = University of California, Riverside UGG = University of Georgia, Griffin UNAM = Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City UMN = University of Minnesota, St. Paul USNM = U.S. Museum of Natural History (Thysanoptera collection located at Beltsville, MD).

State Abbreviations AK Alaska MT Montana AL Alabama NC North Carolina AR Arkansas ND North Dakota AZ Arizona NE Nebraska CA California NH New Hampshire CO Colorado NJ New Jersey CT Connecticut NM New Mexico DC District of Columbia NV Nevada DE Delaware NY New York FL Florida OH Ohio GA Georgia OK Oklahoma HI Hawaii OR Oregon lA Iowa PA Pennsylvania ID Idaho RI Rhode Island IL Illinois SC South Carolina IN Indiana SD South Dakota KS Kansas TN Tennessee KY Kentucky TX Texas LA Louisiana UT Utah MA Massachusetts VA Virginia MD Maryland VT Vermont ME Maine WA Washington MI Michigan WI Wisconsin MN Minnesota WV West Virginia MO Missouri WY Wyoming MS Mississippi Introduction

The genus Thrips of the New World (comprising North and South America) was revised by Gentile and Bailey in 1968. Included in their work, in addition to the systematics of 31 species, were a historical review of the genus, information on bionomics, distribution, phytogeny, a key to related genera, and a catalog of 160 Thrips species of the world. Also in 1968, Stannard treated 15 Thrips species in a faunistic study of the Thrips of Illinois, which differed in the concepts of a few species from those of Gentile and Bailey. Thereafter, several studies were published that included Thrips species, primarily for the United States and Canada. Beshear (1973, 1979) treated nine species in Georgia. In the catalog of the Thysanoptera of the world, Jacot-Guillarmod (1975) differed from Gentile and Bailey by revalidating five species, synonymizing one species, and deleting two European species from the Nearctic fauna. Huntsinger et al. (1982) treated 6 species in their work on North Dakota Terebrantia; Heming (1985) listed 7 nominal and 5 undetermined species in an article on the Thrips of Alberta, Canada; and Chaisson (1986) treated 15 nominal and 9 undetermined species in a synoptic study of the Thysanoptera of Canada.

Recent major changes in the generic concepts of Thrips and related genera, discovery of new diagnostic characters and new species, and establishment of several exotic species in the New World necessitated this restudy of the genus. In this study the genus is reviewed for the New World, descriptions are presented for new and nominal species, and a key to differentiate Thrips from related genera is presented, along with a key to the species.

Thrips and Taeniothrips were historically considered to be closely related. Gentile and Bailey (1968) stated that some evidence indicates Thrips evolved from Taeniothrips because the two differed mainly in the number of antennal segments; Stannard (1968) stated that "when all of the species of the world are considered, the two genera nearly grade into each other." This belief was further perpetuated when Bhatti (1969) treated Taeniothrips as a synonym of Thrips. Traditionally, the two genera were differentiated by the number of antennal segments. Species with 8-segmented antennae were placed in Taeniothrips and those with 7 segments were placed in Thrips. These character states, however, caused confusion and problems with the systematics of the two genera because some species, such Sisflorum Schmutz and hawaiiensis (Morgan), have either 7- or 8-segmented antennae (Nakahara 1985). To rectify this problem, the presence of a pair of ctenidia (fig. 1) on abdominal tergites V-VIII in species of Thrips or the absence of the ctenidia from species of Taeniothrips was used as the definitive charac- ter (O'Neill 1972, Mound et al. 1976, Bhatti 1978, 1980).

Systematic studies by Jacot-Guillarmod (1975), Mound et al. (1976), Bhatti (1978, 1980), Schliephake and Klimt (1979), Bhatti and Mound (1980), Mound and Palmer (1981), Mound and Walker (1982) and Mound and Houston (1987) have further revised Thrips, Taeniothrips, and related genera. Several species were assigned to other genera from Thrips, and other genera were treated as synonyms of Thrips. None of the species previously in Thrips was reassigned to Taeniothrips, but Bhatti (1978) transferred most species previously assigned to Taeniothrips to Thrips and other genera. Thrips is currently the largest genus in the family Thripidae.

In the New World, Thrips species with 8-segmented antennae are atratus Haliday, distinctus (new species), prw^/ (new species), simplex (Morison), and vulgatissimus Haliday. Species with 7- or 8-segmented antennae are thalictri Hood and the intro- duced/7orwm and hawaiiensis', magnus Moulton occasionally has 8-segmented anten- nae. The other species have 7-segmented antennae. Twenty-three endemic species in North America were described mainly by Hood (1912, 1913, 1915, 1927, 1931a and b, 1932a and b, 1934, 1940, 1954), Morgan (1913), and Moulton (1907, 1911, 1926a and b, 1927, 1936). Since then, only sylvanus Stannard (1957) and sierrensis Gentile and Bailey (1968) have been added. Other species described from the New World by various workers were treated as junior synonyms or as nomina dubia or were transferred to other genera. This study treats 44 nominal species for the New World and 18 new species from Canada and the United States and includes 5 exotic species recorded since 1968 and 7 species transferred from other genera. In addition, aureus Hood, heraclei Moulton, and pectinatus Hood are revalidated (new status); anemonensis Moulton is synonymized with sieversiae Hood; darns Moulton, previously synonymized "^lihflavus Schrank (Gentile and Bailey 1968) is synonymized Wiihpalmi Karny (new synonymy); sylvanus is returned to Thrips from Microcephalothrips; and dilatatus Uzel dináflavus are deleted from the New World fauna. The abdominal ctenidia are a major generic character in the revised concept for Thrips, and the study includes a key to the nine genera of Thripidae with abdominal ctenidia in the New World.

Distribution and Origin

Forty-three endemic species, 18 species introduced mainly from Europe, and 1 species, trehernei Priesner, either introduced from Europe or Holarctic in origin, are known in Canada and the United States. Most of the endemic species occur east of the Rocky Mountains and only fallaciosus (new species) extends from coast to coast in Canada and the northern United States.

Of the introduced species, nigropilosus Uzel, simplex (Morison), and tahaci Lindeman are widely distributed; trehernei Priesner is also widely distributed, but collection records are not available from the southern United States except Georgia; vulgatissimus occurs in Canada, Alaska, Maine, and the western United States; atratus occurs in Canada and the northern United States; others have narrower ranges of distribution.

Endemic species are not known from the Neotropics, which is represented by only seven introduced species [australis (Bagnall),/Zorwm, hawaiiensis, orientalis (Bagnall), palmi, and the widely distributed simplex and tabaci Lindeman]. All of these species also occur in the United States.

Endemic Thrips species occur in other tropical areas of the world and the absence of endemic species in and the paucity of introduced species from the Neotropics may be explained by the factors described next. Only a few endemic species of Thrips are currently known from Africa, and the precursors of Thrips probably were not present when South America separated from Africa. Although the Thrips fauna of the Holarc- tic region is rich in species, the species probably could not adapt to tropical conditions or compete with other endemic taxa such as the Frankliniella. This theory is supported by the fact that only seven introduced species are known from the Neotropics and, furthermore, these species are natives of warm climatic areas or are cosmopolitan in distribution. The low level of field work and study of the neotropical Thrips fauna is probably the greatest reason why few species are known from the Neotropics. The origin of introduced species is (1) Europe: alhopilosus Uzel, atratus, calcaratus Uzel, discolor Y{di\\á?iy, funehris B3.gnaü, fuscipennis Haliday, herricki Bagnall, nigropilosus,pini (Uzel), validas Uzel, and vulgatissimus; (2) the Orient://^rwrn, hawaiiensis, orientalis, and palmi; (3) Australia: australis; (4) probably Africa: simplex; and (5) probably the Mediterranean area: tahaci.

Review and Phylogeny

The Thripini are the most phylogenetically advanced tribe in the family Thripidae (Gentile and Bailey 1968). Thrips is the most highly evolved group in the subtribe Thripina (Thripini) by having the following apomorphic character states:

• antennae usually have 7 or 8 segments, • 2 pairs of ocellar setae are present, • forewings usually have intermittent distal setae on the forevein, • metastemal spinula is absent, • ctenidia are present on abdominal tergites V-VIII (fig. 1), • accessory setae are present on the abdominal pleurotergites of some species (figs. 94-96), and • adaptation has been made to feeding in flowers (Mound and Palmer 1981).

Furthermore, none of the Thrips species, except aureus and nigropilosus, have pig- mented facets in the compound eyes (fig. 29) (Nakahara 1988b), which is here consid- ered apomorphic in the Thripidae. Pigmented facets are found in members of several genera in the Thripina and frequently in Aptinothripina (Thripini), Dendrothripini, Chirothripini, Sericothripini, and Panchaetothripinae, which are considered the more primitive groups in Thripidae. According to Mound and Palmer (1981), pleurotergal accessory setae occur in the most highly derived taxa in Thripidae. Nine endemic species [alysii Hood, aureolariae (new species),/ro^'i/ Moulton, helianthi Morgan, impar Hood, monotropae Hood, pectinatus, stannardi (new species), and winnemanae) that have 7-segmented antennae and that are known from the eastern half of the United States and Canada have accessory setae only on the pleurotergites; another species, herricki, is introduced from Europe. Four species with 8-segmented antennae {atratus, distinctus, pruni, and vulgatissimus) and one species with 7-segmented antennae {australis) have accessory setae on both abdominal pleurotergites and stemites.

Biology

Except for some of the economically important species, the biology of most of the New World taxa is unknown. The life stages, which consist of the egg, the first and second larval stages, the propupal and pupal stages, and the adult, are similar for all species in Thrips. The eggs are normally laid in slits cut with the ovipositor into the host, the first- and second-stage larvae feed on the host, and the second-stage larva either drops to the ground and pupates in the soil or ground litter or remains on the host and pupates. In cold climates the thrips overwinters normally as a second-stage larva or an adult female in protected niches (Lewis 1973). Insects tend to be univoltine in the boreal zone (Danks and Foottit 1989) and arctic zone of Canada, and most thrips species in southern Canada and the northern United States are apparently univoltine or bivoltine outdoors because of the short growing season. Several species are found only in these climatic regimes. Univoltine species have long dormancies and prolonged life cycles of at least 1 year. Farther southward, species have additional generations, and the life cycle for some species can be com- pleted in less than 2 weeks (Lewis 1973).

In habitats with high temperatures, populations of the same species usually are paler and smaller and macropterous forms predominate in polymorphic species; in cold temperatures, the thrips are usually darker and larger and the brachypterous forms predominate in polymorphic species (Gentile and Bailey 1968).

Reproduction is sexual or parthenogenetic. Fertilized eggs produce females and unfertilized eggs produce males (arrhenotokous parthenogenesis); the sex ratio of progenies are often 4 females to 1 male. However, populations consisting of only females may produce only female offspring (thelyotokous parthenogenesis), but in some species an occasional male is produced. Production of only females indicates that the species may be introduced (Lewis 1973).

Although males are unknown for 14 species in this study, knowledge about these species is based on one specimen or on few collections; thus, the absence of males may be due to lack of collecting. Males of calcaratus, an introduced European species, have not been found in North America. Males offrosti, monotropae, nigropilosus, and tahaci are rarely found.

Populations are affected by food resources and environmental factors. Rain has a deleterious effect during certain segments of the life cycle by washing thrips larvae from the hosts and by drowning populations that are hibernating or overwintering in ground litter or soil. Wind desiccates thrips, especially in arid areas. Temperature, soil humidity, and soil type also have an effect on thrips populations. Thrips species are often found on succulent, leafy, and flowering perennial plants of low to medium height that provide concealment and protection. When plants are under stress during drought or other unfavorable conditions, thrips infestations and populations increase because the plants provide a richer source of nutrients (nitrogenous compounds) than when they are not stressed (Gentile and Bailey 1968, Lewis 1973).

Several workers reported the attraction of thrips to different colors and odors of flowers. Kirk (1984) tested seven colors, using water pans and found five species of Thrips predominantly or significantly attracted to white without UV, blue, or yellow and least affected by white with UV, green, red, and black. Flower-infesting thrips are also attracted by scent cues and several essential oils found in flowers are known attractants. Testing four different oils in conjunction with white-without-UV water pans, Kirk (1985) found that anisaldehyde increased the attraction of flower-infesting thrips but did not affect grass-infesting thrips. Host Plants

Although graminae Moulton and tripartitus Hood are known only from grasses, Thrips species are not normally host specific to grasses. Some species are polypha- gous. Several species collected from many different host plants cannot complete their life cycle except on one host or on a few hosts. Other species reported from several hosts are commonly found on one host or on members of one plant family; examples include trehernei on Taraxacum, varipes Hood on Clematis, and winnemanae on Symphoricarpus sp. The following species in North America are host specific: alysii on IlHcium floridanum; herricki on Veratrum spp.; impar on Impatiens sp.; magnus on Mimulus sp.; monotropae on Monotropa sp.; pallicornis Hood on Carya sp.; pini on Abies sp., Picea sp., and other conifers; spinosus Morgan on Magnolia sp.; and thalictri on Thalictrum sp. Although several new species—alhogilvus, aureolariae, aurulentus, hrevialatus, distinctus, helvolus, idahoensis, nelsoni, pruni, and stannardi—are known from one host, they are known only from a single collection.

Economic Importance

All species of Thrips are phytophagous and most feed on pollen, floral parts, leaf buds, tender or mature foliage, fruits, and corms. The feeding damage appears as white or yellow spots or streaks on leaves. Heavy infestations cause silvering of the leaves, which subsequently dry and fall prematurely. Other feeding symptoms are galls on leaves; necrotic spots or streaks on petals; premature drop of flowers; gumming, blackening, and necrosis of buds; and scarring, distortion, and premature drop of fruits. Ananthakrishnan (1984) presents examples of different types of damage caused by various thrips.

Economically important species in the New World are mainly introduced. Seven species {calcaratus, hawaiiensis, madronii Moulton, nigropilosus, palmi, simplex, and tahaci) are minor or serious pests in the New World (Bailey 1938, 1957; Guyot 1988; Nakahara 1985; North and Shelton 1986; Raffa and Hall 1988). The most serious ones wet palmi, which damages cucurbits, Solanaceae, and other vegetable crops, and tahaci, which is a serious pest of Allium and other crops. Species in the New World reported as pests in other regions of the world are atratus, orientalis, and vulgatissimus (Morison 1957, Ananthakrishnan 1984).

In recent years, cut flowers have become a multimillion dollar domestic and interna- tional business, and thrips and other flower-infesting insects are a serious problem because of feeding damage, constraints on pesticide application and residues, and the difficulty of control. Moreover, agricultural quarantines prohibit the importation of untreated cut flowers infested with exotic species.

Several species are known or suspected vectors of plant pathogens. Thrips tahaci is a vector of tomato spotted wilt virus and may be involved in disseminating the patho- gens of endosepsis of figs (Gentile and Bailey 1968). Both larvae and adults are virus vectors; however, unless the thrips feed on infected plants during the larval stages, the adults cannot transmit the virus (Lewis 1973). None of the other New World Thrips species is reported as a disease transmitter.

A beneficial aspect of the feeding activities is the self- or cross-pollination of flowers. Adults and larvae usually feed in several flowers and carry pollen on their bodies. Although their effectiveness is minor compared with honeybees and some other insects, Thrips may be important in certain situations when other pollinators are absent (Ananthakrishnan 1984, Lewis 1973). Natural Enemies

Several parasites in the hymenopterous family Eulophidae attack larvae. Lewis (1973) lists the following eulophids as parasites of Thrips species that occur in the New World: Thripoctenus russelli Crawford on atratus; and Ceranisus menés Walker, C. nigrifemora De Santis, C. rosilloi De Santis, Dasycapus parvipennnis Gahan, Thripoctenus hrui Vuillet, and T. russelli Crawford on tahaci. Ananthakrishnan (1984) lists Ceranisus russelli (Crawford) as a parasite of simplex.

Fungal pathogens are Aspergillus sp. on fuscipennis, validus, and tabaci; Cephalosporium sp. on tahaci', and Entomophthora thripidum Samson, Ramakers, and Oswald on tahaci (Ananthakrishnan 1984). According to Gentile and Bailey (1968), the fungi Entomophthora sp., Botrytis sp., and Macrosporium sp. and a nematode are parasites of Thrips.

Insects mainly in the families Aeolothripidae, Anthocoridae, Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae, and Sphecidae, and mites in the family Phytoseidae prey on Thrips. These predators are discussed by Gentile and Bailey (1968), Lewis (1973), and Ananthakrishnan (1984).

Morphology and Terminology

The major characters are illustrated in figure 1. Most of the morphological terms used in this study can be found in Mound et al. (1976) and Mound and Walker (1982). Some of the terms are new, and although previously used in published articles, some recent ones are explained to facilitate the use of keys and descriptions.

Cheeks of head: Lateral margin of head posterior to eyes.

Ctenidia: A submarginal row of microtrichia, extending anteromesad usually in an arched line from D3 seta on abdominal tergites V-VIII; on VIII mesad of or anterior to spiracle (fig. 1).

Flange (= craspedum): Extension of the posterior margins of the abdominal tergites and stemites, which can be toothed, scalloped, or entire.

Interantennal process: Anteromedial part of vertex projecting between antennal segment I.

Microtrichia: Minute, fine, spinelike or dentate processes of the cuticle.

Ocellar triangle: A triangle formed by imaginary lines connecting the outer margins of the 3 ocelli.

Pigmented facets of the compound eyes: Found on the ventral part of the eye in definite numbers and in a distinct pattern in each member of a species and often in the entire genus (fig. 29). Thrips do not have pigmented facets except for two species.

Pleurotergites (fig. 94): Tergites laterad of the abdominal tergites. Poster ornar ginal comb: Micro trichia on the posterior margin of abdominal tergite VIII.

• Complete comb: Row complete (figs. 80, 82, 83, 85, 86). • Comb interrupted medially or incomplete: Microtrichia absent medially (fig. 88). • Comb absent: Microtrichia absent or only 1 or 2 present on extreme sides.

Sculpture lines, stria: Cuticular markings; for example, on the abdominal tergites, the sculpture lines either may not extend from submarginal area to the median setae and sensilla, or they may extend completely across the tergite; on the metanotum, the striae may appear as longitudinal striae or as reticulations.

Sensilla: According to Bhatti (1980) the terms "areola," "pores," and "haplopores" as used previously actually describe campaniform sensilla. The terms "sensillum" ("sen- silla," pi) will be used in this study. Sensilla are found as follows: 1 each dorsally on distal 1/2 of antennal segment II; a pair on the anteromedial part of the mesonotum and 1 each anterior to the lateral setae (figs. 35, 37); metanotum normally with 2 when present (figs. 39-41, 44, 46-48); abdominal tergites I-VIII with a median pair (figs. 76- 89), IX with 1 or 2 pairs, and X with 1 pair (figs. 80-83).

• Anteromedial sensilla: Pair of sensilla on the anteromedial part of the mesonotum (figs. 35, 37). • Median sensilla: Median pair on abdominal tergites I-VIII (figs. 76-89).

Setae: Hairlike or spinelike detachable processes with a basal socket.

• Accessory setae: Small setae on abdominal stemites and pleurotergites (figs. 94, 96- 100). • Anteromedial setae: 1-3 microsetae on anteromedial part of abdominal stemite I, often on the anterior margin (fig. 101 A). • Anterolateral seta: A small seta on anterolateral part of abdominal pleurotergite II. It is often near the lateral margin and, from the dorsal view, can be mistaken for the anterior-most seta of the lateral series on tergite II; however, it is usually shorter and thinner than the lateral setae. This seta is variable in position and is consistently present or absent in most species studied. Normally the seta is absent from species with 4 lateral setae on tergite II; however, in some species normally with 4 lateral setae, this seta may be present when only 3 lateral setae are present on one side of the tergite (fig. 93A). • B1-B3 setae: Major posterior setae on abdominal tergites IX and X and on or near the posterior margins of abdominal stemites (figs. 80-83, 97). Males have a pair of Bl and B2 setae on tergite IX (figs. 122-138). • Discal setae: Setae on the dorsum of the pronotum but excluding those setae along the posterior margin. • Distal setae: Setae on the forewings on the distal 1/2 of the forevein or the 1st vein (figs. 68, 69, 71-73). Most species have intermittent setae and few have setae in a complete row. • Dl, D2, D3 setae: Pairs of dorsal setae numbered laterad from midline on abdominal tergites II-VIII; D3 short on tergites VI-VIII; Dl submedially on tergite IX (labeled tergal discal seta in fig. 1) (figs. 80-91). • Lateral setae: 3 or 4 setae on or near the lateral margin on each side of abdominal tergite II (fig. 92A). • Median setae: Median pair on metanotum; median pair or Dl setae on abdominal tergites I-VIII. • Metasternal setae: Short setae on the metathoracic sternum, excluding a pair of minute setae near the anterior margin and excluding setae on the epistemum. • Ocellar setae: Pair of setae between the ocelli or laterad of the anterior ocellus (called ocellar setae III or interocellar setae) and another 1 or 2 pairs anterolaterad or anterior of anterior ocellus (called ocellar setae I and II or anteocellar setae). Thrips has 2 pairs: 1 pair anterolaterad of the anterior ocellus near the eyes (ocellar setae II) and another pair laterad of or between anterior and posterior ocelli (ocellar setae III). • PNi setae: Larger discal setae on the pronotum located submedially and slightly posterior of the anterior margin (fig. 30A). • PNii setae: Larger pronotal discal setae located submarginally and slightly posterior of the anterior angles (fig. 30B). • PNiii setae: Larger pronotal discal setae located submarginally and anterior to the posteroangular setae (fig. 30C). • Posteroangular setae: The major pair of setae on the posterior angles of the pronotum (fig. 1). The terms outer and inner pairs are used in this study. • Posteromarginal setae: Series of setae on the posterior margin of the pronotum between the inner posteroangular setae (fig. 1). The median pair is longest. • Subapical setae: These setae are the only major ones on antennal segments III and IV and are located proximal to the base of trichomes.

Methods

New species are described in more detail and with additional measurements than nominal species are in case these additional characters may be of value in future works. Descriptions of nominal species include new or recently used characters included in previous descriptions. Descriptions are based usually on slide-mounted material. Because many of the morphological structures, such as the antennae and setae, are not aligned on a horizontal plane or are distended, compacted, variously flattened, curved, bent, or distorted, the structures are difficult to measure accurately or consistently. However, measurements often present relative differences between taxa, and, therefore, measurements of certain characters are given.

Overall body length is measured from the interantennal process to the end of abdomi- nal tergite X without adjustment for distention or compaction. Overall length of the antennae is measured from the base to the apex without adjustment for intersegmental distention or compaction, and measurements of individual segments include only the sclerotized part and not the membranous, apical part. Forewings are measured from the minute seta at the base of the wing to the apex of the wing; width of the wing is measured at the level of the third proximal seta on the hindvein. Setae are measured from the bases, and adjustments were not made for curvature or for divergence from the horizontal plane. Except for body length given in millimeters (mm), all measure- ments are in microns {¡JL).

Uppercase Roman numerals (for example, II) are used for antennal and abdominal segments and for major setae. Lowercase Roman numerals (for example, ii) are used for minor setae.

Descriptions are based on the holotype and on a minimum of ten paratypes, when available. Measurements are given first for the holotype and then for the paratypes in parentheses. The structures of some holotypes were difficult to measure or observe and, in these, the measurements provided represent the values for the type series and are not enclosed in parentheses.

An abbreviated synonymy concerning mainly the New World literature, descriptions, material examined, distribution, hosts, economic importance, etymology for new species, and comments are presented for each species. Because Hawaii is not part of the New World, it is not listed as part of the United States in the distribution but is included with the Pacific Islands. Literature citations for descriptions of immatures and for life histories are also provided when available. Few natural enemies are known; therefore, they were treated collectively in the introductory biology section.

Distribution by state in the United States is indicated by the two-letter postal abbrevia- tions. A list of abbreviations is in the front of this bulletin. The acronyms for museums and depositories of the material examined also appear in the front of this bulletin.

New World Species

The following specific names (1) are referred to the genus Thrips in the New World, (2) are reassigned from other genera, or (3) are new species. Valid names are in bold. ahdominalis Crawford 1910:157 = Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford) albogilvus, new species albopilosus Uzel alia Gillete: Sirrine and Lowe 1894:680 = Thrips tabaci Lindeman alysii Hood anemonensis Moulton 1936:107 = Thrips sieversiae Hood (new synonymy) atratus Haliday. Reassigned from Taeniothrips aureoiariae, new species aureus Hood. Previously synonymized with nigropilosus (new status) aurulentus, new species australis (Bagnall). Reassigned from Isoneurothrips bertelsi (De Santis): Bhatti (1978:191) = Frankliniella bertelsi (De Santis) hremnerii Moulton 1907:59 = Thrips tabaci Lindeman brevialatus, new species brevipilosus Moulton calcaratus Uzel crawfordi, new species crenatus Watson 1922:35 = Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford) dianthi Moulton 1936:104 = Thrips tabaci Lindeman dilatatus Uzel (New World records) = misidentification of discolor Haliday discolor Haliday distinctus, new species fallaciosus, new species flavicauda Watson 1927:43 = Thrips monotropae Hood femoralis Jones 1912:4 = Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford) flavus Schrank = misidentification of Thrips heraclei Moulton flor urn Schmutz frequens Moulton 1938:377 = Plesiothrips frequens (Moulton) frosti Moulton funebris Bagnall fuscipennis Haliday fuscas Moulton 1936:108 = Thrips salvus Moulton 1946:60 (replacement name) = T. validus Uzel gillettei Moulton 1926a: 126 = Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford) gilmorei Moulton 1929b:234 = Thrips pallicornis Hood gracilis Moulton graminae Moulton hawaiiensis (Morgan). Transferred from Taeniothrîps helíanthi Morgan helvolus, new species heraclei Moulton. Previously synonymized with nigropilosus (new status) herricki Bagnall herricki var. impatientis Moulton 1936:109 = Thrips impar Hood hukkineni Priesner 1937:108 = Thrips trehernei Priesner idahoensis, new species illicii Hood 1955:59 = Thrips alysii Hood impar Hood inequalis Beach 1896:223 = Pseudothrips inequalis (Beach) intricatus, new species konoi, new species lathyri Moulton 1936:106 = Thrips brevipilosus Moulton madrona Mouhon magnus Moulton maidis Beach 1896:219 = Frankliniella tenuicornis (Uzel) major Uzel (New World record) = misidentification of Thrips pallidicoUis Hood, T. sieversiae Hood, and T. varipes Hood minuta v. puttemansi Costa Lima 1926:32 (Brazil) = Stenchaetothrips minutus (van Deventer) monotropae Hood mucidus Moulton nelsoni, new species nigropilosus Uzel nubilans Hood 1941:148 = Thrips discolor Haliday oklahomae Watson 1931:342 = Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford) orientalis (Bagnall) pallicornis Hood pallida Beach 1896:226 = Scolothrips pallidus (Beach) pallidicollis Hood. Previously synonymized with major Uzel palmi Kamy paramadronii, new species pauciporus, new species pectinatus Hood. Previously synonymized with quinciensis (new status) perplexus (Beach): Hinds 1902:184 = Plesiothrips perplexus (Beach) physapus L. - misidentification of Thrips trehernei Priesner pini (Uzel). Transferred from Taeniothrips pruni, new species pseudoflavus, new species quinciensis (Morgan)

10 saccharoni Moulton. Reported from Brazil by Moulton (1933:133) = Stenchaetothrips minutus (van Deventer). salvus Moulton 1946:60 = Thrips validus Uzel sambucifloris Hood 1934:177 = Thrips madronii Moulton 6-maculata Pergande 1891:539 = Scolothrips sexmaculatus (Pergande) sierrensis Gentile and Bailey sieversiae Hood simplex (Morison). Reassigned from Taeniothrips simulator, new species spinosus Morgan stannardi, new species striata Osborn 1883:155 = Anaphothrips obscurus Mueller sylvanus Stannard. Previously treated as a Microcephalothrips tabaci Lindeman taraxaci Moulton 1936:109 - Thrips trehernei Priesner thalictri Hood trehernei Priesner tripartitas Hood urticae Uzel = misidentification of Thrips winnemanae Hood validus Uzel variahilis Beach 1896:220 = Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach) varipes Hood veratri Hood 1927:218 = Thrips herricki Bagnail veratri Herrick 1927:276 = Thrips herricki Bagnall vulgatissimus Haliday. Reassigned from Taeniothrips winnemanae Hood walteri Crawford 1938:37 = Thrips helianthi Morgan

Nomina Dubia

The depositories holding the types of the species listed next are not known or the types have been destroyed or lost; the species therefore cannot be identified with the avail- able descriptions or information.

Thrips annulicornis Blanchard 1851; Chile Thrips arizonensis Morgan: Morrill 1918:200; United States (AZ) Thrips cónica Fabricius 1803; unknown Thrips femoralis Blanchard 1851; Chile Thrips laevicollis Blanchard 1851; Chile Thrips phylloxerae Riley: Hinds 1902:79; United States Thrips porteri Brèthes 1916; Chile Thrips rugicollis Blanchard 1851; Chile Thrips striaticeps Blanchard 1851; Chile Thrips tibialis Blanchard 1851; Chile Thrips trifasciatus Ashmead 1894:27; Nakahara 1988a:480; United States

11 Genera of Thripidae with Ctenidia in the New World

Nine New World genera in the Thripina have ctenidia. Mound and Palmer (1981) placed these genera in the Frankliniella genus group and the Thrips genus group. Those in the former group have the ctenidia anterolaterad of the spiracle on tergum VIII and anterolaterad to seta D3 on terga V-VII. Members of the Thrips group have the ctenidia mesad of the spiracle on VIII and arising from seta D3 on V-VIII. The following key is provided to facilitate determination of these nine genera. Iridothrips, synonymized by Mound et al. (1976) with Frankliniella, is considered a good genus based on the characters separating them.

Key to Genera 1 Head with 3 pairs of ocellar setae; forewings with complete row of setae on forevein 2 Head with 2 pairs of ocellar setae; forewings with complete row of setae on forevein or setae intermittent in distal 1/2 4

2(1) Anteromarginal and anteroangular setae well developed; striae on pronotum and head not close set, occasionally weakly indicated; metastemum lacking spinula; ctenidia on abdominal tergite VIII anterolaterad of spiracle 3 Anteromarginal and anteroangular setae not developed; pronotum and head with numerous, close-set striae; metastemum with spi- nula; ctenidia on tergite VIII mesad of spiracle Chaetisothrips

3(2) Antennal segments III and IV with simple sense cones; 2 median setae on metanotum in anterior 1/4 to 1/3 of notum Iridothrips Antennal segments III and IV with trichomes; 2 median setae on anterior margin of metanotum Frankliniella

4(1) Abdominal stemites II-VI with Bl setae anterior of posterior margin, stemite II with 3 posteromarginal setae Baliothrips Abdominal stemites II-VI with B1 setae on posterior margin, stemite II with 2 posteromarginal setae 5

5(4) Ovipositor well developed, extending to apex of abdominal segment X; head not produced anterior of eyes; males lack stout spines on abdominal tergite IX 6 Ovipositor reduced, extending to about midlength of segment X or less; head produced anterior of eyes; males with a pair of stout spines on abdominal tergite IX Plesiothrips

6(5) Posterior margins of abdominal tergites II-VII with conical teeth; pronotum about 11/2 times as long as head, with 5-7 pairs of posteromarginal setae Microcephalothrips Posterior margins of abdominal tergites II-VII without conical teeth, low scallops may be present; pronotum normally about as long as head, usually with 2-4 pairs of posteromarginal setae 7

7(6) Vertex of head rounded, interantennal process almost as wide as antennal segment I; males with reduced dorsal setae on abdomi- nal tergite IX, stemite VIII with median posteromarginal lobe Toxonothrips Vertex of head flat or angulate medially, interantennal process about 1/2 as wide as antennal segment I; males normally with well- developed setae on abdominal tergite IX, median posteromarginal lobe absent from stemiteVIII 8

8(7) Ocellar setae II shorter than ocellar setae III Thrips Ocellar setae II longer than ocellar setae III Stenchaetothrips

Description of tiie Genus Thrips Linnaeus

Thrips Linnaeus 1758:457. Type species: Thrips physapus Linnaeus by subsequent designation by Curtis 1839:1. Euthrips T?iXgion\-Tozztiú 1881:132; Hood 1914:34. Isoneurothrips Bagnall 1915:592; Bhatti 1980:112. Parafrankliniella Priesner 1920:73; Mound et al. 1976:46. Isochaetothrips Moulion 1928:227; Bhatti 1978:195. Anomalothrips Morgan 1929:5; Mound and Houston 1987:8. Thrips (Isothrips) Priesner 1940:54; Bhatti 1980:112. Taeniothrips (Similothrips) Schliephake 1972:274; Bhatti 1980:112. (For other synonyms, see Stannard 1968:364).

Head (figs. 2-20) Broader than long or about as broad as long, vertex angulate at midpoint or occasion- ally flat; interantennal process about 1/2 as wide as antennal segment I; cheeks arched, occasionally notched behind eyes, or straight; head posterior to eyes with anastomos- ing or transverse sculpture, between eyes and anterior part of head sculpture reticulated or weak. Compound eyes (fig. 28) without pigmented facets except for two species with pigmented facets in a 1-5 pattern; 3 ocelli between eyes in a triangle, each bor- dered with a pigmented crescent. Ocellar setae I absent, II anterolaterad of anterior ocellus and near inner margins of eyes. III laterad of the anterior ocellus or further posterior in various positions. Postocular setae 4-6 pairs in an arched alignment from caudad of posterior ocellus to lateral margin, usually setae i longest, occasionally setae ii mesad and out of alignment.

Antenna (figs. 103-121) Seven or 8-segmented; segments III-VI with whorls of microtrichia, III-V with a row of subapical setae, VI with setae in distal 1/2, VII or VIII with apical setae; trichomes on III and IV, inner and outer sense cones on VI.

Pronotum Rectangular, broader than long; transversely sculptured with varying number of discal (figs. 17-28,30-34) setae, usually with 1-3 pairs longer than others; 2 pairs of posteroangular setae well developed; normally 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae, or a total of 4-8 setae, median pair longest.

Prosternum Basantra membranous, setae absent; fema complete; prospinastemum normally with tuberculate spina on posterior margin.

Mesonotum (figs. 35-37) Subtrapezoidal, completely sculptured, or anteroangular area without striae; pair of anteromedial campaniform sensilla normally in anteroangular area, another sensillum just anterior to seta on lateral angles; pair of medial setae in posterior 1/3 of notum, pair of posterior setae near posterior margin between lateral and posterior angulate areas.

13 Mesosternum Mesopresternum with median tooth extending into a median apódeme of prospinastemal spina; mesosternum with setae, well-developed furca, spinula well or poorly developed.

Metanotum (figs. 38-67) Striate or reticulate; median pair of setae near or on anterior margin or usually in anterior 1/3 of notum; pair of lateral setae on anterior margin; 1 or 2 campaniform sensilla present or absent.

Metastern urn Varying number of setae; furca developed, spinula absent.

Legs Well-developed, spinose, posterior legs longest; tarsi 2-segmented.

Forewing (figs. 68-75) Covered with microtrichia; macroptera with straight, anterior fringe cilia, posterior fringe cilia wavy; costal setae gradually becoming longer from base of wing to apex; hindvein with continuous row of setae, forevein with continuous row of setae or distal 1/2 with 2-8 intermittent setae; wing scale normally with 5 marginal and 1 discal setae; hindwing with fringe cilia and often a median, gray or brown longitudinal stripe; brachypterous wing with setae and cilia, extending at most to abdominal segment I.

Abdomen Eleven segmented; tergites with varying extent of sculpturing, median setae and sensilla far apart, setae on tergite I normally minute, on II-VIII longer; tergite II with 3 or 4 lateral setae (figs. 76, 92, 93); pair of submarginal ctenidia on tergites V-VIII (figs. 80-83), occasionally on IV, extending in arched line anteromesad from D3 setae on V-VIII and mesad of spiracle on VIII; posteromarginal comb on VIII complete (figs. 80, 82, 83, 86, 89, 90), incomplete medially (figs. 84, 88), or absent; IX with 1 or 2 pairs of campaniform sensilla; Dl and B1-B3 setae well developed; X with incom- plete dorsal split, Bl and B2 setae well developed. Stemites transversely sculptured; anteromedial setae (fig. 101) present or absent from stemite I; B1-B3 setae (figs. 97- 100) on posterior margin except Bl setae on VII normally anterior of margin; acces- sory setae present or absent; ovipositor well developed, extending to apex of X. Pleurotergites (figs. 93, 95) usually with microtrichia on sculpture lines; accessory setae present or absent (figs. 94, 96); pleurotergite II with or without anterolateral seta (fig. 93); pleurostemites with posteromarginal teeth.

Males smaller but similar in most characters and usually in color to females. Abdomi- nal tergite IX (figs. 122-138) with 1 pair of Dl setae, a pair each of Bl and B2 setae of different lengths and alignments, and normally 2 pairs of dorsal campaniform sensilla. Glandular area (figs. 139-148) present at least on stemite III, usually on III-VII.

14 Key to Species

This key is based on slide-mounted specimens.

Ovipositor present Adult females Ovipositor absent Adult males (p. 22)

Adult Females 1 Macropterous 2 Brachypterous or apterous 62

2(1) Abdominal stemites III-VII with accessory setae (figs. 97-100) 3 Abdominal stemites III-VII without accessory setae 16

3(2) Abdominal pleurotergites III-VII with accessory setae (figs. 94,96) 4 Abdominal pleurotergites III-VII without accessory setae 8

4(3) Abdominal tergite VIII with posteromarginal comb incomplete (fig. 88) 5 Abdominal tergite VIII with posteromarginal comb complete (fig. 86) 6

5(4) Antennae 7-segmented; abdomen yellow with tergites I-VIII shaded brown medially, IX and X brown; forewings with complete row of short setae in distal 1/2 of forevein; abdominal tergite II with 4 lateral setae (fig. 92) australis (Bagnall) Antennae 8-segmented; abdomen completely brown; forewings with 4 or 5 setae in distal 1/2 of forevein; abdominal tergite II with 3 lateral setae distinctus, new species

6(4) Forewings with 3 distal setae, occasionally with 2 or 4 (fig. 75) 7 Forewings with 6-8 distal setae (fig. 68) atratus Haliday

7(6) Pronotum with 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae (fig. 22); antennal segment III yellow; apices and bases of mid- and hindtibiae and tarsi yellowish brown vulgatissimus Haliday Pronotum with 2 pairs of posteromarginal setae; antennal segment III brown except base yellow; mid- and hindlegs completely brown pruni, new species

8(3) Body pale whitish yellow alhogilvus, new species Body brown 9

9(8) Foretarsi with tooth on inner side (fig. 102); abdominal sternite I with 3 anteromedial setae (fig. 101); forewings light brown, base pale, setae pale grayish yellow calcaratus (Uzel) Foretarsi lacking tooth; other characters various 10

10(9) Forewings with 2 or 3 distal setae on forevein; metanotal sculpture various 11 Forewings with almost complete row of setae on forevein or with 4-8 distal setae on forevein (figs. 69, 73); metanotum reticu- lated, reticles with short lines (figs. 53, 60) 15

15 11(10) Metanotum without sensilla, longitudinally striated (fig. 65); abdominal stemite I with minute anteromedial setae (fig. 101) trehernei FÚQsnQr Metanotum with 2 sensilla (fig. 58), variously reticulated; abdominal stemite I lacking minute anteromedial setae 12

12(11) Metanotum with median setae decidedly posterior of anterior margin (fig. 57) 13 Metanotum with median setae on anterior margin (fig. 47) 14

13(12) Abdominal tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; head with 3 or 4 small tubercles in a longitudinal row cephalad of anterior ocel- lus; forewings with 3 distal setae; antennae 8-segmented; on conifers pini (Uzel) Tergite IX with 1 pair of sensilla; head lacking small tubercles; forewings with 2 distal setae; antennae 7- or 8-segmented; on Thalictrum thalictri Hood (in part)

14(12) Mesonotum striated by anteromedial sensilla (fig. 35); stemite VII with 11-23 accessory setae; 50-67 discal setae on pronotum; posteroangular setae usually 35-65 /x long hawaiiensis (Morgan) Mesonotum lacking striations by anteromedial sensilla; stemite VII with 8-12 accessory setae; 40-47 discal setae on pronotum; posteroangular setae usually 69-89 ¡JL long florum Schmutz

15(10) Forewings with setae on forevein in almost complete row; antennae 7-segmented; accessory setae on stemites III-VI orientalis (Bagnall) Forewings with 4-8 distal setae on forevein; antennae 8-segmented; accessory setae on stemites III-VII simplex (Morison)

16(2) Abdominal pleurotergites with accessory setae (figs. 94, 96) 17 Abdominal pleurotergites without accessory setae 27

17(16) Body predominantly yellow 18 Body predominantly brown 20

18(17) Extreme base of antennal segment III yellow; head paler anteriorly than posteriorly; forewings grayish brown alysii Hood Basal 2/3 of antennal segment III, basal 1/3 to 1/2 of segments IV and V yellow; head unicolorous; forewings light yellow or grayish yellow 19

19(18) Setae brown; metanotum with 2 sensilla winnemanae Hood (in part) Setae pale yellow or pale yellowish brown; metanotum usually without sensilla pectinatus Hood

20( 18) Forewings completely pale; metanotum without sensilla stannardi, new species Forewings completely or partially brown; metanotum normally with 2 sensilla 21

16 21 (20) Forewings with median brown band, pale basally and apically helianthi Morgan Forewings completely brown or pale only in basal 1/4 to 1/3 22

22(21) Forewings completely brown or base slightly paler grayish brown; antennal segment III with sides somewhat parallel, 2.5-3.0 times longer than wide; head often with anterior part paler than pos- terior part or completely brown or yellowish brown 23 Forewings with basal 1/3 sharply paler than brown distal 2/3's; antennal segment III with sides convex, about 2 times longer than wide; head completely brown monotropae Hood

23(22) Antennal segments IV and V yellow in basal 1/2 to 2/3; postocular setae iv slightly shorter than iii and v; pleurotergite II without short, anterolateral seta frosti Moulton Antennal segments IV and V completely brown, yellowish brown, or pale in extreme bases, or completely yellow; postocular setae ii and iv shorter than iii and v; pleurotergite II with or without anterolateral seta 24

24(23) Inner sense cone on antennal segment VI extending at most to apex of segment; segment III pale only basally; with 4, occasionally 5 or 6, posteromarginal setae on pronotum; anteromedial sensilla on mesonotum aureolariae, new species With different combination of characters 25

25(24) Head anterior to postocular setae paler than posterior part; median setae on tergite VIII about 1/4 as long as tergite, not extending posterior of sensilla 26 Head about unicolorous; median setae on tergite VIII 1/3 to 1/2 the length of tergite, extending caudad of median sensilla, occa- sionally reaching posterior margin of tergite herricki Bagnall

26(25) Mesonotum with 2 anteromedial sensilla; abdominal pleuro- tergite II without anterolateral seta; all tibiae yellowish brown; antennal segment III pale basally dark form of winnemanae Hood (in part) Mesonotum lacking anteromedial sensilla; abdominal pleurotergite II with anterolateral seta; all tibiae yellow; antennal segment III pale basally and usually distally, brown medially; on Impatiens impar Wood

27(16) Posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII absent or incomplete medially (figs. 81, 84, 88) 28 Posteromarginal comb complete 43

28(27) Body predominantly yellow or pale 29 Body predominantly brown or abdomen completely brown 32 29(28) Abdominal tergite II with 4 lateral setae (fig. 92); abdominal stemite I lacks anteromedial setae; metanotum reticulated medially; posteroangular setae about 1/2 as long as pronotum quinciensis Morgan Abdominal tergite II with 3 lateral setae; abdominal stemite I with anteromedial setae (fig. 101); other characters various 30

30(29) Metanotum with 2 sensilla; major setae pale yellow alhopilosus Uzel Metanotum lacking sensilla; major setae light yellow or brown 31

31(30) Metanotum and pronotum with close-set striations (fig. 31); posteroangular setae 1/4 to 1/3 as long as pronotum; abdo- minal pleurotergites with numerous ciliate microtrichia brevipilosus Moulton (in part) Metanotum (fig. 49) and pronotum not closely striated; postero- angular setae 2/5 to 3/5 as long as pronotum; abdominal pleurotergites without ciliate microtrichia idahoensis, new species

32(28) Forewings completely brown; ocellar setae III laterad of anterior ocellus (fig. 25); anteromedial setae on stemite I (fig. 101); antennal segment III usually with irregular sides, constricted near base and wider at base (fig. 119) spinosus (Morgan) With different combination of characters 33

33(32) Tergite II with 4 lateral setae (fig. 92); metanotum reticulated medially; anteromedial setae on sternite I 34 Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; other characters various 36

34(33) Sculpture lines on tergites VI-VIII not reaching median setae; median setae on tergite I usually shorter than those on II-VI; reticulations on metanotum longitudinal 35 Sculpture lines completely across abdominal tergites VI-VIII; median setae on tergite I as long as those on II-VII; reticu- lations on metanotum transverse discolor Haliday (in part)

35(34) Metanotum with 1 or 2 sensilla (fig. 46) fuscipennis Haliday Metanotum without sensilla (fig. 45) fallaciosus, new species

36(33) Abdominal tergite VIII with posteromarginal flange, with minute microtrichia laterally on flange (fig. 91); metanotum without sensilla; antennal segments V and VI yellow basally; sternite I with anteromedial setae (fig. 101) sylvanus Stannard Abdominal tergite VIII without posteromarginal flange, medially with or without low scallops; metanotum with lor 2 sensilla; antennal segments V and VI brown; stemite I without or with anteromedial setae 37

37(36) Pronotum yellow or yellowish brown, paler than head and abdomen; pleurotergite II without anterolateral seta; forewings completely pale grayish yellow, hindvein with 8-11 setae pallidicollis Hood Pronotum brown, not paler than rest of body; other characters various 38 18 38(37) Forewings completely pale yellow or grayish yellow; metanotum longitudinally striated medially, sensillum absent; striations on pronotum close set; antennal segment III yellow, basal 1/3 to 1/2 of IV and V yellow hrevipilosus Moulton (in part) Forewings completely or partially brown; metanotum reticulated medially, with sensilla; pronotum without close-set striations; color various 39

39(38) Forewings completely brown; sculpture lines on pronotum weak; antennal segment III brown with extreme base pale, IV brown; abdominal stemite I with anteromedial setae magnus Moulton Forewings brown with basal 1/4 pale; sculpture lines on pronotum distinct; antennal segment III yellow in basal 1/2, IV yellow basally or brown; sternite I with or without anteromedial setae 40

40(39) Sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites VI-VIII 41 Sculpture lines not reaching median setae on tergites VI-VIII 42

41(40) Pleurotergite II with an anterolateral seta (fig. 93); forewings usually with 2 distal setae paramadronii, new species Pleurotergite II without anterolateral seta; forewings normally with 3 distal setae sieversiae Hood

42(40) Pleurotergite II with an anterolateral seta; trichomes on antennal segments III and IV 20-24 pt long, inner sense cone on seg- ment VI 24-27 /x long; median setae on anterior 1/4 to 1/3 of metanotum madronii Moulton Pleurotergite II without anterolateral seta; trichomes on antennal segments III and IV 30-40 ¡JL long, inner sense cone on segment VI 32-37 iJi long (fig. 120); median setae on metanotum near anterior margin (fig. 66) varipes Hood

43(27) Body bicolored, brownish yellow on head, thorax, and abdo- minal segments I, IX, and X; abruptly brown on segments II-VIII tripartitus Hood (in part) Abdomen not abruptly bicolored 44

44(43) Ocellar crescent grayish brown; forewings normally with 5 (4-6) distal setae; metanotum reticulated medially, without sensilla; abdominal tergum IX with 1 pair of sensilla; pleurotergites with numerous ciliated microtrichia tahaci Lindeman Ocellar crescent orange to red; forewings normally with 2 or 3 distal setae; other characters various 45

45(44) Compound eyes with 5 pigmented facets (fig. 29); body yellow with brown shading on pronotum, pterothorax, and abdomen; metanotum reticulate, without sensillum (fig. 52) nigropilosus Uzel (in part) Compound eyes without pigmented facets; other characters various 46

19 46(45) Antennal segments III-VI completely or partially yellow; body brown, forewings brown with pale base; head with 3 dorsal postocular setae on each side (fig. 9) pallicornis Hood With different combination of characters 47

47(46) Anteromedial sensillum absent from mesonotum (fig. 36); metanotum without sensillum; abdominal tergite IX with 2 sensilla pauciporus, new species Anteromedial sensilla present on mesonotum; sensilla present or absent from metanotum; 4 sensilla (rarely 3) present on abdominal tergite IX 48

48(47) Body brown or yellowish brown 49 Body yellow 53

49(48) Metanotum with 2 sensilla (fig. 61); abdominal stemite I without anteromedial setae simulator, new species Metanotum without sensillum; abdominal stemite I with anteromedial setae (fig. 101) 50

50(49) D2 setae on abdominal tergites III-V extending beyond posterior margin of segment; antennae brown, base of segment III paler; metanotum reticulate; California graminae Moulton D2 setae on tergites III-V not extending to posterior margin of segment; antennal segment III partially yellow or pale, IV brown or partially pale or yellow; metanotum striate longitu- dinally or reticulate medially 51

51 (50) Abdominal tergites V-VII with sculpture lines not extending medi- ally from D2 setae to level of median setae and sensilla, at most only 1 line reaching median setae; tergite II with 3 or 4 lateral setae, pleurotergite II lacks anterolateral setae; forewings pale brown to dark brown 52 Abdominal tergites V-VII with 3 or 4 sculpture lines extending medially from D2 setae to level of median setae and sensilla (fig. 78); tergite II with 3 lateral setae, pleurotergite II with an anterolateral seta; forewings pale konoi, new species

52(51) Antennal segments IV and V and usually VI yellow in basal 1/3 to 1/2 validas Uzel Antennal segment IV brown or lighter yellowish brown basally, V and VI brown intricatus, new species

53(48) Abdominal tergite II with 4 lateral setae; metanotum with sensilla; abdominal stemite I with anteromedial setae 54 Abdominal tergite II with 3 lateral setae; other characters various 55

54(53) Antennal segment III 42-45 /¿ long, about 2 times longer than wide; posteroangular setae about 1/2 as long as pronotum; forewings with distal setae 2-4, usually 3 palmi Kamy Antennal segment III 60-69 pi long, 3.0-3.7 times longer than wide (fig. 107); posteroangular setae 3/5 to 7/10 as long as pronotum; forewings with 2 distal setae gracilis Moulton 20 55(53) Posteroangular setae on pronotum 1/5 to 1/4 as long as prono- tum (fig. 33); pleurotergite II with an anterolateral seta; abdominal stemite I with anteromedial setae sierrensis Gentile & Bailey Posteroangular setae more than 2/5 as long as pronotum; other characters various 56

56(55) Forewings with 14-17 costal setae and 8-11 anterior fringe cilia; metanotum reticulate, sensillum absent aurulentus, new species Forewings with more than 20 costal setae and more than 12 anterior fringe cilia; other characters various 57

57(56) All setae pale yellow; distance between posterior ocelli less than 1 1/2 times diameter of anterior ocellus crawfordi, new species Major setae brown, minor setae brown or pale; distance between posterior ocelli about twice diameter of anterior ocellus 58

58(57) Metanotum reticulate with short, irregular sculpturing medially as in figure 48; median setae positioned in anterior 1/4 to 1/3 of metanotum; antennal segment VI brown helvolus, new species Metanotum striate longitudinally or with several elongate reticles medially; median setae positioned in anterior 1/5 of metano- tum; 1/3 of antennal segment VI yellow or segment completely brown 59

59(58) Antennal segment V yellow basally, usually basal 1/3 of VI yellow or yellowish brown; metanotum normally with 1 or 2 sensilla 60 Antennal segments V and VI brown; metanotum without sensillum 61

60(59) Antennal segment II yellow; III constricted distally into a neck, part anterior to trichome base 4 or 5 pi long heraclei Moulton Antennal segment II brown; III constricted distally but not forming neck, part anterior to trichome base 1 or 2 pt long pseudoflavus, new species

61(59) Outer posteroangular setae on pronotum about 32 ix long; trichomes on antennal segments III and IV about 22 ¡ji long mucidus Moulton Outer posteroangular setae on pronotum 42-50 /x long; trichomes on antennal segments III and IV 30-32 long (fig.Ill) nelsoni, new species

62(1) Abdominal stemites with accessory setae (fig. 100) thalictri Hood (in part) Abdominal sternites without accessory setae 63

63(62) Head to abdominal segments I, IX, and X yellowish brown or yellow, segments II-VIII brown triparthus Hood (in part) Body with different coloration 64

21 64(63) Abdomen yellow or yellow with brown marks; eyes with 5 pig- mented facets (fig. 29) 65 Abdomen brown; eyes without pigmented facets 66

65(64) Posteromarginal comb on abdominal tergite VIII complete, with well-developed microtrichia; median setae on tergite I shorter than other median setae; tergite IX with 1 pair of sensilla nigropilosus Uzel (inpart) Posteromarginal comb on abdominal tergite VIII absent, with few microtrichia laterally or complete comb of minute microtrichia present; median setae on tergite I about as long as other median setae (fig. 76); tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla aureus Hood

66(64) Head and prothorax partially yellow discolor Haliday (in part) Head and thorax brown 67

67(66) Abdominal tergite VIII with complete posteromarginal comb; pronotum with median discal setae in posterior 1/3 brevialatus, new species Abdominal tergite VIII with medially interrupted posteromarginal comb; median discal setae absent from posterior 1/3 of pronotum funehris Bagnall

Adult Males Males of the following 14 species are unknown in North America or were not avail- able for study: alysii, aurulentus, calcaratus, distinctus, graminae, helvolus, idahoensis, mucidus, nelsoni, paramadronii, pruni, sierrensis, simulator, and stannardi.

1 Brachypterous 2 Macropterous 7

2(1) Head, thorax, abdominal segments I, IX, and X brownish yellow, segments II-VIII brown tripartitus Hood Color pattern different 3

3(2) Abdominal tergite II with 4 lateral setae (fig. 92), 1 seta may be out of alignment dorsally; eyes without pigmented facets 4 Abdominal tergite II with 3 lateral setae; eyes with 5 pigmented facets (fig. 29) 6

4(3) Body brown; B1 setae anterior to B2 setae on abdominal tergite IX; glandular areas on stemites transversely elongate, broadly narrowed medially, almost as wide as sternites brevialatus, new species Body yellow; Bl and B2 setae on abdominal tergite IX aligned; glandular areas on stemites transversely oval 5

5(4) Pronotum with median discal setae on posterior 1/3 discolor Haliday Pronotum without median discal setae on posterior 1/3 funehris Bagnall

22 6(3) Median setae on abdominal tergite I pale, minute; Bl setae about as long and thick as B2 setae on tergite IX; median setae on metanotum separated by less than their length nigropilosus Uzel Median setae on tergite I brown, extending to or beyond pos- terior margin of tergite (fig. 76); Bl setae on IX longer and thicker than B2 setae (fig. 130); median setae on metanotum separated by about their length or farther apart (fig. 38) aureus Hood

7(1) Abdominal stemites with accessory setae (figs. 143, 146, 148) 8 Abdominal sternites without accessory setae 17

8(7) Body and forewing setae pale yellow; body pale yellow; abdom- inal tergite II with 3 lateral setae; forewings with 3 distal setae; California albogilvus, new species Major body and forewing setae brown; other characters variable 9

9(8) Glandular areas on abdominal stemites III-VII (figs. 143, 146-148) 10 Glandular areas on abdominal stemite III or III and IV pini (Uzel)

10(9) Forewings with more than 20 setae on forevein; antennal segment III parallel sided (fig. 104); metanotum completely reticulated polygonally australis (Bagnall) Forewings with fewer than 18 setae on forevein; antennal segment III usually convex marginally; metanotum reticulated in medial 1/3 or longitudinally striated 11

11(10) Body yellowish brown to dark brown; abdominal stemite I with anteromedial setae (fig. 101) 12 Body pale yellow or orange yellow; abdominal stemite I without anteromedial setae 16

12(11) Forewings pale yellow or shaded pale grayish yellow, with 3, occasionally 4, distal setae; abdominal pleurotergite with accessory setae (fig. 96); tergite II with 3 lateral setae; antennal segment III yellow, basal 1/2 of IV yellowish brown, and base of V with pale ring vulgatissimus Haliday With different combination of characters 13

13(12) Forewings with 2 or 3 distal setae (figs. 70-72, 75) 14 Forewings with 4-8 distal setae (figs. 68, 73) 15

14(13) Pronotum with 2 pairs of posteromarginal setae; metanotum with 2 sensilla, reticulated medially; forewings pale basally, usually with 2 distal setae, occasionally 1 or 3 thalictri Hood Pronotum with 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae; metanotum without sensilla, longitudinally striated; forewings completely pale brown, with 3 distal setae trehernei Friosntr

23 15(13) Metanotum reticulated, reticles with short lines, sensillum absent (fig. 60); accessory setae on abdominal stemites III-VII laterad of glandular areas (fig. 146); pleurotergites without accessory setae simplex (Morison) Metanotum striated longitudinally, with sensilla; accessory setae on stemites III-VII aligned caudad of glandular areas (fig. 143); pleurotergites with accessory setae atratus Haliday

16(11) Mesonotum with striations by anteromedial sensilla (fig. 35); Bl and B2 setae on abdominal tergite IX (fig. 126) usually bristlelike, distance between Bl setae not more than 1.5 times that between Bland B2 setae hawaiiensis (Morgan) Metanotum without striations by anteromedial sensilla; B1 and B2 setae on tergite IX (fig. 125) short and spinelike, distance between B1 setae 2 to 3 times that between B1 and B2 setae florum Schmutz

17 (7) Abdominal stemites III and IV, III-V, or III-VI with glandular areas 18 Abdominal stemites III-VII with glandular areas 21

18(17) Abdominal stemites III and IV with glandular areas; antennal segments I and II brown. III-VII yellow; head with cheeks straight pallicornis Hood Abdominal stemites III-V or III-VI with glandular areas; antennal color different; head with cheeks arched 19

19(18) Abdominal stemites III-V with glandular areas (fig. 144); Bl setae on abdominal tergite IX aligned with B2 setae (fig. 132); fore wings pale yellow; metanotum without sensilla 20 Abdominal stemites III-VI with glandular areas; Bl setae on abdominal tergite IX aligned with Dl setae (fig. 134); fore- wings pale brown metanotum with sensilla madronii Moulton

20(19) Metanotum reticulated medially; forewings with 4-6 distal setae; abdominal stemite I lacking minute anteromedial setae; ocellar crescents gray brown tahaci Lindeman Metanotum striated longitudinally; forewings with 3 distal setae; abdominal stemite I with 1 or 2 minute anteromedial setae (fig. 101); ocellar crescents red hrevipilosus Moulton

21(17) Metanotum completely reticulated polygonally, reticles with short lines (fig. 53); forewings with setae on forevein almost in complete row (fig. 69) orientalis (Bagnall) Metanotum partially reticulated medially or striated; forewings with 2-6 setae in distal 1/2 22

22(21 ) Forewings pale at base and apex, brown medially helianthi Morgan Forewings brown medially and apically or completely pale 23

24 23(22) Antennae brown except base and apex of segment III and bases of IV and V yellow; segment VI decidedly longer than III; forewings completely light grayish brown; anteromedial sensilla absent from mesonotum (fig. 36) impar Hood With different combination of characters 24

24(23) Anteromedial sensilla absent from mesonotum (fig. 36); sensilla absent from metanotum; ocellar setae III laterad of anterior ocellus; abdominal tergite VIII with posteromarginal comb pauciporus, new species Anteromedial sensilla present; other characters various 25

25(24) Abdominal pleurotergites III-VI with 1 or 2 accessory setae (fig. 96) 26 Abdominal pleurotergites III-VI without accessory setae, 1 pleurotergite occasionally with 1 seta 28

26(25) Body completely light yellow winnemanae Hood Body yellow with light grayish-brown shading or yellowish brown 27

27(26) Ocellar setae III laterad of anterior ocellus; forewings with pale grayish-yellow tinge or pale yellow herricki Bagnall Ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus; forewings completely light grayish brown aureolariae, new species

28(25) Body predominantly yellow 29 Body predominantly brown 38

29(28) Abdominal tergite II with 4 lateral setae (figs. 92, 93) 30 Abdominal tergite II with 3 lateral setae 33

30(29) Abdominal stemite I without anteromedial setae; sensilla absent from metanotum; body setae pale yellow quinciensis Morgan Abdominal stemite I with anteromedial setae (fig. 101); other characters various 31

31(30) Abdominal tergite VIII with posteromarginal comb; body completely yellow..... 32 Abdominal tergite VIII without posteromarginal comb; body pale yellow, often with brown shading on abdominal tergites and thorax fuscipennis Haliday (in part)

32(31) Antennal segment III elongate, about 3.5 times longer than wide; forewings with 2 distal setae gracilis Moulton Antennal segment III about 2.5 times longer than wide; fore- wings usually with 3 distal setae, occasionally 2 or 4 palmi Kamy

33(29) Major body and forewing setae pale yellow 34 Major body and forewing setae brown 36

25 34(33) Abdominal tergite VIII with posteromarginal microtrichia; metanotum without sensilla 35 Abdominal tergite VIII without posteromarginal microtrichia; metanotum with sensilla alhopilosus Uzel

35(34) Abdominal pleurotergite II with an anterolateral seta (fig. 93); glandular area on III-VII more than 1/2 as wide as stemites crawfordi, new species Abdominal pleurotergite II without anterolateral seta; glandular area on III-VII less than 1/2 as wide as stemites pectinatus Hood

36(33) Glandular area on abdominal stemite VII oval or rotund (fig. 142), less than 2 times wider than long; metanotum without sensillum; anteromedial setae on stemite I (fig. 101) konoi, new species Glandular area on abdominal stemite VII transversely oval or elongate, more than 2 times wider than long; metanotum with sensilla; anteromedial setae present or absent on sternite I 37

37(36) Antennal segment III constricted into a neck anterior of subapical setae; anteromedial setae 3 or 4 on abdominal stemite I (fig. 101) heraclei Moulton Antennal segment III not constricted into a neck; anteromedial setae absent, occasionally 1 or 2 present pseudoflavus, new species

38(28) Abdominal tergite VIII with posteromarginal flange, with microtrichia laterally on flange (fig. 91); metanotum lacking sensilla; forewings brown with base pale, with 2 distal setae sylvanus Stannard Abdominal tergite VIII without posteromarginal flange; other characters various 39

39(38) Bl setae on abdominal tergite IX with enlarged, tuberculate bases (fig. 135); forewings completely brown; abdominal stemite I with anteromedial setae (fig. 101) magnas Moulton B1 setae on abdominal tergite IX without tuberculate bases; other characters various 40

40(39) Bl setae on abdominal tergite IX aligned with Dl setae or slightly posterior and aligned with or anterior to median pair of sensilla (flg. 134) 41 Bl setae on abdominal tergite IX aligned with B2 setae or slightly anterior but posterior of median pair of sensilla 42

41(40) Trichome on antennal segment IV about 2/3 as long as segment V (fig. 120); sculpture lines not extending to median setae on abdominal tergites VI-VIII; mid- and hindtibiae mostly yellow varipes Hood Trichome on antennal segment IV about 1/2 as long as segment V; sculpture lines extending to median setae on abdominal tergites VI-VIII; mid- and hindtibiae mostly brown sieversiae Hood

26 42(40) Dl setae on abdominal tergite IX shorter than the distance between Dl and B2 setae; antennal segment III elongate, margins irregular (fig. 119); ocellar setae III laterad of anterior ocellus; forewings brown spinosus Morgan Dl setae on tergite IX as long as or longer than the distance between Dl and B2 setae; other characters various 43

43(42) Abdominal stemite I without anteromedial setae; metanotum with sensilla; forewings brown 44 Abdominal sternite I with anteromedial setae; other characters various 45

44(43) Glandular area on abdominal sternite VII oval, about 1.5 times wider than long; antennal segment VI decidedly longer than III; forewings and abdomen completely brown frosti Moulton Glandular area on abdominal stemite VII transversely elongate, about 5 times wider than long; antennal segment VI about as long as III; forewings brown with base pale; abdomen brown except segments IX and X may be yellow monotropae Hood

45(43) Metanotum reticulate 46 Metanotum striate longitudinally (fig. 65) 47

46(45) Glandular area on abdominal stemite VII oval or rotund (fig. 140), less than 2 times wider than long; body brown or yellowish brown; metanotum without sensilla fallaciosus, new species Glandular area on abdominal stemite IX elongate (fig. 145), 4 to 5 times wider than long; body pale yellow with brown shading on abdomen and thorax; metanotum with or without sensilla fuscipennis Haliday (in part)

47(45) Glandular areas on abdominal stemites III-VII small, oval to circular (fig. 147), 10-17 /x wide; pronotum with more than 40 discal setae validus Bagnall Glandular areas on abdominal stemites III-VII oval to trans- versely elongate, 27-62 /x wide; pronotum with fewer than 40 discal setae intricatus, new species

27 Thríps albogilvuSf New Species

Body pale whitish yellow, with thorax darker pale yellow; legs pale white; ocellar crescents orange red; forewings completely pale; setae pale white or whitish yellow. Antennae pale white, except distal 1/2 of segments IV-VI gradually grayish brown, VII completely grayish brown.

Body length. 1.28 (1.21-1.30) mm.

Female (macropterous) Antenna, 7-segmented; segment III slightly constricted distally, 2.2-2.75 times longer than wide, longer than IV, about as long as VI; trichome on IV 22 (17-24) ¡n long; inner sense cone on VI extending to about apex of segment, 20 (17-20) ¡JL long. Measurements of segments (in ¡UL): total length 262 (241-256); I 27 (17-24) long, 27 (24-30) wide; II 35 (35-44) long, 24 (22-27) wide; III 47 (44-49) long, 17 (17-20) wide; IV 42 (37-42) long, 17 (17-20) wide; V 40 (35-38) long, 17 (17-20) wide; VI49 (44-47) long, 17 (17-20) wide; VII 17 (15-20) long, 7 (6-7) wide.

Head. 94 (99-116) /JL long from interantennal process, 90 (92-101) JUL long from anterior of eyes, 123 (118-120) ¡UL wide at cheeks, slightly angulated anterior of eyes at vertex, cheeks relatively parallel; transversely striated posterior of eyes, striae 5-10 JUL apart; striations weak anterior of ocelli. Eyes 52 (52-61) ¡n long, 42 (40-45) ¡UL wide (not cleared). Anterior ocellus 10 (12) ¡JL wide. Ocellar setae II 15 (12-17) ¡JL long; ocellar setae III laterad and slightly posterior of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle, 12 (15-22) /JL long. Six postocular setae in arched line from caudad of posterior ocellus and eyes to lateral margin; seta i longest and thickest, 20-24 (20-27) fi long, ii 7 (7-12) /JL long, iii 15 (15-19) /JL long, iv 12 (10-15) /JL long, v 15 (12-15) /JL long, vi 10 (12-15) ^t long. Mouthcone conical, reaching posterior margin of prothorax.

Pronotum. 111 (104-114) /JL long, 148 (146-156) /JL wide; transversely sculptured, striae 2-5 /JL apart, closer than those on posterior part of head. Setae on disc few, 12-20 /JL long, PNiii setae 17-35 /JL long. Posteroangular setae 0.38-0.52 times as long as pronotum, outer pair 47-49 (47-52) /JL long, inner pair 49-54 (42-59) /i long. Posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, medial pair longest, 24 (22-38) /JL,

Mesonotum. Closely striated transversely. Anteromedial sensilla 2. Mesostemum with well-developed furca and spinula.

Metanotum. 57 (57-62) /JL long, striated longitudinally except for few, narrow, medial reticulations posterior of median setae, without sensilla or occasionally with 1 present; median setae close together, separated by 1 to 2 times the diameter of their basal sockets, posterior to anterior margin, 32-35 (30-40) /i long; lateral setae 27 (24-30) /JL long. Metastemum with about 24 setae.

Forewlng. Pointed distally, 537 (558-590) /JL long, 37 (37-42) /i wide at midlength; costal setae 21 (18-22); anterior fringe cilia few in contrast to those of congeners, 14 (12-16); forevein with 2 basal groups of 4-3 setae and 2-3 (2-2, 2-3, or 3-3) setae in distal 1/2; hindvein with 10 (9-12) setae.

Abdomen. Sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites, absent between median setae on tergites IV-VII. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae (see fig. 76). Tergite VIII with complete posteromarginal comb, 20-27 microtrichia rather close set, longest microtrichia 12 (12-15) /x long (see fig. 90). Tergite IX with 4 sensilla; Dl setae 37 (35-42) /JL long, curved, extending to posterior margin of tergite; setae Bl 94 (90-99) /JL

28 long, B2 104-106 (97-116) /x long, B3 101 (90-118) /x long. Segment X about as long as IX; setae Bl 99 (87-99) yn long, B2 87-90 (83-94) ix long. Stemites with accessory setae in irregular row (fig. 98): 0 (1-3) on II, 9 (7-9) on III, 8 (6-10) on IV, 9 (7-10) on V, 9 (7-11) on VI, 9 (7-11) on VII. Sternite I with 3 (3-4) anteromedial setae (see fig. 101). Bl setae on sternite VII anterior of margin by 12 (10-12) ^i, closer to B2 setae than to each other. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; pleurotergite II with an anterolateral seta (see fig. 93).

Color and most morphological characters similar to those of female.

Body length. 0.82 mm.

Antenna. Total length 240 ¡JL.

Head. Similar to that of female in shape, sculpture, and position of setae; length from interantennal process 94 /x, length from anterior of eyes 83 ^i, 111 /x wide at cheeks. Ocellar setae III about 10 /x long (true length could not be ascertained).

Pronotum. Length 97 /x, 177 /x wide. Posteroangular setae 0.36-0.48 times length of pronotum, outer pair 35 ¡JL long, inner pair 37-42 /x long.

Forewing. 482 /x long, 42 /x wide at midlength. Chaetotaxy similar to that of female.

Abdomen. Posteromarginal comb absent from tergite VIII. Tergite IX with Bl setae 24-27 ¡JL long, anterior to B2 setae, B2 setae 27 ¡JL long; sensilla not discernable. Stemites with accessory setae in irregular transverse row: 0 on II, 5 each on III-V, 6 on VI, 5 each on VII and VIII; glandular areas not seen apparently due to poor condition of specimen.

Specimens Examined Holotype female, allotype male, 9 paratype females: California, Glenn County, Plaskett Meadows area—Wyethia helenioides (DC.) Nutt., 16-VII-63, Kono, Keifer, and Buxton (63G17-22-4). Holotype and allotype in USNM, paratypes in CDFA and USNM.

Distribution United States (CA).

Host Wyethia helenioides (DC.) Nutt.

Etymology Specific name, which is derived from Latin "albo" and "gilvus," refers to the pale yellowish-white body.

Comments The pale yellowish-white body, pale wings and setae, and accessory setae on abdomi- nal stemites readily distinguish this species from other North American congeners.

29 Thríps albopUosus Uzel

Thrips alhopilosus Uzel 1895:190; Moulton and Andre 1936:229; Andre 1937:105; Gentile and Bailey 1968:25; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1084; Mound et al. 1976:55.

Female Body yellow, thorax darker orange yellow, light gray shading occasionally on abdo- men; ocellar crescents red; forewing pale yellowish gray; body and wing setae light yellow. Antennal segment I concolorous with head; II darker orange brown; III yellow; IV mostly yellow, gradually shaded brown distally; V yellow basally, gradually shaded brown distally; VI yellow or yellowish brown basally, mostly brown; VII brown.

Body length. 1.24-1.44 mm.

Antenna. 7-segmented.

Head. Wider than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III laterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle; postocular setae i, iii, and v subequal in length, ii and iv short.

Pronotum. Wider than long with transverse, anastomosing sculpture; posteroangular setae 0.45-0.57 times as long as pronotum, outer pair 57-64 ix long, inner pair 57-69 /x long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs.

Metanotum. Medially reticulated, 2 sensilla present; median setae posterior of anterior margin.

Forewing. 3 distal setae on forevein.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII broadly interrupted medially (see fig. 88), 6-8 microtrichia on each side; sculpture lines extending to median setae on tergites I-VIII; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, Dl setae less than 1/2 as long as Bl setae. Stemites without accessory setae; anteromedial setae absent from stemite I; B1 setae on VII anterior to posterior margin. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; anterolateral seta absent from pleurotergite II.

Male Tergite VIII without posteromarginal microtrichia; tergite IX with B1 setae slightly anterior of B2 setae, subequal in length; a pair of sensilla between and slightly anterior to Bl and B2 setae, another pair laterad of Dl setae. Stemites III-VII each with an oval or oblong, transverse glandular area; on III 42-62 ¡JL wide, 10 /x long, about 4-6 times wider than long; diminishing in width posteriorly; on VII 17-30 ix wide, 8 ix long, 2.1- 3.75 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined AUSTRIA: Linz—8 females, 2 males, fruit scales of Humulus lupulus L., 4-X-17, Priesner. ENGLAND: Middlesex, Wraysbury—4 females, Humulus lupulus L., 25-IX- 61,G.D. Morison(USNM).

Distribution North America: United States (lA, UT); Europe: Albania, Austria, England, France, Germany, Hungary; former USSR.

Hosts Humulus lupulus L., Juniperus spp., Phyteuma spicatum L., Veronica spuria L., wild Rosa sp., various greenhouse plants.

Comments Thrips alhopilosus resembles quinciensis and idahoensis by the yellow body and pale fore wings, the medially interrupted posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII, and the

30 forewings with 3 distal setae. It differs from quinciensis by the following characters: Tergite II has 3 lateral setae, antennae are longer (segments III-VII 175-209 ¡JL long), posteroangular setae are longer (57-69 ^t long), and the metanotum has 2 sensilla. Conversely, quinciensis has 4 lateral setae on tergite II, antennal segments III-VII are 145-170 11 long, posteroangular setae are 37-57 ¡JL long, and sensilla are absent from the metanotum.

Thrips idahoensis has 2 anteromedial setae on stemite I, Dl setae on tergite IX are about 3/4 as long as Bl setae, and the major setae are brown; whereas alhopilosus lacks anteromedial setae, Dl setae on tergite IX are shorter than 1/2 the length of Bl setae, and the major setae are pale yellow.

I was not able to substantiate the records for Iowa by Moulton and Andre (1936). The specimens are not deposited in the CAS in San Francisco, in the USNM at Iowa State University, Ames, where Andre worked, or in the NHM where Andre's collection is now deposited. The record from Utah by Gentile and Bailey (1968) is based on a poorly mounted specimen that was collected from wild rose. This is the only specimen of this species from North America seen in this study and because the species is known only from two old records, it apparently does not occur in the United States.

Thrips alysii Hood

Thrips alysii Hood 1954:278; Gentile and Bailey 1968:26; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1088. Thrips illicii Hood 1955:59 [emendation].

Female Body light brownish yellow, with light grayish-brown shading, thorax and head slightly darker orange than abdomen, head paler anteriorly, anterior and intermediate abdominal segments shaded light brown with dark antecostal line, posterior segments light yellow; ocellar crescents crimson; legs paler than body; forewings grayish brown, darker along veins and margins; major setae dark brown, minor setae yellowish brown. Antennae grayish brown, except segment I yellowish brown, concolorous with anterior of head; pedicel and extreme base of III yellow, gradually shaded grayish brown distally; IV and V grayish brown except for paler bases.

Body length. 1.41-1.54 mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented.

Head. Broader than long, cheeks strongly arched; ocellar setae III slightly posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle, about 24 ¡JL long; postocular setae i longest, ii and iv short.

Pronotum. Closely transversely striated; posteroangular setae about 1/2 as long as pronotum, outer pair 64-77 ^t long, inner pair 67-77 ¡JL long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs.

Mesonotum. 1 or 2 anteromedial sensilla present.

Metanotum. Striated longitudinally except in medial area with elongate, narrow reticles; 2 sensilla present; median setae posterior of anterior margin, about 1/2 as long as notum.

31 Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, longest microtrichia 10-12 ¡JL long; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, anterior pair closer to Dl setae than to anterior margin; sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites I, VI-VIII, reaching or almost reaching median setae on tergites II-V. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I without anteromedial setae; Bl setae on stemite VII slightly anterior to posterior margin. Pleurotergites III-VI each with 1-3 accessory setae, VII with 1 accessory seta (see fig. 96); an anterolateral seta present on pleurotergite II (see fig. 93); microtrichia indistinct on pleurotergites.

Male Unknown.

Specimens Examined Holotype, 8 paratype females: Florida, Chattahoochee- -flowers of Illicium floridanum Ellis, 20-III-54, M.J. Westfall, Jr. (USNM).

Distribution United States (FL).

Host Illicium floridanum Ellis.

Comments Thrips alysii differs by the following characters from other North American species that have accessory setae on the pleurotergites: The body is light brownish yellow; the base of antennal segment III is yellow; the head is paler anteriorly than posteriorly; the forewings are grayish brown with the veins darker than the area between the veins; and pleurotergite II has a short anterolateral seta.

Gentile and Bailey (1968) state that the foretarsus of this species is toothed. I exam- ined the nine specimens in the type series and was not able to find a tooth on the foretarsus as illustrated. This species is known only from the type series.

Although the specific name was emendated to illicii by Hood (1955) (because he learned later that the correct name of the host was Illicium floridanum instead of Alysiumfloridana), Gentile and Bailey (1968) were not able to find any ruling on this emendation by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Thus, they concluded that the valid name was alysii.

Thrips attatus Haliday (figs. 17, 68, 80, 97, 103, 122, 143)

Thrips atraía Haliday 1836:447. Taeniothrips atratus: Priesner 1920:55; O'Neill & Bigelow 1964:1237. Thrips atratus: Bhatti 1969:380; Mound et al. 1976:46; Chaisson 1986:70.

Female Body dark brown, with reddish-orange internal pigmentation darker in thorax than in abdomen; foretarsi yellow or yellowish brown, foretibiae yellowish brown or brown marginally and yellow medially; ocellar crescents red; forewings brown, pale brown in basal 1/4; setae brown. Antennae brown, segment III sometimes light basally.

Body length. 1.2-1.8 mm.

Antenna (fig. 103). 8-segmented.

32 Head (fig. 17). Broader than long, cheeks strongly arched; ocellar setae III slightly posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, 37-62 ¡i long; postocellar setae i about as long as ocellar setae III, ii and iv shorter than others.

Pronotum. Wider than long; posteroangular setae 3/5 to 4/5 as long as pronotum, outer pair 80-111 ¡JL long, inner pair about 113 /x long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs.

Mesonotum. Pair of anteromedial sensilla, striations absent from anteromedial area.

Metanotum. Longitudinally striated, with 2 sensilla; median setae about 1/2 as long as notum, posterior of anterior margin.

Forewing (fig. 68). Distal 1/2 of forevein with 6-9 setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3, occasionally 4, lateral setae; posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII complete, microtrichia irregular in length, often medial microtrichia shorter than lateral ones or absent, closer to each other than their length, longest 12-17 ¡ji (fig. 80); tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines reaching median setae, lines absent between median setae on tergites IV-VIII. Stemite I with 3 anteromedial setae; accessory setae on sternites II-VII: 0-2 on II, 10-24 in irregular, transverse double rows on III-VII; Bl setae on stemite VII twice as close to setae B2 as to each other, about twice its basal diameter from posterior margin (fig. 97). Pleurotergites III- VII each with 1-5 accessory setae; II with 0 or 1 accessory seta and 1 anterolateral seta; microtrichia on sculpture lines.

Male Tergite VIII without posteromarginal comb; tergite IX (fig. 122) with Bl seta interme- diate in position between Dl and B2 setae; a pair of sensilla between each Bl and Dl setae. Sternites III-VIII (fig. 143) with accessory setae, in single row posterior of glandular areas on III-VII; glandular areas transversely oblong, slightly narrower on posterior sternites, about 3.5 times wider than long.

Immatures Larvae described by Speyer and Parr (1941); propupae and pupae described by Morison(1929).

Specimens Examined CANADA: Lavendula sp., 5-VIII-39, Scott; carnation, 12-VIII-40, Scott; British Columbia—narcissus, 23-III-39, Scott. UNITED STATES: Connecticut, Storrs— bamyardgrass, 1942, H. Knoblauch. Maine, Presque Isle—Pisum sativum L., 17-VII- 41, Washlands. Maryland, Lilypons—Lychnis sp., 20-VI-71, S. Nakahara. Michigan, Oakland County—Silène vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, 17-VII-77, R.S. Taylor. New Jersey, Newark—Dianthus sp., 12-VII-51, C. Johnson. New York, Massena—Galium mollugo L., 4-VIII-75, S.W.T. Batra. Oregon, Warren—Pisum sativum L., 29-V-44. Vermont, Rutland—Zea mays L., 30-VIII-38, L. Blevins. Washington, Bellingham— Pisum sativum L., 20-VII-44, J. Boggs (USNM). Other material from Austria, Azores, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy, and Sweden.

Distribution North America: Canada (British Columbia, Ontario, Nova Scotia); United States (CT, MA, MD, MI, NJ, NY, OR, VT, WA); Europe: Azores, Iceland; former USSR; Asia: Cyprus, Turkey.

Hosts Polyphagous, often found in carnation flowers.

33 Economic Importance This species damages carnations, irises, and other flowers in England (Morison 1957), and oats in England, Germany, Sweden, the former USSR, and Asia (Ananthakrishnan 1984).

Life History See Morison (1929).

Comments The dark brown color, 8-segmented antennae, brown forewings with 6-9 distal setae, accessory setae on sternites and pleurotergites, and longitudinally striated metanotum distinguish this species from other congeners.

Thrips aureolarías, New Species

Female (macropterous) Body completely brown, terminal abdominal segments paler brown, with orange- yellow internal pigmentation, darker orange yellow in thorax; legs paler than thorax, tarsi and tibiae yellow, femora yellowish brown with apices yellow, coxae brown or brownish yellow; ocellar crescents red; forewings completely brown, base slightly lighter brown, hindwings with median longitudinal brown stripe; major setae brown. Antennae brown; segment I paler brown than II; III with pale pedicel and basal 1/3 yellowish brown gradually darker brown in apical 2/3; extreme bases of IV and V yellowish brown.

Body lengtii. 1.37 mm (1.21 partially compacted to 1.53 fully distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented, about 2.5 times longer than head; segment III constricted distally to subapical setae, about 2.5 times longer than wide; VI rather slender, 3.0-3.3 times longer than wide; trichomes on IV 24-35 ¡JL long, inner sense cones on VI 24-27 ¡ji long, not extending beyond apex of segment, about as long as VII. Measurements of segments (in ^i): total length 314 (276-297); I 27 (24-27) long, 32 (30-32) wide; II 40 (37-40) long, 27 (26-28) wide; III 57 (52-57) long, 22 (22-23) wide; IV 52 (50-52) long, 20 (20-21) wide; V 42 (37-42) long, 17 (17-18) wide; VI 54 (53-57) long, 17 (17-18) wide; VII 22 (22-27) long, 8 (7-8) wide.

Head. Broader than long, about as long as pronotum; 116 (104-118) ¡JL long from interantennal process, 101 (87-101) ^t long from anterior margin of eyes, 133 (127- 144) /x wide at cheeks, angulated anterior of eyes at vertex, cheeks slightly arched; transversely sculptured posterior of eyes and ocelli, occasionally broadly reticulate, striae 5-7 ¡JL apart; eyes 64 (57-64) ¡JL long. Anterior ocellus 16 (15-17) )Lt wide, about its diameter from posterior ocelli, posterior ocelli separated by about 2 times diameter of anterior ocellus; ocellar setae II about 15 ^t long; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, on margin or inside ocellar triangle, 20 (20-24) /x long. Postocular setae 6; setae i longest, 24 (20-27) ^JL long, longer than ocellar setae III; ii about 5 ¡JL long, iii 17 (15-20) /x long, iv 5 (7-10) ^t long, v 20 (17-20) IJL long, vi 17 (15-20) /x long. Mouthcone stout, conical with blunt tip, slightly shorter than head.

Pronotum. About as long as head, 117 (117-120) ix long, 172 (163-189) /x wide; transversely sculptured, striae about 5 ¡JL apart, weaker than those on posterior part of head; 42 (37-40) discal setae, scattered, 17-24 ¡JL long except PNi and PNiii setae 27-35 ¡JL long. Posteroangular setae 3/5 to 7/10 times as long as pronotum, outer pair 74-78 (71-83) ¡JL long, inner pair 74 (71-83) ¡JL long. Posteromarginal setae usually 4, occa- sionally 5 or 6, medial pair 42 (35-47) ^t long.

34 Mesonotum. Transversely striated or reticulated in medial part, a pair of anteromedial sensilla present. Mesostemum with well-developed spinula.

Metanotum. 76 (71-76) ¡m long, reticulated in medial 1/2, 2 sensilla usually farther apart than distance between median setae; median setae posterior of margin, 40-42 (35-47) /x long; lateral setae 32 (30-35) /UL long. Metastemum with few setae.

Forewing. Pointed distally, 680 (663-691) /UL long, 47 (47-52) /JL wide at midlength; anterior fringe cilia 17 (17-19), costal setae 23 (21-25); forevein with 4-1-3 basal setae and 3 (2 or 4) distal setae; hindvein with 9 (9-11) setae.

Abdomen. Tergite I completely sculptured transversely, II-VIII with sculpture lines reaching median setae and sensilla, lines absent between median setae and sensilla on III-VIII. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae (see fig. 76). Posteromarginal comb complete but poorly developed; 12-20 microtrichia spaced irregularly and of irregular lengths, longest 10-12 /x long. Tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, anterior pair closer to Dl setae than to anterior margin, posterior pair about 2 times their diameter anterior of B1 setae; Dl setae 42 (35-47) pt long, Bl setae 76 (83-99) /x long, B2 94 (97-113) ¡UL long, B3 101 (97-116) juL long. Segment X slightly longer than IX; Bl setae 94 (91-101) ¡UL long, B2 setae 94 (92-106) JUL long. Sternites without accessory setae; anteromedial setae absent from stemite I. B1 setae on sternite VII anterior of posterior margin by about 3 times the width of their bases. Pleurotergites II-VII with 1 or 2, occasionally 3, accessory setae (see fig. 96); pleurotergite II usually with an anterolateral seta (see fig. 93); microtrichia on sculpture lines.

Male (macropterous) Body yellow with brown shading or yellowish brown; antennae brown with basal 1/2 of segment III and bases of IV and V pale; forewings light grayish brown.

Body length. 1.05 mm (distended) (0.95-1.04).

Antenna. Total length 243 (222-255) /JL.

Head. Similar in shape, sculpture, and position of setae to that of female; length from interantennal process 101 (92-94) /x, from anterior margin of eyes 91 (80) ^t, 113 (118) /x wide at cheeks. Ocellar setae III 15-17 ya long.

Pronotum. 99 (78-104) /UL long, 144 (132-158) ¡UL wide. Posteroangular setae about 1/2 to 7/10 as long as pronotum; outer pair 54-59 (47-64) /JL long, inner pair 59 (47-66) ¡UL long.

Forewing. 510 (477-531) ¡UL long, 42 (40) /x wide at midlength. Chaetotaxy similar to that of female.

Abdomen. Median setae on tergites I-VII short. Posteromargin of VIII with a few minute, irregularly spaced microtrichia or microtrichia absent. Tergite IX with Dl setae 17-20 ¡UL long, anterolaterad of Bl and B2 setae; Bl and B2 setae aligned and either subequally spaced or Bl setae closer to B2 setae; Bl 22 (27-33) /JL long, B2 22 (24-30) /JL long; a sensillum slightly anterior and between each Bl and B2 setae, another sensillum laterad or anterolaterad of each Dl setae. Sternites III-VII each with a glandular area, about 3/5 as wide as stemite, transversely elongate, broadly narrowed medially, narrowest on VII; on III 85 (85-90) /x wide, 12 (12-15) ¡UL long, 6.0-7.5 times wider than long; VII 73 (68-71) /JL wide, 15 /x long, about 5 times wider than long.

35 Specimens Examined Holotype female, allotype male (USNM), 18 female and 4 male paratypes: New Jersey, Denville—Aureolaría pedicularia (L.) Raf. leaves, 3-VIII-38, J.C. Crawford (Crawford 664) (FSCA, INKS, NHM, SMF, USNM).

Distribution United States (NJ).

Host Aureolarla pedicularia (L.) Raf.

Etymology This species is named after the generic name of the host, Aureolarla.

Comments Thrips aureolariae differs by the following characters from other species with brown bodies and fore wings and accessory setae on the pleurotergites: The forewings are completely brown; antennal segments IV and V are mostly brown; the inner sense cone on segment VI is short and does not extend beyond the apex of the segment; the posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII is poorly developed; and the metanotum is broadly reticulated medially with 2 sensilla.

The width of the eyes is not given because the inner margins of the eyes could not be seen.

Thrips aureus Hood, New Status (figs. 38, 76, 130)

Thrips aureus Hood 1915:27; Gentile and Bailey 1968:26; Stannard 1968:370; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1168 (as synonym of Thrips nigropllosus).

Female (brachypterous) Body orange yellow, occasionally with patches of light brown shading; legs yellow; ocellar crescents red; body and forewing setae brown, minor setae on head and pronotum light yellow; forewing pale brown. Antennal segment I yellow; II yellowish orange brown; basal 1/2 of III yellow, shaded brown distally; basal 1/2 of IV pale yellow, shaded brown distally; V basally yellowish brown, gradually shaded brown distally; VI and VII brown.

Body length. 0.85-0.98 mm (abdomen compacted), 1.07 mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented.

Head. Wider than long, cheeks slightly arched; 5 ommatidial facets of eyes pigmented yellowish brown, in 1-5 pattern; ocellar setae III laterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle; ocelli small, anterior one about 10 /x wide; postocular setae i longest, ii and iv shortest.

Pronotum. Sculpture anastomosing transversely; posteroangular setae less than 1/2 as long as pronotum, outer pair 44-54 JJL long, inner pair usually longer than outer pair, 53-64 jUL long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs.

Metanotum (fig. 38). Completely reticulated, long axes of reticles transverse; sensilla absent; median setae far apart, separated at least by about their length, positioned in anterior 1/3 to 1/2 of notum.

Forewing. Extending posteriorly to about posterior margin of metanotum, with 9-13 setae. 36 Abdomen. Median setae on tergite I (fig. 76) well developed, similar to median setae on other tergites, more than 1/2 as long as tergites; tergite II with 3 lateral setae, medial seta occasionally mesad of other 2; posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII absent, only a few minute microtrichia on extreme sides or comb represented by minute microtrichia about as long as base of dorsal setae; tergite IX with 1 pair of sensilla, anterior pair absent; sculpture lines complete across tergites. Sternites without accessory setae; stemite I without anteromedial setae; B1 setae anterior to posterior margin on stemite VII. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II absent.

Male (brachypterous) Tergite VIII without posteromarginal microtrichia; tergite IX (fig. 130) with Bl setae thicker and longer than B2 setae, anterior to B2 setae; only 1 pair of sensilla slightly anterior of and between Bl and B2 setae. Sternites III-VII with transversely elongated glandular areas, broadly narrower medially than at ends, 6 to 7 times wider than long, about 1/2 as broad as s terni te.

Specimens Examined Holotype, allotype, 11 female paratypes and 1 male paratype: Virginia, Alexandria— young plants of Anthémis cotula L., 12-V-13, J.R. Malloch and J.D. Hood (USNM). CANADA: Quebec, Perkins—5 brachypterous females, moss, 21-X-53, E.C. Becker (CNC). UNITED STATES: Connecticut, Meriden—1 female, soil sample, 7-IX-51, F.F. Bellinger (INKS); Illinois, Mt. Carmel—1 female, grasses, 15-VI-48, E.C. Becker (INHS); Maryland, Mayo—3 females, Gleditsia sp., 27-VI-53, K. O'Neill (USNM); New Jersey, Closter—1 female, Desmodium sp., 26-VI-38, J.C. Crawford (USNM); North Dakota, Morton County—1 female, grass, 6-VII-67, G.L. Thomasson (NDSU).

Distribution North America: Canada (Quebec), United States (CT, IL, MD, ND, NJ, VA).

Hosts Anthémis cotula L., Desmodium sp., Gleditsia sp., grass, moss.

Comments Stannard (1968) treated this species as a junior synonym of nigropilosus, but in a later publication in the same year. Gentile and Bailey treated it as a distinct species. Subse- quently, Jacot-Guillarmod (1975) accepted Stannard's conclusion. Thrips aureus is similar to nigropilosus by the following characters: the yellow body color, eyes with 5 pigmented ommatidial facets, 1 pair of sensilla on tergite IX, 3 lateral setae on tergite II, and brachypterous forewings. However, nigropilosus is easily differentiated in that it has a well-developed, complete posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII, and the median setae on abdominal tergite I are shorter than those on other tergites. In aureus, the posteromarginal comb is absent or represented by minute microtrichia, and the median setae on abdominal tergite I are as long as those on other tergites.

Thrips discolor also has a brachypterous form, and the posteromarginal comb is either absent or represented by short microtrichia laterally on tergite VIII; however, it differs by the unpigmented ommatidial facets, the 4 lateral setae on tergite II, and the 2 pairs of sensilla on tergite IX.

37 Thríps aurulentus, New Species

Female (macropterous) Body bright golden yellow with orange internal pigments; ocellar crescents orange; forewings pale grayish-brown tinge and pale longitudinal median stripe; body setae pale except brown as follows: PNi-iii on pronotum, median setae on metanotum, D2 setae on abdominal tergite II, and D3 setae on tergites III-V in sharp contrast to yellow abdomen, lateral setae on several tergites; setae on forewings light brown. Antennae brown, except segments I pale yellow, II darker yellow. III yellow basally, gradually changing to brown distally, IV pale basally.

Body length. 0.82 mm (compacted).

Antenna. 7-segmented; segments III and IV constricted distally, 2.4-2.8 times longer than wide, slightly longer than IV and VI; trichomes on IV 17-20 fi long, sense cone on VI 17-20 fji long, about as long as length of segment VII. Measurements of seg- ments (in fji): total length 240; I 22-24 long, 27 wide; II 32-37 long, 24 wide; III 47-49 long, 17-20 wide; IV 42-44 long, 17-20 wide; V 35-37 long, 17 wide; VI42-44 long, 17 wide; VII17-20 long, 7-8 wide.

Head. Wider than long, about as long as pronotum, 114 /x long from interantennal process, 96-104 /JL long from anterior of eyes, 126-131 ¡JL wide at cheeks, vertex slightly angulate at midpoint, cheeks almost straight; transversely sculptured posterior of eyes, striae rather far apart, widest about 7 /JL apart. Eyes 62-67 /JL long, about 40 JUL wide. Anterior ocellus small, about 10 ^t wide, posterior ocelli separated by 2.0-2.4 times width of anterior ocellus. Ocellar setae II 17-20 /UL long; setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle, 20-22 /JL long. Postocular setae 6; seta i longest, 20-27 /x long; ii 10-15 ¡JL long; iii 20-22 JUL long; iv 12-17 ^i long; v 11 /JL long; vi 15-17 /I long. Mouthcone about as long as head.

Pronotum. 111-114 /JL long, 156-161 /i wide; transversely sculptured, striae in medial part 5-1/1 apart. Setae on disc about 40, 14-20 /JL long, scattered; PNiii setae 24-26 /i long. Posteroangular setae about 1/2 as long as pronotum, outer pair 57-59 /i long, inner pair 57-64 /JL long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, medial pair 22-32 /JL long.

Mesonotum. Transversely sculptured, striae about 5 /JL apart; a pair of anteromedial sensilla separated by about same distance as that between median setae. Mesostemum with furca and spinula.

Metanotum. 54-59 /i long, reticulated in medial 1/3 to 1/2, reticulations rather large; sensilla absent; median setae 24-35 /i long, proximal to anterior margin or posterior by 5-10 /JL; lateral setae 27-30 /JL long.

Forewing. Pointed distally, 496-504 /i long, 40 /JL wide at midlength; costal setae 14- 17; anterior fringe ciha 8-11; forevein with basal groups of 4-2, 4-3 setae, and 2-3 distal setae; hindvein with 8 setae, those in midlength of wing longer than width of wing; posterior fringe cilia reduced in numbers, about 29 in holotype.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae. Tergite VIII with complete posteromarginal comb of about 25 microtrichia, 10-12 ^t long. Tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; Dl setae 37-42 /i long; Bl setae 96-111 /x long, B2 setae 111-119 )üi long, B3 setae 106- 111 /x long. Tergite X slightly shorter than IX; Bl setae 104-106 /i long, B2 setae 99 /JL long. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I with 2 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101); Bl setae on VII anterior of posterior margin. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; an anterolateral seta on II (see fig. 93); microtrichia on sculpture lines.

38 Male Unknown.

Specimens Examined Holotype (UA) and 2 female paratypes (UA, USNM); CANADA: Alberta, Seebe— duff around Cronartium comandrae Peck-infected Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud., 20-1-71, L.S.Skaley.

Distribution Canada (Alberta).

Host Duff around Cronartium comandrae Peck.

Etymology Specific epithet, which is derived from Latin "aurulentus," refers to the golden yellow color of the species.

Comments This species is known only from the three type specimens, which are compacted and distorted. Some of the characters were not observed because of the distorted condition of the specimens. The species differs from all congeners by its golden yellow body, absence of sensilla from the metanotum, absence of accessory setae from the pleurotergites, and the short forewings, which have reduced numbers of anterior fringe cilia, costal setae, and hindvein setae.

Thrips australis (Bagnall) (figs. 2,39,84,94, 104)

Isoneurothrips australis Bagnall 1915:592; Bailey 1957:182; Jacot-Guillarmod 1974:844. Thrips australis: Bhatti 1980:112. Thrips spinosus Hood: Johansen 1974:34 (misidentification).

Female Head yellow, ocellar triangle and posterior part brown; thorax brown and yellow with orange internal pigmentation; abdomen yellow with medial 1/2 to 2/3 of tergites I-VIII brown, IX almost or completely brown, X completely brown; legs yellowish brown or yellow; forewings pale brown, bases lighter; major setae brown; ocellar crescent orange red. Antennae brown except basal 1/2 of segment III and basal parts of IV and V yellow.

Body length. 1.43 mm (contracted) to 1.62 mm (distended).

Antenna (fig. 104). 7-segmented; segment III parallel sided, 4.0-4.3 times longer than wide, IV parallel sided, VI parallel sided until subapical setae then converging, about 3.5 times longer than wide.

Head (fig. 2). Broader than long, vertex with slight medial notch, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III slightly posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, 17-20 ¡JL long; postocular setae i 20-24 ^x long, ii and iv shorter than iii.

Pronotum. Transversely striated, distance between striae as wide as or narrower than bases of setae, considerably closer than those on posterior part of head; posteroangular setae 0.25-0.45 times as long as pronotum, outer pair 37-57 ¡i long, inner pair 44-64 /t long; posteromarginal setae rather stout, usually 3 pairs, occasionally total of 7-8 setae.

39 Mesonotum. Reticulated in anteromedial area with 2 anteromedial sensilla, transverse sculpture lines close set.

Metanotum (fig. 39). Polygonally reticulated; median setae about 1/2 as long as notum, posterior of anterior margin; 2 sensilla in posterior 1/4.

Forewing. 26-33 setae on forevein almost in complete row, setae on hindvein 22-27 in complete row; scale with 7 setae, occasionally 8.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 4 lateral setae (see fig. 92); tergite VIII (fig. 84) with medially interrupted posteromarginal comb, low scallops medially, 7-9 microtrichia on each side; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines extending to median setae or sensilla on tergites V-VII. Sternite I without anteromedial setae; 2 or 3 accessory setae on II, numerous accessory setae on III-VII, 23-38 on VII; Bl setae on posterior margin on VII. Pleurotergites (fig. 94) with 7-13 accessory setae each on III-VII; anterolateral setae absent from II.

Male Similar in color to female or body pale yellow with golden pigmentation in thorax and head, forewings pale; antennal segments I and II pale as head, III-V yellow with apices brown, basal 1/2 of VI yellow, distally brown, VII brown. Posterior margin of tergite VIII with low, median scallops and a few microtrichia laterally; Bl and B2 setae more or less aligned, B2 slightly longer than Bl; a sensillum anterior of each B2 seta and posterior of Dl seta. Stemites II-VIII with accessory setae, those on III-VII usually aligned posterior of glandular areas; glandular areas on III-VII transversely elongate, less than 1/2 width of stemites; on III 54-67 ¡JL wide, 10-12 yn long, 4.3-6.0 times wider than long; on VII 42-49 ¡JL wide, 12-17 fx long, 2.5-3.9 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined Syntype female: AUSTRALIA, West Australia, near Fremantle—flowers oí Acacia sp., 31-VIII-14, E.B. Poulton (USNM). BARBADOS: 2 females, mixed flowers, 23- IV-62, quarantine at New York (62-17991). BRAZIL: Jacarepagua—1 female. Dahlia sp., l-VI-48; 1 female. Musa sp. (banana), 28-VI-48; Nova Teutonia—1 female, Terminalia sp., 26-XI-49; Santa Amaro—4 females, Andropogon sp., lO-VI-48. CHILE: Malleco—1 female, Plantago lanceolata L., 4-1-59. COLOMBIA: 1 female. Chrysanthemum sp., 25-XI-72, quarantine at San Juan. MEXICO: 1 male, Zantedeschia sp., 17-III-71, quarantine at El Paso; Chapingo—2 females, Pyrus sp., 9- IV-73 (UNAM); Pedrejal Su Angel (D.F.)—1 male, Setaria sp., 19-VIII-74 (UNAM). UNITED STATES: California, San Diego County—5 females. Eucalyptus sp., 18-VI- 85. URUGUAY: Montevideo—many females and males, Liriodendron tulipifera L., 30-X-42; Rosa sp., 5-VI-43. Material deposited in USNM except where otherwise indicated.

Distribution New World: Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, United States (CA, FL); Europe: Spain; Africa: Canary Islands, Morocco, Egypt, Kenya, Malawi, Rhodesia, South Africa, Madagascar; Asia: Cyprus, Israel, Turkey; Australia; Pacific Islands: Hawaii, New Zealand.

Hosts Polyphagous.

Comments This is an introduced species from Australia. It is readily distinguished by the follow- ing characters: coloration of the body; parallel-sided antennal segments III, IV, and VI; short and stout setae on the pronotum and forewings; almost a complete row of setae on the foreveins; polygonally reticulated metanotum; and numerous accessory setae on abdominal stemites and pleurotergites. 40 Thríps brevialatus, New Species (figs. 30, 40, 105, 123, 139)

Female (brachypterous) Body dark brown with reddish-orange internal pigments; all tarsi yellow, foretibiae yellow, shaded brown medially, mid- and hindtibiae brown, yellow, or yellowish brown distally and yellow basally, femora brown, apices and bases of midfemora and apices of hindfemora yellow; ocellar crescents red; forewings pale yellow; setae brown. Antennae brown, pedicel of segment III yellow, base of III yellowish brown.

Body length. 1.38 mm (abdomen partially compacted).

Antenna (fig. 105). 7-segmented; segment III slightly constricted distally, slightly longer than IV; trichomes on III and IV about 24 ¡JL long; inner sense cone on VI about 17 /x long, not extending to apex of segment. Measurements of segments (in ix): total length 304 (280-323); I 32 (24-27) long, 35 (37-40) wide; II 37 (32-42) long, 32 (32- 35) wide; III 59 (49-64) long, 27 (24-27) wide; IV 54 (49-57) long, 27 (24-28) wide; V 44 (40-49) long, 22 (20-22) wide; VI 54 (54-67) long, 21 (20-22) wide; VII 22 (22-24) long, 10 (10) wide.

Head. Broader than long, 118(lll)/>t long from interantennal process, 106 (101) /x long from anterior of eyes, 173 (168) ¡JL wide at cheeks, slightly angulated anterior of eyes at vertex, cheeks strongly arched; transversely striated posterior of eyes, striae 5-7 IX apart; striations faint between eyes anterior to ocelli. Eyes 72 (67) ^t long, 49 (51) /¿ wide (not cleared). Anterior ocellus 10 (12) ^it wide. Ocellar setae II 17 (17) ^t long; ocellar setae III slightly posterolaterad of anterior ocellus and anterior to posterior ocelli, 22 (27) ¡JL long. Postocular setae 5 or 4; seta i longest, about as long as ocellar setae III, 24-27 /x long; ii 7 (10) /x long; iii 12-15 ¡JL long; w 1 ¡JL long; v 19-20 ¡JL long. Mouthcone about as long as head, reaching posterior margin of prothorax.

Pronotum (fig. 30). 139 (132) ^t long, 236 {212) ¡JL wide; striations stronger along margins, weak in medial areas. Discal setae few, 17-20 ¡x long, PNi setae 37-40 ¡x long, PNii 32 IX long, PNiii 44-47 ¡x long. Posteroangular setae 3/5 to 3/4 as long as pronotum, outer pair 94-99 (86-99) ¡x long, inner pair 101-109 (94-96) ¡x long. Posteromarginal setae 6 or 7, median pair 40 (42) ¡x long.

Mesonotum. Closely striated transversely; anteromedial sensilla not seen. Mesostemum with well-developed furca and spinula.

Metanotum (fig. 40). 69 (67-74) ¡x long, reticulated polygonally in medial 1/3; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 49 (47-57) ¡x long, about 7/10 as long as notum; lateral setae on anterior margin, 40-47 (42-47) ¡x long; 2 sensilla in posterior 1/3 of notum, farther apart than bases of medial setae. Metastemum with well-developed furca, spinula absent; sternal setae few.

Forewing. Oblong, rounded distally, extending to first abdominal tergite, 188 (185) ¡x long, 82 ¡x wide; costal setae 9-11 (10 and 11), smaller proximally and distally than medially; forevein setae 4 (5 or 6), proximal seta small; hindvein with 0 (0 or 1) seta. Wingscale with 6 setae.

Abdonnen. Tergite I completely sculptured, II-VIII with sculpture lines extending mesad of median setae. Median setae on tergite I well developed, 37 (27) ¡x long, about 1/2 length of tergite; on II-VIII extending almost to or beyond posterior margin, about 1/2 length of VIII. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae. Tergites V-VIII with pair of submarginal ctenidia. Tergite VIII with complete posteromarginal comb, microtrichia irregular in length and spacing, short, longest about \2 ¡x long; median sensilla on VIII about their diameter from median setae. Tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, anterior pair in intermediate position between Dl setae and anterior margin; segment IX about as long as segment X; setae Bl 151-156 (156-161) /xlong, B2 161 (153-161) yit long, B3 161 (161-165) ix long. Tergite X almost completely divided by dorsal split; setae Bl 133 (141-148) ^ long, B2 141 (136-148) /x long. Stemites without accessory setae. Stemite I without anteromedial setae. Pleurotergites without accessory setae. Anterolateral seta absent from pleurotergite II.

Male (brachypterous) Coloration similar to female except legs paler.

Body length. 0.79 mm (partially compacted).

Antenna. Segments III-VII missing.

Head. Similar in shape, sculpture, and position of setae to that of female. Length from interantennal process 99 /x, from anterior of eyes 91 /x long, width at cheeks 153 ¡JL, Ocellar setae III 12-15 pt long.

Pronotum. 116 ^t long, 189 ix wide, sculptured like that of female. Posteroangular setae 0.47-0.62 times as long as pronotum; outer seta 57 /x long, inner seta 77 ^t long.

Forewing. Oval, rounded distally, 124 /x long, extending to abdominal tergite I. Costal setae 7, first vein with 3 setae, hindvein without seta; wingscale with 3 setae.

Abdomen. Tergite I with minute median setae; tergites II-VIII with median setae about 1/2 length of tergite, 32-35 /x long, extending almost to or beyond posterior margin. Tergite VIII without posteromarginal comb or microtrichia; tergite IX (fig. 123) with Bl setae slightly cephalad of B2 setae, straight, 49 ¡JL long; B2 setae similar to Bl, 44-59 ¡Ji long; 1 pair of sensilla anterolaterad of Bl setae, and 1 sensillum cephalad of Dl seta. Stemites III-VII each with an elongate, transverse glandular area broadly narrowed medially, almost as wide as stemites (fig. 139); on III-V 161 /x wide, 20 IX long, about 8 times wider than long; on VI 148 ¡x wide, 22 ¡x long; on VII 136 /x wide, 22 IX long, about 6 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined Holotype female, allotype male, 1 female paratype: Alaska, 68°20' N., 151°3' W., in tundra, 30-VIII-48, N.A. Weber (48-15930); 1 female paratype: Alaska, Pt. Barrow— #2320, l-IX-48, N.A. Weber (48-15930) (USNM).

Distribution United States (AK).

Host Unknown.

Etymology Specific name, which is derived by combining Latin "brevis" and "alatus," refers to the short wings of the species.

Comments From other congeners with brachypterous forewings and brown bodies, hrevialatus differs by the lack of accessory setae on abdominal stemites, by the presence of a complete but irregular posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII, and by the color of the antennae.

42 Thríps btevipilosus Moulton (figs. 31, 144)

Thrips hrevipilosa Moulton 1927:194; Bailey 1949b: 124. Thrips brevipilosus: Gentile and Bailey 1968:27; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1097. Thrips lathyri Moulton 1936:106; Bailey 1949b: 124; Gentile and Bailey 1968:27.

Female Body light yellow, yellowish brown, or brown; legs paler; ocellar crescents orange red; forewings pale yellow or light grayish yellow; body and forewing setae light yellow or slightly grayish yellow. Antennal segment I pale yellow, similar to head, or brown; II yellow or brown with apex paler; III mostly yellow with apices brown; basal 1/2 of IV and V yellow, distal 1/2 brown; basal 1/3 of VI yellow, pale, or completely brown; VII brown.

Body length. 1.31-1.43 mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented.

Head. Broader than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III laterad and slightly posterior of anterior ocellus, on border, or just outside ocellar triangle; postocular setae i longest, ii and iv short.

Pronotum (fig. 31). Transverse, anastomosing striations close set, 2-5 ^t apart, closer than on posterior part of head; posteroangular setae short, 1/4 to 2/5 as long as pronotum, outer pair 27-40 ¡JL, inner pair usually longer than outer pair, 32-49 pi; posteromarginal setae normally 8, occasionally 6 or 7, short.

Metanotum. Closely striated longitudinally; sensilla absent; median setae posterior of anterior margin, about 1/2 as long as notum.

Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII broadly interrupted medially, microtrichia about 12 ¡JL long; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, anterior pair usually closer to Dl setae than to anterior margin; sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites I-VIII. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I with 2 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101); Bl setae on stemite VII anterior to posterior margin. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; anterolateral seta absent from pleurotergite II; numerous ciliate microtrichia in rows on sculpture lines.

Male Tergite VIII without posteromarginal comb; tergite IX with B1 setae slightly anterior to B2 setae; a pair of sensilla anterior to and between Bl and B2 setae, another pair laterad of Dl setae. Stemites III-V each with transversely elongate oval or medially narrowed glandular area (fig. 144), 3.5-3.75 times wider than long on III, diminishing in width posteriorly, about 3.3 times as wide as long on V.

Specimens Examined Thrips hrevipilosa Moulton, holotype and 1 paratype females: Colorado, Ft. Collins— Cleome serrulata Pursh., lO-VII-26, C.P.G., No. 1036 (CAS). Thrips lathyri Moulton: holotype female, Colorado, Colorado Springs—Lathyrus sp., 14-V-26, G.W. Gold- smith, No. 1161 (CAS). Identified material from CA, CO, ID, NM, OR, WA.

Distribution United States (CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, TX, UT, WA, WY).

Hosts Artemisia sp., Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall.) Britton, C. viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt., Cleome serrulata Pursh., Cleome sp., Crambe sp., grass, Lathyrus sp., Medicago sativa

43 L., Salix sp., Sarcohatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr., Senecio sp., Solidago sp., swamp grass, Brassica sp. (wild mustard).

Comments This species resembles alhopilosus, idahoensis, and quinciensis, which have pale body color and the posteromarginal comb interrupted medially on tergite VIII. It differs from these species as follows: closely spaced striations on the pronotum, short posteroangular setae (1/4 to 2/5 as long as pronotum), absence of sensilla from the metanotum, presence of anteromedial setae on sternite I, and presence of 3 lateral setae on tergite II.

Thrips hrevipilosus also resembles sierrensis in color, by the presence of short posteroangular setae on the pronotum, and by the presence of anteromedial setae on sternite II; however, sierrensis differs by having a complete posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII.

Thrips lathyri Moulton, synonymized under hrevipilosus by Gentile and Bailey (1968), is a darker form.

Thrips calcatatus Uzel (figs. 41,85, 102)

Thrips calcaratus Uzel 1895:195; Hood 1927:220; Gentile and Bailey 1968:28; Jacot- Guillarmod 1975:1098; Mound et al. 1976:52; Dyadechko 1977:239; Chaisson 1986:70.

Body brown with orange internal pigment, darker orange in thorax; head completely brown; all tarsi yellow, foretibiae yellow, shaded brown in medial part, forefemora brown with inner part yellow; mid- and hindtibiae brown, yellow in distal 1/3 to 1/2, paler basally; mid- and hindfemora brown, apices and bases paler yellowish brown; ocellar crescent red; forewings light grayish brown, basal 1/5 pale; setae pale yellow- ish gray, major setae on abdominal segments IX and X light yellowish brown. Anten- nal segment I brown; II mostly yellow distally, gradually shaded brown basally; III yellow, shaded gray distally; IV yellow basally, shaded brown distally; V brown, with base yellow; VI and VII brown.

Body length. 1.28-1.47 mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented.

Head. Broader than long, cheeks strongly arched; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, inside ocellar triangle, about 20 /x long, shorter than postocular seta i; postocular setae ii often mesad and out of alignment with other setae.

Pronotum. Transversely sculptured, striae rather far apart by 5-10 />t, weaker than those on head and mesonotum; discal setae sparse; posteroangular setae about 1/2 to about 7/10 as long as pronotum, outer pair 54-79 pi long, inner pair 52-89 ¡JL long; posteromarginal setae variable in numbers, total of 3-6.

Mesonotum. Sculpture lines close set; striations absent in area of anteromedial sensilla.

44 Metanotum (fig. 41). Reticulated medially, often sculpture lines weak in area between 2 sensilla; sensilla usually farther apart than median pair of setae; median setae less than 1/2 length of notum, 2-10 ^i from anterior margin, rarely more posterior.

Legs. Foretarsi (fig. 102) each with a tooth on inner apex.

Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae, rarely 2 or 4 on one wing.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 4 lateral setae, or 3 lateral setae with 1 seta on pleurotergite II; posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII complete (fig. 85), microtrichia sparse, 18-21 irregularly spaced, occasionally 17 or as many as 26, longest 10-12 /x; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines on tergites II-VIII not reaching median setae. Stemites with accessory setae, 6-10 on sternite VII in irregular row (see fig. 99); stemite I with 3 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101); Bl setae on VII anterior to posterior margin, 2.5-3.0 times closer to seta B2 than to each other. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; anterolateral seta present or absent on pleurotergite II; sculpture lines with dentate microtrichia.

Male Unknown.

Specimens Examined CANADA: Ontario, St. Catharines—2 females. Prunus pérsica L., 3-V-49, L. Putman (UCD); Stouffville, York County—2 females, pitfall trap in forest, 14-VII-79, R.S. Anderson; Vineland—Malus pumila Mill., 9-V-73 (CNC); Quebec, Ste. Anne de Bellevue—pan trap in hedgerow, 21-V-83, H. Chiasson; (MCDE). UNITED STATES: New York, Canandaigua Lake—1 female, Carya sp., 29-30-V-34, J.H. Hood (Hood 568); Ithaca-^ females, leaves oiOstrea sp., 26-IV-38, 17-V-38, J.D. Hood; 7 females, Fagus sp., Fraxinus sp., Quercus sp.. Tilia sp., 17-V-38, J.D. Hood; McLean—1 female, flowers of Sambucus sp., 19-V-25, M.D. Leonard and J.D. Hood; Slaterville—1 female, leaves of Acer sp., 27-V-38, J.D. Hood; (USNM). Pennsylvania, Potter County—2 females, Acer saccharum Marsh., 8-V-80, E.E. Simons (INHS). Wisconsin, Iowa County—3 females. Tilia americana L., 3-V-88, L. Raffa; Marathon County, Wausau—1 female, Quercus macrocarpa Michx., 7-VI-76, CF. Koval (USNM).

Distribution North America: Canada (Ontario, Quebec), United States (PA, NY, VT, WI); Europe.

Hosts Acer saccharum Marsh., Acer sp., Carya sp., Fagus sp., Fraxinus sp.. Malus pumila Mill., Ostrea sp., Quercus macrocarpa Michx., Quercus sp., Sambucus sp.. Tilia americana L., T. europaea L., Tilia sp.

Life History See Raffa and Hall (1988).

Economic Importance This species has damaged native basswood (Tilia americana) in Wisconsin and the Great Lakes region (Raffa and Hall 1988) by feeding on the buds and causing them to drop prematurely. It also damages the leaves.

Comments This is an introduced European species that apparently prefers Tilia spp. in Europe (Jacot-Guillarmod 1975). The tooth on the foretarsi readily distinguishes this species from other Thrips species in the New World. The tooth can be seen with the dissecting microscope; it may be difficult to observe on slide-mounted specimens, depending on the position of the foreleg.

45 Thríps crawfordif New Species (figs. 42, 86)

Female (macropterous) Body light yellow to golden yellow, legs paler yellow than thorax; ocellar crescents reddish orange; forewings completely pale with yellow tinge; setae pale yellow. Antennal segment I pale yellow, paler than head; II golden yellow; III pale yellow in proximal 1/2, gradually pale brown in distal 1/2; IV pale yellow in proximal 1/3, gradually pale brown distally; proximal 1/3 to 1/2 of V pale yellow, distally brown; VI brown with base pale; VII brown.

Body length. 1.38 (1.14-1.44) mm.

Antenna. 7-segmented, segments slender, more than twice as long as head; segment III about 2.5 times as long as wide, constricted distally to subapical setae into a neck, VI usually longest; trichomes on IV 24 JJL long, sense cone on VI 32-37 (35-37) /x long, extending distally to about basal 1/3 of VII. Measurements of segments (in /JL): total length 262 (248-283); I 30 (24-30) long, 32 (30-32) wide; II 35 (30-37) long, 26 (25-30) wide; III 49 (47-52) long, 19 (18-19) wide; IV 47 (45-49) long, 18 (18-19) wide; V 38 (38-40) long, 18 (17-19) wide; VI 53 (51-54) long, 18 (17-20) wide; VII 20 (19-21) long, 8 (7-8) wide.

Head. Broader than long, shorter than pronotum; 130 (113-135) JUL long from interantennal process, 116 (104-118) ¡UL long from anterior margins of eyes, 144 (127- 149) fjL wide at cheeks, slightly angulated anterior of eyes at vertex, cheeks relatively straight or slightly arched; transversely sculptured posterior of eyes and ocelli, striae 5- 7 fji apart. Eyes 71 (59-73) fx long, 45 (42-47) fi wide. Anterior ocellus 15 (15-17) /x wide, width between posterior ocelli 18 (18-19) ^i; ocellar setae II 17 (17-20) ¡n long; ocellar setae III slightly posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, 24 (22-32) /JL long, farther apart than diameter of ocellus. Postocular setae 6; setae ii and iv short, setae i and iii about equal in length to ocellar setae III; lengths of setae (in JUL): seta i 26 (22-27), ii 7 (7-15), iii 22 (21-27), iv 7 (7-10), v 20 (17-27), and vi 15-22 (15-22). Mouthcone conical, extending to posterior margin of prothorax.

Pronotum. 119 (114-133) ¡JL long, 170 (168-195) ¡UL wide; transversely sculptured, striae rather wide apart by 5-10 ^l, forming broad reticles; with 37-43 discal setae, 15- 30 fjL long, except PNi setae 30-42 ¡UL long, PNii setae 24-30 ^t long, PNiii setae 30-40 jui long; posteroangular setae about 3/5 to 3/4 as long as pronotum, outer pair 82-84 (77-91) /JL long, inner pair 79-84 (73-86) /x long. Posteromarginal setae 6, occasionally 5, medial pair 37 (32-42) /UL long.

Mesonotum. Transversely striated, 2 anteromedial sensilla present. Mesostemum with well-developed furca, spinula present but often indistinct.

Metanotum (fig. 42). 69 (67-74) fi long, longitudinally reticulate in medial 1/3, sensilla absent; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 42-49 (37-52) /UL long; lateral setae 37 (27-44) /JL long. Metastemum with well-developed furca, spinula absent, few setae.

Forewing. Pointed distally, 681-689 (656-730) ¡UL long, 40 (40-47) ¡UL wide at midlength; anterior fringe ciHa 17-18 (17-20), costal setae 18-19 (20-24) mostly longer than width of wing; forevein with 4-3 basal setae and 3, rarely 2, distal setae; hindvein with 10 (9-11) setae.

Abdomen. Tergite I completely sculptured transversely; sculpture lines extending to median setae and sensilla on II-VIII. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae. Posteromarginal

46 comb on tergite VIII complete (fig. 86), 20-29 microtrichia spaced closer than their lengths, length irregular, longest 12-15 /x. Tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; Dl setae 49 (44-62) ¡UL long, Bl setae 104-106 (89-114) ¡JL long, B2 setae 124 (114-131) fi long, B3 setae 109-119 (111-136) ¡JL long. Tergite X subequal in length to IX; Bl setae 111 (91-121) fjL long, B2 setae 102 (99-114) ¡JL long. Stemites without accessory setae. Stemite I usually without minute anteromedial setae, occasionally 1 or 2 present. B1 setae on stemite VII anterior of posterior margin by 12-17 /x, closer to B2 setae than to each other. Ovipositor 222-259 ¡m long. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; pleurotergite II with a short anterolateral seta (see fig. 93); microtrichia on sculpture lines.

Male (macropterous) Body pale yellow; antennal segments pale yellow except distal 1/2 of IV and V pale brown, distal 3/4 of VI and all of VII brown. Similar in most morphological characters to female but smaller.

Body length. 1.08 (1.00-1.08) mm.

Antenna. Total length 269 (236-255) fx.

Head. Similar in shape, sculpture, and position of setae to that of female; length from interantennal process 119 (84-99) ¡UL, from anterior margin of eyes 106 (74-94) ^t, 131 (119-131) /x wide at cheeks. Ocellar setae III 22-24 ¡UL long.

Pronotum. 106 (96) ¡JL long, 148 (141-161) ¡UL wide. Posteroangular setae about 1/2 to 7/10 as long as pronotum; outer pair 72-74 (53-77) ¡UL long, inner pair 69-74 (49-72) ¡UL long.

Forewing. 601 (557-578) ¡JL long, 42 (38-40) ¡JL wide at midlength. Chaetotaxy similar to that of female.

Abdomen. Posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII complete, irregular. Tergite IX with Dl setae 15-20 ¡UL long, anterolaterad to Bl and B2 setae; Bl and B2 setae somewhat aligned and spaced subequally, about equal in length, 30-32 (24-35) ¡JL long; a pair of sensilla anterior to and between Bl and B2 setae, another pair anterolaterad to Dl setae. Stemites III-VII each with a glandular area transversely oblong or slightly and broadly narrowed medially, about 1/2 width of sternite, narrower on posterior sternites; on III 74 (57-74) /UL wide, 17 (15-17) ¡UL long, 3.4-5.0 times wider than long; on VII 54 (40-54) fjL wide, 15 (12-20) ¡JL long, 2.7-4.5 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined Holotype female, 7 female and 5 male paratypes: New Jersey, Denville—on leaves of Smilacina sp., 2-VIII-38, M.H. Sartor (Crawford 660) (USNM); allotype male, 2 female paratypes and 1 male paratype: New Jersey, Denville—leaves of Smilacina sp., 25-VI-38, M.H. Sartor (Crawford 623) (USNM); 4 female paratypes and 1 male paratype: District of Columbia, Rock Creek Park—leaves of wild yam, 13-VI-37, J.E. Walter (Crawford 492); 7 female paratypes: New Jersey, Denville—rolling leaves of Smilacina sp., 7-VI-38, M.H. Sartor and J.C. Crawford (Crawford 602); 5 female and 2 male paratypes: New Jersey, Denville—leaves of Smilacina sp., 27-VII-38, M.H. Sartor and C.E. Post (Crawford 651); 2 female paratypes and 1 male paratype: New Jersey, Tenafly—Smilax sp., 8-X-39, J.C. Crawford (Crawford 759). Paratypes depos- ited in CAS, CDFA, FSCA, INHS, NHM, SMF, USNM.

Distribution United States (DC, NJ, NY).

47 Hosts Smilacina sp. (false solomon seal), Smilax sp., wild yam.

Etymology This species is named after the late J.C. Crawford, a former thysanopterist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, for his contribution to knowledge of the order Thysanoptera. Crawford collected many specimens of new species described in this study from New Jersey and neighboring states or he obtained them from other collectors.

Comments This species resembles alhopilosus, pectinatus, and quinciensis, which have pale yellow or completely yellow bodies and pale setae. Thrips pectinatus has accessory setae on the abdominal pleurotergites; alhopilosus and quinciensis have a medially interrupted posteromarginal comb on abdominal tergite VIII; crawfordi has a complete posteromarginal comb and lacks accessory setae on the pleurotergites. Another com- pletely yellow species, pseudoflavus, which is also found in the same geographic area, differs primarily in having brown setae and different sculpturing on the metanotum.

Thrips discolor Haliday (figs. 43, 87, 124)

Female (brachypterous) Thrips discolor Haliday 1836:449; Gentile and Bailey 1968:29; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1109; Mound et al. 1976:55; Dyadechko 1977:239. Thrips nuhilans Hood 1941:148; Bailey 1949a:ll; Gentile and Bailey 1968:29. Thrips dialatus Uzel: Chaisson 1986:70 (misidentification).

Head yellowish brown, shaded light brown anteriorly and posterior of postocular setae, or mostly yellow; pronotum yellow, lighter than head, with small brown spots; pterothorax yellow or mesonotum brownish yellow, metanotum darker brown; abdo- men dark brown; legs yellow except coxae brown, medial area of femora shaded brown; ocellar crescent red; forewing pale yellow; major setae brown. Antennae brown, except segment III yellowish brown, pedicel yellow; IV and V basally yellow- ish brown, gradually shading to brown distally; VI and VII brown.

Body length. 1.34-1.48 mm (fully distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented.

Head. Slightly broader than long, slightly produced anteriorly of eyes, vertex angulate, cheeks slightly arched; anterior ocellus about 10 /x wide; ocellar setae III laterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle, 22-24 /x long; postocular setae i longest, ii and iv shortest.

Pronotum. Reticulated, striae weaker than on head and mesonotum; posteroangular setae 2/5 to 1/2 as long as pronotum, outer pair 52-62 /x long, inner pair 49-64 /x long; posteromarginal setae usually 8, occasionally 5-7, medial pair 27-37 /x long.

Mesonotum. Sculptured with transverse scalelike striae; 2 anteromedial sensilla present.

Metanotum (fig. 43). Completely reticulated, axes of reticles transverse; sensilla absent, occasionally 1 present; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 32-42 ¡JL long, extending to posterior margin.

48 Forewing. Oval, extending posteriorly to just beyond metanotum.

Abdomen. Median setae 1/3 to more than 1/2 as long as tergites, setae on tergite I extending beyond posterior margin of tergite; setae extending to or beyond posterior margin on tergites II-VIII; tergite II with 4 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII (fig. 87) with minute microtrichia laterally and low or conical scallops medially; intermediate tergites with low, truncate scallops on posterior margin; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, anterior pair closer to Dl setae than to anterior margin; sculpture lines completely across tergites. Stemites without accessory setae; 2 anteromedial setae on stemite I (see fig. 101); Bl setae on stemite VII slightly anterior to posterior margin by distance equivalent to 1-3 diameters of setal bases. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; anterolateral seta absent from pleurotergite II; microtrichia on sculpture lines.

Female (macropterous) Similar to brachypterous form except for well-developed forewings; forevein with 2-4 distal setae.

Male (brachypterous) Similar to female except body completely yellow and antennal segment I pale as head. Abdominal tergite VIII with low posteromarginal scallops; tergite IX (fig. 124) with Bl and B2 setae aligned, subequal in length; sensilla between and anterior to Bl and B2 setae, another pair laterad of Dl setae. Stemites III-VII each with a transversely elongate glandular area, 3/10 to 2/5 as wide as stemites; II-VIII with posteromarginal microtrichia; VIII with microtrichia on sculpture lines.

Specimens Examined Thrips nuhilans Hood, holotype female, 1 paratype female: New York, Ithaca—grass, 27-X-40, W.F. Royce, J.D. Hood (USNM). CANADA: Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Highlands National Park—1 brachypterous female, pan trap, 5-VII-84, H.J. Teskey (CNC). Ontario, Bells Comer—1 brachypterous male, under bark, 9-IV-52, E.C. Becker (CNC). Quebec, Perkins—3 brachypterous females, moss, 21-X-58, E.C. Becker (CNC). UNITED STATES: Connecticut, Sdlishmy—Ranunculus sp., 11-VII- 26, W.E. Britton, No. 1124 (CAS). New York, Edwardsville—1 macropterous female, on Ranunculus sp., 18-VI-50, J.D. Hood (USNM); Keene Valley—Ranunculus sp., 5- VII-26, H. Notman, No. 1240 (CAS). GREAT BRITAIN: Westmoreland, Hackthrope—4 brachypterous females. Ranunculus repens L., 24-VIII-70, G.D. Morison (USNM).

Distribution North America: Canada (Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec), United States (CT, NY); Europe: former USSR (European part, Bashkiriya).

Hosts Grasses, Melilotus sp., moss. Ranunculus repens L., Ranunculus sp.

Life History See Morison (1943).

Comments In North America, aureus and funebris are known only by the brachypterous form. They resemble discolor by the absence of the posteromarginal comb or are represented by short microtrichia on tergite VIII, well-developed median setae on tergite I, sculp- ture lines completely across tergites I-VIII, the presence of anteromedial setae on stemite I, and a reticulated metanotum.

Thrips discolor has dark brown abdomen with paler, yellowish thorax and head, 4 lateral setae on tergite II, and unpigmented ommatidial facets of the eyes. Thrips

49 aureus is mostly orange yellow, has 3 lateral setae on tergite II, and has 5 pigmented ommatidial facets of the eyes; funebris has a completely brown body, 4 lateral setae on tergite II, and unpigmented ommatidial facets of the eyes.

Another species known only in the brachypterous form, hrevialatus from Alaska, has a complete posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII and a completely brown body.

Thrips distinctuSf New Species (figs. 3, 44)

Female (macropterous) Body uniformly dark brown, pterothorax with orange-yellow internal pigment; legs brown except all tarsi and foretibiae yellowish brown; ocellar crescents red; forewings grayish brown, basal 1/3 light yellow, basal 1/2 of scale grayish brown; setae brown or dark brown. Antennae brown, except segment III yellow; basal 2/3 of IV yellow, shaded brown distally; V yellow or yellowish brown in basal 1/2, gradually shading to brown distally.

Body length. 1.48 mm.

Antenna. 8-segmented; segment III slightly constricted distally, 2.6-2.7 times longer than wide; VI longer than III; trichomes on III and IV short, about 22 /m long, strongly diverging; inner sense cone on VI about 24 /JL long, surpassing apex of segment. Measurement of segments (in ¡UL): III 54-57 long, 22 wide; IV 48-50 long, 20-22 wide; V 41-47 long, 20 wide; VI 61-64 long, 20-21 wide; VII 12 long, 10 wide; VIII 17 long, 7 wide.

Head (fig. 3). Broader than long, 144 fjL long from interantennal process, 131 /m long from anterior margin of eyes, 110 /JL wide at cheeks, angulated anteriorly between eyes, cheeks arched; anastomosing striations submarginally posterior of eyes, about 5 transverse striae in medial area, 5-10 fx apart. Eyes 73 JJL long, 52 /JL wide. Anterior ocellus about 15 /x wide. Ocellar setae II 10-15 /JL long; ocellar setae III about 38 /x long, posterior of anterior ocellus, inside ocellar triangle, separated by about 17 /JL. Postocular setae i 27-37 /i long, ii about 7 /JL long, iii 15-22 /JL long, iw 5 /JL long, v 24- 27 /JL long, vi 30 /JL long. Mouthcone conical, about as long as head, reaching posterior margin of pro thorax.

Pronotum. 126 /JL long, 205 /JL wide; transverse, anastomosing sculpture weaker than on head. Discal setae sparse, about 27 of varying length, only 4 setae in median area of notum, setae absent from posteromedial area, PNiii setae 40-42 /JL long. Posteroangular setae long, outer pair 72-77 /i long, inner pair longer than outer pair, 91-96 /x, 0.57- 0.76 times as long as pronotum. Posteromarginal setae 5, medial pair 42 /i long.

Mesonotum. Transversely striated medially and posteriorly, obliquely striated later- ally; a pair of anteromedial sensilla. Mesosternum with well-developed furca and spinula.

Metanotum (fig. 44). 78 /i long, reticulated medially, with 2 sensilla in posterior 1/2 to 1/3 of notum. Median setae slightly posterior of anterior margin, 44-49 /JL long, more than 1/2 as long as notum. Metastemum with well-developed furca, spinula absent; sternal setae few.

50 Forewing. 775 /JL long, 57 ¡JL wide, with well-developed setae and fringe cilia; costal setae 20-22; forevein with 4 or 5 setae in distal 1/2 of wing, 2 groups of 3 and 4 setae in basal 1/2; hindvein with 9 or 10 setae.

Abdomen. Tergite I completely sculptured anastomosely, II-VIII with sculpture lines reaching median setae and partially or completely extending between median setae. Median setae about 1/2 length of tergite VIII. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae . Posteromarginal comb absent from tergite VIII, only 3 or 4 microtrichia laterally on each side. Tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; setae Bl 127 pt long, B2 135-139 ¡JL long, B3 143-155 /x long. Tergite X sUghtly shorter than IX; setae Bl 120-123 ¡JL long, B2 119 ^t long. Sternites with accessory setae in a single row on stemites III-VII (see fig. 100), 2 setae on II, 8 setae on VIL Sternite I without anteromedial setae. Setae Bl on stemite VII slightly anterior to posterior margin by distance equivalent to diameter of setal base. Pleurotergites III-VII each with 1-3 accessory setae (see fig. 96). Short anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II (see fig. 93). Microtrichia dentate on sculpture lines.

Male Unknown.

Specimens Examined Holotype, Tennessee, Clarksville—Indian geranium, V-20-15, J.V. Gilmore (USNM).

Distribution United States (TN).

Host Indian geranium.

Etymology Specific name is derived from Latin "distinctus"; a distinctive and easily recognized species.

Comments Measurements of antennal segments I and II are not given because these segments are bent and tilted dorsally.

This species resembles atratus by having a dark brown body, 8-segmented antennae, grayish-brown forewings with 4 or 5 distal setae, and accessory setae on sternites and pleurotergites. It differs mainly by lacking the posteromarginal comb from tergite VIII, whereas the comb of atratus is complete and well developed. All other species in North America with accessory setae on the abdominal stemites and pleurotergites have a complete posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII, 3 distal setae present on the fore- wings, and except for vulgatissimus, 7-segmented antennae.

Thrips fallaciosus, New Species (figs. 45, 77, 106, 140)

Thrips fuscipennis Haliday: Hood 1927:220; Gentile and Bailey 1968:32; Stannard 1968:367; Huntsingeretal. 1982:53; (misidentifications). Thrips nç^diX fuscipennis Haliday: Chaisson 1986:70, 72.

Female (macropterous) Body brown; tarsi yellow, foretibiae yellow with margins shaded brown, forefemora yellowish brown or yellow with dorsal and ventral margins brown, midtibiae yellowish brown or brown, midfemora completely brown or apices and bases yellow, hindtibiae yellowish brown or brown, hindfemora brown; ocellar crescents red; forewings completely light brown, veins darker brown; setae brown. Antennae brown, except segment III yellow or yellowish brown, base of IV yellowish brown. 51 Body length. 1.18 (1.27-1.40) mm.

Antenna (fig. 106). 7-segmented, about 2.5 times longer than head; segment III 2.2- 2.4 times longer than wide, part distal of trichome slightly constricted, shorter than base of trichome; VI longest; trichomes on III and IV 20-22 ¡UL long, v-shaped; sense cone on VI extending to about midlength of VII, 27-35 JUL long. Measurements of segments (in JUL): total length 242 (249-268); I 22 (22-24) long, 27 (24-30) wide; II 35 (35-37) long, 27 (24-28) wide; III 44 (40-49) long, 20 (19-22) wide; IV 37 (35-41) long, 22 (20-22) wide; V 35 (30-42) long, 20 (19-20) wide; VI 47 (44-52) long, 20 (17-20) wide; VII 20 (19-20) long, 7 (7-9) wide.

Head. Broader than long, shorter than pronotum; 104 (99-121) ¡n long from interantennal process, 89 (86-109) long from anterior margin of eyes, 146 (131-161) fx wide at cheeks; vertex angulate at midpoint, cheeks slightly arched; transversely striated posterior of postocular setae by about 5 striae, 5-7 ¡UL apart. Medial longitudinal row of 1-4 small tubercles between anterior ocellus and midpoint of vertex. Eyes 57 (52-72) ¡UL long, 40 (40-47) JJL wide. Anterior ocellus 15 (12-15) /UL wide, posterior ocelli separated by 22 (22-27) /UL. Ocellar setae II 17-22 /JL long; setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, inside ocellar triangle or on border of triangle, 20 (17-24) /i long. Postocular setae i longest, 20 (17-24) /x, ii 12 (7-12) /JL long, iii 17 (17-20) /JL long, iv 7 (7-12) /JL long, V 12 (15-20) /JL long, vi 15 (15-20) ^t long. Mouthcone conical, about as long as head.

Pronotum. 117 (114-126) /i long, 188 (170-198) /i wide; transverse anastomosing sculpture, striae 5-7 /JL apart in medial part; with 39 (35-45) discal setae, 12-20 /i long, PNiii setae 20-30 /JL long. Posteroangular setae 2/5 to 3/5 as long as pronotum, occa- sionally shorter, outer pair 47-49 (44-59) /JL long, inner pair 52-57 (52-69) /JL long. Posteromarginal setae usually 6 or 5, 7 or 8, median pair 24 (24-35) /JL long, usually about as long as PNiii setae.

Mesonotum. Sculpture anastomosing transversely; a pair of anteromedial sensilla. Mesostemum with well-developed furca and spinula.

Metanotum (fig. 45). 72 (57-74) /JL long, completely reticulated, axis of reticulation longitudinal; sensilla absent; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 35-40 (32-40) /JL long; lateral setae 32 (24-32) /JL long. Metasternum with furca, spinula absent, few setae.

Forewing. Pointed distally, 663 (663-737) /i long, 52 (52-57) /i wide at midlength; costal setae 26 (25-29), anterior fringe cilia 20 (20-24); forevein usually with 4-3 basal setae (occasionally 5-3 or 4-4 setae), usually 3 distal setae (occasionally 2); hindvein with 10 (7-14) setae.

Abdomen. Tergite I completely sculptured transversely; sculpture lines not extending to median setae or sensilla on IV-VIII (fig. 77). Tergite II with 4 lateral setae (see fig. 92), occasionally anterior-most seta absent. Dentate microtrichia on sculpture lines on submargin. Posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII interrupted medially, microtrichia absent in median 1/3, 5-11 on lateral 1/3 on each side, about 7 /i long. Tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; Dl setae 44 (40-49) /i long, Bl setae 91 (86-96) /i long, B2 setae 94 (89-109) /JL long, B3 setae 79 (77-99) /i long. Tergite X slightly shorter than X; Bl setae 82 (79-86) /i long, B2 setae 74 (74-82) /JL long. Stemites without accessory setae;

52 stemite I with 2 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101). Bl setae on VII anterior of posterior margin by 1 or 2 times diameter of setal bases. Pleurotergites without accessory setae or anterolateral seta on II; sculpture lines with dentate microtrichia.

Male (macropterous) Body light yellowish brown or as dark as female. Similar in most characters but smaller than female.

Body length. 0.95 (0.82-1.0) mm.

Antenna. Total length 220 (203-240) /x.

Head. Similar in shape, sculpture, and positions of setae to that of female; length from interantennal process 94 (77-99) fi, from anterior of eyes 86 (74-86) ^t, 133 (111-136) /x wide at cheeks. Ocellar setae III 12-17 ¡UL long.

Pronotum. 104 (91-111) ¡n long, 170 (143-175) /x wide. Posteroangular setae usually 0.30-0.45 times as long as pronotum, occasionally slightly shorter or longer, outer pair 32 (22-44) /JL long, inner pair longer than outer pair, 42 (30-54) /x long.

Forewing. 539 (435-562) ¡UL long, 40 (38-44) /JL wide at midlength. Chaetotaxy similar to that of female.

Abdomen. Posteromarginal comb on VIII absent. Tergite IX with Bl and B2 setae somewhat aligned and spaced subequally, Bl setae 24-40 ¡JL long, B2 setae 24-44 /JL long; a sensillum anterior of each B2 seta, another laterad of each Dl seta. Stemites lack accessory setae; 2 minute anteromedial setae on sternum I. Glandular areas (fig. 140) oval or rotund on stemites III-VII; on III 10 (10-17) /x long, 27 (20-38) /x wide, 2.9 (1.7-2.3) times wider than long, about 1/6 as wide as sternum; on VII 10 (7-15) /x long, 17 (7-24) ¡n wide, as wide as long to 2 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined Holotype female, allotype male, 5 female and 2 male paratypes: New York, Wayne County, resort—terminal leaves of Salix sp., 18-VI-30, J.D. Hood (USNM). Alaska, Anchorage—5 female and 4 male paratypes, flower of composite, 12-VIII-74, N.L.H. Krauss. New York, Wayne County, resort—8 female and 2 male paratypes, undeter- mined yellow composite flower, 13-IX-27, J.D. Hood; Rochester—5 female paratypes, terminal leaves of Salix sp., V-30, J.D. Hood; Lakeville—5 female paratypes and 1 male paratype, flowers of Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser, 9-VII-30, J.D. Hood; 2 female paratypes and 1 male paratype, terminal leaves of Acer sp., 30-VII-30, J.D. Hood; Edwardsville—8 female paratypes, Rumex sp., 18-VI-50, J.D. Hood; 11 female paratypes, Salix nigra Marsh., 18-VI-50, J.D. Hood. CANADA: Saskatchewan, La Range—9 female and 8 male paratypes, 27-VII-77, N.L.H. Krauss. Paratypes depos- ited in CDFA, CNC, FSCA, INHS, NHM, SMF, UA, UCD, USNM.

Other Specimens CANADA: Alberta, 1 mile west of Alsike—1 female, 1 male, Betula sp., 8-VI-69, Examined B.S. Heming (USNM); Caribou Mountains—1 female, sedges, 8-VII-70, B.S. Heming (UA); Edmonton—1 female, Populus sp., 13-IV-69, D. Hart (UA); Quatre Puche—1 female, sweeping, lO-VII-37, C. Gilham (NHM). Labrador, Hare Bay—17 females, Salix sp., l-VII-50, R.H. Backus (USNM). Northwest Territories, Reindeer Station—1 female, 1 male, Spirea sp., 5-VII-48, J.R. Vockeroth (UCD). Nova Scotia, King's

53 County—2 females, cadlock, 8-VIII-45, F.T. Lord (USNM). Quebec, Burnt Creek—1 female, Epilobium angustifolium L., 8-VIII-48, W.L. Putman (UCD). UNITED STATES: Alaska, College Station—1 female, emergence trap, 9-VI-48, Lienk and Marks; 1 female, emergence trap, 27-VI-48, Lienk and Esselbaugh; Matanuska—4 females, Brassica sp. (mustard), 27-VIII-43, Chamerlin (USNM). Colorado, Denver— 3 females, Sisymhrium altissimum L., lO-VIII-16, L.O. Jackson; Grant—4 females, sweeping, 24-VII-16, L.O. Jackson (USNM). Illinois, Channel Lake—1 female, Lysimachia thyrsiflora L., 9-VI-65, Smith and Stannard (INHS). Minnesota, MacGregor—1 female, Pinus sp. needle, 22-IV-36, Andre (NHM); Ely—3 females, grass, lO-IX-50, F. Andre (NHM); St. Paul—1 female, Populus sp., 30-V-52, C. Ignoffo (UMN). Montana, Three Forks (Gallatin County)—1 female, sweeping, 23- VII-83, J.D. Pinto (UCR). New York, Bergan—1 female. Ranunculus acris L., 18-VII- 30, H.M. Hincher; 1 female, Populus sp., 16-VI-38, J.D. Hood; Ed wards ville—14 females. Ranunculus sp., 18-VI-50, J.H. Hood; Ithaca—1 female, Salix sp., 13-V-26, J.D. Hood; 1 female, Angelica atropurpúrea L., VII-26, L.O. Jackson; 1 female, dead branch of Prunus cerasus L., 12-XI-50, J.D. Hood; 2 females, Solanum dulcamara L., 3-VI-51, J.D. Hood; Oswegatchie—1 female, Populus sp., 18-VI-36, J.D. Hood (USNM). North Dakota, Fargo—1 female, sod, 28-X-47, R.C. and R.L. Post (NDSU). Oregon, Grant Pass—2 females, 3 males. Gladiolus sp., 21-30-VIII-35, C.A. Cole (CAS); Josephine County—1 female, 2 males. Gladiolus sp., 13-IX-35, C.A. Cole (CAS). Utah, Castillo—2 females, 8-VI-48, Knowlton, Harmstam and Wood (UCD).

Distribution North America: Canada (Alberta, Labrador, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Yukon Territory), United States (AK, CO, lA, IL, MN, MO, ND, NY, OR, UT).

Hosts Acer sp., Angelica atropurpúrea L., Betula sp., Brassica sp. (mustard), composite flower, Epilobium angustifolium L., Fraxinus sp.. Gladiolus sp., Lysimachia thyrsiflora L., Pinus sp. needle, Populus sp., Prunus cerasus L., Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser, Ranunculus acris L., Ranunculus sp., Rumex sp., Salix nigra Marsh., Salix sp., sedge, Sisymhrium altissimum L., sod, Solanum dulcamara L., Spirea sp.

Etymology The specific name is derived from the Latin "fallaciosus," meaning deceptive, because this species closely resembles another species and is often misidentified.

Comments This species has been misidentified and reported SiS fuscipennis in various publications (see comments for fuscipennis, p. 60). The two species closely resemble each other and can be separated in the female only by the complete absence of the campaniform sensilla from the metanotum offallaciosus and the usual presence of 1 or 2 sensilla in fuscipennis. A total of ?>9 fuscipennis from Europe were examined in this study; 84 specimens had sensilla and 5 did not. A minor difference is that fuscipennis tends to have 6 posteromarginal setae on the pronotum. Of the 89 fuscipennis specimens, 4 percent had 5 setae, 87 percent had 6 setae, and 9 percent had 7 setae. A total of 110 females and 10 males of fallaciosus were examined and 1 percent had 4 setae, 2 percent had 5 setae, 58 percent had 6 setae, 27 percent had 7 setae, and 12 percent had 8 setae.

The sensilla are absent from males of fallaciosus but are either present or absent in males of fuscipennis. A more reliable difference is the shape and size of the glandular areas on abdominal sterna III-VII. Glandular areas of fallaciosus are oval to rotund. On sternite III, the gland is 1.7-2.9 times as wide as long, and on VII, it is about as wide as long to 2 times wider than long. The glandular areas of fuscipennis are transversely elongated. On sternite III, the gland is 4.5-5.8 times wider than long, and on VII, it is 3.5-5.0 times wider than long. 54 Thríps florum Schmutz (figs. 4, 125)

Female Thrips florum Schmutz 1913:1002; Nakahara 1985:864; Palmer and Wetton 1987:397. Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan): Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1130.

Body brown, head and thorax with orange internal pigment. All tarsi yellow; foretibiae yellow, mid- and hindtibiae yellow, shaded brown medially; most of forefemora yellow, shaded brown dorsally; mid- and hindfemora brown, yellow distally and basally. Ocellar crescents red. Forewings brown, paler brown basally. Major setae brown. Antennae brown, except distal 1/2 of II yellowish brown to yellow; most of III yellow; bases of IV and V yellow.

Body length. 1.15-1.51 mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented, rarely 8-segmented.

Head. Broader than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III slightly posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle, separated by 27-35 /x, 24-32 pu long; postocular seta i longest, seta ii and iv distinctly shorter than iii (fig. 4).

Pronotum. Transverse anastomosing sculpture; 40-47 short discal setae, usually PNiii setae longest; posteroangular setae 0.46-0.64 times as long as pronotum, outer pair 69- 96 p long, inner pair 69-89 p long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, medial pair 27-37 p long.

Mesonotum. Not striated by pair of anteromedial sensilla.

Metanotum. Longitudinally striated or reticulated longitudinally in medial 1/5; 2 sensilla in posterior 1/4 of notum; median setae proximal to anterior margin, 54-67 p long, lateral setae 27-40 p long.

Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 4 lateral setae (see fig. 92); posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, microtrichia short, longest l-\0 p, often in groups with bases fused; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites I- VIII. Sternites with accessory setae in a single row on III-VII, 8-12 setae on VII (see fig. 98); anteromedial setae absent from stemite I; Bl setae anterior of posterior margin on VII. Pleurotergites without accessory setae and II without anterolateral seta.

Male Body pale yellow with thorax darker orange, forewings pale yellow; major setae brown; antennae pale yellow except brown in distal part of III, distal 1/2 of IV and V, distal 2/3 of VI, and VII. Posteromarginal comb absent. Tergite IX (fig. 125) with Bl setae 17-27 (average 2\) p long, B2 setae usually shorter and thicker than Bl setae, 12-17 (average 15) p long, often both setae spinelike; Bl setae close to B2 setae, distance between Bl setae 2.0-5.6 times distance between Bl and B2 setae. Sternites II-VIII with accessory setae; transversely elongated glandular areas on sternites III- VII, narrower medially than at ends; on III 86-117 p wide, 17 p long, 5.0-6.8 times wider than long, on VII 64-74 p wide, 15-17 p long, about 4 to about 5 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined Thrips florum, 2 female paralectotypes: CEYLON: Peradenya—19 December 1901, Ciramonum-Bluten, leg. Uzel No. 29 (NHMV). BAHAMAS: Freeport—1 female, 2 males. Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, 8-VI-86, C.T. Cohen (USNM). DOMINICAN

55 REPUBLIC: 12 females, 2 males, Gardenia sp., 2-IX-83, C. Gary, quarantine at JFK International Airport; 3 females, legume tree, 17-VII-87, D. Riley (USNM). UNITED STATES: Florida—1 female. Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, 25-VIII-76, M. Corman (FSCA); Miramar—1 female, Hedychium sp., 5-X-83, L. Daigle; Winter Haven—1 female, 3 larvae. Gardenia sp., 8-VI-89, D. Achor (USNM).

Distribution New World: Bahamas, Dominica, Dominican Republic, United States (FL); Asia: Burma, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand; Pacific Islands: Fiji, Guam, Hawaii, New Hebrides, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tahiti.

Hosts Polyphagous.

Economic Importance Although the importance of florum is not known because it was treated as a synonym of hawaiiens i s for many years, some of the damage attributed to hawaiiens i s may have been caused hy florum.

Comments This species was treated as a junior synonym of hawaiiensis until revalidated by Nakahara (1985). Using morphometric analysis. Palmer and Wetton (1987) found that the differentiating characters for adult females used by Nakahara overlap in 10 percent of the populations outside Africa but that the primary character for the differentiation of males was distinct. In Palmer and Wetton's analysis, the populations in Africa were intermediate between//^rwrn and hawaiiensis and could not be distinguished from either species. Very likely, the African populations represent another closely related species.

The females of florum differ from females of hawaiiensis by the following characters: Postocular setae ii are decidedly shorter than iii; posteroangular setae are longer; fewer discal setae are present on the pronotum; the area by the anteromedial sensilla on the mesonotum is unstriated; 8-12 accessory setae are on stemite VII; and tergite IX of males has short, spinelike Bl and B2 setae with the distance between Bl setae 2.0-5.6 times that between the Bl and B2 setae. In hawaiiensis, postocular setae ii are subequal to iii; posteroangular setae are usually shorter; more discal setae are present on the pronotum; the mesonotum has a striated area by the anteromedial sensilla; 11- 23 accessory setae are on stemite VII; and tergite IX of males has bristlelike B1 and B2 setae with the distance between Bl setae 0.43-1.5 times that between Bl and B2 setae. The second instar larvae of florum differ by a sense cone on antennal segment VI that is shorter than segment VII and not longer than the sense cone on V; hawaiiensis has a sense cone on VI longer than VII and more than 1.5 times longer than the sense cone on V.

Thtips ftosti Moulton (fig. 131)

Thripsfrosti Moulton 1936:107; Stannard 1968:366; Gentile and Bailey 1968:31; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1121; Chaisson 1986:70.

Female Body generally brown, with orange-red internal pigment in thorax and abdomen; all tarsi yellow; distal 2/3 of foretibiae yellow, basal 1/3 brown; mid- and hindtibiae yellow, shading to brown basally, or yellow in distal 1/3 to 1/2 and brown basally; femora and coxae brown; ocellar crescents red; forewings grayish brown; setae brown or dark brown. Antennae brown, except segment III yellow, basal 2/3 of IV and V yellow. 56 Body length. 1.10-1.42 mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented.

Head. Broader than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle, 20-27 /m long; postocular seta i about as long as ocellar setae III, 23-35 JUL long, seta ii shortest or almost as long as iii, seta iv about as long as iii and v.

Pronotum. Transversely striated anastomosely, striae weaker than on head and mesonotum; posteroangular setae 0.56-0.72 times as long as pronotum, outer pair 69- 89 /x long, inner pair 71-86 /UL long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, occasionally total of 5 setae, median pair 30-37 /UL long.

Mesonotum. 2 anteromedial sensilla present.

Metanotum. Reticulated medially posterior of median setae, reticulations narrow, elongate; 2 sensilla present, infrequently only 1 present; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 38-44 ¡UL long, slightly more than 1/2 length of notum.

Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, irregularly spaced, longest microtrichia 12-15 /JL; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites I-VIII; Bl setae on IX 93- 111 /x long. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I without anteromedial setae; B1 setae on stemite VII anterior to posterior margin. Pleurotergites III-VII with 1 or 2 accessory setae (see fig. 96); short, anterolateral seta absent from pleurotergite II.

Male Lighter in color than female. Tergite VIII with few, short, irregularly spaced posteromarginal microtrichia; tergite IX (fig. 131) with Bl and B2 setae aligned, subequal in length; a sensillum anterior to and between Bl and B2 setae, another sensillum anterolaterad to each Dl seta. Stemites III-VII each with a transversely elongate, oval glandular area, progressively diminishing in width posteriorly; on III 32-37 fji wide, 15-17 /x long, about 2 times wider than long; on IV 22-30 /UL wide, 14- 17 fjL long, about 1.5 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined Allotype male, 2 paratype females (CAS), 1 paratype female (USNM): Massachusetts, Sherbom—sweeping, 17-VIII-29, C.A. Frost. CANADA: Quebec, Perkins—1 female, moss, 21-V-53, B.C. Becker (CNC). UNITED STATES: New York, Slaterville—25 females, Alnus sp., 27-V-38, J.D. Hood; Wanakena—1 male, leaves of Salix sp., 7-IX- 40, J.D. Hood (USNM).

Distribution North America: Canada (Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec), United States (MA, NY).

Hosts Alnus sp.. Moss, Salix sp.

Comments Thrips frosti differs by the following characters from other brown-bodied species in North America with accessory setae on the abdominal pleurotergites: The antennae are 7-segmented; segments III and basal 1/2 to 2/3 of IV and V are yellow; the forewing is completely grayish brown; sculpture lines reach the median setae on tergites I-VIII; anteromedial setae are absent from stemite I; and an anterolateral seta is absent from pleurotergite II.

57 Conversely, the forewings of stannardi are completely pale, and those of helianthi are pale basally and distally and brown medially. In herricki, the forewings are pale grayish brown; anteromedial setae are present on stemite I; and an anterolateral seta is on pleurotergite II. In impar only the extreme bases of antennal segments IV and V are yellow; usually 4 or 5 posteromarginal setae are present on the pronotum; anteromedial sensilla are absent from the mesonotum; and 1 or 2 anterolateral setae are on pleurotergite II. In monotropae the extreme base of antennal segment III is yellow; the basal 1/3 of the forewings is pale; and pleurotergite II has an anterolateral seta. In aureolariae the extreme bases of antennal segments IV and V are yellowish brown; an anterolateral seta is usually present on pleurotergite II; and usually 4 posteromarginal setae are present on the pronotum. Thrips atratus, distinctus, pruni, and vulgatissimus have 8-segmented antennae.

Thrips funebris Bagnall

Thrips funehris Bagnall 1924:274; Mound et al. 1976:55.

Female (brachypterous) Body brown; all tarsi yellow, foretibiae yellow apically and medially, brown margin- ally, midtibiae yellow distally and medially, brown marginally and basally, hindtibiae brown with apices yellow; ocellar crescents red; setae brown. Antennae brown, except segment III yellowish brown, IV yellowish brown basally, light brown distally.

Body length. 1.42-1.46 mm (distended).

Antennae. 7-segmented.

Head. Broader than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III laterad or slightly posterolaterad of anterior ocellus; postocular setae 6, setae ii and iv shorter than iii and V.

Pronotum. Sculptured transversely, striae weak; median discal setae absent from posterior 1/3 of notum; posteroangular setae 1/3 to 1/2 as long as pronotum, outer pair 47-54 /x long, inner pair 52-64 ii long; 5 or 6 posteromarginal setae present.

Metanotum. Reticulated, axes of reticles transverse; median setae far apart, in about median part of notum; sensillum absent or 1 or 2 present.

Forewing. Extending to first abdominal tergite.

Abdomen. Tergite I with median setae well developed as median setae on other tergites (see fig. 76), extending beyond posterior margin of tergite; tergite II with 4 lateral setae (see fig. 92); tergites II-VII with low, truncate posteromarginal scallops; posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII interrupted medially, with low scallops medially; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; tergites I-VIII sculptured completely. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I with 2 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101); Bl setae on stemite VII on posterior margin. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; anterolateral seta absent from pleurotergite II; sculpture lines with dentate microtrichia.

Male (brachypterous) Body yellow. Bl and B2 setae aligned on tergite IX. Stemites III-VII each with transversely oval glandular area.

58 Specimens Examined CANADA: Alberta, Edmonton, Wagner Bog—1 female, unknown host, 9-VIII-84, A.T. Finnamore (UA). ENGLAND: Norfolk, Brancastor—2 females, Triglochin marítima L., 24-VII-59, G.D. Morison; Somerset, Bumham-on-Sea—1 female, Triglochin maritima L., 3-VIII-51, G.D. Morison (USNM).

Distribution North America: Canada (Alberta); Europe: Great Britain, Germany.

Hosts Car ex vulpina L., Triglochin maritima L.

Comments This is the first record of funebris in North America. The species differs from six other brachypterous species in North America in that the female has a completely brown body; median discal setae are absent from the posterior 1/3 of the pronotum; the posteromarginal comb is interrupted medially on abdominal tergite VIII; and accessory setae are absent from abdominal stemites.

The male of this species was not examined, and the description is based on Mound et al. (1976).

Thrips fuscipennis Haliday (figs. 46, 95, 132, 145)

Thrips fuscipennis Haliday 1836:448 (nomen nudum); 1852:1111; Hood 1927: 220, Hood and Herrick 1928:69, Stannard 1968:367, Gentile and Bailey 1968:32, Huntsingeretal. 1982:53 (misidentifications); Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1123 (misidentifications in part for the United States and Canada). Thrips no^ir fuscipennis: Chaisson 1986:70 (in part).

Female Body brown, teñerais partly yellowish brown, with orange internal pigmentation; legs with all tarsi yellow, tibiae yellow with brown shading medially or mid- and hindtibiae mostly brown with apices and bases yellow, forefemora yellow with dorsum shaded brown, midfemora brown with apices and bases yellow, hindfemora brown; ocellar crescents red; forewings light brown with bases pale brown; major setae brown. Antennae brown, except segment III yellowish brown, gradually darkening distally; IV yellowish brown in basal 1/2 but darker than III; V paler in basal 1/2 or at extreme base.

Body length. 1.21-1.36 mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented; trichomes on segments III and IV 20 ¡UL long, inner sense cone on VI 32-35 JUL long, extending to about 1/2 length of VII.

Head. Broader than long, cheeks somewhat straight; ocellar setae III laterad of anterior ocellus, 17-20 ^t long; postocular seta i longest, ii and iv shorter than iii.

Pronotum. Transversely striated, striae 5-7 ¡UL apart; posteroangular setae 2/5 to about 3/5 as long as pronotum, outer pair 44-59 ¡UL long, inner pair 47-62 JUL long; posteromarginal setae usually 3 pairs, occasional total of 5 or 7 setae, median pair 24- 32 /UL long.

Metanotum (fig. 46). Reticulated in medial 1/3; 1 or 2 sensilla, rarely absent, usually farther apart than bases of median setae; median setae 32-40 fi long, posterior of anterior margin. 59 Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 4 lateral setae (see fig. 92); posteromarginal comb inter- rupted medially on tergite VIII, with 3-8 microtrichia laterally on each side; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines not reaching median setae and sensilla on V- VIII. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I with 2 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101); Bl setae on VII anterior of posterior margin by 7-12 ¡JL, closer to B2 setae than to each other. Pleurotergites without accessory setae, without anterolateral seta on II; dentate microtrichia on sculpture lines (fig. 95).

Male Body yellow with brown blotches or marks; legs yellow; forewings pale yellow to pale brown; antennae brown, except segment I yellowish brown or light brown; II brown, darker than I; III and IV mostly yellowish brown or IV mostly brown. Similar to female in most structures, smaller. Posteromarginal comb absent from abdominal tergite VIII; tergite IX (fig. 132) with Bl and B2 setae about equal in length, aligned or Bl setae slightly posterior to B2 setae; a sensillum anterior to each Bl seta, another sensillum anterolaterad of each Dl seta. Stemites III-VII each with transversely elongated glandular area, slightly narrower medially than at ends, less than 1/2 as wide as stemites (fig. 145); on III 42-54 ¡m wide, 9-10 /x long, 4.5-5.8 times as wide as long; on VII 27-40 JUL wide, 7-10 /n long, 3.5-5.0 times as wide as long.

Immatures Larvae described by Speyer and Parr (1941:624).

Specimen Examined CANADA: British Columbia, Agassiz—4 females, 1 male. Glycine max (L.) Merrill, 6-VII-50, R. Glendenning; Huntingdon—1 female, Rubus sp. (blackberry), 22-VI-51, Tonks (CNC); Vancouver—//^rac/^wm sp., 5-VIII-50, H.H. Ross (INHS); flow^ers, 23- VIII-53, H.H. Ross (INHS); 1 female, Malus pumila (L.) Mill, and Prunus domestica L., 23-V-56, W.E. Woods (CNC). UNITED STATES: Washington, Sumas—1 female, 3 males. Vicia sp., 8-IX-43, M.J.F. C.G.R., Sp. Survey #1380 (USNM). Other identi- fied material from Europe.

Distribution North America: Canada (British Columbia), United States (WA); Europe; former USSR; Asia: China, Turkey.

Hosts Polyphagous.

Life History See Morison (1943).

Economic Importance Damages flowers of roses and cucumber and strawberry plants in Europe (Morison 1957:501).

Comments The first report of fuscipennis in North America was made by Hood (1927:220) based on his identification of a female collected in Ithaca, NY, in July 1926, on Angelica atropurpúrea L. I examined the specimen and conclude it is a misidentification of fallaciosus, a new species described here. Gentile and Bailey (1968:32) reported fuscipennis from New York, Oregon, and Utah in the United States and from British Columbia, Quebec, and the Northwest Territories in Canada. I examined material from Oregon, the Northwest Territories, Quebec, and Utah on which part of their records are based and found the specimens to ho^ fallaciosus. The reports of fuscipennis from Illinois by Stannard (1968:367) and from North Dakota by Huntsinger et al. (1982:53) are SíISO fallaciosus. Chaisson (1986) lists a series of collection records from Canada as Thrips ne^r fuscipennis Haliday, which are wpparently fallaciosus. The only records of

60 fuscipennis verified are those listed by Chaisson (1986:70) for Agassiz and Huntingdon in British Columbia. The various records of this species from Canada and the United States apparently are misidentifications offallaciosus, which is widely distributed from Alaska south to Utah, Colorado, Iowa, Illinois, and New York and north to Labrador. The differences h^V^QÇ^n fuscipennis and fallaciosus are discussed under fallaciosus (p. 54).

Thrips gracilis Moulton (fig. 107)

Thrips gracilis Moulton 1936:105; Gentile and Bailey 1968:34; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1129;Heming 1985:22; Chaisson 1986:70.

Female Body whitish yellow, thorax darker yellow; legs paler than body; ocellar crescents orange, forewings pale yellow; major setae brown, minor setae light grayish yellow or light brown. Antennal segment I whitish yellow; II darker yellow; III pale, shaded brown distally; basal 1/2 of IV pale yellow, gradually shading to brown distally; V pale yellow basally, gradually shading to brown distally; VI and VII brown.

Body length. 1.34-1.45 mm.

Antenna (fig. 107). 7-segmented; segment III 62-69 ¡JL long, slender, 3.1-3.7 times as long as wide, strongly constricted distally into a neck, segment IV slender.

Head. Broader than long, cheeks strongly arched; ocellar setae III 24-30 [JL long, posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle; postocular setae rather long, seta i about as long as ocellar setae III, other setae subequal in length, shorter than seta i.

Pronotum. Transversely reticulated; posteroangular setae 0.57-0.68 times as long as pronotum; outer pair 69-96 /JL long, inner pair 84-101 ¡UL long, posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, median pair 30-52 /x long.

Metanotum. Reticulated medially; 2 sensilla usually farther apart than median setae; median setae posterior of anterior margin.

Forewlng. Forevein with 2 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 4 lateral setae (see fig. 92); posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, microtrichia well developed, close set, longest 15-17 ¡JL long; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, anterior sensilla closer to Dl setae than to anterior margin; sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites I-VIII. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I with 2 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101); Bl setae on stemite VII anterior to posterior margin. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; anterolateral seta absent from pleurotergite II.

Male Similar in color and most structures to those of female, smaller. Abdominal tergite VIII with posteromarginal comb; tergite IX with B1 setae intermediate in position between Dl and B2 setae, pair of sensilla anterior to Bl setae and between Dl setae, another pair of sensilla anterolaterad of Dl setae. Stemites III-VII each with trans- versely elongated glandular area.

61 Specimens Examined Holotype female, 3 female paratypes: Canada, Manitoba, Aweme—Lathyrus venosas Muhlenb. ex. Willd., 22-V-29, R.M. White (CAS). CANADA: Alberta, 1 mile north- east of Alsike—2 females, Ledum sp., 8-VI-69, B.S. Heming; 3 miles west of Alsike— 1 female, Alnus sp., 15-VII-72, B.S. Heming; Swan Hills (Hwy. 18, Freeman River)— 3 females, 1 male, sweeping, 14-VII-70, B.S. Heming (UA).

Distribution Canada (Alberta, Manitoba).

Hosts Alnus sp., Lathyrus venosus Muhlenb. ex Willd., Ledum sp.

Comments This species is easily distinguished from other yellow species in North America by the following characters: Antennal segments III (62-69 /x long) and IV are slender and strongly constricted distally; the forewing has 2 distal setae on the forevein; tergite II has 4 lateral setae; a complete posteromarginal comb is present on tergite VIII; and accessory setae are absent from the pleurotergites.

Jacot-Guillarmod (1975:1129) transferred Paulus gracilis Solowiow (1924) to Thrips, thus creating a junior homonym. He stated: "If this species is a true Thrips sp., then Moulton's T. gracilis will need a new name unless it has a synonym as yet unrecog- nized." Solowiow (1924) created a new family Paulidae and a new genus Paulus with gracilis as the only included species. No description was given for gracilis. A brief description comparing Paulus with Thrips and an illustration of gracilis (of a male with 6-segmented antennae) are inadequate for recognizing the species. Except for two references by Priesner (1924:34, 1949:142), gracilis Solowiow has not been treated by other thysanopterists and apparently has never been seen except by Solowiow. More- over, the location of the type is unknown. Therefore, I do not consider Paulus gracilis a member of Thrips as currently recognized. I consider gracilis (Solowiow) a nomen dubium and retain gracilis Moulton as a valid name.

Thrips graminae Moulton Thrips graminae Moulton 1936:106; Bailey 1957:208; Gentile and Bailey 1968:34; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1129.

Female Body uniformly orange brown; legs with tarsi yellow, tibiae yellow apically, gradually brown basally, shaded brown on lateral and inner margins, femora lighter brown than body; ocellar crescent red; forewing translucent, pale yellow; body and forewing setae brown. Antennae brown.

Body length. 1.04 mm.

Antenna. 7-segmented. Length (in /JL): total length 247; segment I 24, II 35, III 45, IV 41, V 37, VI 47, VII 17; III about 2.3 times longer than wide; trichomes on III and IV about 20 /JL long, inner sense cone on VI 20-22 /UL, slightly longer than VII.

Head. Broader than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle; anterior ocellus about 12 /JL wide; postocular setae 6 dorsally, seta i longest, setae ii and iv shortest. Mouthcone about as long as head.

Pronotum. With transverse anastomosing sculpture; posteroangular setae about 3/5 as long as pronotum; outer pair 58-62 /i long, inner pair longer than outer pair, 71-76 /i long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, medial pair 32 /x long. 62 Metanotum. Reticulated in medial 1/3, median longitudinal reticles wider than space between sculpture lines in lateral 1/3; sensilla absent; median setae 40 IUL long, poste- rior of anterior margin.

Forewing. 681 /x long, 47 ¡UL wide; 3 distal setae on forevein.

Abdomen. Tergites III-VII with D2 setae 30-40 JJL long, extending beyond posterior margin of tergites, on tergites III-V D3 setae 40 ¡UL long, extending beyond posterior margin; tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, microtrichia irregularly spaced, longest about 13 JJL; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines extending to median setae, absent between median setae on tergites V- VIII. Stemites without accessory setae; 2 anteromedial setae on stemite I (see fig. 101); Bl setae on VII anterior to posterior margin. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; a short anterolateral seta on II (see fig. 93).

Male Unknown.

Specimens Examined Holotype female: California, Alameda County, Calaveras Valley—grass, l-V-28, D.M., No. 2729 (CAS).

Distribution United States (CA).

Host Grass.

Comments This species is known only by the unique holotype, which closely resembles konoi. The differences are discussed under konoi (p. 80).

Thtips hawaiiensis (Morgan) (figs. 5, 35, 47, 92, 126)

Euthrips hawaiiensis Morgan 1913:3. Taeniothrips hawaiiensis: Zimmerman 1948:414. Thrips hawaiiensis: Bhatti 1969:381; 1980:137; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1130; Ananthakrishnan 1984:172; Nakahara 1985:864; Sakimura 1986:356; Palmerand Wetton 1987:397.

Female Abdomen brown, thorax and head yellow to orange brown; legs mostly yellow to yellowish brown; ocellar crescents orange red; forewings grayish brown with basal 1/4 paler brown; setae brown. Antennae brown, except segment III, apex of II and bases of IV and V yellow.

Body length. 1.24-1.46 mm (fully distended).

Antenna. 7- or 8-segmented.

Head (fig. 5). Broader than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III 27-32 ¡x long, laterad of anterior ocellus; postocular seta i longest, about as long as ocellar setae III, 24-32 ix long, ii usually about as long as iii, iv shorter than iii.

Pronotum. Sculpture anastomosing transversely; 50-67 discal setae, short; posteroangular setae 2/5 to 1/2 as long as pronotum, outer pair 42-67 ¡x long, inner pair

63 47-69 ¡Ji long, occasional specimens with setae 87 /UL long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, infrequently 4 setae on one side, medial pair longest 20-32 /UL.

Mesonotum (fig. 35). Completely striated, median area with transverse striae and with a pair of anteromedial sensilla.

Metanotum (fig. 47). Longitudinally reticulated medially; 2 sensilla closer to each other than distance between median setae, rarely as wide apart as median setae; median setae proximal to anterior margin.

Forewlng. Forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen: Tergite II (fig. 92) with 4 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, microtrichia short, longest about 10 /JL long; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites I-VIII. Stemites II-VII with accessory setae (see fig. 98), 1-3 setae on II, usually 13-19 (11-23) setae in two irregular rows on VII; anteromedial setae absent from stemite I; B1 setae on VII slightly anterior to posterior margin by distance equal to 1 to 2 diameters of their base. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; short, anterolateral seta absent from pleurotergite II; microtrichia indistinct in posterior segments.

Male Body pale yellow with thorax darker orange, smaller than female; forewings pale yellow; antennae pale yellow except distal part of segment III, distal 1/2 of IV and V, and distal 2/3 to all of VI brown, VII brown. Abdominal tergite VIII with posteromarginal microtrichia medially or absent; tergite IX (fig. 126) with Bl aligned with or slightly anterior to B2 setae, distance between Bl setae 0.43-1.50 times that between Bl and B2 setae, Bl 19-35 /JL long, B2 19-38 /JL long; a sensillum anterior to and between each Bl and B2 seta. Stemites with accessory setae on II-VII; stemites III-VII each with transversely oblong or medially narrowed glandular area, progres- sively diminishing in width posteriorly; on III 50-85 /JL wide, 8-12 /x long; on VII 35- 64 /I wide, 8-12 ^t long.

Immatures See Miyazaki and Kudo (1986:7) for a description of larvae.

Specimens Examined Lectotype female, 1 female paralectotype: Hawaii, Honolulu—cotton, 6-II-09, D.T. Fullaway (USNM). MEXICO—9 females. Gardenia sp., 4-VI-85, P. Guajardo, quarantined at Houston. UNITED STATES: California, San Diego—1 female. Tarax- acum officinale Wiggers, 19-VI-85, S. Nakahara; San Diego County—1 female, Samhucus sp., 19-VI-85, S. Nakahara. District of Columbia, U.S. National Arbore- tum—2 females, Rosa sp., 18-X-87, S. Nakahara. Georgia, Spalding County—2 females, Camellia japónica L., 23-X-69, H.H. Tippins; 3 females, Ipomoea sp., 11-IX- 73, J.O. Howell and S. Nakahara; 5 males. Camellia sasanqua Thunb., 31-X-78, R.J. Beshear. South Carolina, Greenville—4 females. Lonicera sp., 21-IX-73, S. Nakahara. Texas, Beaumont—1 female, Samhucus nigra L., 25-VI-74, A. Ward (NHM). Identi- fied material from Hawaii and other localities. Specimens deposited in USNM except where indicated otherwise.

Distribution New World: Jamaica, Mexico, United States (CA, DC, PL, GA, HI, SC, TX); Austra- lia; Asia: China, Guam, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam; many Pacific islands.

64 Hosts Polyphagous.

Economic Importance According to Ananthakrishnan (1984:172) and Palmer and Wetton (1987:398), this species damages apples, citrus, coffee, mango, pears, passion fruit, and other crops in India and bananas in Australia.

Comments This introduced species can be differentiated from other species in North America txcQpt florum by the following characters: Accessory setae are present on abdominal stemites; a complete posteromarginal comb with short microtrichia is present on tergite VIII; tergite II has 4 lateral setae; forewings are grayish brown with base paler and with 3 distal setae on the forevein. The number of antennal segments varies from 7 to 8. All specimens in a lot may have only 7- or only 8-segmented antennae; a lot may consist of specimens with 7 and 8 segments, or a specimen may have 7 segments on one antenna and 8 on the other antenna.

Thrips florum females have postocellar setae ii decidedly shorter than iii; normally the pronotum has few discal setae and longer posteroangular setae; and fewer accessory setae are present on abdominal stemite VII than on hawaiiensis. Furthermore, the mesonotum by the anteromedial pores is not sculptured m florum but is sculptured in hawaiiensis, and the males differ by the positions and lengths of Bl and B2 setae on tergite IX. To differentiate the larvae, see the discussion under florum (p. 56).

The record for Mexico is based on a specimen intercepted in agricultural quarantine at Houston, TX.

Thrips helianthi Morgan (fig. 133)

Thrips helianthi Morgan 1913:23; Bailey 1948:46; Stannard 1968:365; Gentile and Bailey 1968:34; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1134. Thrips walteri Crawford 1938:37; Bailey 1948:41.

Female Body generally dark brown with reddish-orange internal pigment in pterothorax; ocellar crescents red; tarsi and distal 1/2 of tibiae yellow; forewings grayish brown in medial 1/2, pale yellow in basal 1/4 and distal 1/4; setae brown or dark brown. Anten- nae brown, except most of segment III and IV yellow, apices shaded brown; V yellow in basal 1/2 to 2/3, shaded brown distally; VI yellow or paler in basal 1/3.

Body length. About 1.10 mm (about 1.40 mm fully distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented; segment III about 2.5 times longer than wide; inner sense cone on segment VI long, extending to about midlength of VII.

Head. Broader than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III laterad and slightly posterior of anterior ocellus, usually outside ocellar triangle, 22-24 ¡JL long; postocular setae i longest, ii and iv shortest.

Pronotum. Striae indistinct, weaker than those on head, anastomosing transversely; posteroangular setae slightly more than 1/2 to 3/4 as long as pronotum, outer pair 64- 89 fji long, inner pair 64-94 ¡JL long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, medial pair 32-44 ^t long.

65 Mesonotum. Anteromedial sensilla absent. Metanotum. Reticulated medially; 2 sensilla present; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 32-40 ¡JL long, about 1/2 as long as notum.

Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae, occasionally with 2 setae on one wing.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, longest microtrichia 12-15 ^t; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, anterior pair usually closer to Dl setae than to anterior margin; sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites I-VIII, often weak laterad of median setae, or sculpture lines not reaching median setae on II-VI. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I without anteromedial seta; B1 setae on stemite VII anterior to posterior margin. Pleurotergites with accessory setae (see fig. 96), usually 1 or 2 on III-VI, 0 or 1 on VII; anterolateral seta usually absent, occasionally 1 present, on pleurotergite II (see fig. 93); microtrichia dentate.

Male Antennae VI decidedly longer than III. Tergite VIII apparently without posteromarginal microtrichia; tergite IX (fig. 133 ) with Bl and B2 setae aligned and subequal in length; a sensillum anterior to each B2 seta, another anterior to each Dl seta. Stemites III-VII each with transversely elongated, medially constricted glandular area, usually bent slightly posteriorly at ends, diminishing in width posteriorly; on III 92 )a wide, 12 fx long, about 7.75 times wider than long; on VII 78 ^JL wide, 15 ix long, about 5.5 times wider than long. Accessory setae present on several pleurotergites.

Specimens Examined Thrips helianthi Morgan, holotype and 4 paratype females: Tennessee, Clarksville— Helianthus sp., 1-VIII-10, A.C. Morgan and S.E. Crumb. Thrips walteri Crawford, holotype and 7 paratype females: District of Columbia, Mt. Hamilton—leaves of Eupatorium sp. (joe-pye weed), 17-VI-36, J.E. Walter. Delaware, Newark—1 female, forest duff, l-IV-51, H.E. Hamilton. District of Columbia, Rock Creek Park—4 females, 3 males, Collinsonia canadensis L. (citronella) leaves, 14-VI-25, J.E. Walter. Illinois, Makanda—1 female, sweeping grass and weeds, 26-VI-09, C.A. Hart. New Jersey, Fort Lee—1 female, Eupatorium sp., 12-IX-37, J.C. Crawford. Texas, 2.5 miles west of Hallsville—sweeping woods, 26-IV-84, E.H. Ewart and C. Sramek (UCR). Specimens deposited in USNM except where indicated otherwise.

Distribution United States (DC, DE, IL, NC, NJ, TN, TX).

Hosts Collinsonia canadensis L., Eupatorium purpureum L., Eupatorium sp., Helianthus sp., forest duff, ground litter, grass, and weeds.

Comments This species differs from other North American congeners by the following characters: The forewings are pale basally and distally and grayish brown in the middle; the body is dark brown with reddish hypodermal pigment; and antennal segments III-V are mostly yellow with the basal 1/3 of VI yellow.

66 Thríps helvoluSf New Species (fig. 48)

Female (macropterous) Body yellow with submedial pale brown longitudinal bands on metanotum, legs yellow; ocellar crescent color unknown; forewings completely pale yellow; major setae light brown or yellowish brown. Antennae brown, except segment I completely pale yellow; II pale yellow or pale brown with apex pale; III pale yellow in basal 1/3 to 1/2, gradually yellowish brown to light brown distally; IV and V pale in extreme bases or basal 1/3 to 1/2 yellowish brown.

Body length. 1.65 (1.49-1.61) mm (fully distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented, about 2.75 times longer than head; segment III constricted distally, 2.5-3.0 times longer than wide, slightly longer than IV; trichome on IV about 27 fi long; inner sense cone on VI 22 (22-24) ¡JL long, about as long as VI. Measure- ments of segments (in fi): total length 309 (291-299); I 27 (24-27) long, 35 wide; II 45 (40) long, 27 (26-28) wide; III 60 (50-54) long, 21 (20-22) wide; IV 52 (46-53) long, 19 (19-20) wide; V 45 (40-44) long, 19 wide; VI 57 (52-58) long, 19 wide; VII 19 (19- 21) long, 8 wide.

Head. Slightly wider than long, 126 (132-142) ¡UL long from interantennal process, 118 (113-123) fji long from anterior of eyes, 158 (142-146) ¡JL wide at cheeks, vertex roundly angulated between eyes, cheeks almost straight; transversely striated posteri- orly of eyes, striae 5-9 fi apart. Eyes 62 (62-71) /JL long, about 47 ¡UL wide (1 paratype), about 1/2 as long as head. Anterior ocellus 14 /¿ wide, posterior ocelli separated by 1.7-2.0 times diameter of anterior ocellus; ocellar setae II 13 (12-22) /UL long; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle, 21-23 (22-30) ¡UL long. Postocular setae 6; setae i longest, 22-24 (22-30) fi, about as long as ocellar setae III, ii 12 (10-12) ¡ui long, iii 22 (17-22) /JL long, iv 15 (15-17) /x long, v 20 (18-22) ¡JL long, vi 20 (18) )Li long. Mouthcone conical, about as long as head, reaching posterior margin of pro thorax.

Pronotum. 142 (123-137) ¡UL long, 189 (184-189) /UL wide; transversely sculptured, striae wide apart. Setae on disc 39 (33-39), absent submedially on both sides, 15-22 ¡UL long except PNi 22-27 ¡UL long, PNiii 32 (30-32) ¡JL long. Posteroangular setae 1/3 to about 1/2 as long as pronotum, outer pair 54 (47-62) fi long, inner pair 62-64 (47-67) /x long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, medial pair 30 (30-35) ¡UL long, subequal to PNiii seta.

Mesonotum. Transversely striated medially, obliquely reticulated laterally; a pair of anteromedial sensilla present. Mesostemum with well-developed furca and spinula, spinula not reaching anterior margin.

Metanotum (fig. 48). 77 (69-79) ¡JL long; short, irregular sculpture lines medially between submedial arcuate lines converging caudally; 2 sensilla in posterior 1/3 of notum; median setae 40-42 (35-44) JLL long, posterior of anterior margin by 22-27 (20- 27) /JL, in anterior 1/4 to 1/3 of notum; lateral setae 42-49 (35-42) JJL long. Metasternum with 21 or 22 setae.

Forewing. Pointed distally, 695-706 (605-714) fi long, 50-52 (47-52) ¡JL wide at midlength; costal setae 21-22 (20-23); anterior fringe cilia 18-19 (17-19); forevein with basal groups of 4-3 (4-6 and 3) setae and 3 distal setae; hindvein with 9-10 (8-12) setae, distal-most seta 91 (67-79) /JL long.

67 Abdomen. Tergite I completely sculptured, sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites II-VIII, absent between median setae on V-VIII. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae (see fig. 76). Tergite VIII with complete posteromarginal comb, 33 (23-29) microtrichia shorter medially and minute on extreme sides, longest 15-20 fi. Tergite IX with 2-4 sensilla; Dl seta 57 (49-57) fi long, Bl seta 111 (109-126) fx long, B2 124 (128-141) ¡UL long, B3 146-148 (132-136) /JL long. Segment X about as long as IX; Bl setae 121-131 (111-124)/x long, B2 126-128 (117-128)/x long. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I with 3 (4) anteromedial setae (see fig. 101); Bl setae on sternite VII anterior to posterior margin by about 3 times their basal diameter. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; an anterolateral seta on II (see fig. 93); microtrichia on sculpture lines.

Male Unknown.

Specimens Examined Holotype female (UCR) and 3 paratypes female (UCR, USNM): California, Inyo County, Big Pine Creek, 3d lake—wildflowers, 3-VIII-57, O.C. Brawner (UCR-57- 38).

Distribution United States (CA).

Hosts Wildflowers.

Etymology Specific epithet derived from Latin "helvolus" for the yellow coloration of the species.

Comments This species is represented only by the four type specimens, which are distended and lack the ocellar crescent color. It resembles heraclei and aurulentus in the bright yellow body color but differs from heraclei by its distinctive sculpture on the metanotum, the more posterior position of the median setae (20-27 /x from the anterior margin) on the metanotum, and the color of the antennae; aurulentus has shorter forewings, fewer setae on the hindvein, and fewer fringe cilia and costal setae.

Thrips heraclei Moulton, New Status

Thrips heraclei Moulton 1926b:25; Bailey 1957:203; Gentile and Bailey 1968:41; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1164 (as junior synonym of T. nigropilosus). Thrips flavus Schrank: Hood 1927:220 (misidentification).

Female General body color uniformly light yellow; legs paler than thorax; ocellar crescents reddish orange; forewings pale; major setae brown, minor setae light yellow. Antennal segment I paler than head; II yellow; III yellow, shaded gray distally to subapical setae; IV yellow in proximal 1/2, rather abruptly grayish brown in distal 1/2; V yellow in proximal 2/3, rather abruptly grayish brown in distal 1/3; VI yellow in proximal 1/3, gradually grayish brown in distal 2/3 or basal part lighter brown; VII grayish brown.

Body length. 1.17-1.35 mm.

Antenna. 7-segmented; segment III constricted distally into a neck, 4-5 ¡JL long anterior of trichome base; segment IV often constricted distally into a neck.

Head. Slightly broader than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III about 24 /x long, laterad or slightly posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle; postocular setae short. 68 Pronotum. Transversely striated; posteroangular setae 1/2 to 3/5 as long as pronotum, outer pair 52-63 ¡JL long, inner pair usually longer than outer pair, 64-76 /JL long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, medial pair 22-30 fi long.

Metanotum. Longitudinally striated or slightly reticulated with several narrow medial reticles; 2 sensilla present; median setae posterior to anterior margin by 10-12 /x, about 35 pt long, more than 1/2 length of notum.

Forewing. Costal setae 21-23; forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, irregular, longest microtrichia 12-15 ¡UL; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites II-VIII, absent between median setae on V-VIII. Sternites without accessory setae; stemite I with 3 or 4 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101); Bl setae on VII anterior to posterior margin. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; an anterolateral seta on II (see fig. 93); dentate microtrichia on sculpture lines.

Male Posteromarginal comb apparently absent from tergite VIII. Tergite IX with Bl and B2 setae subequal in length, B1 slightly anterior to B2 setae; a sensillum anterior to each B2 seta. Sternites III-VII each with glandular area transversely oblong or slightly narrowed medially, diminishing in width posteriorly; on III 54 fi wide, 10 /JL long, 5.4 times wider than long; on VII 35 /JL wide, 10 ^t long, 3.5 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined Holotype female, 5 female and 2 male paratypes (CAS), 1 female paratype (USNM), 2 female paratypes (NHM): California, Belmont—Heracleum sophondylium montanum (Schleich, ex Gaudin) Briq., 19-VI-26, D. Moulton. New York, Ithaca—1 female, Angelica atropurpúrea L., VII-26, L.O. Jackson (USNM).

Distribution United States (CA, NY).

Hosts Angelica atropurpúrea L. and Heracleum sophondylium montanum (Scheich, ex Gaudin) Briq.

Comments Although Moulton (1926) stated that the body is brownish yellow and the antennal segment VI is brown, the examined types (8 females, 2 males) are completely light yellow without brown marks or shading, and the basal 1/3 of antennal segment VI is pale. The pale forms of konoi resemble heraclei but differ as follows: The body is light yellow with light brown shading on the abdomen and thorax; antennal segments IV and V are pale basally, gradually shaded grayish brown distally; VI is completely grayish brown; the metanotum lacks sensilla; and the glandular area on stemite VII of the males is oval or almost circular, 11-15 ¡JL wide, 9-10 ^i long. In Thrips heraclei the basal 1/2 of antennal segment IV and basal 2/3 of V are yellow with distal parts grayish brown, the metanotum has 2 sensilla, and the glandular area on sternite VII of the male is an elongated oval, 35 /JL wide, \0 /UL long.

Another similar yellow species in the eastern United States is pseudoflavus, in which antennal segment II is brown, segment III is not constricted distally into a neck, and the anteromedial seta on stemite I is usually absent (occasionally 1 or 2). Thrips heraclei, on the other hand, has a pale yellow antennal segment II, constriction of III into a neck distal of subapical setae (distal part is 4-5 ¡JL long anterior to the base of trichome), and 3 or 4 minute anteromedial setae on sternite I.

69 Gentile and Bailey (1968) synonymized heraclei with nigropilosus. These two species are treated here as different entities. In nigropilosus the body is yellow and has brown marks on the abdomen and thorax; 5 ommatidial facets of the eyes are pigmented in a definite pattern; the metanotum lacks sensilla; tergite IX has 1 pair of sensilla; sculp- ture lines completely extend across tergites I-VIII; and the glandular areas of the males are extremely wide, 85-130 ¡JL wide on stemite VII. Conversely, in heraclei the body is pale yellow without brown marks; the ommatidial facets of the eyes are unpigmented, the metanotum has 2 sensilla; tergite IX has 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines on tergites V-VIII are absent between median setae; and glandular areas of the males are narrower, about 35 ¡JL wide on stemite VII.

This species resembles the European/ZöVW^" in color but differs because its ocellar setae III are separated by more than the width of the anterior ocellus and are positioned outside the ocellar triangle. Inflavus the ocellar setae III are separated by about the width of the anterior ocellus.

The Ithaca specimen was misidentified by Hood in 1927 ^s flavas, and since then, flavus has been recorded for the United States as being from New York State. Accord- ing to Hood (1927), there were three specimens in the lot, but I have seen only one specimen in USNM. Although this specimen is treated as heraclei, I am not com- pletely certain it is the same as the type series, which are in poor condition.

Thrips herticki Bagnall (fig. 23)

Thrips herricki Bagnall 1926:545; Hood 1931a:171; Gentile and Bailey 1968:35; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1134. Thrips veratri Hood 1927:218. Thrips veratri Herrick 1927:276; Bailey 1948:43.

Female Body brown, orange internal pigment in pterothorax; head brown except yellow around border of eyes and often anterior to ocellar area; ocellar crescents orange red; tarsi yellow, tibiae yellow distally, shaded brown basally; forewings uniformly grayish brown; setae brown. Antennae brown, except apex of segment II often paler; III yellow or basal 1/3 yellow, gradually shaded light brown medially, and apex pale; bases of IV and V pale.

Body length. 1.63-1.85 mm (fully distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented; inner sense cone on segment VI extending slightly beyond apex of segment; segment III about 3 times longer than wide.

Head (fig. 23). Broader than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III laterad and slightly posterior of anterior ocellus, outside or on border of ocellar triangle, 24-30 ^t long; postocular setae irregular in alignment and numbering 5-7, setae i longest, 24-35 /x, setae ii and iv usually shorter than other setae.

Pronotum. Sculpture anastomosing transversely; posteroangular setae extremely long, about 2/3 to about 3/4 as long as pronotum, outer pair 89-111 ¡JL long, inner pair usually longer than outer pair, 99-117 ^t long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, median pair longest, 35-44 pi.

Mesonotum. 2 anteromedial sensilla present. 70 Metanotum. Reticulated medially; 2 sensilla present; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 47-57 ¡m long, between 2/3 to 3/4 as long as notum.

Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Median setae on tergite VIII well developed, extending posterior of median sensilla, 1/3 to 1/2 as long as tergite; tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, microtrichia regularly spaced, longest 15-17 /x; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, position of anterior sensilla variable; setae B1 on tergite IX extremely long, 156-175 ¡UL long; sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites I- VIII. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I with 0 or 1 anteromedial seta (see fig. 101); Bl setae on stemite VII anterior of posterior margin. Pleurotergites with 1-3 setae on III-VII, occasionally 1 on II, often 4 on intermediate segments (see fig. 96); an anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II (see fig. 93); microtrichia dentate, indistinct.

Male Yellow with grayish-brown shading on abdomen and thorax or yellowish brown, forewings pale yellow, antennal segments I and III yellow, II yellowish brown, bases of IV and V pale, brown distally, base of VI pale or segment completely brown, VII brown. Antennal segment VI decidedly longer than III. Abdominal tergite VIII with minute posteromarginal microtrichia; tergite IX with Bl and B2 setae subequal in lengths, Bl slightly anterior to B2; 2 sensilla anterior to Bl setae, another sensillum laterad or posterolaterad of each Dl setae. Stemites III-VII each with transversely elongate, medially constricted glandular area, usually more than 1/2 as wide as the stemite; on III 106-113 fi wide, 22-24 ¡JL long, 4.5-5.0 times wider than long; on VII 83-89 iJL wide, 20 /JL long, 4.5 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined Thrips veratri Hood, holotype female and 1 paratype female: New York, Ithaca— Veratrum viride Ait., 27-VI-24, G.W. Herrick. New Jersey, Tenafly—9 females, 9 males, Veratrum sp., 7-VI-39, J.C. Crawford. New York, Ithaca—1 female, Veratrum viride Ait., 27-VI-26, G.W. Herrick; Oswegatchie^3 females, l-VI-30, J.D. Hood. Specimens deposited in USNM.

Distribution North America: United States (NJ, NY); Europe: Czechoslovakia, France, Spain.

Hosts Veratrum album L., V. viride Ait., and Veratrum sp.

Comments This species closely resembles impar and cannot be differentiated from it by the color. It differs by the following characters: distinct sculpture lines reaching the median setae on tergites I-VIII; well-developed median setae on tergite VIII, 1/3 to 1/2 the length of tergite; extremely long Bl setae on tergite IX, 156-175 pi; 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae on the pronotum; and a pair of anteromedial sensilla on the mesonotum. On impar, the sculpture lines on tergites II-V or VI do not reach the median setae or are indistinct laterad of the median setae; the median setae on tergite VIII are shorter than 1/3 length of the tergite; Bl setae on tergite IX are 86-109 ¡JL long; 4 or 5 postero- marginal setae are present on the pronotum; and the anteromedial sensilla is absent from the mesonotum.

From other brown species with accessory setae on the pleurotergites, herricki differs by the color of the antennae, the completely grayish-brown forewings, the extremely long posteroangular setae on the pronotum, and the distinct sculpture lines reaching the median setae on tergites I-VIII.

71 Thríps idahoensiSf New Species (figs. 6, 49)

Female (macropterous) Body uniformly light whitish yellow; ocellar crescents orange; forewings light yellow; major setae brown, setae on terminal 2 abdominal segments dark brown, minor setae pale grayish yellow. Antennal segment I light whitish yellow, concolorous with head; II pale with gray shading or light grayish brown with apex light yellow; III light yellow with apex shaded gray; IV yellow in basal 2/3, gradually shading grayish brown distally; V yellow basally, gradually shading grayish brown distally; VI grayish brown with basal 1/2 paler; VII grayish brown.

Body length. 1.23 (1.30-1.35) mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented; segment III slender, 2.75-3.0 times longer than wide; IV slender, shorter than III; VI shorter than III, about equal in length to IV. Trichomes on III and IV short, on IV about 20 /x long; inner sense cone on VI just surpassing apex of segment, 17-20 ¡UL long. Measurements of segments (in /x): total length 250 (242-254); segment I 24 (22-24) long, 32 (30-32) wide; II 37 (35-37) long, 27 (27) wide; III 52 (54-59) long, 17 (17-20) wide; IV 44 (44-47) long, 20 (20) wide; V 35 (32-35) long, 20 (20) wide; VI 44 (44-47) long, 20 (20) wide; VII 17 (15-17) long, 7 (7) wide.

Head (fig. 6). Broader than long, 117 (124) /m long from interantennal process, 101 (104-114) jUL long from anterior margin of eyes, 148 (165-172) /n wide at cheeks (widened posteriorly due to flattened condition of head), angulate slightly anterior of eyes at vertex, cheeks slightly arched; transversely striated anastomosely posterior to eyes, striae 5-7 ¡JL apart; striae weak between eyes. Eyes 54 (59-62) /JL long, 40 (40-45) ¡UL wide. Anterior ocellus 10-15 /x wide. Ocellar setae II 17 (15-20) /n long; ocellar setae III 22 (20-24) fx long, posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, on or just outside border of ocellar triangle, separated by 2 or 3 times diameter of anterior ocellus. Postocular setae i usually largest, 20 (17-20) /JL long, ii 15 (15-17) /m long, iii 15 (15-17) jm long, iv 15 (12-17) ^i long, V 15 (15-17) /x long, vi 15 (15-17) /x long. Mouthcone blunt apically, about as long as head.

Pronotum. 119 (119-124) /x long, 178 (184-207) ¡UL wide, with transverse, anastomos- ing striations, striae usually 5-7 /JL apart in median area of disc. Discal setae 33 (31-38) of various lengths in distinct pattern, 15-28 /JL long; medial and submedial areas without seta. Posteroangular setae 2/5 to 3/5 as long as pronotum, outer pair 47-52 (47- 54) /JL long, inner pair 49-52 (52-61) /JL long. Posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, medial pair 24 (27-30) /JL long.

Mesonotum. Transversely striated medially and posteriorly, obliquely striated later- ally; a pair of anteromedial sensilla present.

Metanotum (fig. 49). Reticulated medially, 62 (62-64) /JL long; sensilla absent; median setae 32 (35-42) /JL long, posterior of anterior margin positioned in anterior 1/4 of metanotum, about 1/2 length of metanotum; lateral setae 32 /x long. Metastemum with few sternal setae.

Forewing. 627 (602-644) /JL long, about 42 /x wide at midlength; costal setae 21 (21- 22); anterior fringe cilia 15-17; forevein with 3 setae on distal 1/2, in 2 groups of 3 and 4 setae on basal 1/2; hindvein with 9 (8-10) setae.

Abdomen. Tergites II-VIII with sculpture lines reaching median setae, absent between median setae on V-VII. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae. Posteromarginal comb inter- rupted medially on tergite VIII, microtrichia short, 7-10 ^t long, 4-8 on each side.

72 Tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, posterior pair anterior to or slightly anteromesad of Bl setae, anterior pair anterolaterad of Dl setae, usually intermediate between Dl setae and anterior margin; Dl setae 86-91 JUL long, about 3/4 as long as Bl setae; Bl setae 114 (114-129) /x long, B2 131 (136-141) /x long, B3 143 (135-153) /x long. Tergite X slightly longer than IX; Bl 120 (125-135)/x long, B2 111 (113-120) )ix long. Stemites without accessory setae. Stemite I with 2 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101). Bl setae on stemite VII anterior to posterior margin by 17 (12-15) ^t. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; sculpture lines with few dentate microtrichia on anterior pleurites. An anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II (see fig. 93).

Male Unknown.

Specimens Examined Holotype female (UCD), 4 female paratypes: Idaho, Craters of the Moon National Monument—September 17, 1965, D.S. Horning (UCD, USNM).

Distribution United States (ID).

Host Unknown.

Etymology This species is named after the State of Idaho where it was collected.

Comments Thrips idahoensis can be differentiated from alhopilosus, hrevipilosus, and quinciensis (the other yellow species in North America that have a medially interrupted posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII) by the following characters: It lacks sensilla on the metanotum; abdominal stemite I has 2 anteromedial setae; tergite II has 3 lateral setae; and the Dl setae on tergum IX are about 3/4 as long as the Bl setae.

The measurements are based on flattened specimens.

Thrips impar Hood (fig. 109)

Thrips impar Hood 1915:25; Stannard 1968:368; Gentile and Bailey 1968:36; Jacot- Guillarmod 1975:1137; Huntsingeretal. 1982:53. Thrips herricki var. impatientis Moulton 1936:109; Bailey 1949b: 125; Gentile and Bailey 1968:36

Female Body generally brown, head lighter anteriorly, lighter than pronotum, thorax with orange internal pigment; tarsi and tibiae yellow or yellowish brown, femora yellowish brown; ocellar crescents orange red; forewings completely grayish brown, base often slightly lighter grayish brown; major setae brown. Antennae brown except basal 1/4 of segment III yellow and apex often pale, base of IV yellow and apex often pale, base of V pale.

Body length. 1.07-1.28 mm.

Antenna (fig. 109). 7-segmented; segment III about 3 times longer than wide; inner sense cone on VI long, extending to about midlength of VII.

73 Head. Broader than long, cheeks arched; ocelh rather large, anterior ocellus 15-20 ¡JL wide; ocellar setae III slightly posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, inside ocellar triangle, about 27 IX long; postocular setae iii subequal in length to seta i, setae ii and iv short- est.

Pronotum. With transverse, anastomosing striations; posteroangular setae 2/3 to 4/5 as long as pronotum, outer pair 69-99 ^t long, inner pair 62-99 ¡JL long; posteromarginal setae 4 or 5, medial pair 32-42 ¡JL long.

l\/lesonotum. Anteromedial sensilla absent, anteromedial angulated area not striated.

Metanotum. Reticulated medially or barely reticulated with reticles elongate longitu- dinally; 2 sensilla present; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 32-40 ¡JL long, about 1/2 length of notum.

Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; tergite VIII with median setae less than 1/4 as long as tergite, not extending posterior of sensilla; posteromarginal comb complete, irregularly spaced, longest microtrichia 12-15 /x long; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; Bl setae on tergite IX 86-109 ix long; sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites I, VII, and VIII, not reaching or weak near median setae on tergites II-VI. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I without anteromedial setae; B1 setae on stemite VII anterior of posterior margin. Pleurotergites III-VII each with 1 or 2 acces- sory setae (see fig. 96); 1, or occasionally 2, short anterolateral setae on pleurotergite II (see fig. 93); microtrichia dentate, sparse.

Male Body generally golden yellow or yellow, thorax darker orange, abdominal tergites shaded grayish brown, legs paler yellow. Antennal segment VI decidedly longer than III. Abdominal tergite VIII with short, irregularly spaced posteromarginal microtrichia; tergite IX with Bl and B2 setae subequal in length, Bl slightly anterior to B2; a sensillum anterior to and between each Bl and B2 seta, another sensillum laterad of each Dl seta. Stemites with glandular areas on III-VII; on III transversely elongate, slightly narrower medially then at ends, 42-50 /x wide, 10-12 ^t long; on VII trans- versely oval, about 24 ¡x wide, 12 ^t long. Pleurotergites without accessory setae.

Specimens Examined Holotype female, allotype male, 14 female paratypes on 8 slides, 15 male paratypes on 9 slides: Maryland, Plummer's Island—in flower of Impatiens sp., 14-IX-13, J.D. Hood; 1 female paratype: Illinois, Areola—in Moss, 30-XII-07, H.E. Ewing (USNM). Kentucky, Combs—2 females, sweeping, 15-VII-48, W.W. Watkins (UCD). Mary- land, 3 miles south of Colesville—1 female, 6-IX-69, M. Druckenrod. New York, Lakeville—4 females. Impatiens sp., 13-VIII-30, J.D. Hood; McLean—1 female, 1 male, flowers of Impatiens sp., 2-IX-25, J.D. Hood (USNM). Ohio, 3 miles northwest of Chesterhill—3 females. Impatiens sp., 6-IX-76, W. Ewart (UCR). Pennsylvania, Lackawanna County, Spring Brook—1 female, 1945, C.H. Hoffmann (47-5214) (USNM). Wisconsin, Milwaukee County, Brown Deer Park—sweeping, 15-VI-84, L. Lebeck (UCR).

Distribution United States (AR, GA, IL, IN, KY, MA, MD, ND, NJ, NY, OH, PA, TN, VA, WI).

Hosts Impatiens sp., grass.

74 Comments This species resembles herricki, which is usually found on Veratum sp. The differ- ences are discussed in the comments for herricki (p. 71).

Thrips intricatus, New Species (figs. 7, 108, 127)

Female (macropterous) Body brown, thorax with orange-red hypodermal pigment; tarsi yellow, foretibiae yellow or brownish yellow, other tibiae and femora brown; ocellar crescents red; forewings completely light brown or pale brown with basal part paler, wingscale light brown with distal part paler brown; setae brown. Antennae brown, except apices of II yellowish brown; pedicel of III pale, basal 1/2 yellowish brown; base of IV lighter yellowish brown.

Body length. 1.52 (1.38-1.57) mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented, about twice as long as head; segment III 2.3-2.5 times longer than wide, apex slightly constricted (fig. 108); VI slightly shorter or about as long as III; trichomes on IV 20-22 ¡JL long, inner sense cone on VI 22-24 jm long, about as long as segment VII. Measurements of segments (in ¡UL): total length 265 (247-279); I 27 (22-27) long, 28 (30-31) wide; II 35 (38) long, 26 (27-28) wide; III 52 (47-52) long, 21 (22) wide; IV 47 (38-44) long, 20 (20-22) wide; V 33 (30-38) long, 20 (17-20) wide; VI 47 (44-50) long, 20 (20-21) wide; VII 24 (22-27) long, 9 (7-9) wide.

Head (fig. 7). Broader than long, slightly shorter than pronotum, 133(lll-131)^t long from interantennal process, 119 (99-117) ¡UL long from anterior margin of eyes, 151 (141-158) ^i wide at cheeks; vertex angulate at midpoint; cheeks slightly arched, 6-8 transverse striae posterior of postocular setae, 3-7 ¡n apart; 2 or 3 minute pores between postocular setae i. Eyes 74 (67-79) /UL long. Anterior ocellus 14 /x wide, posterior ocelli separated by 22-24 fjL, Ocellar setae II 22 (17-24) fi long; ocellar setae III 32 (22-32) ¡UL long, posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, inside or on border of ocellar triangle. Appar- ently with 5 dorsal postocular setae; i longest, 24 (21-24) /n; ii 9 (10-12) pi long; iii 17 (15-20) /x long; iv 11 (7-11) ^t long; v separated from iv by about twice distance between iv and iii, 15 (12-16) m long. Mouthcone conical, about as long as head.

Pronotum. 131 (124-143) ¡UL long, 188 (183-217) ¡UL wide; with transverse anastomos- ing sculpture; 33 (27-39) discal setae 15-22 ¡JL long, PNiii setae 24 (24-30) fjL long, PNi setae occasionally developed. Posteroangular setae 2/5 to 3/5 as long as pronotum, outer pair 64-72 (60-74) /UL long, inner pair 77 (67-80) /UL long. Posteromarginal setae variable in numbers, total of 4-7, medial pair 38 (38-44) /UL long.

Mesonotum. A pair of anteromedial sensilla.

Metanotum. 72 (74-77) /JL long, longitudinally striate; sensilla absent; median setae 44 (38-42) /JL long, in anterior 1/4 of notum; lateral setae 38 (32-38) /JL long. Metastemum with 17-20 setae.

Forewing. 713 (677-754) /JL long, 54 (44-57) /i wide at midlength; costal setae 23 (21- 25), anterior fringe cilia 21 (18-22); forevein with 4-3 basal setae and 3 distal setae; hindvein with 10 (9-11) setae.

75 Abdomen. Sculpture lines not extending to median setae and sensilla on tergites VI- VIII, 2-3 lines anterior of median setae. Tergite II usually with 4 lateral setae, occa- sionally with 3 on one side and 4 on the other side. Median setae on VIII extending posterior of median sensilla, 0.35-0.40 times as long as tergite. Posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII with 14-24 microtrichia, irregular in lengths and spacing, longest 10-12 ¡JL. Posterior margins of other tergites with several minute microtrichia on extreme sides. Tergite IX normally with 2 pairs of sensilla; Dl setae 40 (32-47) ^t long, Bl setae 111 (101-124) ^ long, B2 setae 126 (111-138) ^t long, B3 setae 136 (131-151) ix long. Tergite X slightly longer than IX; Bl setae 111 (114-126) ix long, B2 119 (111- 117) ^t long. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I with 1-3 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101). Bl setae on stemite VII anterior of posterior margin by 17-21 /x, 3.5-4.0 times diameter of setal bases. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; dentate microtrichia on sculpture lines; pleurotergite II without anterolateral seta.

Male (macropterous) Body color similar to that of female; antennae brown, except apices of II yellowish brown; III completely yellowish brown or basal 1/2 yellow, gradually grayish brown distally; IV darker yellowish brown or basally yellowish brown, distally brown; V paler basally than distally. Similar in other characters to female but smaller.

Body length. 1.30 (1.18-1.32) mm (distended).

Antenna. Total length 245 (232-237) /x.

Head. Similar in shape, sculpture, and position of setae to that of female; length from interantennal process 121(117-126) /x, from anterior margins of eyes 111 (106-111) 11, 136 (126-136) n. wide at cheeks. Ocellar setae III 23-27 (21-30) [JL long.

Pronotum. 124 (111-119) ¡JL long, 165 (161-168) ¡JL wide. Posteroangular setae 0.47- 0.56 times longer than pronotum, occasionally shorter, outer pair 58-67 (47-59) fx long, inner pair 64-67 (54-62) ¡JL long.

Forewing. 623 (574-599) ¡JL long, 49 (44-49) ^t wide at midlength. Chaetotaxy similar to that of female.

Abdomen. Posteromarginal comb absent, occasionally several minute microtrichia laterally. Tergite IX (fig. 127) with Dl setae anterolaterad of B2 setae, 24-27 (17-30) ^x long; Bl and B2 setae aligned or Bl setae slightly anterior, Bl 45-47 (35-42) ¡x long, B2 38-40 (27-40) ix long; a sensillum just anterior to and usually between each Bl and B2 seta, another sensillum laterad of each Dl seta. Stemites without accessory setae, occasionally 1 seta present; transversely oval glandular areas on stemites III-VII, about 1/4 times as wide as stemite; on III 15 (10-17) ¡x long, 38 (24-40) ¡x wide, 2.2- 3.3 times wider than long; on VII15 (12-15) /x long, 27 (27-40) /x wide, 1.8-2.7 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined Holotype female, allotype male: New Jersey, Demarest—flowers of Krigia biflora (Walt.) S.F. Blake, 28-V-38, J.C. Crawford (Crawford 592) (USNM). Paratypes: 18 females and 9 males, same data as holotype; 12 females and 1 male. New Jersey, Denville—flowers of Krigia biflora (Walt.) S.F. Blake, 7-VI-38, J.C. Crawford and H. Sartor (Crawford 605). Paratypes in CAS, CDFA, FSCA, INHS, NHM, SMF, USNM.

Other Specimens CANADA: Alberta; 3 miles west of Riviere que Barre—10 females, 3 males, Petasites Examined saggitus (Banks ex Pursh) Gray, 16-V-70, B.S. Heming; west of Morinville—1

76 female, Salix sp. flowers, 16-V-70, B.S. Heming. Northwest Territories, Inuvik—2 females, 2 males, Petasitesfrigidus (L.) Fr., 15-VI-70, P.G. Kevan; 2 females, Petasitesfrigidus (L.) Fr., 14-VI-71, P.G. Kevan. (UA, USNM).

Distribution North America: Canada (Alberta, Northwest Territories), United States (NJ).

Hosts Krigia biflora (Walt.) S.F. Blake, Petasitesfrigidus (L.) Fr., P. saggitus (Banks ex Pursh) Gray, Salix sp.

Etymology Specific epithet derived from latin "intricatus," indicating that the species is perplexing.

Comments This species is similar to validas, an introduced European species, but differs by having darker antennae and fewer discal setae on the pronotum and by the males having wider glandular areas. The specimens from Canada (listed under "Other Specimens Examined") were originally considered an allopatric species because of the darker color, generally larger body and forewings (725-980 /JL long), and generally longer posteroangular setae (69-92 IUL long) and because the males have transversely elongated glandular areas (40-62 /UL wide, 1-15 /JL long) on the abdominal stemites instead of the oval glandular areas of the type series. The Canadian material also has a tiny pore on each side of the pronotum anterior to the posteroangular setae, which is apparently absent from the type series. The measurements of some of the females from Alberta grade into those of the type series and the darker coloration could be attributed to the colder climates in Alberta and Inuvik. Except for the difference in the glandular areas of the males, a definitive character was not found to separate the Canadian material from the type series. Although the Canadian material is treated here as a variant of intricatus, it may present another closely related species and, thus, was not included in the type series.

Thtips konoi, New Species (figs. 8, 50, 78, 128, 142)

Female (macropterous) Abdomen light yellowish brown with yellow internal pigment; or intermediate ab- dominal segments shaded pale grayish brown medially, yellow laterally, anterior and posterior segments uniformly pale grayish brown; or abdomen uniformly brown with yellowish-orange internal pigment. Pterothorax, pronotum, and head darker brown with darker orange internal pigment. Ocellar crescents reddish orange. Legs yellow, middle parts of femur and tibia yellowish orange. Antennae brown, except segment II yellow at extreme apex, with yellowish-orange internal pigment; III yellow or yellow- ish brown in basal 1/3, gradually shaded pale brown distally; IV and V paler yellowish brown at bases. Forewings pale yellowish gray, translucent; hindwings pale with median gray stripe. Body setae pale brown except long setae on abdominal segments IX and X brown.

Body length. 1.50 (1.38-1.50) mm.

Antenna. 7-segmented, 2.2 (2.1-2.3) times longer than head, relatively slender; segments III and IV constricted distally. III 3.1-3.2 times longer than wide, IV about 3 times longer than wide; trichomes on III and IV 27 /x long, inner sense cone on VI 22- 24 ¡ui long, slightly longer than VII. Measurements of segments (in ¡UL): total length

77 287-296 (274-301); I 25-27 (23-27) long, 27 (27-30) wide; II 39 (34-39) long, 25 (24- 27) wide; III 59 (52-64) long, 19 (16-20) wide; IV 54 (49-54) long, 18-19 (18-19) wide; V 39 (37-43) long, 17 (16-18) wide; VI 48 (48-52) long, 18 wide; VII 17 (17-20) long, 9 (7-9) wide.

Head (fig. 8). About as long as wide, 131 (104-131) fx long from interantennal pro- cess, 117 (106-117) ¡ji long from anterior margin of eyes, 136 (120-136) ^t wide at cheeks, cheeks slightly arched or almost straight; anastomosing striae deep on occiput, medial area often with somewhat parallel transverse striae; striae weak between eyes. Eyes slightly bulging, 64 (57-69) /x long, 40 (36-52) ¡JL wide. Anterior ocellus about l2-\4 fi wide, posterior ocelli separated by about twice diameter of anterior ocellus. Ocellar setae II 15 (15-17) /x long; ocellar setae III 24-27 (22-30) ¡UL long, laterad or posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle. Postocular setae 6, aligned in arched line from position posterior of posterior ocellus to just caudad of eye; postocular seta i longest, 22 (20-38) /JL long, ii 10 (12-15) /JL long, iii 12 (15-17) /x long, iv 12 (12-17) /x long, v 15 (15-18) ¡UL long, vi 15 (17-20) JJL long. Mouthcone blunt apically, shorter than head.

Pronotum. Shghtly shorter than head, 116 (109-124) ¡UL long, 156 (145-163) fi wide; with deep, transverse, anastomosing striae. Discal setae 35 (31-43), 15-17 (12-20) ¡UL long, PNiii seta 24 (22-26) /x long; submedial area without setae on each side. Posteroangular setae 2/5 to about 1/2 as long as pronotum, outer pair 49-53 (42-57) ¡JL long, inner pair usually longer than outer pair, 54-59 (53-64) /x long. Posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, medial pair 23 (20-30) /x long.

Mesonotum. Transversely striated medially and posteriorly, obliquely striated later- ally, anterior part unstriated. Pair of anteromedial sensilla in unstriated part.

Metanotum (fig. 50). 74 (68-75) /x long, striated longitudinally, except occasionally narrowly reticulated medially, reticles elongate; sensilla absent; median setae posterior of anterior margin, positioned in anterior 1/3 of notum, 32 (34-42) /x long; lateral setae 28 (25-38) iJi long. Metastemum with 20-26 setae.

Forewing. 841-845 (756-869) /x long, 54 (47-57) /x wide; with long setae and ciUa; costal setae 27 (23-30); anterior fringe cilia 26 (20-26); forevein with 3 setae on distal 1/2, in 2 groups of 3 or 4 setae on basal 1/2; hindvein with 14-15 (12-14) setae.

Abdomen. Tergites II-VIII with striations absent medially between median setae and sensilla. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae. Median setae on tergite II 10-12 /x long, less than 1/5 as long as tergite, on VII (fig. 78) 16 (16-23) ¡UL long, 1/5 to 1/3 as long as tergite. D2 setae not extending beyond posterior margin of tergites III-VII. Tergite VIII with complete comb of 23-30 microtrichia, mostly 11-16 /x long, lateral ones usually short. Tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, anterior pair anterolaterad of Dl seta; Dl setae 52 (54-67) fx long; Bl setae 109 (96-114) /x long, B2 setae 128 (109-136) ¡JL long, B3 setae 118 (101-131) JJL long. Tergite X with Bl setae 126 (98-117) /JL long, B2 setae 119 (99-111) /x long. Stemites without accessory setae. Stemite I with 2 (2 or 3) anteromedial setae (see fig. 101). Stemite VII with Bl setae positioned anterior of posterior margin by 2-5 times the diameter of their bases. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; a short anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II (see fig. 93); sculpture lines with dentate microtrichia.

78 Male (macropterous) Body yellow with thorax darker orange yellow. Antennal segments I and II pale yellow; III basally pale yellow, gradually shading to brown distally; IV pale basally; remainder of antenna brown. Forewings pale yellowish gray. Setae pale brown. Male paratypes also yellowish brown with thorax orange brown, antennal segments I and II pale brown.

Body length. 0.95 (1.16) mm (distended).

Antenna. Total length 235 (240-272) ^JL.

Head. Similar in shape and striation to that of female. Length 101 (114) fx from interantennal process, 91 (106) ¡JL from anterior margin of eyes, width 119 (148) pt at cheeks. Ocellar setae III 19 (22-24) ¡JL long.

Pronotum. 95 (99) /x long, 140 (161) IJL wide, arrangement of setae similar to that of female. Posteroangular setae about 1/2 as long as pronotum, outer pair 33-35 (44-46) ¡JL long, inner pair longer, 41 (50) ¡x.

Forewing. 558-566 (738-742) /x long, 37 (40-49) ^t wide at midlength. Chaetotaxy similar to that of female.

Abdomen. Tergite VIII with short, sparse, irregularly spaced microtrichia along posterior margin. Tergite IX (fig. 128) with Bl and B2 setae aligned, Bl setae 30 (24) IX long, B2 pair 30 (36) ¡x long; 1 pair of sensilla between and anterior to Bl and B2 setae, about aligned with Dl setae, another pair laterad or anterolaterad of Dl setae. Stemites II-VIII each with a few small lobes or minute microtrichia with broad trian- gular bases on their posterior margins. Sternites III-VII each with transversely oblong, oval, or almost rotund glandular areas (fig. 142); on III 22 (35) ¡x wide, 10 (15) ¡x long, 2.1 (2.3) times wider than long; on IV 19 (28) ¡x wide, 12 (15) ¡x long, transversely oval; on V 17 (24) ¡x wide, 12 (12) /x long, oval or almost rotund; on VI 15 (19) )Lt wide, 10 (12) /x long, oval or almost rotund; on VII 12 (15) pi wide, 10 (10) /x long, oval or almost rotund, 1.2 (1.5) times wider than long.

Specimens Examined Holotype female, allotype male: California, Tahama County, Chico—Carex sp., 28- VIII-78, E.L. Paddock (CDFA 781-45) (USNM). Paratypes: 54 females and 2 males with same data as holotype; 5 females with same data except CDFA 791-45; Washing- ton, Nevada County—1 female, Carex sp., 17-VIII-63, T. Kono; Rubicon River Canyon, 6 miles north of Georgetown, El Dorado County—1 male, Carex sp., 8-VI- 65, G.M. Buxton. Paratypes deposited in CAS, CDFA, FSCA, INKS, NHM, SMF, UCD, USNM.

Other Specimens California, Mt. Tamalpais—11 females, 1 male, AraZ/a sp. leaves, 7-VII-78, S.F. Examined Bailey (UCD, USNM); Shafter—1 female, Vitis sp., 22-V-41, R.E. Suggett (UCD); Springville, Tulare County—2 males, grass, 9-VI-60, O.L. Brewnort and W.H. Ewart (UCR); Yosemite National Park, Siesta Lake—1 female, Pinus contorta murrayana Grev. and Balf., 19-VI-63, T. Kono (CDFA). Colorado, Allenspark—8 females, 4 males, leaf sheath of wild Iris sp., 14-VIII-50, F. Andre (NHM, USNM).

Distribution United States (CA, CO).

Hosts Aralia sp., Carex sp., grass. Iris sp., Pinus contorta murrayana Grev. and Balf., Vitis sp.

79 Etymology Species named after Tokuwo Kono, former thysanopterist for the California Depart- ment of Food and Agriculture, who provided the type series for this study.

Comments This species has been confused occasionally with nigropilosus. It differs as follows: 2 pairs of sensilla are on abdominal tergite IX; tergites IV-VII are unstriated medially between the Dl setae; the Dl setae on tergites II are short, less than 1/5 as long as the length of a segment; the metanotum is striated or only narrowly reticulated medially; the abdomen is pale yellowish brown or pale brown; and only macropterous forms are present. On the other hand, nigropilosus has only 1 pair of sensilla on tergite IX; tergites IV-VII are striated medially between Dl setae; the Dl setae on tergites II are more than 3/10 as long as the length of a segment; the metanotum is reticulated medially; the abdomen is often yellow with brown marks on tergites; and macropter- ous and brachypterous forms are present.

I originally considered treating these specimens as graminae. However, the unique holotype of graminae has completely brown antennae, antennal segments III (44 /JL long) and IV (42 ¡JL long) are shorter, the forewings are shorter (681 JUL long), D2 setae on abdominal tergites III-VII extend beyond the posterior margins of the tergites, and the sculpture of the metanotum is reticulate. By way of contrast, konoi has antennal segments III that are mostly yellow and 52-64 fi long, forewings that are 756-869 /JL long, D2 setae on tergites III-VII that do not extend beyond their posterior margins, and a metanotum that normally is longitudinally striate.

The series on Aralia sp. from Mt. Tamalpais, the specimen on Vitis sp. from Shafter, the specimen on Pinus contorta murrayama Grev. and Balf. from Yosemite National Park, and the 2 males from Springville agree with the type series. The specimens on wild Iris sp. from Allenspark, Colorado, are paler (which is probably due to treatment with clarite), the metanotum is more reticulated medially, and antennal segments III are not as elongate as those of the types.

Two lots from Modoc County, California, on Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. and Rose either have or lack sensilla on the metanotum, and the males have wider glandu- lar areas on sternites III-VII. Because these lots cannot be differentiated in other ways, they are provisionally treated as konoi.

One lot each from Eureka, Blue Lake, Petrolia, Samoa dunes, and Trinidad in Humbolt County and from Mt. Helena and Jenner in Sonoma County, California, has the following characters: A mouthcone that is as long as or longer than the head, with maxillary palps 49-57 ii long, medial 1/3 of the metanotum that is reticulated and that occasionally has sensilla, antennal segments III that usually are not as elongate as konoi, and trichomes on segments III and IV that are usually thinner and more diverg- ing than the types of konoi. The glandular areas of the males are similar to those of konoi males. Because the variations in these specimens grade into konoi, they are provisionally treated as konoi.

80 Thríps madrona Moulton (figs. 24,88, 110, 134)

Thrips madrona Moulton 1907:57; Bailey 1949b: 125; 1957:203; Gentile and Bailey 1968:37; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1148; Huntsinger et aL1982:54 (misidentifí- cation); Chaisson 1986:70. Thrips samhucifloris Hood 1934:177; Bailey 1949a:25.

Female Body dark brown with orange-red internal pigment in pterothorax; legs brown, except all tarsi, distal and basal parts of mid- and hindtibiae, and most of foretibiae yellow; ocellar crescents red; forewings grayish brown, basal 1/4 pale yellowish gray, scale pale grayish brown basally, distal 1/2 pale; setae brown. Antennae brown, except most of segment III yellowish brown, bases of IV and V above pedicel paler.

Body length. 1.34-1.56 mm.

Antenna (fig. 110). 7-segmented; trichomes on segments III and IV v-shaped, 22-24 ¡JL long; inner sense cone on VI surpassing apex of segment, 24-27 ¡JL long, longer than VII.

Head (fig. 24). Broader than long, cheeks arched, 0-2 small anteromedial tubercles on vertex; ocellar setae III slightly posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, inside ocellar triangle; postocular setae i longest, ii and iv shortest.

Pronotum (fig. 24). With transverse anastomosing sculpture; posteroangular setae 1/2 to 7/10 as long as pronotum, outer pair 57-74 /x long, inner pair usually longer than outer pair, 57-86 ^t; posteromarginal setae 3 or 4 pairs.

Mesonotum. Transversely striated in median area, rather close set; 2 anteromedial sensilla present.

Metanotum. Striated laterally, reticulated medially; 2 sensilla present in posterior 1/4 to 1/3 of notum; median setae posterior of anterior margin.

Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae, occasionally with 2 on one wing and 3 on the other.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb broadly interrupted medially on tergite VIII (fig. 88), normally low scallops medially between lateral microtrichia; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, anterior pair usually closer to Dl setae than to anterior margin; sculpture lines not reaching median setae on tergites V-VIII; short, low scallops along posterior margins of tergites. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I usually without anteromedial setae, occasionally with 1 or 2; B1 setae anterior to posterior margin on stemite VII, closer to B2 setae than to each other. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; a short anterolateral seta present on pleurotergite II (see fig. 93); dentate microtrichia on sculpture lines, sparse on interme- diate and posterior segments.

Male Smaller and antennae lighter in color than those of female. Abdominal tergite VIII without posteromarginal microtrichia; tergite IX (fig. 134) with Bl setae anterior to B2 setae, aligned with Dl setae, B2 subequal in length to Bl; a sensillum between Bl and Dl setae on each side. Stemites III-VI each with a glandular area, transversely oval or elongate and broadly narrowed medially, absent from VII. Specimens Examined Thrips madronii, lectotype female, 2 female paralectotypes: California, Wrights Station—madrone, 9-III-06, D.M. (CAS 10866) (CAS). Thrips samhucifloris Hood, holotype and 1 paratype females, allotype and 10 paratype males: California, Korbel— in flowers of Samhucus racemosa L., 28-VII-27, J.D. Hood (Hood No. 710) (USNM 74549) (USNM). Other specimens: 85 females and 33 males examined from British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, and Baja California (CAS, INHS, NHM, USNM).

Distribution North America: Canada (British Columbia), Mexico (Baja California), United States (CA, OR, WA).

Hosts Acacia sp., Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook, and Am., Adenostoma sp., Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt., Arbutus menziesii Pursh, Arctostaphylos sp., Baccharis sp., Brassica sp. (wild mustard), Ceanothus sp., Citrus limon (L.) N.L. Burm., Collinsia sp., Cytisus sp., grass, Heracleum lanatum L., Hibiscus sp.. Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng., Lupinus sp., Lysichiton americanum Huit. & St. John, Malus pumila Mill., Medicago sativa L., Myrtus sp., Osmaronia sp., Persea sp. (avocado), Philadel- phus coronarius L., Pinus sp.. Prunus domestica L., Purshia sp., Quercus agrifolia Nee, Quercus sp., Rhamnus crocea Nutt., Rhododendron sp., Rosa eglanteria L., Rubus sp. (blackberry), Salix sp.. Salvia sp., Sambucus racemosa L., Syringa sp., Trifolium sp. (clover), Umbellularia californica (H. & A.) Nutt., Viburnum trilobum Marshall, Viburnum sp., Vitis sp.

Economic Importance According to Bailey (1957:203), madronii causes injury to apples in California.

Comments A lot collected on Lupinus sp. at a 3,000-foot elevation at La Canada, California, varies by having 0-2 anteromedial setae on stemite I; in addition, an occasional specimen has sculpture lines on tergites VI-VIII faintly extending to the median setae and an antennal segment III that is brown in the distal 1/2. The anteromedial setae on stemite I are either present or absent in other lots examined and, therefore, these setae are considered to be a variable character in madronii. Because no distinctive difference was found, I am treating this lot as an extreme variation of madronii.

This species closely resembles paramadronii, which is known from California and Utah. The differences are discussed uná^x paramadronii (p. 98). Thrips madronii differs from major, a European species, by the following characters: The forewings are grayish brown; the body setae are longer; an anterolateral seta is present on pleurotergite II; and males lack a glandular area on stemite VII. Conversely, major has completely pale or pale grayish-yellow forewings, shorter body setae, and no anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II; the males have a glandular area on stemite VII.

In North America, madronii differs by the following characters from other species having an interrupted posteromarginal comb: The forewings are grayish brown with the basal 1/4 pale and with 3 distal setae on the forevein; the sense cone on antennal segment VI is longer than segment VII; an anterolateral seta is present on pleurotergite II; sculpture lines do not reach the median setae on tergites V-VIII; and males lack a glandular area on stemite VII.

82 Thríps magnus Moulton (fig. 135)

Thrips magnus Moulton 1911:36; Bailey 1957:204; Gentile and Bailey 1968:38; Jacot- Guillarmod 1975:1149.

Female Body dark brown with orange internal pigment in pterothorax; legs brown except all tarsi and foretibiae lighter yellowish brown; ocellar crescents red; forewings com- pletely grayish brown; body and forewing setae brown, minor setae lighter yellowish brown. Antennae brown, except pedicel and extreme base of segment III pale.

Body length. 1.54-1.71 mm (fully distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented, rarely 8-segmented; trichomes on segments III and IV short, V-shaped, 22-27 JJL long; inner sense cone on VI 20-22 /x long, at most attaining apex of segment, shorter than VII.

Head. Broader than long, cheeks strongly arched, often with several minute anteromedial tubercles on vertex; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, inside or on border of ocellar triangle; postocular setae i longest, ii and iv short.

Pronotum. Transverse striations weak, indistinct in comparison with those on head and mesonotum; outer posteroangular setae about 1/2 to 3/5 as long as pronotum, outer pair 54-84 ¡UL long, inner pair usually longer than outer pair, 82-94 fi; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, medial pair 32-46 fjL long.

Metanotum. Reticulated medially; 2 sensilla on posterior 1/3 to 1/4 of notum; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 30-37 JJL long, less than 1/2 length of notum.

Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae, occasionally with 4 on one side; posteromarginal comb broadly interrupted medially on tergite VIII (see fig. 88); tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites I-VIII, occasionally not reaching median setae on VII and VIII. Stemites without accessory setae; sternite I with 2 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101); Bl setae anterior to posterior margin on sternite VII, closer to B2 setae than to each other. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; anterolateral seta absent from pleurotergite II; numerous microtrichia on sculpture lines.

Male Antennae paler than those of female. Abdominal tergite VIII without posteromarginal microtrichia; tergite IX (fig. 135) with Bl setae intermedate in position between Dl and B2 setae, Bl setae with enlarged, tuberculate bases; Dl, Bl (about 24 ¡JL long), and B2 setae short in contrast to those of congeners; a sensillum between Dl and B2 setae on each side and laterad to Bl seta, another sensillum anterolaterad of each Dl seta; stemites III-VII each with a glandular area, transversely oval or elongate and broadly constricted medially, progressively diminishing in width posteriorly; on III about 4 times wider than long, on VII about 2 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined Holotype female: California, Visalia—Mimulus sp., 27-VI-09, P.R. Jones (CAS 10867); 3 paratype females with same data (CAS). California, Sequoia National Park, Giant Forest—14 females, 3 males, flowers oí Mimulus gutattus Fisch, ex DC, 11- VIII-27, J.D. Hood (Hood No. 792) (USNM); Grass Valley—1 female, wild snapdrag- ons, 16-VI-35, J.J. duBois (CAS); Lake Tahoe—1 female, grass, 8-VIII-37, F. Andre

83 (NHM); Three Rivers—5 females, 3 males, flowers oíMimulus sp., 13-VIII-27, J.D. Hood (Hood No. 794) (USNM). Utah, Farmington—1 female, meadow sweeping, 9- VII-47, G.F. Knowlton (CAS).

Distribution United States (CA, UT).

Hosts Linaria vulgaris Mill., Mimulus guttatus Fisch, ex DC, Mimulus sp., grass.

Comments This species is differentiated by the following characters from other brown species in North America in which the posteromarginal comb is interrupted medially on tergite VIII: The forewings are completely brown; antennae are brown except for the pale base of segment III; the sense cone on segment VI is shorter than segment VII; sculp- ture lines extend to the median setae on tergites I-VI or VIII; and stemite I has 2 anteromedial setae on the anterior margin.

I have not been able to substantiate the record from Alberta, Canada, listed by Chaisson (1986:70).

Thrips monotropae Hood (fig. 25)

Thrips monotropae Hood 1927:217; Stannard 1968:369; Gentile and Bailey 1968:40; Beshear 1973:12; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1162; Chaisson 1986:70. Thrips flavicauda Watson 1927:43; Stannard 1968:369.

Female Body generally brown, abdomen completely brown or segments IX and X yellowish brown; legs with tibiae and tarsi yellowish brown or yellow; ocellar crescents red; forewings grayish brown, basal 1/3 pale; setae brown. Antennae brown, except ex- treme base of segment III yellow, extreme base of IV pale.

Body length. 1.40-1.72 mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented; segment III 2.0-2.3 times longer than wide; inner sense cone on VI not reaching apex of segment.

Head (fig. 25). Broader than long, cheeks arched; anterior ocellus rather large, 17-22 ¡JL wide; ocellar setae III laterad or slightly posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, about 22 /x long; postocular seta i longest, 27-30 JJL long, setae ii and iv shortest.

Pronotum (fig. 25). Transversely striated, striae weaker than those on head and mesonotum; posteroangular setae usually 3/5 to 4/5 as long as pronotum, outer pair 77- 106 /x long, inner pair usually longer than outer pair, 94-114 ^t; posteromarginal setae usually 3 pairs, median pair 35-37 /x long.

Mesonotum. 2 anteromedial sensilla present.

Metanotum. Medially reticulated longitudinally; 2 sensilla present; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 42-44 ¡JL long, more than 1/2 length of notum.

Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae.

84 Abdomen. Tergite II usually with 3 lateral setae, occasionally 4; posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, irregularly spaced microtrichia short, longest 10-12 ¡m; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, anterior pair closer to Dl setae than to anterior margin; sculpture lines extending to median setae on tergites I and II, VII and VIII or sculpture weak laterad of median setae on tergites III-VI. Stemites without accessory setae; sternite I without anteromedial setae; B1 setae on stemite VII anterior to poste- rior margin. Pleurotergites III-VII each with 1 or 2 accessory setae (see fig. 96); a short, anterolateral seta present on pleurotergite II or absent when 4 lateral setae present; microtrichia sparse.

Male Antennal segment VI about as long as III. Abdominal tergite VIII apparently without posteromarginal microtrichia; tergite IX with Bl setae slightly anterior to B2 setae, distance between setae subequal; sensilla slightly anterior to and between Bl and B2 setae, another sensilla laterad of Dl setae. Stemites III-VII each with a transversely elongate glandular area narrower medially than at ends, more than 1/2 as wide as stemites, diminishing in width posteriorly; on III 128 /x wide, 22 ¡UL long, about 6 times wider than long; on VII 109 ^t wide, 22 /UL long, about 5 times wider than long; pleurotergites without accessory setae.

Specimens Examined Thrips monotropae holotype female: New York, Sodus Pt.—flowers of Monotropa uniflora L., lO-VIII-1924, J.D. Hood (USNM 74551); 1 paratype female with same data (USNM). Thrips flavicauda Watson, 2 female paratypes: Florida, Gainesville, near pond A—in blossom of Monotropa uniflora L., 16-XII-26, A.N. Tissot (USNM 40905) (USNM). Connecticut, Mt. C?im\t\—Monotropa uniflora L., 24-VIII-50, R.M. Sommerman (INHS). District of Columbia, Rock Creek Park—1 female, ?, 12-V-36, Rowe (USNM). Georgia, Rabum County—1 female, Monotropa sp., 2-VI-82, R.J. Beshear (RJB-61-82) (USNM). Illinois, Oregon, Sinnissippi Forest—Monotropa uniflora L., 15-IX-55, Ross and Stannard (INHS). Maryland, Plummer's Island—3 females, Obolaria virginica L., 9-V-40, F. Andre (USNM). New Jersey, Montville—1 male, Monotropa uniflora L., 27-28-VII-35, J.C. Crawford (Cwfd 121) (USNM); New York, Long Island, Sunken Meadows—2 females, Monotropa uniflora L., 1 l-IX-35, J.C.C (Cwfd 208) (USNM).

Distribution North America: Canada (Alberta, Nova Scotia, Quebec), United States (CT, DC, FL, GA, IL, KY, MD, NC, NJ, NY, SC).

Hosts Monotropa uniflora L., Monotropa sp., Obolaria virginica L.

Comments The characters that differentiate this species from other brown species with accessory setae on the pleurotergites include the almost completely brown antennae, the basally pale forewings, and the presence of an anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II.

The description of the male is based on one specimen that has terminal abdominal segments yellow. It differs from other species with accessory setae on the pleurotergites by antennal segment VI, which is about the same length as III instead of about 15 jjL longer than III.

85 Thríps mucidus Moulton

Thrips mucidus Moulton 1936:105; Bailey 1949b:125; Gentile and Bailey 1968:41; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1163.

Female (macropterous) Body completely light whitish yellow; ocellar crescents orange; forewings pale yellowish brown; major setae pale brown. Antennal segments I and II concolorous with head; III pale, shaded pale brown distally; IV pale basally, brown distally; V-VII brown.

Body length. 1.05 mm.

Antenna. 7-segmented; trichomes on III and IV about 22 JJL long, inner sense cone on VI about 20 ¡Ji long.

Head. Broader than long; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus; postocular setae short, i longest, 15 ¡JL long; mouthcone extending beyond posterior margin of prothorax.

Pronotum. Striated transversely, striae rather far apart; posteroangular setae short, outer pair 31 ¡JL long, 0.28 as long as pronotum, (inner setae broken or missing); posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, median pair longest, 19 ¡JL.

Metanotum. Several arcuate, medial sculpture lines farther apart than lateral ones; sensilla absent; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 30 ¡JL long.

Forewing. Costal setae 25, short, those at midlength about 3/5 the width of forewing; forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, longest microtrichia about 13 ^i; sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites I-VIII; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, anterior ones closer to Dl setae than to anterior margin. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I with 2 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101); stemite VII with Bl setae anterior to posterior margin, closer to B2 setae than to each other. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; a short anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II (see fig. 93); dentate microtrichia on sculpture lines.

Male Unknown.

Specimen Examined Holotype female: Oregon, Hood River—apple leaf mold, 3-VII-29, L. Childs (No. 3598) (CAS).

Distribution United States (OR).

Host Leaf mold.

Comments This species is known only by a poor, damaged, unique specimen. One of the antennae is aberrant. It resembles nelsoni but differs by having short trichomes about 22 ¡JL long on antennal segments III and IV, short outer posteroangular setae about 32 ¡JL long, and short costal setae on the forewings about 3/5 as long as the width of the wing at midlength. Thrips nelsoni has trichomes 30-35 pi long on antennal segments III and IV, outer posteroangular setae that are 42-50 ^l long, and costal setae on the forewing that are slightly shorter than or as long as the width of the wing at midlength. Another species with short body setae is sierrensis, which differs by having shorter pronotal setae and a shorter mouthcone. Thríps nelsoni, New Species (figs. 51, 111)

Female (macropterous) Body yellow, with orange-yellow internal pigmentation in abdomen and deeper orange yellow in thorax, light brown submedial bands present or absent from metanotum; legs pale yellow, paler than thorax; ocellar crescents orange red; forewings pale brownish yellow to pale yellow, darker along veins; setae yellowish brown. Antennal segment I light yellow, lighter than head; II darker orange yellow; III yellow at extreme base, gradually yellowish brown to grayish brown apically; IV pale at base, brown apically; V-VII brown.

Body length. 0.98 (0.99) mm (compacted), (1.17-1.20) (distended).

Antenna (fig. 111). 7-segmented; segments III and IV constricted distally into a neck; III about 2.5 times longer than wide, longer than IV; IV 2.0-2.5 times longer than wide; VI shorter or subequal to III. Trichomes on III and IV u- or v-shaped, almost the same width throughout except for distal part, 30 (30-35) ¡JL long, 2/3 to 3/4 as long as segment V; inner sense cones on VI 20-27 ^l long, as long as or longer than segment VII. Measurements of segments (in ¡JL)\ total length 241 (259-264); I 22 (24-27) long, 27 (27) wide; II 32 (24-40) long, 24 (24-27) wide; III 48 (49-52) long, 20 (20) wide; IV 42 (45-49) long, 20 (20) wide; V 37 (38-40) long, 18 (17-20) wide; VI42 (44-50) long, 17 (17-20) wide; VII 18 (17-22) long, 7 (7) wide.

Head. Broader than long, 94 (99-104) ix long from interantennal process, 86 (91-94) pt long from anterior margin of eyes, 135 (137) pt wide at cheeks, cheeks slightly arched; with transverse anastomosing striations posterior of eyes, striae about 5 fx apart; striations weak between eyes. Eyes 57 ¡JL long, 37-40 ¡JL wide. Anterior ocellus 10 ^i wide, distance between posterior ocelli about twice the diameter of anterior ocellus. Ocellar setae II 17 (17-20) ¡JL long; ocellar setae III 17 (20-24) ¡i long, posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, inside to just outside ocellar triangle. Postocular setae short; i longest, 22 (20-22) /x, ii 7-12 pi long, iii 20 ix long, iv 7-10 /x long, v 15-17 /x long, vi 12-15 /x long. Mouthcone conical, about as long as head.

Pronotum. Longer than head, 109 (121-131) ix long, 173 (156-170) ¡x wide; with transverse anastomosing striations, striae usually 5-7 ¡x apart in median area of disc. Discal setae 40-44 of variable length, 12-17 pt long except PNiii 22 (20-27) ¡x long; submedial area without seta on both sides. Posteroangular setae short, outer pair AA-Al (42-50) IX long, inner pair slightly longer, 50 (50-61) /x, 0.35-0.50 times as long as pronotum. Posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, median pair 22 (20-24) ix long.

Mesonotum. Transversely striated medially and posteriorly, obliquely striated later- ally; a pair of anteromedial sensilla. Mesostemum with poorly developed spinula.

Metanotum (fig. 51). 62 (64-69) ¡x long, slightly to well reticulated medially, with reticles elongate, or sculpture lines arcuate or longitudinal with those medially farther apart than laterally; sensilla absent; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 40 (40- 42) ¡X long, about 2/3 length of notum; lateral setae 27 (27-38) ¡x long. Metastemum with 18-22 setae.

Forewing. Well developed, 640 (656-718) /x long, width 47 (47-49) /x, with well- developed setae and cilia; costal setae 25 (25-26), anterior fringe cilia 19(19-22); forevein with 3 setae in distal 1/2; in 2 groups of 3 and 4 in proximal 1/2; hindvein with 11(12-15) setae; length of costal setae at midlength slightly shorter (9/10) to about equal to width of forewing.

87 Abdomen. Tergites II-VIII with sculpture lines reaching median setae. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae. Posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, 22-28 microtrichia regularly spaced, longest microtrichia 12-15 /x. Tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, anterior pair closer to Dl setae than to anterior margin; Dl setae 20 /JL long, Bl setae 84-94 (97-101) ¡UL long, B2 109 (109-120) fi long, B3 94 (90-117) /JL long. Tergite X slightly shorter than IX; Bl setae 99 (104-109) /JL long, B2 91 (85-109) /JL long. Ster- nites without accessory setae. Sternite I with 2 or 3 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101). Setae Bl on sternite VII anterior to posterior margin by about 12 pi, about twice as close to B2 as to each other. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; sculpture lines with a few dentate microtrichia. A short anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II (see fig. 93).

Male Unknown.

Specimens Examined Holotype female: Washington, Seattle—Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., 9-XII-61, Nelson (Seattle 16379; 61-32009); 4 female paratypes with same collection data (USNM).

Distribution United States (WA).

Host Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.

Etymology This species is named in honor of Howard Nelson, the collector.

Comments This species closely resembles mucidus. The differences are discussed in the com- ments for mucidus (p. 86).

Thrips nelsoni differs from sierrensis, another yellow-colored species also found on conifers, by the following characters: long sensory trichomes on antennal segments III and IV, posteroangular setae that are about 1/3 to about 1/2 as long as the pronotum, and longer major posterior setae on tergites IX and X (Bl on IX 84-101 ^t long). Conversely, sierrensis has short trichomes, posteroangular setae 1/5 to 1/4 as long as the pronotum, and shorter major posterior setae on tergites IX and X (Bl on IX 44-62 /x long).

Thrips nigropilosus Uzel (figs. 9, 29, 52, 79)

Thrips nigropilosus Uzel 1895:198; Bailey 1957;204; Stannard 1968:370; Gentile and Bailey 1968:41; Beshear 1973:12; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1164; Huntsingeretal. 1982:54; Chaisson 1986:70. Thrips lactucae Beach 1896:224; Hood 1927:215; Bailey 1948:38. Thrips nigropilosus f. pilosissima Priesner 1922:92; Moulton 1927:193; Gentile and Bailey 1968:41.

Female (macropterous) Body bright yellow with brown marks on thorax and abdomen, occasionally small brown spots forming w shape on pronotum; legs yellow; ocellar crescents red; fore- wings pale gray, occasionally grayish-brown spot in basal 1/3; major setae brown, minor setae light brownish yellow. Antennae brown, except segment I yellow; II yellow or grayish brown with base paler; basal parts of III and IV yellowish brown, gradually shading to darker brown distally; or segments I and II yellow; most of III yellow, apices shaded grayish brown; basal 1/2 to 2/3 of IV and 1/2 of V yellow, apices grayish brown; VI yellow in basal 1/4, apical 3/4 grayish brown; VII grayish brown.

Body length. 1.17-1.34 mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented.

Head (fig. 9). Broader than long, cheeks arched; 5 facets pigmented on venter of eyes and in a distinct pattern (fig. 29); ocelli small, diameter of anterior ocellus about 10 ¡JL wide; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle, 24-30 ¡JL long; postocular seta i longest, ii and iv shortest.

Pronotum. With transverse anastomosing striations; posteroangular setae 1/2 to 3/5 as long as pronotum, outer pair 59-79 ^t long, inner pair usually longer than outer pair, 57-82 /x; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, medial pair 32-44 ix long.

Mesonotum. 1 or 2 anteromedial sensilla present.

Metanotum (fig. 52). Reticulated medially, sculpture lines arcuate, converging cau- dally; sensilla absent; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 35-49 ¡JL long, sepa- rated by less than their length.

Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Median setae on tergite I usually minute, median setae on other tergites well developed, about 1/2 as long as tergite or longer (fig. 79); tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, microtrichia well developed, longest 10-12 /x, rather closely and regularly spaced; tergite IX with 1 pair of sensilla, anterior pair absent; sculpture lines extending completely across tergites I-VIII. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I lacks anteromedial setae; B1 setae anterior to posterior margin on stemite VII. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; anterolateral seta absent from pleurotergite II; microtrichia on sculpture lines.

Female (brachypterous) Similar to macropterous female except wings shorter, extending posteriorly slightly beyond metathorax to tergite IV.

Male (brachypterous) Forewings extending posteriorly slightly beyond metathorax. Abdominal tergite VIII with posteromarginal comb; tergite IX with Bl and B2 setae subequal in length, aligned; 2 sensilla between and slightly posterior of Dl setae. Stemites III-VII each with a transversely elongate glandular area, narrower medially than at ends, 1/2 to 2/3 width of stemite, progressively diminishing in width posteriorly; on VI 89-136 /x wide, 20 ¡Ji long, 5-6 times wider than long; on VII 86 ¡JL wide, 20 ¡JL long, about 4.5 times wider than long.

Immatures Larvae described by Speyer and Parr (1941:628) and Miyazaki and Kudo (1986:9).

Specimens Examined About 50 macropterous and brachypterous females examined from Canada, the United States, Europe, Japan, and New Zealand and 6 brachypterous males from Missouri, South Dakota, and Ontario, Canada (USNM).

89 Distribution North America: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario), United States (CA, CO, DC, GA, lA, ID, IL, IN, MD, ND, NJ, NY, OH, SD, UT, VA, WA, WV); Europe; Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Madeira Islands, Tanzania; Asia: Central Asia, Cyprus, Turkey, Japan; Australia; Pacific Islands: Hawaii, Fiji, New Zealand.

Hosts Polyphagous; found in glasshouses and outdoors.

Economic Importance This species feeds mainly on foliage and is occasionally a pest of chrysanthemums, gloxinia, lettuce, and other crops and a minor pest in glasshouses (Morison 1957:507). Ananthakrishnan (1984:173) lists this species as a pest of flax, wheat, and onions.

Comments Thrips nigropilosus differs by the following characters from other yellow species in North America: 5 ventral facets of each eye are pigmented and in a distinct 1-5 pattern; the metanotum is reticulated and lacks sensilla; a complete posteromarginal comb is present on tergite VIII; tergite IX has 1 pair of sensilla; and accessory setae are absent from stemites and pleurotergites.

Jacot-Guillarmod (1975:1188) and Dyadechko (1977:234) ircaitdpilosissimus as a valid species. This species is identical morphologically to nigropilosus and differs only by having brown spots that form a w shape on the pronotum, more extensive brown shading on the abdomen, and paler antennal segments with the base of VI pale. Thrips pilosissimus is treated here as a junior synonym of nigropilosus.

In their discussion of nigropilosus, Gentile and Bailey (1968:43) stated that macropter- ous males were collected from Aralia californica S. Wats, at Mt. Tamalpais, Califor- nia. I examined a male and several females from this lot and concluded they belong to a new species, konoi, described here. Thus, the males of nigropilosus are still known only in the brachypterous form.

Thrips orientalis (Bagnall) (figs. 53, 69)

Isoneurothrips orientalis Bagnall: 1915:593. Thrips setipennis Steinweden and Moulton 1930:25; Sakimura 1967:432. Thrips (Isothrips) orientalis: Priesner 1940:54; Sakimura 1967:432; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1080. Thrips hispidipennis Hood 1932a: 122; Bhatti 1978:191. Thrips orientalis: Bhaiti 1978:191; 1980:150.

Female Body dark brown with orange internal pigment in thorax; all tarsi yellow, foretibiae yellow washed with light brown, mid- and hindtibiae brown with tips and usually bases yellow, forefemora yellowish brown or mid- and hindtibiae brown with bases paler; ocellar crescents red; forewings completely grayish brown; body and forewing setae brown. Antennal segments I and II brown; III yellow, shaded gray medially; IV yellow in basal 1/4, pale grayish brown in distal 3/4; V yellow in basal 1/4 to 1/3, grayish brown distally; VI completely grayish brown or base paler; VII grayish brown.

Body length. 1.54-1.70 mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented.

90 Head. Broader than long, cheeks arched; oceUi rather large, anterior one about 21 /x wide; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, 22-27 ¡JL long; postocular seta i about as long as ocellar setae III, 20-27 /x long, iii slightly shorter than seta i and about 2 times closer to seta ii than to seta iv.

Pronotum. Transversely striated; posteroangular setae 0.58-0.71 times length of pronotum, outer pair 89-111 ¡UL long, inner pair 86-104 JUL long; posteromarginal setae normally 6, occasionally 5 or 7, medial pair 35-47 /UL long.

Mesonotum. Transversely sculptured, except striae absent in anteroangular area; a pair of anteromedial sensilla present.

Metanotum (fig. 53). Sculptured completely with polygonal reticulations, most reticles with short marks; sensilla absent; medial setae posterior of anterior margin in anterior 1/5 to 1/4 of notum.

Forewing (fig. 69). 15-18 setae on forevein in complete or almost complete row, often 1 or 2 setae absent in medial section interrupting setal sequence.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII incomplete medially, short and irregular laterally, longest microtrichia 7-10 /n; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines not reaching median setae on tergites III- VIII. Stemite I with 2 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101); accessory setae on stemites III-VI usually absent medially, on III 2-4, IV 2-5, V 2-6, VI 2-5. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; an anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II (see fig. 93).

Male Abdominal tergite VIII without posteromarginal comb; tergite IX with Bl and B2 setae aligned on about posterior 1/3 of tergite, Bl 1/3 to 1/2 as long as B2; a pair of sensilla anterior to and between Bl and B2 setae. Stemites without accessory setae; stemites III-VII each with an extremely wide glandular area, broadly narrowed medi- ally, progressively narrower posteriorly; on III 104-128 ¡UL wide, 15-17 ^i long, about 7 times wider than long; on VII 62-72 ¡JL wide, 12-15 /x long, 4.5-5.7 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined Thrips hispidipennis Hood, holotype female, allotype male, 4 female and 2 male paratypes: East Africa, Dar-es-Salaam—flower of Jasminum sp., XII-14-16, A.W. Jobbins-Pomeroy (USNM). UNITED STATES: Florida, Miami—1 female, Jasminum fluminense Veil., 19-1-82, L.D. Howerton. Virgin Islands, St. Thomas—7 females, 4 males, Jasminum sp., 10-11-72, E. Hambleton. Guam, 1 female, Jasminum sambac (L.) Soland. ex Ait., 27-VI-84, D. Henderson (85-1072). Hawaii, Honolulu—3 females, 1 male, Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andr., 16-XII-60, K. Sakimura; Waipio Valley overlook—1 female, 2 males, Jasminum sp., 25-VIII-74, S. Nakahara. (USNM).

Distribution New World: United States (PL), Virgin Islands (St. Croix, St. Thomas); Africa: Tanzania; Asia: India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, People's Republic of China, Philippines, Thailand; Pacific Islands: Guam, Hawaii.

Hosts Found mainly in flowers oí Jasminum spp. [azoricum L,, fluminense Veil., multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andr., sambac (L.) Soland. ex Ait.]. Also reported from flowers of Canthium sp., Morinda sp., and Plumeria sp.

91 Comments This species differs from the other congeners in the New World by the following characters: The metanotum has polygonal reticulations with short marks; accessory setae are present only on stemites III-VI; accessory setae are absent from pleurotergites; and forewings have setae in a complete row or an almost complete row on the forevein.

Thrips pallicotnis Hood (fig. 10)

Thrips pallicornis Hood 1912:138; Stannard 1968:371; Gentile and Bailey 1968:43; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1172. Thrips gilmorei Moulton 1929a:234; Stannard 1968:371; Gentile and Bailey 1968:43; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1172.

Female Body dark brown with red internal pigment, pigment more strongly indicated in thorax; ocellar crescents red; legs completely brown; forewings brown with basal 1/4 to 1/3 pale; setae brown, except pale in basal part of forewings. Antennae predomi- nantly pale lemon yellow; segments I and II dark brown with red hypodermal pigment; III yellow with basal part shaded pale gray; IV and V yellow, shading to pale gray distally; VI yellow basally, shading to pale gray distally; VII pale gray.

Body length. 1.08-1.26 mm.

Antenna. 7-segmented, slender, segment III 3.5 times longer than wide, sides rather parallel.

Head (fig. 10). Slightly broader than long, cheeks slightly arched or almost parallel behind eyes; head behind eyes about as long as eyes; ocellar setae III posterior of anterior ocellus, inside ocellar triangle, 17-27 ^t long; only 3 postocular setae present, ii longer than i and iii.

Pronotum. Broader than long, transversely striated; posteroangular setae 0.55-0.65 times as long as pronotum, outer pair 74-94 /x long, inner pair 74-84 /x long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, medial pair 22-30 ix long.

Mesonotum. Anteromedial sensilla absent.

Metanotum. Medially reticulated, reticles elongate; sensilla absent; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 40-48 ¡JL long.

Forewing. 2 or 3 setae on distal 1/2 of forevein.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb on VIII complete, weakly developed, longest microtrichia 10-12 /x,, rather regularly spaced; tergite IX with 1 pair of sensilla, anterior pair absent; sculpture lines extending to median setae on tergites II-VIII. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I without anteromedial setae; B1 setae on VII anterior to posterior margin. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; an anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II (see fig. 93).

Male Abdominal tergite VIII lacking posteromarginal microtrichia; tergite IX with Bl and B2 setae near posterior margin, aligned, B2 setae longer than Bl setae; a pair of

92 sensilla anterior to Bl setae. Sternites III and IV each with a transversely oblong glandular area, 49 /UL wide, 20 ¡UL long, about 2.6 times as wide as long.

Specimens Examined Holotype female, Illinois, Parker—jarred from Carya sp. (hickory), 14-VII-09, C.A. Hart (USNM 74553) (USNM); allotype male, Illinois, Dubois—beating Carya sp., 3- VII-09, C.A. Hart (USNM). Paratypes: Illinois, Carbondale—1 male, jarred from Carya sp., 19-IX-09, L.M. Smith; Illinois, Clay City—2 females, beating Carya sp., 2- IX-09, C.A. Hart; Illinois, Dubois—1 female, Carya sp. leaves, 28-IV-08, L.M. Smith and C.A. Hart; 6 females, Carya sp., 3-VII-09, C.A. Hart; 1 female, jarred from Carya sp., 17-IX-08, L.M. Smith; Illinois, Herrion—1 female, Carya sp. leaves, 12-V-09, L.M. Smith; Illinois, Olney—1 female, jarred from Malus pumila Mill., 4-V-09, L.M. Smith; (USNM). Iowa, Strawberry Point—1 female, leaves of Juglans nigra L., 24- VI-36, Andre (CAS). Missouri, Molino—1 female, woodland leaf mold, 22-IX-73, Page, Webb and Stannard (INHS). Tennessee, Knoxville—1 female, 3-VIII-19, swept from weeds and bush, G.G. Ainslie (USNM).

Distribution United States (lA, IL, MO, TN, VA).

Hosts Carya sp. (hickory), Juglans nigra L., Malus pumila Mill.

Comments Characters that separate this species from all congeners in North America are as follows: the predominantly lemon-yellow antennae, dark brown body with red internal pigment, completely brown legs, rather long head, brown forewings with pale bases, absence of sensilla on the metanotum and 1 pair from tergite IX, and complete posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII.

Thrips gilmorei was synonymized under pallicornis by Stannard (1968). Although the types were not studied, I agree with Stannard's synonymy based on Moulton's descrip- tion. According to Moulton, the body length of gilmorei is 1.5 mm. Most of the types of pallicornis have a compacted abdomen, which may account for the difference in body lengths.

Thrips pallidicollis Hood (figs. 26, 70, 112)

Thrips pallidicollis Hood 1934:173; Bailey 1949a:25; Gentile and Bailey 1968:38 (as synonym of T. major Uzel); Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1172.

Female General body color brown, pronotum yellowish brown or yellow, paler than head and abdomen, mesonotum yellow in caudal part; all tarsi yellow; forelegs with tibiae yellow, femora yellow apically and ventrally, brown dorsally; midtibiae yellow with median part brown, femora apically yellow, rest brown; hindtibiae yellow, slightly brownish yellow in medial part, femora yellow in apical 1/3, gradually shaded brown basally; ocellar crescents orange red; forewings with pale yellow tinge or pale grayish- yellow tinge with veins more pronounced, distal tip usually slightly pale, grayish- brown tinge; major body and forewing setae yellowish brown, those on abdominal segments IX and X darker brown. Antennae brown, except apex of segment II yellow; III yellow or yellowish brown; IV light brown or basally yellowish brown.

Body length. 1.10-1.23 mm.

93 Antenna (fig. 112). 7-segmented; trichomes on segments III and IV 20-24 /JL long; inner sense cone on VI about 24 /x long, extending beyond distal margin, longer than VII.

Head (fig. 26). Broader than long, cheeks arched, 3 or 4 small anteromedial tubercles in a row on vertex; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, 22-26 fx long, inside or on border of ocellar triangle; postocular setae i longest, 20-23 ¡JL long, ii and iv short.

Pronotum (fig. 26). With transverse anastomosing sculpture; posteroangular setae 1/2 to 3/5 as long as pronotum, outer pair 51-58 ¡JL long, inner pair usually longer, 57-78 /m; posteromarginal setae 6, rarely 7, medial pair 24-30 /x long.

Metanotum. Reticulated medially; 2 sensilla in posterior 1/4 of notum; median setae 32-42 fji long, posterior of anterior margin.

Forewing (fig. 70). Costal setae 21-24, anterior fringe ciha 14-19; forevein with 2 distal setae, occasionally 3 on one wing.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb broadly interrupted medially on tergite VIII; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites I-VIII or almost reaching median setae on V-VIII. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I lacks anteromedial setae; Bl setae on stemite VII anterior to posterior margin, closer to B2 setae than to each other. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; anterolateral seta absent from pleurotergite II; microtrichia on sculpture lines.

IVIale Unknown.

Specimens Examined Holotype female, 6 female paratypes: Colorado, Grant—sweeping, 19-VII-16, L.O. Jackson (Hood No. 342) (USNM 74547); 3 female paratypes: Utah, Currant Creek, 8,000-foot elevation—sweeping flowers, 22-VII-17, J. Silver (USNM). Colorado, Dillon—1 female, grass, 4-VIII-50, F. Andre (NHM); Silverton—1 female, Sambucus sp., 2-VII-65, W.H. Ewart (UCR). Montana, Big Snow Mt.—1 female. Geranium sp., lO-VII-29, S.S. Berry (No. 3613) (CAS).

Distribution United States (CO, MT, UT).

Hosts Geranium sp., grass, Sambucus sp.

Comments On hand are 13 females from Sterling, Colorado, which were collected on Populus sp. on 13-VIII-86. These specimens also have a yellow pronotum and 2 distal setae on the forewings and in most characters agree v^iih pallidicollis. However, the sculpturing of the metanotum is quite different, with the striae farther apart and the reticulations larger and fewer than those of iho pallidicollis types. Moreover, the antennal segments are paler, with the basal 2/3 of IV and 1/2 of V yellow, and the legs and forewings yellow. The antennae of the type series are predominantly brown, with the base of IV pale or yellowish brown; femora and tibiae have brown medial parts; and forewings are pale grayish yellow. The difference in color may be due to the types being col- lected at higher elevations than the Sterling material. Except for these differences, I cannot differentiate the Sterling material from pallidicollis, and thus, I treated the 13 specimens as a pale variation oí pallidicollis.

94 This species differs from other brown species in North America that have a medially interrupted posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII by having 2 distal setae on the forewings and a yellow to yellowish-brown pronotum that is distinctly paler than the head and abdomen. These two characters and a total of 35-43 anterior fringe cilia plus costal setae on the forewings differentiate pallidicollis from major, a European species treated as the senior synonym by Gentile and Bailey (1968). Thrips major has 3 distal setae on the forewings, a brown pronotum, and a total of 47-65 anterior fringe cilia plus costal setae.

Thrips palmi Karny (figs. 27, 54)

Thrips palmi Karny 1925:10; Bhatti 1980:153; Sakimura et al. 1986:1; Guyot 1988:565. Chloethrips aureus Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish 1967:381; Bhatti 1969:381. Thrips gracilis Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish 1968:361; Bhatti 1969:381. Thrips leucadophilus Priesner 1936:91; Bhatti 1980:153. Thrips clarus Moulton 1928:294 (New Synonymy).

Female Body bright golden yellow, head lighter yellow; legs lighter yellow; ocellar crescents red; forewings pale yellow or pale brownish yellow shade in basal part, gradually pale yellow distally; major setae brown. Antennal segments I pale yellow; II darker yellow; III yellow in basal 2/3, brown distally; IV and V yellow in basal 1/2, brown distally; VI brown, occasionally pale basally; VII brown.

Body length. 1.0 mm (contracted) to 1.21 mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented; segment III 42-45 ¡x long, about 2 times wider than long.

Head (fig, 27). Wider than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III laterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle, separated by 22-26 ¡JL, 20-24 pi long; postocular setae in arched alignment, seta i as long as ocellar setae III, 20-27 pu long, ii and iv shorter than iii.

Pronotum (fig. 27). Transversely striated; posteroangular setae 1/2 to 3/5 as long as pronotum, outer pair 52-67 p long, inner pair 57-69 p long; posteromarginal setae usually 3 pairs, occasionally total of 4 or 5 setae, medial pair 24-30 p long.

Mesonotum. 2 anteromedial sensilla as wide apart or wider apart than distance between median setae.

Metanotum (fig. 54). Reticulated sculpture medially, median lines farther apart then lateral ones, arcuate lines converging caudally; 2 sensilla in caudal 1/4 of notum; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 30-40 p long.

Forewing. 3 distal setae, occasionally 2 or 4, on forevein.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 4 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, close set, longest microtrichia 12-15 /x long; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines extending to median setae and sensilla on tergites I-VIII. Stemites

95 without accessory setae; sternite I with 3 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101); Bl setae on stemite VII anterior of posterior margin by 12-17 /JL, Pleurotergites without accessory setae or anterolateral seta on II.

Male Abdominal tergite VIII with complete posteromarginal comb; tergite IX with B1 and B2 setae aligned or Bl slightly anterior to B2 setae; a pair of sensilla between and anterior to Bl and B2 setae, another pair of sensilla anterolaterad to Dl setae; sternites III-VII each with a transversely elongate glandular area, broadly narrowed medially; on III 52-72 ¡n wide, 10-12 /UL long, 5.5-7.5 times as wide as long, about 1/2 as wide as stemite; on VII 37-49 ¡UL wide, 10 ¡JL long, 4-5 times as wide as long; posterior margin of VIII with microtrichia, usually those on VII minute.

Larva Second instar larva described by Miyazaki and Kudo (1986:2).

Specimens Examined Thrips palmi Karny, 2 female paratypes: Sumatra, Medan—on leaves of Nicotiana tahacum L., X-21, H.H. Karny (USNM). Thrips clarus Moulton, holotype and 3 paratype females: Formosa, Taihoku—Bidens pilosa L., flowers, 4-II-27, R. Takahashi, No. 2122; 2 female paratypes, Formosa, Taihoku—Chrysanthemum sp., 1- III-27, R. Takahashi, No. 2119 (CAS). Puerto Rico, Guayanilla—3 females. Cucúrbita sp. (pumpkin) flowers, 4-II-87, M. Jusino; Santa Isabel—5 females and 5 males. Solarium melongena L. leaf, 4-XII-86, R. Ivanqui and A. Segarra; 19 females and 1 male. Capsicum sp. and Cucumis melo L., 4-II-87, A. Mercado (USNM). Other identified specimens from Hawaii, Thailand, and India (USNM).

Distribution New World: Antigua, Barbados, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Trinidad, United States (FL), Venezuela; Africa: Sudan; Asia: Bangladesh, People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan (Okinawa, Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshu), Malaya, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand; Pacific Islands: Guam, New Caledonia, Samoa, Wallis Island.

Hosts and Economic According to Sakimura et al. (1986), damage, often severe, was reported on the Importance following crop plants: Cucurbitaceae: bitter melon, cantaloupe, cucumber, hairy gourd, muskmelon, pumpkin, squash, watermelon; Leguminosae: broadbean, cowpea, kidney bean, soybean, whiteclover; Solanaceae: eggplant, groundcherry, pepper, potato, tobacco; other miscellaneous plants: Amaranth spinach, chrysanthemum, cotton, cyclamen, dahlia, morningglory, sesame, sweet potato. Also reported from apple, avocado, carnation, citron, coriander, mulberry, mustard, onion, orange, various orchids, peach, tea, tomato, and many other plants.

Comments The following characters distinguish pa/m/ from other yellow species in the New World: The abdomen is completely yellow; the major setae are brown; ocellar setae III are laterad of the anterior ocellus; ocellar crescents are red; a sculpture pattern is on the metanotum; 4 lateral setae are on tergite II; the posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII is complete; and 3 anteromedial setae are on sternite I.

Gentile and Bailey (1968:30) synonymized Thrips clarus with T.flavus Schrank. Although the holotype of clarus has shorter posteroangular setae (45-50 ¡JL long) than palmi, the type series of clarus I examined cannot be differentiated from palmi. Therefore, clarus is treated here as a junior synonym oí palmi.

96 Thrips paramadronii, New Species (figs. 32, 55, 93)

Female (macropterous) Body dark brown, pterothorax with orange internal pigment; all tarsi, foretibiae, apical half of mid- and hindtibiae yellowish brown, rest of legs brown; ocellar crescents red; forewings grayish brown, basal 1/4 light grayish brown, scale completely grayish brown; setae brown. Antennae brown, except segment III yellow or yellowish brown basally, shaded grayish brown distally; IV basally yellow, gradually grayish brown distally.

Body length. 1.57 (1.38) mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented; segments III and IV constricted distally. III slightly longer than IV and slightly shorter or subequal to VI; trichomes on III and IV short, v-shaped, 15-17 pi long; inner sense cone on VI about 22 ¡i long, slightly shorter than VII. Measurements of segments (in ¡JL)\ total length 244 (239-274); segment I 20 (22-24) long, 27 (30) wide; II 35 (29-37) long, 27 (27) wide; III 47 (47-52) long, 21 (20) wide; IV 40 (37-42) long, 22 (20-22) wide; V 37 (37-42) long, 20 (20) wide; VI 52 (49-52) long, 20 (20-22) wide; VII 24 (24-27) long, 10 (8-10) wide.

Head. Broader than long, 109 (94-115) ¡x long from interantennal process, 148 (138- 158) pt wide at cheeks, angulated slightly anterior of eyes at vertex, cheeks slightly arched; transverse anastomosing striations posterior of eyes, striae 5-7 ¡JL apart; stria- tions weak between eyes. Eyes 64 (57-64) ¡JL long, 47-49 ¡JL wide. Anterior ocellus about 14 pt wide. Ocellar setae II about 24 ¡JL long; ocellar setae III about 20 ¡x long, posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, inside ocellar triangle. Postocular setae i longer than ocellar setae III, 32-35 (30-37) ¡JL long, ii 10-15 pt long, iii 23-31 /x long, iv 7-12 /x long, V 17-27 ¡JL long, vi 15-22 /x long. Mouthcone about as long as head.

Pronotum (fig. 32). Longer than head, 136 (133-156) ix long, 203 (180-215) ^t wide; with transverse anastomosing striations, striae 5-7 ¡JL apart in median area of disc. Discal setae 38-50 varying in length, 17-31 ix long, except PNiii 37-47 ix long, about as long as medial posteromarginal setae; submedial area without setae on each side. Posteroangular setae 0.56-0.71 times as long as pronotum, outer pair 86 (62-99) ¡x long, inner pair 86 (74-99) ¡x long. Posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, occasionally 4 pairs, medial pair 40 (35-44) fx long.

Mesonotum. Transversely striated medially and posteriorly, obliquely striated laterally; a pair of anteromedial sensilla.

Metanotum (fig. 55). 78 (71-78) ix long; reticulated medially, reticles elongate longi- tudinally and wider than distances between lateral sculpture lines, often sculpture lines arcuate or forming oval pattern; 2 sensilla separated by about twice their diameter; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 40 (32-44) ix long, about 1/2 length of notum; lateral setae 40 (30-40) ¡x long. Metastemum with 19-22 sternal setae.

Forewing. 750 (722-824) ¡x long, 54 (49-57) ix wide, with well-developed setae and cilia; costal setae 24 (22-26), anterior fringe cilia 18-20 (16-21); forevein with 4-1-3 setae in proximal 1/2, 2 setae (occasionally 3 on one wing) in distal 1/2; hindvein with 9-10 (11-14) setae.

Abdomen. Tergites II-VII with sculpture lines reaching median setae. Tergite II (fig. 93) normally with 3 lateral setae, 4 occasionally on one side. Posteromarginal comb

97 broadly interrupted medially on tergite VIII, 3-9 short microtrichia on each side. Short posteromarginal scallops medially on tergite VIII between microtrichia and on some preceding tergites. Tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; Dl setae 43 (42-44) fi long, Bl setae 106 (94-116) /x long, B2 118 (112-131) /x long, B3 116 (113-122) pi long. Tergite X about as long as IX; Bl 94 (85-94) fi long, B2 92 (76-87) /JL long. Stemites without accessory setae. Stemite I lacking anteromedial setae. Setae Bl on stemite VII anterior to posterior margin by 15-17 pt. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; sculpture lines with microtrichia; an anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II (fig. 93).

Male Unknown.

Specimens Examined Holotype female (UCD), 2 female paratypes: California, Nevada City, Nevada County—broom, VII-26-50, S.F. Bailey. Two paratypes on one slide with Thrips vulgatissimus Haliday: Utah, Logan Canyon—leaf mold, VIII-30-31, James and Thomas, 1463. Paratypes deposited in UCD and USNM.

Distribution United States (CA, UT).

Hosts Cytisus sp. (broom), leaf mold.

Etymology Specific name, derived by combining Greek "para" with madronii, refers to the close resemblance to madronii.

Comments This species can be easily mistaken for madronii, which occurs in Baja California, Pacific Coastal states, and British Columbia in Canada. It differs morphologically by having 2 distal setae on the forewing, sculpture lines reaching the median setae on tergites V-VIII, and fewer and larger medial reticulations of the metanotum; madronii normally has 3 distal setae on the forewing, sculpture lines that do not reach the median setae on tergites V-VIII, and smaller and more numerous reticulations on the metanotum.

Thrips pallidicollis also has 2 distal setae on the forewing and sculpture lines that reach the median setae on tergites V-VIII, but it differs by having a yellowish-brown or pale pronotum that is paler than the head and abdomen, forewings with a pale yellowish or pale grayish-yellow tinge with pale grayish-brown tips, and no anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II. The pronotum of paramadronii is brown and not paler than the rest of the body, the forewings are grayish brown with the basal 1/4 paler, and an anterolateral seta is present on pleurotergite II.

Thrips sieversiae, which also has a medially interrupted posteromarginal comb and sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites V-VIII, differs by having 3 distal setae on the forewings, no anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II, and shorter pronotal setae.

98 Thrips pauciporuSf New Species (figs. 11,36,56,89, 113)

Female (macropterous) Abdomen yellow, thorax and head yellowish brown, legs yellow; forewings light yellow; major setae on terminal abdominal segments brown, setae on remainder of body and forewings light brown. Antennae brown, except segments I-III pale brown, IV light brown, with pale base. Paratypes variable in color: body completely yellow, abdomen yellowish brown with thorax brown or body completely brown; ocellar crescents red; forewings completely pale yellow or with light brown patch on basal 1/3. Antennae with segments I-III pale; most of IV pale with apex pale brown; V pale in basal 1/2, brown in distal 1/2; VI and VII brown; or antennae brown, except apex of II yellow; III yellow; basal 1/2 of IV yellow; and basal 1/3 of V yellow, yellowish brown, or paler than remainder of segment.

Body length. 1.36 (1.22-1.65) mm (distended).

Antenna (fig. 113). 7-segmented, more than 2 times longer than head; segment III slender, 2.6-2.8 times longer than wide, slightly constricted at apex; IV shorter and similar in shape to III; trichomes on III and IV short, about 20 ¡JL long, strongly diverg- ing; inner sense cone on VI surpassing apex of segment, 35 (32-38) /UL long. Measure- ments of segments (in ¡JL): total length 253 (253-288); segment I 24 (24-27) long, 27 (24-32) wide; II 27 (37-42) long, 27 (26-30) wide; III 47 (44-54) long, 17 (16-20) wide; IV 42 (38-47) long, 19 (17-20) wide; V 37 (37-43) long, 19 (19-21) wide; VI 49 (49-54) long, 20 (20-22) wide; VII 20 (22-24) long, 7 (7-8) wide.

Head (fig. 11). Broader than long, 111 (99-130) ¡n long from interantennal process, 101 (104-118) juL from anterior margin of eyes, shorter than pronotum; 142 (127-142) ¡JL wide at cheeks, strongly constricted just posterior of eyes, cheeks arched or almost straight after constriction, slightly angulated or somewhat arched anteriorly between eyes; striated transversely posterior of eyes. Eyes bulging from head, 61 (59-71) ¡JL long, 42 (38-47) wide. Anterior ocellus 12 (12-15) /UL wide, about its diameter from posterior ocelli, posterior ocelli separated by slightly more than the diameter of the anterior ocellus. Ocellar setae II 18 (19-28) /UL long; ocellar setae III 27 (27-35) JUL long, laterad or posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside or on border of ocellar triangle. Postocular setae i normally longer than ocellar setae III, 32 (26-33) ¡JL long; ii 17 (10- 17) jUL long; iii 27 (22-27) /x long; iv 12 (10-15) />t long; v 20 (17-24) /JL long; vi 15 (15- n) ¡JL long. Mouthcone conical, about as long as head.

Pronotum. 125 (117-139) /JL long, 170 (158-184) /JL wide; transverse, anastomosing striations strongly indicated laterally and in posterior 1/3, weakly developed in median area. Discal setae sparse, 30 (25-34) of varying lengths, PNi and PNiii setae largest, 32-35 (26-40) ¡UL long; median and submedial areas without seta. Posteroangular setae about 1/2 as long as pronotum; outer pair 64-66 (59-78) JUL long, inner pair 69-72 (64- 80) jUL long. Posteromarginal setae 3 pairs or occasionally with total of 7 setae, medial pair 30 (26-33) ¡JL long.

Mesonotum (fig. 36). Reticulated medially, transversely striated posteriorly, obliquely striated laterally; anteromedial sensilla absent. Mesostemum with spinula indistinct.

Metanotum (fig. 56). 62 (62-74) ¡JL long; sensilla absent; indistinctly reticulated, medial longitudinal sculpture lines farther apart than base of median setae; median setae slightly posterior of anterior margin, 38 (32-42) fjL long, about 1/2 length of notum; lateral setae 32 (24-42) /JL long. Metastemum with 16-23 setae.

99 Forewing. 701 (648-812) fi long, 42 (42-54) ¡JL wide, extending posteriorly to about tergite VIL Costal setae 22 (19-24), anterior fringe cilia 18 (14-20); forevein with 4-H3, rarely 3+3, setae in proximal 1/2, 3 setae in distal 1/2; hindvein with 10 (8-12) setae.

Abdomen. Tergites II-VIII with sculpture lines reaching median setae. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae, some paratypes with 4 lateral setae. Posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII (fig. 89), 28 (28-38) microtrichia irregularly spaced, occasionally in groups, irregular in lengths, longest 12-14 /x. Tergite IX with a pair of posterior sensilla anterior to Bl setae, anterior pair absent; Dl seta 42 (42-54) /UL long, Bl (missing in holotype) (97-116) /x long, B2 114 (102-135) /JL long, B3 111 (106-126) fx long. Tergite X shorter than IX; Bl 106 (97-120) /JL long, B2 94 (87-106) JUL long. Stemites without accessory setae. Stemite I lacking anteromedial setae. Setae Bl on stemite VII anterior of posterior margin by about 15 (12-20) JUL, closer to B2 than to each other. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; microtrichia dentate on sculpture lines; anterolateral seta absent or present on pleurotergite II.

Male (macropterous) Body yellow, smaller than female, similar in most morphological characters.

Body length. 0.88 (1.0) mm.

Antenna. Total length 227 (247) ¡UL.

Head. Similar in shape, sculpture, and position of setae to that of female; length from interantennal process (head tilted) 94 ^t, from anterior margin of eyes 90 /x, 118 (128) ¡UL wide at cheeks.

Pronotum. 94 /x long, 130 ^t wide. Posteroangular setae about 1/2 as long as pronotum, outer pair 45 (54) /UL long, inner pair 50 (54) fi long.

Forewing. 521 (605) ¡JL long, 38 (45) /x wide at midlength. Chaetotaxy similar to that of female.

Abdomen. Posterior margin of VIII with irregularly spaced microtrichia of irregular length, medial ones longest. Tergite IX with Dl setae 24 ¡n long; Bl setae slightly anterior of B2 setae, distance between setae subequal, Bl 35-38 /x long, B2 40 /UL long; a pair of sensilla slightly anterior to and between Bl and B2 setae. Glandular areas on each of stemites III-VII, elongate transversely, about 0.40 times as wide as their respective stemite; on III 42 (57) /JL wide, 8 (11) /x long, 5.18-5.25 times wider than long; on VII 38 (40) ¡JL wide, 8 (10) /x long, 4.0-4.75 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined Holotype female, 2 female paratypes; Texas, Palmetto State Park (Gonzales)— sweeping, l-VI-84, T. Wooley (USNM); allotype male, 3 female paratypes; Texas, Romayer (Polk)—sweeping, 22-V-84, J. Wooley (USNM). Other paratypes: 1 female, Illinois, Carbondale—sweeping from grass, etc., V-28-07, C.A. Hart (USNM); 4 females, Illinois, Eichom (Hicks's Branch)—sweeping in woods, 13-VI-34, Delong and Ross (INHS, USNM); 1 female, Illinois, Mt. Carmel—grasses, 15-VI-48, E.G. Becker (INHS); 1 female, 1 male, Illinois, Urbana (University Woods)—sweeping herbs, l-VI-34, Ross and Mohr (INHS); 1 female. North Dakota, Northwood—sod ex willow shelterbelt, 22-IV-56, R.L. Post (USNM); 1 female. North Dakota, Northwood—bark and moss, 1 l-IV-58, R.L. Post (NDSU); 1 female, Texas, Laguna Park (Bosque)—sweeping, 13-IV-84, J. Wooley (USNM).

100 Distribution United States (IL, ND, TX).

Hosts Bark, moss, grass, herbs, and sod.

Etymology Specific name, derived from combining Latin "paucus" meaning few and "porus" meaning pore, refers to the absence of sensilla from the metanotum and a pair each from the mesonotum and abdominal tergite IX.

Comments The types from Texas have a Ughter body color and are smaller than those from North Dakota. Material from Illinois is somewhat intermediate between the two in color. Some of the specimens from Illinois have a pale brown patch on the basal 1/3 of the forewings, but other material has completely pale yellow forewings. The method of collecting, storing, and mounting and the age of the specimens may account for the differences in color. Also, specimens from colder areas tend to be darker than those from warmer areas.

Other variations occur on tergite II, which normally has 3 lateral setae and occasion- ally 4, and with the anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II, which is normally present but infrequently absent. However, all specimens lack the anteromedial sensilla from the mesonotum, the sensilla from the metanotum, and the anterior pair of sensilla from abdominal tergite IX.

In North America, pallicornis and tahaci also lack the aforementioned sensilla. Thrips pallicornis differs from pauciporus with its predominately yellow antennal segments III-VII and brown forewings, and tahaci differs by having grayish-brown ocellar crescents, forewings usually with 4-6 distal setae, and ciliate microtrichia on the abdominal pleurotergites. Conversely, pauciporus has brown antennal segments VI and VII, pale yellow forewings with an occasional pale brown spot in the basal 1/3, red ocellar crescents, forewings with 3 distal setae, and pleurotergites that lack ciliate microtrichia. Thrips impar also lacks anteromedial sensilla from the mesonotum; however, it has accessory setae on the pleurotergite {y^fhich pauciporus lacks). Other North American congeners differ by having anteromedial sensilla on the mesonotum, 1 or 2 sensilla on the metanotum, and the anterior pair of sensilla on tergite IX.

Thrips pectinatus Hood, New Status (figs. 18, 71,90,96, 114) Thrips pectinatus Hood 1932b:38; Bailey 1949a:25; Stannard 1968:373 (as a junior synonym of T. quinciensis)\ Gentile and Bailey 1968:44; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1192 (as a junior synonym of T. quinciensis).

Female Body pale yellow, pterothorax darker orange yellow; ocellar crescents orange red; legs pale yellow; forewings uniformly pale yellow; body and forewing setae pale, except for major setae on abdominal tergites IX and X yellowish brown. Antennal segments I and III yellow; IV yellow, shaded gray in distal 1/2; V yellow in basal 1/2, brown in distal 1/2; VI brown, base paler; VII brown.

Body length. 1.07-1.40 mm.

Antenna (fig. 114). 7-segmented.

101 Head (fig. 18). Broader than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle, 24-32 ¡JL long; postocular setae irregularly aligned, seta i longest, setae ii and iv shorter than i and iii.

Pronotum (fig. 18). Transversely striated; posteroangular setae 3/5 to 4/5 as long as pronotum, outer pair 67-72 /x long, usually slightly shorter than inner pair, 69-91 ¡JL long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, medial pair 35-47 ¡JL long.

Metanotum. Striated longitudinally; sensilla absent; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 30-42 ¡JL long.

Forewing (fig. 71). Forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII complete (fig. 90), microtrichia irregularly spaced, longest 12-15 /x; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; B1 setae 79-96 pt long, B2 99-121 /xlong, B3 86-111 /x long; tergite X with Bl setae 89-114 /x long, B2 82-99 /JL long; sculpture lines reaching median setae and sensilla on tergites I-VIII. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I lacking anteromedial setae; Bl setae on stemite VII anterior to posterior margin. Pleurotergites (fig. 96) with accessory setae, 1-3 on III-VI and 1 on VII; anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II absent; microtrichia indistinct.

Male Antennal segment VI about 40 ¡JL long, about as long as or slightly shorter than III. Abdominal tergite VIII with sparse, irregularly spaced microtrichia, longest about 10 ¡UL; tergite IX with Bl and B2 setae subequal in length, aligned or with Bl slightly anterior to B2, distance between setae slightly variable; 2 sensilla between Dl setae and another sensillum anterolaterad of each Dl seta. Stemites III-VII each with a transversely elongate, narrow glandular area, diminishing in width posteriorly, about 1/4 width of stemite; on III 30-40 ¡JL wide, 7-10 ^t long, 3-5 times wider than long; on VII 15-35 ¡JL wide, 7-10 /x long, 1.6-3.6 times wider than long. Pleurotergite without accessory setae.

Specimens Examined Holotype female, 8 female paratypes: Maryland, Plummer's Island—under Platanus occidentalis L. bark, 12-IV-14, J.D. Hood (USNM 74556) (USNM). Connecticut, Storrs—5 females, under Carya sp. (hickory) bark, lO-IX-36, J.D. Hood (USNM). Tennessee, Great Smoky Mountains National Park (Chimney's Campground)—8 females, 10 males, on Fraxinus sp. (ash), 31-VIII-48, Ross and Stannard (Thr 189) (INHS).

Distribution North America: Canada (Manitoba), United States (CT, MD, TN).

Hosts Carya sp., Fraxinus sp., Platanus occidentalis L.

Comments Stannard (1968) ixQdXeá pectinatus as a junior synonym of quinciensis, but Gentile and Bailey (1968) treated the two species as distinct entities. Jacot-Guillarmod (1975), however, followed Stannard. The differences between these two species are discussed under quinciensis (p. 110).

Thrips pectinatus closely resembles winnemanae in morphology and color; it differs mainly in that the females have pale yellow bodies and wing setae and the males have antennal segments III and VI subequal in length and glandular areas narrower than those of winnemanae. Conversely, winnemanae has brown setae and antennal seg-

102 ments VI of the males are about 62 /JL long, 10-17 ^t longer than III. I originally considered synonymizing pectinatus under winnemanae but because of the difference in the males, I treated these two species as separate taxa.

Thrips pini (Uzel) (figs. 12,37,58,81)

Physopus pini Uzel 1895:125. Thrips pini: Trybom 1896:88; Bhatti 1978:193; Heming 1985:22. Taeniothripspini: Priesner 1920:54; Hood 1937:74; Titschack 1955:375; O'Neill and Bigelow 1964:1235; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1042; Chaisson 1986:68. Taeniothrips (Similothrips) pini: Schliephake 1972:274; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1037.

Female Body brown with abdomen darker brown than head and thorax; legs yellowish brown with medial parts of tibiae and femora shaded brown; ocellar crescents red; forewings pale yellowish brown, base pale, scale pale in distal 1/2, pale brown in basal 1/2; setae brown. Antennae brown, except yellowish brown in apices of segment II, most of III, and sometimes bases of IV and V.

Body length. 1.1-1.4 mm.

Antenna. 8-segmented.

Head (fig. 12). Broader than long, cheeks arched; 3 to 4 small anteromedial tubercles in a row cephalad of anterior ocellus. Ocellar setae III 20-27 fx long, posterolaterad of anterior ocellus and farther apart than width of ocellus. Postocular setae i and iii about as long as ocellar setae III; seta ii shorter than i and iii, often mesad of iii.

Pronotum. Transverse anastomosing striations; posteroangular setae 0.33-0.45 times as long as pronotum, outer pair 40-54 /JL long, inner pair 44-57 ¡n long; posteromarginal setae usually 3 pairs, medial pair 24-35 ¡JL long.

Mesonotum (fig. 37). Completely sculptured, median area with short scalelike lines; a pair of anteromedial sensilla.

Metanotum (fig. 58). Median 1/3 with rather large reticulations in contrast to lateral striations, axes of reticulations transverse; 2 sensilla present; median setae about 1/2 as long as notum, posterior of anterior margin.

Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae, infrequently 2 or 4.

Abdomen (fig. 81). Tergite II with 4 lateral setae, occasionally 3 on one side; posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII irregular in length, longest microtrichia about 15 jjL, ranging from complete or medial part with shorter microtrichia than laterally and irregularly spaced to microtrichia completely absent from medial 1/4 to 1/3 but with low, broad lobes; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla. Sternite I without anteromedial setae; accessory setae on stemites II-VII in irregular row, occasionally in partial double rows laterally on VI and VII. Pleurotergites lacking accessory setae; pleurotergite II without anterolateral seta.

103 Male Body yellowish brown, pterothorax slightly darker brown than abdomen and pronotum, head yellow posterior of eyes, brown anteriorly. Antennal segments I and II yellow; III yellow, shaded brown distally; IV pale basally; extreme base of V pale; VI and VII brown. Abdominal tergite VIII with several minute microtrichia on extreme lateral part of posterior margin; tergite IX with Bl and B2 setae aligned or Bl slightly anterior to and longer than B2; 2 sensilla anterior to Bl and B2 setae. Stemites III-VII each with 1-5 accessory setae, normally absent from medial area; transversely oval glandular area on each of stemites III and IV, rarely absent from IV; on III 20-32 /x wide, 12-11 fjL long, 1.4-2.2 times wider than long; on IV 7-24 ¡UL wide, 5-12 jj. long, 1.4-1.6 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined CANADA: Alberta, Cyprus Hills Provincial Park—1 female. Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, 30-VI-69, B.S. Heming (USNM). New Brunswick—5 females, 5 males, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., 5-VII-66, I.W. Varty (USNM). UNITED STATES: Colorado, Allenspark—8 females, 2 males, blue spruce, lO-VIII-50, F. Andre (NMH, USNM). Minnesota, Grand Portage—21 females. Picea mañana (Mill.) BSP, l-IX-31, J.D. Hood (USNM). North Carolina, Mitchell—2 females, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir., III- 62, A.H. Maxwell (USNM). Vermont, Mt. Mansfield—1 female, Monotropa uniflora L., 13-VIII-38, L. Blevins (NMH). Austria: Linz—Picea abies (L.) Karst., 16-VI-22, H. Priesner (USNM).

Distribution North America: Canada (Alberta, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Yukon Territory), United States (CO, MN, NC, VT); Europe: Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, Rumania, Ukraine.

Hosts Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.), A. balsamea (L.) Mill., Picea abies (L.) Karst., P. glauca (Moench) Voss, P. mariana (Mill.) BSP, P. pungens Engelm. Monotropa uniflora L. is an incidental host.

Comments Thrips pini differs by the following characters from other North American species with 8-segmented antennae and sternal accessory setae: The forewings are pale yellowish brown and with 3 distal setae; the metanotum is reticulate medially and with median setae posterior of the anterior margin; and posteroangular setae are less than 1/2 as long as pronotum.

According to the literature (O'Neill and Bigelow 1964), pini has a medially interrupted posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII and pale forewings, and a similar European species, Taeniothrips laricivorus Kratochvil and Farsky, has a complete comb and dark forewings. The material from Alberta, New Brunswick, Minnesota, North Caro- lina, Vermont, and Austria has either a complete comb or the medial microtrichia are sparse and irregularly spaced or shorter than the lateral ones; however, the forewings are all pale yellowish brown or completely pale. According to J. Palmer (personal communication 1986), the European specimens from Pinus and Picea in the Natural History Museum have more or less complete posteromarginal combs and pale fore- wings, and a lot on Larix has dark forewings and complete combs. Schliephake and Klimt (1979) consider pm/ and laricivorus synonymous. O'Neill and Bigelow (1964) state that the males lack glandular areas. Five males from New Brunswick and one male from Colorado have glandular areas on stemites III and IV, and one male from Colorado has a glandular area only on stemite III.

104 Thríps prunif New Species (figs. 57, 72, 115)

Female (macropterous) General body color dark brown with orange internal pigment, head and thorax darker orange; foretibiae and tarsi yellowish brown, mid- and hindlegs completely brown; ocellar crescents red; forewings completely light grayish brown; setae dark brown. Antennae brown, except pedicel of segment III yellow and basal 1/3 yellowish brown.

Body length. 1.23 (1.37) mm (abdomen compacted).

Antenna (fig. 115). 8-segmented; segment III with convex sides, about 2.4 times longer than wide; segment VI about as long as III; trichomes strongly diverging on III and IV, on IV about 24 ¡UL long; inner sense cone on VI extending slightly beyond apex of segment, about 20 long. Measurements of segments (in /JL): total length 289 (254); segment I 30 (27) long, 30 wide; II (40) 37 long, 27 wide; III 49 (47) long, 20-22 wide; IV 44 long, 22 wide; V 40 (35) long, 21 wide; VI 52 (44) long, 22 wide; VII 7 long, 10 wide; VIII 12 (10) long, 7 wide.

Head. Broader than long, length from interantennal process 132 /x, from anterior margin of eyes 113 ¡JL, width at eyes and cheeks 130 /JL; angulated anteriorly between eyes; cheeks arched; striations behind eyes anastomosing laterally, medially with deep, transverse striae, 5-7 ^l apart. Eyes 68 JJL long, 40 jm wide, about 1.5 times longer than head behind eyes. Anterior ocellus \2 ¡UL wide. Ocellar setae II about 11 ¡JL long; ocellar setae III 27-30 ^t long, posterolaterad of anterior ocelli, outside ocellar triangle. Postocular setae 5; seta ii aligned with or further mesad of other setae; seta i 24 ¡JL long, iil fji long, iii 12 /x long, i\ 1 ¡JL long, v 20 ^i long. Mouthcone tilted and could not be measured.

Pronotum. About as long as head, 125 ^t long, 165 ¡JL wide; transversely sculptured by striae 7-9 JUL apart, weaker than those on head. Discal setae 33, 17-22 ¡JL long except PNi and PNiii 27 /x long. Posteroangular setae about 52 long, about 2/5 as long as pronotum; posteromarginal setae 2 pairs, medial pair 30 (32) /UL long.

Mesonotum. Sculptured with lines closer together than on pronotum, transverse medially, oblique laterally; anteromedial sensilla absent. Mesostemum with spinula poorly developed.

Metanotum (fig. 57). 59 ¡JL long, sculptured longitudinally; sensilla absent or 1 present in posterior 1/4 of notum; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 32 (32-35) /x long; lateral setae 27 (30) ¡UL long.

Forewing (fig. 72). 664 (578) ¡JL long, 49 (44) /m wide; setae short for genus, most 30- 37 fJL long, shorter than width of wing at midlength; costal setae 18 (18-20); anterior fringe cilia 18 (16-17); forevein with 2-4 (2-3) setae in distal 1/2, groups of 4-3 setae in proximal 1/2; hindvein with 10 (7) setae.

Abdomen. Sculpture lines extending to median setae and median sensilla on tergites III-VIII, absent between setae and sensilla. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae. Posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII complete, microtrichia sparse, longest about 15 /JL. Tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, anterior pair anterolaterad of Dl setae, posterior pair between and almost aligned with Dl setae; Dl setae 32 (30-35) /x long; Bl setae 79 (54-64) /JL long; B2 99 (77-80) ¡JL long; B3 86 (72) fi long. Tergite X about as long as IX; Bl setae 83-90 ¡JL long, B2 (partially missing). Stemites with accessory setae in irregular row on stemites III-VII. Stemite I with 3 anteromedial setae. Bl setae on stemite VII anterior of posterior margin, distance between B1 setae and between B1

105 and B2 setae subequal. Pleurotergites III-VII with 1 or 2 accessory setae (see fig. 96); an anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II (see fig. 93).

Male Unknown.

Specimens Examined Holotype female: California, Plumas County, Lake Almanor—Prunus marginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) Walp., 2-VI-70, T. Kono and C.S. Kono (USNM). Paratype female: California, Modoc County, Cedar Pass—Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) Walp., 27-VI-67, L. White (CDFA).

Distribution United States (CA).

Host Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) Walp.

Etymology Specific epithet derived from generic name of the host. Prunus.

Comments In North America, atratus, pruni, and vulgatissimus have 8-segmented antennae and accessory setae on the abdominal stemites and pleurotergites. The following characters différentiateurs^/ from the other two species: Setae on the forewings are short; those on midlength are shorter than the width of the wing; two pairs of posteromarginal setae are on the pronotum; the forewings and mid- and hindlegs are completely brown; and antennal segment III is short (about 49 ¡JL).

Thrips pseudoflavus, New Species (figs. 59, 129, 141)

Female (macropterous) Body bright yellow, thorax orange yellow and darker than abdomen and head, legs paler than body; ocellar crescents orange red; forewings completely pale yellow or pale yellowish brown; setae brown, minor setae on body yellow. Antennal segment I pale yellow; II pale brown; III-V yellow in basal 1/2, pale brown in distal 1/2; basal 1/3 to 1/2 of VI yellow, gradually light brown distally; VII light brown.

Body length. 1.23 mm (1.18-1.33 contracted, 1.37-1.47 distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented, more than twice as long as head; segments III and IV con- stricted distally but not forming neck, distal part of III anterior of trichome base, 1-2 ^t long; trichomes diverging, v-shaped, 24 (21-26) ¡JL long on III and IV, inner sense cone on VI 24 (21-26) ¡JL long, extending distally to 1/3 and 1/2 length of VII. Measure- ments of segments (in ix): total length 241 (236-267); segment I 24 (24-28) long, 31 (26-30) wide; II 33 (31-35) long, 26 (26-27) wide; III 45 (42-50) long, 19 (17-21) wide; IV 42 (40-47) long, 19 (19-20) wide; V 38 (35) long, 17 (17-19) wide; VI47 (45-47) long, 17 (18-19) wide; VII 18 (17-19) long, 7 (7-8) wide.

Head. Broader than long, slightly shorter than pronotum; 111 (109-123) ¡i long from interantennal process, 99 (94-106) ¡JL long from anterior margin of eyes, 144 (130-144) ^t wide at cheeks, slightly angulated anterior of eyes at vertex, cheeks slightly arched to relatively parallel; transversely striated posterior of eyes and ocelli, striae farther apart than those on pronotum. Eyes 54 (50-60) ¡x long, 35 (35-40) /x wide. Anterior ocellus 12 (12-15) /x. wide. Ocellar setae II 17 (16-19) /x long; ocellar setae III 24-26 (19-28) ¡JL long, posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle. Postocular

106 setae 5; seta i longest, 26 (21-28) /x; ii shortest, 9 (7-12) JUL; iii 17-19 (19-24) /m long; iv 9-12 (9-14) jui long; v 17 (17-19) ^t long. Mouthcone conical, not reaching posterior margin of pro thorax.

Pronotum. 125 (120-125) /UL long, 177 (156-177) /x wide; transversely sculptured, striae 2-5 ¡UL apart. Disc with 34-42 setae, PNi-iii setae usually longer and thicker than others, PNiii 28 (21-33) ¡n long. Posteroangular setae 2/5 to 3/5 as long as pronotum, outer pair 57 (51-59) ¡UL long, inner pair longer, 57-73 (61-76) /JL. Posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, medial pair slightly longer than other 2 pairs, 26-28 (26-31) /JL long.

Mesonotum. Transversely striated; a pair of anteromedial sensilla present. Mesostemum with spinula poorly developed, often indistinct.

Metanotum (fig. 59). 66 (64-71) ¡UL long, sculptured with longitudinal lines, arcuate medially; usually with 2 (0-1) sensilla; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 35 (35-42) /UL long; lateral setae 21-28 (28-35) /UL long. Metastemum with 13-20 setae.

Forewing. 652 (640-687) /x long, 45 (45-52) /JL wide; anterior fringe cilia 16 (15-18), costal setae 21 (20-25); forevein with 4-3 setae in proximal 1/2, 3 setae in distal 1/2; hindvein with 10 (9-13) setae.

Abdomen. Tergite I completely sculptured transversely; sculpture absent posterior of median setae on tergites III-VIII. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae. Tergite VIII with well- developed posteromarginal comb, microtrichia of comb close set, longest 14-19 pt. Tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, anterior pair usually close to Dl setae; Dl setae 54- 57 (52-64) fji long; Bl setae 104-109 (99-118) ^t long, B2 116-118 (106-127) /JL long, B3 111-123 (111-132) long. Segment X usually slightly shorter than IX; Bl setae 100- 102 (97-125) /I long, B2 98-101 (104-120) /JL long. Stemites without accessory setae. Stemite I usually with 1 (0-2) anteromedial seta (see fig. 101). Bl setae on stemite VII anterior to posterior margin by 7 (9-12) /JL, closer to B2 setae than to each other. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; pleurotergite II with an anterolateral seta (see fig. 93); sculpture lines with dentate microtrichia.

Male Color and most morphological characters similar to those of female, but smaller.

Body length. 0.98 mm (0.89 compacted-1.01 distended).

Antenna. Total length 208 (212-224) /i.

Head. Similar in shape, sculpture, and position of setae to that of female; length from interantennal process 104 (94-101) /JL, from anterior margin of head 90 (83-92) /x, 116 (113-123) wide at cheeks. Ocellar setae III 17-24 /i long.

Pronotum. 104 (99-106) /JL long, 139 (135-153) /JL wide. Posteroangular setae 1/3 to 3/5 as long as pronotum, outer pair 42-45 (35-50) /i long, inner pair 47-50 (42-59) /I long.

Forewing. 524 (528-566) /i long, 38 (40-45) /i wide at midlength. Chaetotaxy similar to that of female.

107 Abdomen. Posteromarginal comb absent from tergite VIII, 2 microtrichia occasionally on extreme sides. Tergite IX (fig. 129) with Bl setae usually slightly anterior of B2 setae; Bl setae 21-33 fx long, B2 24-31 ¡UL long; pair of sensilla slightly anterior to and between Bl and B2. Glandular areas (fig. 141) on stemites III-VII, transversely elongate, oblong, or broadly and slightly constricted medially, about 1/2 width of stemite, narrower posteriorly; on III 66 (54-71) /JL wide, 12 (12-17) ^t long; on VII 47 (42-54) fjL wide, 12 (14-17) ¡m long.

Specimens Examined Holotype female, allotype male, 13 female and 6 male paratypes New Jersey, Denville—rolling leaves of Solidago sp., 20-VI-38, M.H. Sartor (Crawford 619) (USNM). Other paratypes: 1 female, New Jersey, Denville—rolling leaves, 19-VI-38, M.H. Sartor and CE. Post (Crawford 616) (USNM); 2 females. New Jersey, Fort Lee—beating weeds, 3-VII-38, J.C. Crawford (Crawford 627) (USNM); 1 female. New York, Oswegatchie—sweeping, 14-VI-38, J.D. Hood (USNM); 6 females and 1 male, Illinois, Prairie State Park (Grundy County)—grasses, 6-X-70, L.A. Mound (NHM, USNM). Other specimens: Virginia, Arlington—1 female, Andropogon sp. clump, 10-1-40, F. Andre (NHM). Paratypes also deposited in CDFA, FSCA, INHS, SMF.

Distribution United States (IL, NJ, NY, VA).

Hosts Andropogon sp., Angelica atropurpúrea L., grasses, Solidago sp., weeds.

Etymology Specific epithet derived from combination of Greek "pseudos" and specific name "flavus."

Comments This species resembles the European/7avw^ Schrank in color but differs by the follow- ing characters: Ocellar setae III are separated by more than the width of the anterior ocellus and positioned outside the ocellar triangle; the posteroangular setae on the pronotum are shorter; 3 lateral setae are present on abdominal tergite II; an anterolateral seta is present on pleurotergite II; and anteromedial setae are often present on stemite I. Conversely, in flavus the ocellar setae III is separated by about the width of the anterior ocellus; the posteroangular setae are 2/3 to 3/4 as long as the pronotum; abdominal tergite II has 4 lateral setae; pleurotergite II lacks anterolateral seta; and the anteromedial seta is absent from stemite I.

In North America, aurulentus, helvolus, winnemanae, pectinatus, and heraclei re- semble pseudoflavus in color. However, aurulentus has shorter forewings and fewer costal setae and fringe cilia; helvolus has different sculpturing of the metanotum, and the median setae on the metanotum are located farther posterior of the anterior margin; pectinatus and winnemanae have accessory setae on the abdominal pleurotergites (lacking in pseudoflavus); and heraclei has a yellow antennal segment II, and segment III is constricted distally into a neck and extends 4-5 /JL anterior of the trichome base. Thrips pseudoflavus has a brown antennal segment II, and segment III is not con- stricted distally into a neck and extends 1-2 /x anterior of the trichome base.

108 Thríps quinciensis Morgan

Thrips quinciensis Morgan 1913:21; Bailey 1948:46; Stannard 1968:373; Gentile and Bailey 1968:44; Beshear 1979:211; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1192.

Female General body color pale yellow; ocellar crescents red; forewings pale; setae translucent pale yellow, major setae on abdominal tergites IX and X slightly darker brownish yellow. Antennal segments I-III pale yellow, concolorous with body; IV pale, shaded light brown distally; V mostly pale, shaded darker distally; VI pale basally, brown distally; VII brown.

Body length. 1.09-1.23 mm.

Antenna. 7-segmented.

Head. Broader than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle; postocular setae i longest, ii and iv shortest.

Pronotum. Transversely striated, striae rather far apart; posteroangular setae 2/5 to 1/2 as long as pronotum, outer pair 37-54 ix long, inner pair 42-57 ix long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs.

Metanotum. Reticulated medially; sensilla absent; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 25-32 ¡JL long.

Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 4 lateral setae (see fig. 92); posteromarginal comb broadly interrupted medially on tergite VIII (see fig. 88); sculpture lines absent between median setae on tergites V-VIII; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, anterior pair usually closer to Dl setae than to anterior margin. Sternites without accessory setae; stemite I without anteromedial setae; B1 setae cephalad to posterior margin on stemite VII. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; anterolateral seta absent from pleurotergite II.

Male Abdominal tergite VIII without posteromarginal microtrichia; tergite IX with B1 and B2 setae subequal in length, B2 slightly anterior to Bl; 2 sensilla between and close to Dl setae. Sternites VII with a small, oval glandular area; on VII \2 ¡JL wide, 10 ^i long.

Specimens Examined Holotype female, 2 female paratypes: Florida, Quincy—17-V-lO, Pinckneyapubens Michx., Morgan and Runner (USNM). Georgia, Tift County—1 female, Pinckneya pubens Michx., 17-V-70, R. Beshear (251) (UGG). Michigan, Detroit—10 females, 1 male, Cephalanthus sp., J.G. Lewis (USNM).

Distribution United States (FL, GA, MI).

Hosts Cephalanthus sp., Pinckneya pubens Michx.

Comments Because of the poor condition of the male, the glandular areas on abdominal sternites III-VI could not be observed.

This species resembles albopilosus, albogilvus, and idahoensis by the yellow body and interrupted posteromarginal comb on abdominal tergum VIII. It differs by the follow- ing characters: 4 lateral setae are on tergite II; the metanotum lacks sensilla; and accessory setae are absent from abdominal sternites. Conversely, albogilvus has

109 accessory setae on the abdominal stemites; albopilosus has 3 lateral setae on tergite II and 2 sensilla on the metanotum; and idahoensis has anteromedial setae on stemite I and short anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II.

Stannard (1968) tentatively ^ynonyxmz^á pectinatus with quinciensis on an assumption that the medially interrupted comb of the types of quinciensis was caused by poor slidemounts and that the comb was actually complete. The lot members from Great Smoky Mountains National Park mentioned by Stannard (1968) in his discussion of quinciensis have a complete posteromarginal comb on abdominal tergite VIII and are treated here as pectinatus. The other material in the Illinois Natural History Survey of quinciensis is in poor condition, and I was not able identify it.

Thrips sierrensis Gentile and Bailey (fig. 33)

Thrips sierrensis Gentile and Bailey 1968:45; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1199. Female Body lemon yellow, with light brown shade; legs paler; ocellar crescents yellow to yellowish brown; forewings pale yellowish brown; major body and forewing setae brown, minor setae pale yellowish brown. Antennae brown, except segments I and II pale yellow, concolorous with head; III yellowish brown, shaded brown distally.

Body length. 1.18-1.38 mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented.

Head. Broader than long, cheeks arched; anterior ocellus about 10 /x wide, posterior ocelli separated by about twice the diameter of anterior ocellus; ocellar setae pair III short, about 15 /x long, posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle; postocular setae i about 15 /JL long, ii and iii and v and vi subequal in length, iv slightly shorter.

Pronotum (fig. 33). Striations rather far apart; posteroangular setae extremely short, 1/5 to 1/4 as long as pronotum, outer pair 20-22 ¡JL long, inner pair 20-27 fx long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, short, medial pair about 17 /x long.

Metanotum. Striated longitudinally except median area with a few elongate, narrow reticles; sensilla absent; median setae posterior of anterior margin, about 1/2 length of notum.

Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, regularly spaced, longest microtrichia about 12 /x long; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, occasionally anterior pair absent; sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites I-VIII. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I with 2 or 3 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101); Bl setae on stemite VII anterior to posterior margin. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; short, anterolateral seta present on pleurotergite II (see fig. 93); microtrichia dentate, sparse. no Male Unknown.

Specimen Examined Paratype female; California, Yosemite Valley, 22-V-38, sweeping grass, S.F. Bailey (UCD).

Distribution United States (CA).

Hosts Lihocedrus decurrens Torr., grass.

Comments This species resembles nelsoni. The differences are discussed in the comments for nelsoni (p. 88). Thrips sierrensis also resembles hrevipilosus by the short posteroangular setae and body color but differs principally by having a complete posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII; hrevipilosus has a medially interrupted comb. Thrips sierrensis is known only from the type series consisting of the holotype and 5 paratypes.

Thrips sieversiae Hood (figs. 28, 116)

Thrips sieversiae Hood 1934:175; Gentile and Bailey 1968:38 (as a synonym of Thrips major); Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1200. Thrips anemonensis Moulton 1936:107; Gentile and Bailey 1968:38 (as a synonym of T. major); Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1088; Chaisson 1986:69 (New Synonymy). Thrips madronii Moulton: Huntsinger et al. 1982:54 (misidentification). Thrips nr. anemonensis Moulton: Heming 1985:22. Thrips nr. major Uzel: Heming 1985:22.

Female Body dark brown; all tarsi, both ends of hind- and midtibiae, foretibia except sides, and apices of forefemur yellow; ocellar crescents orange red; forewings light brown, paler in basal 1/4; major body and forewing setae yellowish brown to dark brown. Antennae brown, except segment III yellow; IV yellowish basally, gradually shaded brown distally, darker than III; V pale basally or completely brown.

Body length. 1.40-1.57 mm.

Antenna (fig. 116). 7-segmented; trichome on segment IV short, v-shaped, 20-24 pu long; inner sense cone on segment VI not attaining distal margin or only extending slightly beyond, 20-30 ^t long, about as long as VII or longer.

Head (fig. 28). Broader than long, eyes bulging, cheeks strongly arched, occasionally with 1 or 2 small anteromedial tubercles longitudinally aligned on vertex; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, on border or just outside ocellar triangle, 24-27 ¡JL long; postocular seta i about as long as ocellar setae III, longer than other postocular setae, setae ii and iv shortest.

Pronotum (fig. 28). Transversely striated; posteroangular setae 3/5 to 3/4 (0.58-0.73) times as long as pronotum, outer pair 67-86 /x long, inner pair usually longer than outer pair, 79-104 pt long; posteromarginal setae total of 6-8, medial pair 35-47 ¡JL long.

Ill Metanotum. Reticulated medially, reticles elongated longitudinally, often with short wrinkles; 2 sensilla in posterior 1/3 to 1/4 of notum; median setae posterior of anterior margin.

Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb broadly interrupted medially on tergite VIII; short, lobelike scallops medially on tergite VIII between microtrichia of comb, on posterior margins of few preceding tergites; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, anterior pair usually closer to Dl setae than anterior margin; sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites I-VIII. Sternites without accessory setae; sternite I lacks anteromedial setae; B1 setae anterior to posterior margin. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; anterolateral seta absent from pleurotergites II; numerous microtrichia on sculpture lines.

Male Tergite VIII without posteromarginal comb; tergite IX either with Bl and B2 setae aligned or Bl setae intermediate in position between Dl and B2 setae; a sensillum between each Dl and B2 seta, another sensillum laterad of each Dl seta. Sternites III- VII each with transversely oval or elongated glandular area, slightly narrowed medi- ally, diminishing in width posteriorly, 3.4-4.5 times wider than long on III, 2.5-3.0 times wider than long on VII.

Specimens Examined Thrips sieversiae Hood: holotype female, allotype male, 4 female paratypes and 1 male paratype; Colorado, Grant—Sieversia ciliatum (Pursh) G. Don, 19-VII-16, L.O. Jackson (Hood No. 340) (USNM). Thrips anemonensis Moulton: holotype female; Canada, Manitoba, Bxrút—Anemone patens L., ll-V-28, A.B. Bird (No. 3029) (CAS). CANADA: Alberta, Cypress Hills—12 females. Lupinas sp., 30-VI-69, B.S. Heming; Cypress Hills Provincial Park—3 females, sweeping grass and forbs, 30-VI-69, B.S. Heming; High River Crossing, Highway #35—2 females, Populus halsamifera L., 11- VII-70, B.S. Heming; R.B. Miller Biological Station—1 female, Salix sp., 23-VI-70, B.S. Heming; Robinson—2 females, Hordeum vulgäre L., 29-V-69, B.S. Heming; 7 females, Medicago sp., 24-VI-69, B.S. Heming; 1 female, Brassica sp. (mustard), 29- VI-69, B.S. Heming; (UA, USNM). Northwest Territories, Inuvik—7 females, Lupinus sp., 17-VI-70, P. Kevan (UA, USNM). Saskatchewan, Saskatoon—1 female, Anemone patens L., 30-IV-14, A.E. Cameron (NHM). UNITED STATES: Alaska—1 female, on Picea sp. log, 1912, J.M. Jessup (USNM). Colorado, Allenspark—2 females, Thermopsis sp., 3 males. Aquilegia sp., 5-VII-51, F. Andre (NHM). Montana, Butte—1 female, sweeping, 23-IVII-83, S.D. Pinto (UCR); St. Mary's—2 females, Lupinus sp., 23-VII-46, G.F. Knowlton (UCD). North Dakota, Dunn County—1 female, Thermopsis sp., ll-VI-65, D.A. Ganyo (NDSU).

Distribution North America: Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory), United States (AK, CO, MT, ND).

Hosts Anemone patens L., Aquilegia sp., Brassica sp. (mustard), grass, Geum trifolium ciliatum (Pursh) Fassett [=Sieversia cilliatum (Pursh) G. Don], Hordeum vulgäre L., Lupinus sp., Medicago sp., Populus halsamifera L., Salix sp., Thermopsis sp.

Comments Thrips anemonensis is based on an unique specimen from Manitoba, Canada. Except for having a slightly longer inner sense cone on antennal segment VI, it cannot be differentiated from the type series of sieversiae. The sense cone on segment VI of the sieversiae holotype does not attain the distal end of the segment; however, in a few

112 paratypes, this sense cone does attain the distal end. The number of posteromarginal setae on the pronotum is variable in this species. The holotype and 2 female paratypes have 6 setae, one has 7, and another has 8. The holotype oí anemonensis has 8 posteromarginal setae. A good series from Alberta, Canada, generally has a paler antennal segment IV and a longer inner sense cone on VI. Otherwise, anemonensis cannot be differentiated from sieversiae; therefore, anemonensis is treated here as a junior synonym of sieversiae (New Synonymy).

The characters that differentiate this species from other North American congeners which have a medially interrupted posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII include a dark brown body, light brown forewings, rather long inner posteroangular setae on the pronotum, stemite I without anteromedial setae, and sculpture lines on tergites I-VIII that extend to the median setae.

Thtips simplex (Morison) (figs. 19, 60, 82, 98, 117, 146)

Physothrips simplex Morison 1930:12. Taeniothrips gladioli Moulton and Steinweden 1931:20; Bailey 1948:49. Taeniothrips simplex: De Santis 1941:149; Bailey 1957:201; Medina Gaud 1961:47; O'Neill and Bigelow 1964:1237; Stannard 1968:362; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1048; Huntsingeretal. 1982:51. Thrips simplex: Bhatti 1969:380; Heming 1985:23; Chaisson 1986:71.

Female Body dark brown with orange internal pigment in pterothorax; legs brown, except all tarsi, foretibiae, apices of mid- and hindtibiae, and bases of femora yellowish brown; ocellar crescents red; forewing grayish brown, basal 1/4 almost white; body and forewing setae brown. Antennae brown, except segment III and apices of II yellow or yellowish brown.

Body length. 1.5-1.8 mm.

Antenna (fig. 117). 8-segmented.

Head (fig. 19). Broader than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III posterior of anterior ocellus, inside ocellar triangle, short, not extending to eyes, about 17 ^t long; postocular setae i longest, ii and iv shortest.

Pronotum (fig. 19). Sculpture anastomosing transversely; posteroangular setae relatively short, 0.43-0.53 times as long as pronotum, outer pair 52-69 ¡i long, inner pair usually longer than outer pair, 64-77 ix\ posteromarginal setae normally 3 pairs, rarely 4 pairs, medial pair slightly longer than other setae, 24-32 p..

Metanotum (fig. 60). Reticulated medially, reticles with short wrinkles; sensilla absent; median setae about 2/5 as long as notum, posterior of anterior margin.

Forewing. Forevein with 5-8 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII (fig. 82), microtrichia short, irregularly spaced, longest about 15 /x; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites I-VIII; rows

113 of ciliate microtrichia on submarginal parts of tergites. Stemites III-VII (fig. 98) each with transverse row of accessory setae, sternite II with 1-3 accessory setae; sternite I with 3 anteromedial setae; Bl setae on sternite VII on posterior margin or anterior only by length equivalent to diameter of setal bases. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; 1, or rarely 2, anterolateral setae on pleurotergite II (see fig. 93); numerous ciliate microtrichia on sculpture lines.

Male Paler brown than female. Tergite VIII with irregular posteromarginal comb, microtrichia minute; tergite IX with Bl setae intermediate between Dl and B2 setae; sensilla between Dl and B2 setae and laterad of Bl setae; or Dl and Bl setae aligned, B2 setae posterior, and a sensillum between each Dl and Bl seta. Stemites with accessory setae laterad of glandular areas (fig. 146) on stemites III-VII and in an irregular transverse row on VIII; glandular areas transversely elongate and broadly narrowed medially, more than 1/2 as wide as stemites, diminishing in width posteri- orly; on III 127-160 fji wide, 24-33 ¡UL long, 4.75-5.00 times wider than long, on VII 104-135 ¡JL wide, 24-33 JUL long, 3.5-4.5 times wider than long.

Immatures Larva II illustrated by Morison (1951).

Specimens Examined Description is based on identified material from various regions of the world (USNM).

Distribution Almost cosmopolitan.

Hosts A polyphagous species. Frequently found on the flowers and corms of Gladiolus sp. and the flowers of Dianthus sp., Ornithogalum sp., and other hosts.

Life History See Watson (1941) and Morison (1951).

Economic Importance A pest of gladiolus flowers; also damages camations and other flowers (Bailey 1938:50; Morison 1957:499).

Comments This introduced species is readily differentiated from other North American species by the following characters: a brown body, brown forewings with pale bases, 5-8 distal setae on the forevein, 8-segmented antennae with segment III yellowish brown, reticulated metanotum with short wrinkles in the reticles, and accessory setae on the abdominal stemites.

Thrips simulator, New Species (figs. 13,61)

Female (macropterous) Body brown; head posterior of eyes brown, yellow between and anterior of eyes; femora grayish brown, lighter than body, all tibiae yellow shaded gray basally, all tarsi yellow; ocellar crescents red; forewing grayish brown except pale yellow in basal 1/4; body and forewing setae yellowish brown. Antennal segments I and II brown; III and IV yellow, V yellow shaded light gray distally, VI yellow in basal 1/3 gradually shading to brown distally, VII brown.

Body length. 1.38 (1.33-1.48) mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented; segment III 2.1 (2.5-2.7) times longer than wide; trichomes on III and IV V-shaped, 20 ^t long on IV; inner sense cone on VI 37-40 /x long, almost

114 twice as long as VIL Measurements (in /JL): total length 271 (256-283); I 24-26 (21-24) long, 31 (28-31) wide; II 31-33 (31-35) long, 28 (24-26) wide; III 50 (47-53) long, 21 (19) wide; IV 45 (40-47) long, 21 (19-20) wide; V 38 35-40) long, 19 (19-20) wide; VI 50 (50-54) long, 19-20 (19) wide; VII 22 (22) long, 8 (8) wide.

Head (fig. 13). Broader than long, 116 (111-116) /UL from interantennal process, 104 (101) ¡ji from anterior margin of eyes, 144 (137-144) ¡JL wide at cheeks, angulate slightly anterior of eyes, transversely striated anterior of ocellus; cheeks arched; head posterior of eyes shorter than eyes, sculptured with transverse striae. Eyes 64 (61) /x long, 40 (42-45) JUL wide. Anterior ocellus 17(14) ¡JL wide. Ocellar setae II 15-17 ¡UL long; ocellar setae III 17-24 /UL long, posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle. Postocular setae 5; seta i 20-22 (20-24) ¡JL long, ii 5 (5-7) ¡JL long, iii 22 (15- 20) ^t long, iv 5 (5-7) ¡UL long, v 20 (17-19) pi long. Mouthcone conical, about as long as head.

Pronotum. Slightly longer than head, 127 (114-125) fi long, 179 (170-184) /x wide; transversely striated, striae 5-7 ¡JL apart, weaker than those on posterior part of head. Discal setae 31 (32-38); PNi seta 32 (26) JJL long, PNii 32 (26) fi long, PNiii 37 ¡JL long, other setae 20-22 (12-24) /x long. Posteroangular setae about 1/2 to 2/3 times as long as pronotum, outer pair 67-69 (54-66) JUL long, inner pair 74 (64-83) /UL long. Posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, medial pair 35-37 (30-32) /x long.

Mesonotum. Transversely striated medially, obliquely striated laterally; a pair of anteromedial sensilla. Mesostemum with spinula not reaching anterior margin.

Metanotum (fig. 61). 66 (59-64) /x long, median area with weak reticulated sculpture; 2 sensilla in posterior 1/3 to 1/4 of notum; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 42-45 (35-47) fi long; lateral setae 31-33 (31-45) /x long. Metastemum with about 16 setae.

Forewing. 687-698 (629-687) /x long, 45-47 ¡UL wide, with well-developed setae and cilia; costal setae 20-21; terminal seta missing in holotype; anterior fringe cilia 17 or 18; forevein with 3 (2-3) setae in distal 1/2, in 2 groups of 3-4 in proximal 1/2; hindvein with 8-10 (8-9) setae.

Abdomen. Sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites II-VIII, absent between median setae on IV-VIII. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae (1 paratype with 2 on one side). Ctenidia on tergites IV-VIII. Posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, 25-30 microtrichia irregularly spaced, longest 12-14 /x long. Tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, anterior pair closer to Dl setae than to anterior margin; Dl setae 52-54 (42- 47) /x long; Bl setae 110 (87-106) /x long, B2 103-123 (103-125) /x long, B3 110-121 (95-118) ¡UL long. Tergite X shorter than IX; Bl setae 109 (94-95) /x long, B2 106 (77- 94) /x long. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I without anteromedial setae. Setae B1 on stemite VII anterior of margin by 12-14 /x, closer to B2 setae than to each other. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; an anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II (see fig. 93).

Male Unknown.

Specimens Examined Holotype female (USNM), 2 female paratypes (NHM, USNM): District of Columbia, Rock Creek Park—Cimicifuga racemosa (L,), 7-V-39, J.E. Walter.

115 Etymology Species name, derived from Latin "simulator," refers to its resemblance to other species.

Comments This species and impar have a brown body and forewings and similar coloration of the head, which is brown posterior of the eyes and yellow between and anterior of the eyes. However, the coloration of the antennae is different, and impar has accessory setae on the pleurotergites, which are lacking in simulator. This species also resembles frosti in color, huifrosti has accessory setae on the pleurotergites.

Thrips spinosus Morgan (figs. 20, 119)

Thrips spinosus Morgan 1913:25; Bailey 1948:47; Ananthakrishnan 1953:200; Bhatti 1980:110; Gentile and Bailey 1968:46; Stannard 1968:374; Beshear 1973:12; Johansen 1974:34; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1200.

Female Body brown, posterior abdominal segments darker, pterothorax with orange internal pigment; femora brown, all tarsi and tibiae yellow with bases of tibiae shaded brown; ocellar crescents orange red; forewing grayish brown; major setae brown. Antennae brown, except segment III mostly yellow, shading to brown distally; bases of IV and V yellow.

Body length. 1.18-1.31 mm.

Antenna (fig. 119). 7-segmented; segment III 62-67 JUL long, sides concave or irregu- lar, somewhat parallel, or slightly narrowed in basal 1/3 and base slightly enlarged; trichomes on IV about 20 ¡JL long.

Head (fig. 20). Broader than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III 40-47 ¡UL long, laterad of anterior ocellus; postocular setae i 24-30, setae ii and iv shortest.

Pronotum (fig. 20). Transverse striae weaker than on head and mesonotum; posteroangular setae 1/2 to 3/5 as long as pronotum, outer pair 59-77 JUL long, inner pair usually longer, 74-87 /n; posteromarginal setae normally 3 pairs, infrequently 4 pairs, medial pair 27-35 JJL long.

Metanotum. Reticulated medially, sculpture of reticles weak posteriorly; 2 sensilla present; median setae posterior of anterior margin, slightly longer than 1/2 of notum.

Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 or 4 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb broadly inter- rupted medially on tergite VIII; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines not reaching median setae on tergites II-VIII. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I with 3 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101); Bl setae on stemite VII on posterior margin or anterior by diameter of setal base. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; an anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II present or absent (see fig. 93); microtrichia on sculpture lines dentate.

116 Male Antennal segment III similar to that of female in shape, yellow, IV yellow with distal 1/3 grayish brown, V brown except yellow in extreme base or basal 1/3. Tergite VIII without posteromarginal comb; tergite IX with Bl and B2 setae subequal in length, nearly aligned; 2 sensilla between Dl setae, another pair anterolaterad or laterad of Dl setae. Stemites III-VII each with transversely elongated glandular area, about 1/2 as wide as stemite, broadly narrower medially than at ends or oblong, diminishing in width posteriorly; on III 68-94 /UL wide, 14-19 /x long, 4.5-5.0 times wider than long, on IV 54-73 ¡Ji wide, 15-21 /UL long, 3.2-4.4 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined Holotype female, allotype male, 2 female and 9 male paratypes: Florida, Quincy—in flowers of Magnolia grandiflora L., 21-V-lO, Runner and Morgan (USNM). Florida, Gainesville (University of Florida)—1 female, 1 male, Magnolia grandiflora L., 6-VI- 38, J.R. Freer (USNM); Gainesville—1 female, mat of ferns, moss, Epidendron sp., 27-1-32, J.R. Watson (NHM).

Distribution United States (FL, GA, IN).

Hosts Magnolia grandiflora L., M. virginiana L., Tillandsia sp.. Zea mays L..

Comments This species differs by the following characters from other North American taxa with a medially interrupted posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII: Antennal segment III has an unusual shape; ocellar setae III are 42-47 /UL long and separated by 35-42 /x; anteromedial setae are present on stemite I; the forewings are completely brown; and B1 setae of stemite VII are on the posterior margin. Antennal segment III of the holotype is convex marginally, but another female paratype, an identified female, and 7 male paratypes have segment III as described.

The report by Ananthakrishnan (1953) of spinosus from India is a misidentification of hawaiiensis (Morgan) (Bhatti 1980). According to Johansen (personal communication 1988) spinosus reported from Chapingo, Mexico (Johansen 1974) is a misidentifica- tion of australis.

Thrips stannardij New Species

Female (macropterous) Body grayish brown, abdomen and pronotum darker than pterothorax, head pale anteriorly, grayish-brown posterior of eyes. All tarsi pale; foretibiae light grayish brown, apically pale; forefemora light grayish brown or pale medially; mid- and hindtibiae pale, shaded grayish brown medially; mid- and hindfemora grayish brown or apically pale. Ocellar crescents not seen. Forewings completely pale. Setae pale except major setae on tergites VIII-X light brown. Antennal segments I and II grayish brown, I paler than II; III pale, shaded gray distally to setae; IV pale in basal 1/3 or 1/2, gradually shaded grayish brown apically; V pale in basal 1/3 or 1/2, grayish brown apically; VI grayish brown, occasionally pale basally; VII grayish brown.

Body length. 1.44 (1.35-1.48) mm (fully distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented, more than twice as long as head; segments III and IV slightly constricted distally; VI not pedicellated; trichomes on III and IV v-shaped, on IV 26 (26-32) ¡UL long; inner sense cone on VI 35 (35-40) ¡UL long, extending distally to basal 1/3 to 1/2 of VII, 1.5-1.6 times as long as VII. Measurements of segments (in /x): total

117 length 263-268 (252-281); I 24-27 (24-27) long, 27 (27-30) wide; II 38 (38-40) long, 27 (27) wide; III 49 (47-54) long, 20 (20) wide, 2.4-2.7 times longer than wide; IV 45- 47 (40-47) long, 20 (20) wide; V 38 (34-40) long, 20 (20) wide; VI 47 (47-49) long, 20 (20) wide; VII 22 (22-24) long, 8 (8) wide.

Head. Broader than long, slightly longer than pronotum; 125 (120-127) /x long from interantennal process, 109 (106-118) jm long from anterior margin of eyes, 172 (165- 179) ¡UL wide at cheeks, vertex slightly angulated, transversely striated posterior of eyes, striae parallel and anastomosing. Eyes 69 (69-74) /n long, 52 (50-57) JUL wide. Anterior ocellus 15 (15-17) /x wide, distance between posterior ocelli 22 (20-22) fx. Ocellar setae II 15 (15-17) ^i long, laterad of anterior ocellus; ocellar setae III 24 (27- 32) jUL long, posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, on border of ocellar triangle. Postocular setae 6; setae i longest, 23 (20-30) ¡n long, ii about 5 ¡m long, iii 17 (15-20) fx long, iv about 5 fjL long, v 20 (17-20) ¡UL long, vi 15 (12-15) /x long. Mouthcone shorter than length of head.

Pronotum. Approximately 1.75 times broader than long, 113 (109-116) ¡JL long, 194 (192-198) ¡JL wide; transversely striated except medial area reticulated, striae 3-9 /x apart. Disc with 37 (33-40) setae, 17-24 ^t long, except PNi seta 32 (30-32) /x long, PNiii seta 33-35 (32-35) /UL long; setae absent in submedial areas on each side. Posteroangular setae 0.61-0.72 times as long as pronotum, outer pair 69-71 (68-83) /UL long, inner pair 74 (71-80) fi long. Posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, medial pair 35 (33- 38) ¡UL long.

Mesonotum. Transversely striated or medially and laterally reticulated, striae absent in anterior 1/3 by anteromedial pair of sensilla. Mesostemum with spinula not extend- ing anteriorly to anterior margin.

Metanotum. 71 (71-76) /x long, longitudinally striated, occasionally in medial area with a few, elongate reticles; sensilla absent; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 38-40 (33-38) ¡UL long; lateral setae 32 (32-35) ¡UL long. Metastemum with 21 (16-19) setae.

Forewing. 738 (681-738) /JL long, 50 (47-52) /JL wide at midlength; costal setae 24-25 (23-25), longer than width of wing; anterior fringe cilia 21-22 (20-22); forevein with 4-3 basal setae and 3 distal setae; hindvein with 10 (9-11) setae.

Abdomen. Sculpture lines absent posterior of median setae on tergites II-VIII, reach- ing median setae on posterior segments, weaker just laterad of median setae on inter- mediate tergites; submarginal microtrichia on sculpture lines on tergites I-VIII. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae. Tergite VIII with well-developed posteromarginal comb, 17-23 irregularly spaced microtrichia with rather narrow bases, longest 14-17 )Lt. Tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, anterior pair closer to Dl setae than to anterior margin; Dl setae 45 (42-50) /JL long; Bl setae 85 (80-87) /JL long, B2 109 (104-111) /i long, B3 99- 101 (94-97) /JL long. Tergite X slightly longer than IX; Bl setae 97 (87-94) /i long, B2 92 (85-87) /JL long. Stemites VI and VII each with dentate microtrichia on sculpture lines. Accessory setae absent except occasionally 1 or 2 setae submarginally on sternite VI. Anteromedial setae absent from stemite I. B1 setae of stemite VII anterior to posterior margin by 2-2.5 times diameter of setal bases. Pleurotergites each with 1 or 2, occasionally 3, accessory setae on III-VII (see fig. 96); anterolateral seta absent from II; dentate microtrichia on sculpture lines.

Male Unknown.

118 Specimens Examined Holotype female (INHS), 7 female paratypes (INHS, USNM): Illinois, Magnolia— Fraxinus sp. leaves, 29-IV-48, Stannard (Thr 146).

Etymology This species is named in honor of the late Lewis J. Stannard for his outstanding contributions to the knowledge of the North American Thysanoptera.

Comments This species is known only from the type series, which are completely cleared, flat- tened, fully distended, and mounted in Hoy er's medium. Thus, the color of the ocellar crescent is not given, and the true color of the forewings, setae, and pale areas of the body and antennae could not be ascertained. Moreover, the measurements of the body and major structures are based on flattened and fully distended specimens.

This species resembles impar in that the head is pale anteriorly and brown posteriorly. It differs by the pale forewings, which are brown in impar. Thrips stannardi differs from other species with accessory setae on the pleurotergites by having a brown body, pale forewings, and antennal segments III-V pale in the basal 1/3 to 2/3.

Thrips sylvanus Stannard, New Status (figs. 14,34,62,91, 136)

Thrips sylvanus Stannard 1957:174, 1968:374. Microcephalothrips sylvanus: Gentile and Bailey 1968:14, Jacot-Guillarmod 1974:869; Beshear 1979:211.

Female Body dark brown with red internal pigmentation in thorax and abdomen; ocellar crescents red; all tarsi yellow, foretibiae yellow, mid- and hindtibiae yellow or brown in basal 1/2, yellow in distal 1/2 to completely brown; forewings brown with basal 1/3 pale yellow, scale pale yellow except basal 1/3 brown; setae brown except for pale setae on basal part of forewings. Antennal segments I and II brown; III-VII completely yellow; VI distally brown; and VII brown; or apical part of V, most of VI, and VII brown.

Body length. 1.06-1.10 mm (fully distended about 1.4 mm).

Antenna. 7-segmented.

Head (fig. 14). Broader than long, anteromedially with a short, narrow median groove, usually followed caudally by 2 or 3 small medial tubercles; cheeks strongly notched just behind eyes, strongly arched; reticulate lines well developed posterior of eyes; ocellar setae III slightly posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, 15-20 ¡JL long; postocular setae short, usually 4, occasionally 5, on one side.

Pronotum (fig. 34). Striated along margins, striae weak or absent from disc; posteroangular setae about 1/2 as long as pronotum or occasionally slightly shorter, outer pair 38-49 /x long, inner pair 24-40 pi long; posteromarginal setae total 4 to 7, medial pair 15-22 /x long.

Mesonotum. 1 or 2 anteromedial sensilla present.

Metanotum (fig. 62). Polygonally reticulated medially; median setae posterior of anterior margin, about 2/5 times as long as notum.

Forewing. Forevein with 2 distal setae. 119 Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; low, broad scallops along posterior margins of intermediate tergites; tergite VIII (fig. 91) with posteromarginal comb interrupted medially by broad flange, laterally with groups of short microtrichia fused at bases and occasionally microtrichia with broad base on extreme sides; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, posterior pair almost directly anterior to setae Bl; sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites II-VIII, absent between setae on V-VIII. Stemites without accessory setae; anteromedial setae absent from sternite I; B1 setae on stemite VII anterior to posterior margin by 5-7 /x, closer to B2 setae than to each other. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; short anterolateral seta absent from pleurotergite II.

Male Abdominal tergite VIII with posteromarginal scallops medially, microtrichia laterally; tergite IX (fig. 136) with Bl and B2 seta aligned or Bl setae slightly anterior, closer to B2 setae than to each other; pair of sensilla anterior to Bl and B2 setae, another pair laterad of Dl setae. Stemites III-VII each with a glandular area, transversely elongated on III, gradually becoming smaller and oval posteriorly; on III 30-35 ¡JL wide, 12-15 /UL long, 2.3-2.5 times wider than long, on VII 15 JUL wide, 10 ^t long, 1.5 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined Allotype male, 4 female paratypes and 1 male paratype: Tennessee, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Chimneys Campground—31-VIII to l-lX-48, sweeping woods, Ross and Stannard (INHS). Illinois, Lamb (Hardin County)—2 females, wild Hydrangea sp., 1 l-VI-63, Evers and Stannard (INHS). Virginia, Four Mile Run—1 female, sweeping, 3-VII-38, F. Andre. District of Columbia, Rock Creek Park—8 females. Hydrangea sp., J.E. Walter (NHM, USNM).

Distribution United States (DC, IL, TN, VA).

Hosts Hydrangea arborescens L., Hydrangea sp., woods.

Comments Although the coloration of the antennae and legs differs in the various population examined, no morphological characters could be found to differentiate the populations. The glandular areas of 2 males examined differ in stemite VII: One has a oval gland, and the other has 2 small glands. This species is easily differentiated from other North American species by having 2 distal setae on the forewings, posteromarginal scallops on abdominal tergites, and a medial flange and lateral teeth on the posterior margin of tergite VIII.

Gentile and Bailey (1968) assigned sylvanus to Microcephalothrips based mainly on the posteromarginal scallops on the abdominal tergites. In my opinion, sylvanus is closer to other species of Thrips than to abdominalis, the type species of Microcephalothrips. Antennal segment IV of abdominalis has an enlarged pedicel; the head is small; the pronotum has 5-7 pairs of posteromarginal setae and short posteroangular setae; abdominal tergites have conical, pointed posteromarginal projections; and the posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII is complete with conical bases and well-developed microtrichia.

Conversely, sylvanus has a well-developed head; the pedicel of antennal segment IV is normal; the pronotum has 2 or 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae and rather well- developed posteroangular setae; posteromarginal projections on abdominal tergites are low, indistinct scallops, which are absent from the anterior tergites and are slightly more developed than those found in other Thrips species, such as mag nus and madronii. 120 Thríps tabaci Lindeman (figs. 15,63, 73)

Thrips tabaci Lindeman 1889:61; De Santis 1941:150; Bailey 1957:204; Medina Gaud 1961:51; Bailey and Campos-S. 1965:104; Stannard 1968:375; Gentile and Bailey 1968:46; Beshear 1973:12; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1202; Mound et al. 1976:53; Huntsingeretal. 1982:55; Heming 1985:23; Chaisson 1986:71. Limothrips allii Gillette 1893:15. Thrips allii: Sirrine and Lowe 1894:680; Hinds 1902:179. Thrips hremnerii Moulton 1907:59; Bailey 1949b: 124. Thrips dianthi Moulton 1936:104; Gentile and Bailey 1968:47.

Female Body color variable: pale yellow with well-marked grayish-brown antecostal ridge on abdominal tergites, shaded light grayish brown medially posterior to antecostal ridge and on thorax, or with more extensive shading to body completely dark brown; legs paler than thorax; ocellar crescents pale yellowish gray or grayish brown; forewings pale yellow to light gray or light brownish gray; setae brown or yellowish brown. Antennae brown, except segment I light yellow, yellowish gray, or brown; II darker grayish brown; bases of III-IV and V usually pale with apices brown.

Body length. 1.07-1.31 mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented.

Head (fig. 15). Broader than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III usually between anterior and posterior ocelli, inside ocellar triangle, 17-24 /x long; postocular setae short, seta i longest, iv shortest.

Pronotum. Posteroangular setae 1/3 to less than 1/2 as long as pronotum, outer pair 37-48 /x long, inner pair usually slightly longer than outer pair, 37-59 /x long; posteromarginal setae 3, occasionally 4, pairs, median pair 20-27 pi long.

Mesonotum. Anteromedial sensilla absent.

Metanotum (fig. 63). Reticulated medially, often with short lines in some reticles; sensilla absent; median setae posterior of anterior margin, less than 1/2 as long as notum.

Forewing (fig. 73). Forevein with 4 or 5, occasionally 6, distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, microtrichia regularly spaced and close set, longest 17-24 ¡JL long; tergite IX with 2 sensilla, anterior pair absent; sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites I-VIII; ciliate microtrichia on sculpture lines on submarginal part of tergites. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I without anteromedial setae on VII; B1 setae anterior to posterior margin. Pleurotergites with numerous, ciliate microtrichia on sculpture lines, without accessory setae; anterolateral seta absent from pleurotergite II.

Male Paler than female. Tergite VIII with complete posteromarginal comb, microtrichia short, irregularly spaced; tergite IX with Bl and B2 setae aligned; a sensillum anterior to and between Bl and B2 setae. Stemites III-V each with a transversely elongated glandular area, less than 1/2 width of stemite; on III 54-57 /x wide, 7-10 /x long, 5.7- 7.7 times wider than long; on V 35-49 ¡JL wide, 7 ^t long, 5-7 times wider than long.

121 Immatures Larvae described by Speyer and Parr (1941) and Miyazaki and Kudo (1986).

Specimens Examined Thrips bremnerii Moulton, 10 syntype females: California, San Jose—inside ripe Ficus carica L., 28-VII-04, D.M. (CAS); Thrips dianthi Moulton, holotype female, Canada, British Columbia, Vemon—Dianthus plumarius L., 3-VI-27, M.H. Rhuman (CAS); Thrips dorsalis Bagnall, 1 female syntype, England, Surrey, Woldingham— Verhascum sp., VII-24, R.S. Bagnall (USNM); Thrips hololeucus Bagnall, 1 female paralectotype, Japan, Kobe—VII-13, J.E.A. Lewis (USNM). The redescription is based mainly on identified specimens from various parts of the world (USNM).

Distribution Cosmopolitan.

Hosts Polyphagous.

Life History See Bailey (1938), Morison (1957), and North and Shelton (1986).

Economic Importance This species infests foliage and flowers. It is a serious pest of Allium spp. and other agricultural crops outdoors and in glasshouses (Bailey 1938:44; Morison 1957:503; Ananthakrishnan 1984:173). It is a vector of tomato spotted wilt virus, and it possibly transmits endosepsis in figs (Gentile and Bailey 1968:6).

Comments This introduced species is not closely related to any species in North America. It is easily differentiated from other species by the following characters: The ocellar crescents are pale grayish brown; the metanotum is reticulated medially and lacks sensilla; the anterior pair of sensilla is absent from abdominal tergite IX; the posteromarginal comb is complete with well-developed microtrichia on tergite VIII; and the forewings have 4-6 distal setae on the forevein. Males are rarely found.

Thrips thalictri Hood (figs. 21, 64, 74, 100, 118, 137)

Thrips thalictri Hood 1931a:154; Gentile and Bailey 1968:48; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1923.

Female (macropterous) Body dark brown; legs brown, except all tarsi, apices of tibiae, and bases of foretibiae yellow; ocellar crescents red; forewings grayish brown in distal 4/5, lighter in median part, basal 1/2 of scale brown, distal 1/2 pale; body and forewing setae brown. Anten- nae brown, except segment III yellowish brown with extreme base and pedicel yellow, pale ring at base of segment V.

Body length. About 1.3 mm.

Antenna (fig. 118). 7- or occasionally 8-segmented.

Head (fig. 21). Broader than long, eyes bulging, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, 27-30 jm long; postocular setae ii and iv shorter than i and iii, seta ii often out of alignment and posterior to seta i.

Pronotum (fig. 21). Sculpture lines medially weaker than on posterior part of head; posteroangular setae 1/2 to 3/5 as long as pronotum, 67-86 ¡JL long; posteromarginal setae usually 4, occasionally 3 or 6, medial pair 42-50 ¡UL long.

122 Mesonotum. 2 anteromedial sensilla present.

Metanotum (fig. 64). Reticulate medially; 2 sensilla present; median setae posterior from anterior margin, about 1/2 length of notum.

Forewing. Forevein with 2 distal setae, rarely 1 or 3.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 4 lateral setae, occasionally 3; posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII complete, occasionally narrowly interrupted medially, longest microtrichia 12-15 ^i long; tergite IX with 2 sensilla, anterior pair absent; sculpture lines reaching median setae on tergites III-VII. Stemites III-VII each with 8-11 accessory setae (fig. 100); stemite I without anteromedial setae; Bl setae anterior to posterior margin of stemite VII, closer to B2 setae than to each other. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; pleurotergite II without anterolateral seta; sculpture lines with dentate microtrichia.

Female (brachypterous) Similar to macroptera except forewings short, oval (fig. 74), distal 1/3 brown, basal 2/3 pale, extending posteriorly onto abdominal tergite I; forevein with 5-7 setae, hindvein with 2-5 setae.

Male (macropterous) Abdominal tergite VIII without posteromarginal comb; tergite IX (fig. 137) with Bl setae shorter than B2 setae, aligned or slightly anterior to B2 setae; a sensillum anterior to and between Bl and B2 setae on each side. Stemites III-VIII each with 2-4 acces- sory setae; glandular areas on stemites III-VII transversely elongate, slightly wider on III than on VII; on III 15-17 /x long, 64-69 fji wide, 4.0-4.6 times wider than long, on VII 22-24 /x long, 52-62 /JL wide, 2.3-2.6 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined Holotype female, allotype male, 37 female macropterous paratypes, 2 female bra- chypterous paratypes, 2 male paratypes: New York, Oswegatchie—on leaves of Thalictrum polygamum Muhlenb., 2-VII-30; J.D. Hood (USNM). CANADA: Alberta, Beauvais Lake—1 female, unknown host, 15-VII-80, G. Gibson (UA). Saskatchewan, Cypress Hills Park—1 female. Picea spJPopulus sp., 3-VI-69, R.G. Holmberg (UA). UNITED STATES: Illinois, Chain-O-Lakes State Park (Lake County)—3 macropter- ous females and 1 brachypterous female, 1 male, on Thalictrum sp., lO-VI-65, Smith and Stannard (INHS). New Jersey, Demarest—1 female, 1 male, leaves of Thalictrum polygamum Muhlenb., ll-VII-36, J.C. Crawford (USNM). New York, Oswegathchie—1 female, 1 male, leaves of Thalictrum polygamum Muhlenb., 6-VIII- 32, J.D. Hood (USNM).

Distribution North America: Canada (Alberta, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan), United States (IL, NJ, NY).

Hosts Thalictrum polygomum Muhlenb., Thalictrum sp.

Comments From other species in North America with accessory setae on the abdominal stemites, thalictri is differentiated by its dark brown body, 2 distal setae on the forewings, and only 2 sensilla on abdominal tergite IX.

123 Thríps trehernei Priesner

Thrips trehernei Priesner 1927:356; Gentile and Bailey 1968:48; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1224; Hunt singer et al. 1982:56. Thrips taraxaci Moulton 1936:109; Bailey 1949a: 125. Thrips hukkineni Priesner 1937:108; Bailey 1957:203; Gentile and Bailey 1968:49. Thrips physapus L. 1758:457; Bailey 1957:202; Stannard 1968:371; and Chaisson 1986:71 (misidentifications).

Female Body dark brown with orange-red internal pigment in thorax; legs dark brown except foretarsi yellow, mid- and hindtarsi yellowish brown, foretibiae yellow with sides often light brown; ocellar crescents red; forewings completely brown; setae brown. Antennae brown with segment III, basal 2/3 of IV, basal 1/2 of V, and basal 1/3 to 1/2 of VI yellow; taraxaci form with III yellowish brown, IV darker yellowish brown than III, and V yellowish brown at base.

Body length. 1.27 mm (partially contracted) to 1.67 mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented; base of inner sense cone on segment VI oval, 9 ¡i long.

Head. Broader than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside or on border of ocellar triangle, 20-24 /x long; postocular seta i 19-27 ^t long, seta ii shorter than iii.

Pronotum. Striations on posterior 1/2 weak; posteroangular setae 0.45-0.62 as long as pronotum, outer pair 69-89 ^t long, inner pair 69-89 ¡x long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, occasionally 4 pairs or a total of 7 setae, medial pair 22-32 ^ long.

Mesonotum. Striae absent by pair of anteromedial sensilla.

Metanotum. Longitudinally striated or with narrow, longitudinal medial reticulations; sensilla absent; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 54-72 /x long.

Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 4, occasionally 3, lateral setae; posterior margins of VI and VII often with low scallops; posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, space between microtrichia closer than their length, longest 12-15 /x; tergite IX Vv^ith 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines not extending to median sensilla on tergites V-VIII. Ster- nites II-VII with accessory setae, 9-15 in irregular single or double rows on VII; stemite I with 3 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101). Pleurotergite without accessory setae; pleurotergite II either with anterolateral seta or seta absent.

Male Tergite VIII without posteromarginal comb; tergite IX with Bl and B2 setae almost aligned, Bl slightly longer than B2; pair of sensilla between Dl setae, another pair laterad of Dl seta. Stemites III-VIII each with 2-5 accessory setae, setae usually laterad or posterolaterad of glandular areas, occasionally posterior; glandular areas transversely oval, oblong, or slightly narrowed medially on each of stemites III-VII; on III 42-72 JLL wide, 12-20 /x long, 3-4 times wider than long, on VII 40-57 ¡JL wide, 12-20 /x long, 2.0-3.75 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined Thrips taraxaci Moulton, holotype and 1 paratype females, allotype male: Montana, Boseman—yellow dandelion, 12-VI-32, D. Moulton (No. 4917) (CAS); 1 paratype female, CANADA, British Columbia, Midday Valley—15-VII-22, N.L. Cutler (No. 1521) (CAS). Many specimens examined from United States, Canada, and Europe (USNM). 124 Distribution North America: Canada (British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan), United States (CA, CO, CT, DC, GA, lA, ID, IL, IN, KS, MD, ME, MI, MO, MT, NE, NJ, NY, OH, OR, UT, VA, WA, WI, WV, WY); Europe; Pacific Islands: Hawaii.

Hosts Annemone nuttalliana DC, Aster sp., Cirsium sp., Curcurhita sp.. Delphinium sp., Dianthus harhatus L., Eschscholzia californica Cham., grass, Helianthus sp., Hypericum sp., Hypochoeris radicata L., Lactuca sativa L., Leontodón autumnalis L., Linaria vulgaris L., Lupinus sp., Nothocalais cuspidata (Pursh) Greene, Oenothera sp., Papaver rhoeas L., Prunus cerasus L., P. pérsica (L.) Batsch., Ranunculus sp., Rheum rhaharbarum L., Rosa sp., Rubus parviflorus Nutt., Rudbeckia hirta L., Silène alba (Mili.) E.H.L. Krause, Sonchus arvense L., Sonchus sp.. Tagetes patula L., Taraxacum officinale Wiggers, Tragopogón sp., Trifolium pratense L.

Comments In the description, the antennal coloration of taraxaci females is given separately. The two paratypes of taraxaci and several collections from Montana, Colorado, Utah, and British Columbia have darker antennal segments III-VI, and the glandular areas of the associated males tend to be larger than those of trehernei. Material of trehernei from other collections in Canada, the United States, and Europe has consistently paler antennal segments III-VI. However, I could not find any other characters to differenti- ate them, and therefore, I followed Gentile and Bailey (1968) in treating taraxaci as a junior synonym of trehernei.

Characters differentiating trehernei from other taxa in the New World with accessory setae on the abdominal sternites include completely brown forewings with 3 distal setae, 7-segmented antennae, a striate metanotum without sensilla, and 3 anteromedial setae on abdominal sternite I.

This species is closely related to physapus L., which occurs in Europe. The abdomens of physapus males are yellow, whereas those of trehernei males are brown. The females of these two species can be differentiated only by using a principal component analysis (Ward 1968: 395). According to Pitkin (1976:173), 20 percent of the analyzed females could not be determined accurately by this method. None of the females from North America was analyzed, but all examined males were brown; therefore, I con- cluded that only trehernei occurs in North America.

Although the common host, dandelion (Taraxcum officinale Wiggers), is widespread in North America, this species is not recorded from the southern United States, except Georgia. The record for Hawaii is based on only one collection from pineapple in 1930.1 examined the specimen in CAS and confirmed that it is trehernei.

125 Thríps trípartitus Hood (fig. 16)

Thrips tripartitus Hood 1940:562; Stannard 1968:376; Gentile and Bailey 1968:50; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1226.

Female (macropterous) Head, thorax, abdominal segments I, IX, and X yellowish brown, abdominal segments II-VIII brown; legs paler than thorax; ocellar crescents red; forewings pale grayish brown; setae pale yellowish brown. Antennae yellow, except distal 1/3 of segment IV, 1/2 of V and VI, and VII brown.

Body length. 1.3-1.5 mm.

Antenna. 7-segmented.

Head (fig. 16). About as long as broad, slightly prolonged anterior of eyes, cheeks somewhat parallel; eyes about 1/2 length of head; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle, 17-20 ix long; 5 postocular setae, short.

Pronotum. Sculpture weaker medially than toward anterior and posterior margins; posteroangular setae about 1/2 times as long as pronotum, outer pair 72-86 /x long, inner pair 72-79 ix long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, occasionally with 2 on one side, medial pair 27-32 /x long.

Mesonotum. 2 anteromedial sensilla present.

Metanotum. Reticulate in medial 1/3; 2 sensilla present; median setae about 1/2 length of notum, positioned in anterior 1/3 of notum.

Forewing. Forevein with 2 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite I with median setae 30-32 IJL long, about 3/5 as long as tergite, as long or longer than median setae on II-VII; tergite II with 4 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, spacing and lengths of microtrichia irregular, longest microtrichia about 12 /x long; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines extending to median setae on tergites III-VIII. Stemites without acces- sory setae; anteromedial setae absent from stemite I; B1 setae on VII anterior to posterior margin, about 3 times closer to B2 setae than to each other. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; anterolateral seta absent from II.

Female (brachypterous) Similar to macroptera in color. Forewing short, oval, extending posteriorly to tergite I; 4-7 setae on forevein.

Male (brachypterous) Abdominal tergite VIII with short, irregular posteromarginal microtrichia; tergite IX with Bl and B2 setae aligned, Bl closer to B2 than to each other; a sensillum anterior to and between Bl and B2 setae on each side; another pair anterior or anterolaterad of Dl setae. Stemites III-VII each with a glandular area, transversely elongated, slightly constricted medially on I-VI, parallel on VII; on III 37-49 /x wide, 10 ^L long, on VII 30-40 /x wide, 12 /x long.

Specimens Examined Holotype macropterous female, allotype brachypterous male, 2 macropterous female and 24 brachypterous female paratypes, and 1 brachypterous male paratype: New York, Oswegatchie—grass, 21-VII-39, J.D. Hood (USNM). Illinois, Volo Bog—1 female, 9-X-52, Ross and Stannard (INHS). Minnesota, MacGregor—1 brachypterous female, Pinus sp. needles, 22-IV-36, F. Andre (NHM). New York, Oswegatchie—1 brachypterous female, grass, 30-VIII-39, J.D. Hood (USNM).

126 Distribution United States (IL, MN, NY).

Hosts Grass, Pinus sp. needles.

Comments The characters separating this species from other North American species are the coloration of the body and antennae, the long median setae on abdominal tergite I, and the slightly prolonged head anterior of the eyes.

Thrips validus Uzel (figs. 65, 138, 147)

Thrips validus Uzel 1895:183; Gentile and Bailey 1968:51; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1229; Mound et al. 1976:54. Thrips fuscus Moulton 1936:108. Thrips salvus Moulton 1946:60 (replacement name for T. fuscus).

Female Body dark brown with orange internal pigment in pterothorax; foretibiae yellow, marginally brown, all tarsi yellow; ocellar crescents red; forewings grayish brown, base paler brown; body and forewing setae brown or yellowish brown. Antennal segments I and II brown; III yellow; IV mostly yellow, shaded brown distally; V yellow basally, gradually shaded brown distally; VI yellow or yellowish brown basally, brown distally; VII brown.

Body length. 1.29-1.68 mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented.

Head. Broader than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle; 5 pairs of postocular setae, seta i longest, seta v separated from iv by about twice distance between iv and iii.

Pronotum. Posteroangular setae slightly more than 1/2 to about 2/3 times as long as pronotum, outer pair 69-91 /JL long, inner pair slightly longer than outer pair, 77-96 JUL long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, medial pair 40-44 /UL long.

Metanotum (fig. 65). Closely striated longitudinally; sensilla absent; median setae close to anterior margin.

Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 4 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb complete on tergite VIII, longest microtrichia about 15 ¡JL; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines not reaching median setae on tergites V-VIII. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I with 2 or 3 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101); Bl setae anterior to posterior margin of stemite VII. Pleurotergites without accessory seta; anterolateral seta absent from pleurotergite II; microtrichia sparse.

Male Antennae lighter in color than those of female. Tergite VIII without posteromarginal microtrichia; tergite IX (fig. 138) with Bl setae varying from adjacent to B2 setae to closer to each other than to B2 setae and slightly anterior; a sensillum anterior to and between positions of Bl and B2 setae on each side. Stemites III-VII (fig. 147) each

127 with a small, oval or rotund glandular area, almost equal in width, on VII 10-14 pi wide, 7-10 jui long, about 1.5 times wider than long.

Immatures Larvae are described by Speyer and Parr (1941).

Specimens Examined Thrips validus, 1 paratype female (no other data) (CNC); Thrips fuscus Moulton (=salvus Moulton) holotype female, 2 female and 1 male paratypes: Idaho—host ?, No. 2381 (CAS). CANADA: Quebec, St. Mathieu (Rimouski County)^ females, 7 males, Paeonia sp., 8-VII-83, H. Chaisson (LEM, USNM); 1 female, 2 males. Malva sp., 12-VII-83, H. Chaisson (LEM). Nine females, 2 males from Austria, England, and The Netherlands (USNM).

Distribution North America: Canada (Nova Scotia, Quebec), United States (ID); Europe; former USSR.

Hosts Hypochoeris radicata L., Lactuca sativa L., Leontodón hispidus L., Malva sp., Paeonia sp., Oenothera sp.. Taraxacum ojficinale Wiggers.

Comments One male in the series from St. Mathieu, Quebec, Canada, on peony has 2 sensilla on the metanotum but otherwise agrees with the concept of validus. This species re- sembles intricatus but differences include the coloration of antennal segments III-VI of the females and the size and shape of the glandular areas of the males.

Thrips varípes Hood (figs. 66, 120)

Thrips varipes Hood 1913:161; Stannard 1968:377; Gentile and Bailey 1968:38 (as synonym of T. major Uzel); Beshear 1973:122; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1233.

Female Body dark brown with red internal pigment; legs dark brown, except all tarsi, both ends of mid- and hindtibiae, and inner surface of foretibiae yellow; ocellar crescents red; forewings grayish brown, basal 1/4 pale, clear; setae brown. Antennae brown, except segment III yellow; IV mostly yellow or yellowish brown, shaded brown apically; V basally pale, gradually shaded brown apically.

Body length. 1.10-1.58 mm (compacted and distended specimens).

Antenna (fig. 120). 7-segmented; trichomes on segments III and IV well developed, U-shaped, 30-37 /x long, trichome on IV about 2/3 as long as V; inner sense cone on VI 32-37 /x long, extending to about midlength of VII, longer than VII.

Head. Broader than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, outside ocellar triangle; postocular seta i longest, ii and iv shortest.

Pronotum. Posteroangular setae 3/5 to 3/4 as long as pronotum, outer pair 62-89 ¡JL long, inner pair usually longer, 83-104 ix long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, medial pair longest.

Metanotum (fig. 66). Reticulated medially; 2 sensilla present; median setae on anterior margin or slightly posterior by up to 7 ^l from margin.

128 Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; D2 setae on tergites III-V not extending beyond posterior margin of segment; posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII broadly interrupted medially; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; sculpture lines not reaching median setae and sensilla on tergites V-VII. Stemites without accessory setae; sternite I without anteromedial setae; B1 setae on sternite VII anterior to posterior margin. Pleurotergites without accessory setae; anterolateral seta absent from pleurotergite II; microtrichia on sculpture lines.

Male Tergite VIII without posteromarginal microtrichia; tergite IX with B1 setae aligned with Dl setae or slightly posterior, B2 setae posterior of Dl setae; a sensillum between Dl seta and B2 seta on each side, another sensillum laterad of each Dl seta. Stemites III-VII each with a transversely elongate, oblong or medially narrowed glandular area; on III 52-73 /x wide, 15-20 JUL long, 3.5-5.0 times wider than long, on VII 37-50 /JL wide, 17 /x long, 2.2-3.0 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined Holotype female, 12 female paratypes: Maryland, Plummer's Island—in flowers of Muscari racemosum Mill., 30-III-13, W.L. McAtee and J.D. Hood (USNM). Illinois, St. Joseph—6 females, 6 males. Clematis pitcheri Torr, and A. Gray, 27-VI-15, C.A. Hart. Maryland, Plummer's Island—2 females, 1 male, Clematis virginiana L., 18-VI- 16, L.O. Jackson (USNM). Texas, AX^'m^—Quer cus sp., 6-IV-64, W.H. Ewart (UCR); Victoria—2 females, 1 male. Clematis sp., 16-IV-?, W.A. Hooker (USNM). Virginia, Overall—2 females, Viorna viorna L., 19-VI-38, F. Andre (USNM).

Distribution United States (GA, IL, MD, MO, TX, VA).

Hosts Clematis pitcheri Torr, and A. Gray, C. viorna L. (=Viorna viorna L.), C virginiana L., Clematis sp., Muscari racemosa Mill.

Comments This species is closely related to madronii and sieversiae in North America and to major, a European species. It differs from madronii by the following characters: The sensory trichomes on antennal segments III and IV are u-shaped and longer, 30-37 /JL long; the median setae on the metanotum are on or close to the anterior margin; the anterolateral seta is absent from pleurotergite II; and males have a glandular area on sternite VII. In madronii there are short, v-shaped trichomes on antennal segments III and IV; the median setae on the metanotum are 12-24 /m from the anterior margin; an anterolateral seta is present on pleurotergite II; and males lack a glandular area on sternite VII.

Thrips varipes differs from sieversiae in that in varipes the sculpture lines do not reach either the median setae and the sensilla on abdominal tergites V-VIII; in sieversiae, these lines extend both to the median setae and the sensilla on tergites V-VIII, and the trichomes on antennal segments III and IV are shorter, 20-24 ¡JL long.

Thrips major differs by the following characters: shorter trichomes on segments III and IV; short posteroangular setae, 0.45-0.51 times as long as the pronotum; grayish- yellow or pale grayish brown forewings; and numerous ciliate microtrichia on the sculpture lines of the pleurotergites. In varipes, the posteroangular setae are longer, 3/5 to 3/4 as long as the pronotum; the forewings are grayish brown; and the microtrichia on intermediate and posterior pleurotergites are sparse and dentate.

129 Thríps vulgatissimus Haliday (figs. 22, 67, 75, 83, 99, 121, 148)

Thrips vulgatissima Haliday 1836:447; Bhatti 1969:380; Chaisson 1986:71. Taeniothrips vulgatissimus: Priesner 1920:55; Bailey 1957:201; O'Neill and Bigelow 1964:1236; Stannard 1968:363; Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1057. Taeniothrips lemanis Treheme 1924:87; O'Neill and Bigelow 1964:1236. Taeniothrips vulgatissimus meridionalis Treheme 1924:84; O'Neill and Bigelow 1964:1236 (nomen nudum). Taeniothripspallipennis (Uzel): Priesner 1920:55; Treheme 1924:83. Taeniothrips vulgatissimus americanus Moulton 1929b:130; Bailey 1957:201.

Female Body dark brown with reddish-orange intemal pigmentation except as follows: all tarsi yellow, foretibiae yellowish brown or yellow with brown lateral margins, mid- and hindtibiae yellow apically and basally, bases of mid- and hindfemora yellow; ocellar crescents red; forewings pale, occasionally shaded darker gray just beyond base and at apex; setae brown. Antennae brown, except apex of segment II yellow, III completely yellow or apices shaded gray, base of IV yellow; extreme base of V often paler than rest of segment.

Body length. 1.2-1.8 mm.

Antenna (fig. 121). 8-segmented.

Head (fig. 22). Wider than long, cheeks strongly arched; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, 35-42 ^x long; postocular seta i 24-33 /x long, ii and iv shorter than others.

Pronotum (fig. 22). With transverse anastomosing sculpture; posteroangular setae 1/2 to 2/3 as long as pronotum, outer pair 71-99 ¡JL long, inner pair 80-99 ¡JL long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, occasionally with 2 or 4 on one side; medial pair 33-59 11 long.

Mesonotum. 2 anteromedial sensilla present.

Metanotum (fig. 67). Longitudinally striated, occasionally slightly reticulate medially with the reticles elongate; normally with 2 sensilla, occasionally with 0 or 1; median setae near anterior margin or in anterior 1/4 of notum, slightly longer than 1/2 length of notum.

Forewing (fig. 75). With 3 distal setae, occasionally with 2 or 4 on 1 wing.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII complete (fig. 83), microtrichia rather close set, irregular in length with longest microtrichia 17-21 ^t long, shorter medially; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla; sculp- ture lines absent between median setae on tergites IV-VIII. Stemite I with 3 anteromedial setae (see fig. 101); accessory setae (fig. 99) in irregular single row, occasionally in irregular or partial double rows on stemites VI and VII. Pleurotergites III-VII each with 1-3 accessory setae (see fig. 96); an anterolateral seta on pleurotergite II (see fig. 93); microtrichia on sculpture lines dentate.

Male Tergite VIII without posteromarginal comb, usually with several minute microtrichia on extreme sides; tergite IX with Bl setae in an intermediate position between Dl and B2 setae; a sensillum between each Bl and Dl setae. Stemites III-VII with 7-9 acces- sory setae in a row posterior of glandular areas and 1 or 2 laterad of glandular areas,

130 VIII with 7-9 setae; glandular area on each of III-VII transversely elongate (fig. 148), either slightly narrowed medially or oblong, oval, or almost circular on VII, progres- sively narrower posteriorly; on III 59-87 /JL wide, 19-28 ¡UL long, 3.0-3.6 times as wide as long, on VII 33-66 ¡JL wide, 17-28 /x long, 1.7-2.8 times as wide as long.

Immatures Larvae are described by Speyer and Parr (1941) and propupa and pupa by Morison (1929).

Specimens Examined Taeniothrips lemanis Treherne, 1 female paratype: Canada, British Columbia, New Westminster—buds of apple, 24-IV-17, R.C. Treherne (USNM). Many females and males examined from Canada, the United States, and Europe (CAS, NHM, USNM).

Distribution North America: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory), Greenland, United States (AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, ME, MT, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY); Europe; former USSR.

IHosts Polyphagous.

Life History See Morison (1929, 1957).

Comments The glandular areas of the North American males are about twice as wide and 1.5-2.0 times longer than those of the European males. The glandular area on stemite VII of European males often are almost rotund and that of North American males is larger and transversely oval. Otherwise, the North American males and females cannot be differentiated from European specimens.

I followed O'Neill and Bigelow (1964) in treating the size of the glandular areas as a variable specific character. In the lot examined from Haines, Alaska, antennal segment III ranges from yellow with the distal 1/4 shaded gray to mostly gray with the basal 1/3 yellow; the metanotum has 0-2 sensilla. However, the other morphological characters agree with my concept of vulgatissimus. A single female from Sylvan Lake, South Dakota, has 4 distal setae on the forewing and the metanotum is more reticulated medially than in the other specimens examined. Other specimens examined occasion- ally have 4 distal setae on one wing and a slightly reticulated metanotum. Because this unique female cannot be differentiated otherwise, it is treated here as a variant of vulgatissimus.

Thrips vulgatissimus is readily distinguished by the following characters from other North American Thrips with 8-segmented antennae and accessory setae on abdominal stemites: Antennal segment III is yellow; the forewings are pale or shaded with light gray and normally have 3 distal setae; accessory setae are present on pleurotergites III- VII; and the posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII is well developed.

The description is based on material from North America and Europe. The measure- ments of the glandular areas of the males are based only on North American males. I have not examined the types of americanus but accept the conclusion of O'Neill and Bigelow (1964) that americanus is a junior synonym of vulgatissimus.

131 Thríps winnemanae Hood

Thrips winnemanae Hood 1913:166; Stannard 1968:377; Gentile and Bailey 1968:50 (as synonym of T. urticae Uzel); Jacot-Guillarmod 1975:1236. Thrips nr. winnemanae Hood: Heming 1985:23, Chaisson 1986:72.

Female Body yellow or orange yellow, thorax darker orange than abdomen, legs paler yellow; or body yellowish brown with anterior 1/2 of abdominal tergites pale brown, posterior 1/2 yellow to tergites completely pale brown; ocellar crescents red; forewings pale yellowish gray or completely pale brown; major setae brown, minor setae yellowish brown or pale yellow. Antennal segment I pale yellow; II orange yellow, shaded grayish brown; III yellow with distal 1/3 shaded light brown; basal 1/3 to 1/2 of IV and V yellow, gradually shaded light brown distally; VI completely brown or yellow basally; VII brown.

Body length. 1.07-1.34 mm (distended).

Antenna. 7-segmented; inner sense cone on segment VI extending to about 1/2 length of VII, longer than VII.

Head. Broader than long, cheeks arched; ocellar setae III posterolaterad of anterior ocellus, inside or just outside ocellar triangle, 23-32 ix long; postocular setae i about 25 IJL long, ii and iv about 1/4 to 1/3 as long as iii and v or occasionally as long or longer.

Pronotum. Transversely striated; posteroangular setae 0.55-0.70 times as long as pronotum, outer pair 62-90 ¡JL long, inner pair usually longer than outer pair, 64-92 /x long; posteromarginal setae 3 pairs, occasionally 2 pairs, medial pair 32-40 ^x long.

Mesonotum. 2 anteromedial sensilla present.

Metanotum: Reticulate medially, long axis of reticles longitudinal; 2 sensilla in posterior 1/3 to 1/4 of notum; median setae posterior of anterior margin, 39-47 ¡JL long.

Forewing. Forevein with 3 distal setae.

Abdomen. Tergite II with 3 lateral setae; tergite VII occasionally with a few minute microtrichia medially on posterior margin; tergite VIII with posteromarginal comb complete, 16-25 microtrichia variable in length, longest 15-17 ^l; tergite IX with 2 pairs of sensilla, anterior pair closer to Dl setae than to anterior margin. Stemites without accessory setae; stemite I without anteromedial setae; Bl setae on stemite VII anterior to posterior margin. Pleurotergites III and V each with 1-3 accessory setae, VI-VII each with 1 or 2 setae (see fig. 96); anterolateral seta absent from pleurotergite II; microtrichia sparse on sculpture lines.

Male Antennal segment VI about 62 ¡JL long, 10-17 /x longer than III. Tergite VIII with short, irregularly spaced posteromarginal microtrichia medially, lengths irregular; tergite IX with Bl and B2 setae subequal in length, aligned or Bl setae slightly anterior to B2 setae; a pair of sensilla between Dl setae. Stemites III-VII each with a transversely elongated glandular area, oblong or broadly narrower medially than at ends, about 1/2 as wide as stemite; on VI 49 /¿ wide, 10 ^t long, about 5 times wider than long, on VII 40 ¡JL wide, 10 ¡JL long, about 4 times wider than long.

Specimens Examined Holotype female and 1 female paratype: Maryland, Plummer's Island—19-V-12, W.L. McAtee and J.D. Hood, in flower of Hydrophyllum virginianum L. (USNM 74541).

132 CANADA: Alberta, Dinosaur Provincial Park—1 female, sweeping grass, l-VII-69, B.S. Heming (UA). UNITED STATES: Idaho, Moscow—1 female, litter and leaves, 28-IV-37, F. Andre (NHM). Illinois, Carterville—1 female, sweeping grass, 26-VIII- 52, Richards and Stannard; Erickom (Hick's branch)—2 females, sweeping in woods, 13-VI-34, Delong and Ross; Palestine—5 females (5 slides), Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir. leaves and dead branches, l-X-57, Ross and Stannard; Pyatts—1 female, forest debris, 12-XI-64, LJ. Stannard (INHS); Zenith (Wayne County)—1 female, mice nests, 30-III-66, LJ. Stannard; (USNM). Iowa, Ames (North Woods)—1 female, sweeping mixed vegetation, 18-V-51, T. Kono; Ottumwa—1 female, moss, 11-11-34, F. Andre; turf, 1 female, lO-XII-37, F. Andre (NHM). Kansas, Lawrence—2 females, 18-XII-47, M.W. Sanderson (INHS). Kentucky, Combs—1 female, sweeping, 15-VII-48, W.W. Watkins (UCD). Maryland, Behsville—2 females, 2 males, un- known flower, l-X-85, S. Nakahara (USNM). Missouri, Hunnewell—1 female, Bidens sp., 25-VIII-73, Park and Stannard; North of Florida—2 females, 1 male, Symphoricarpos sp., 26-VIII-73, Park and Stannard (INHS). North Dakota, Walsh County—1 female, forest litter, 19-X-46, L.J. Post and R.L. Post (NDSU). Tennessee, Knoxville—1 female, marsh grass, 7-VII-19, G.G. Ainslie (USNM). Texas, Pledger— 1 female. Cornus sp., 22-IV-39, J.D. Hood (USNM). Wisconsin, Milwaukee—1 female, sweeping, 1 l-VI-83, L. LeBeck (UCR).

Distribution North America: Canada (Alberta), United States (lA, ID, IL, KS, KY, MD, MO, ND, TN, TX, WI).

Hosts Commonly found on Symphoricarpus sp. Other recorded hosts are Bidens sp.. Cornus sp., Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir., Hydrophyllum virginianum L., forest debris, marsh grass, woodland leaf mold, moss, duff, and grass.

Comments In North America the other yellow or brownish-yellow species with accessory setae on the pleurotergites are alysii and pectinatus. The differences between winnemanae and these two species are discussed under alysii (p. 32) m\d pectinatus (p. 102).

Thrips winnemanae closely resembles hrevicornis Priesner, which occurs in Europe. Thus far, the only apparent difference between females of these two species is the short anterolateral seta that is present on pleurotergite II of hrevicornis and that is lacking from winnemanae. Males differ by the size and shape of the glandular areas on abdominal stemites.

Although the type specimens and most examined specimens have yellow bodies and pale forewings, a lot collected in Palestine, Illinois, in October 1957, has pale brown bodies and pale brown forewings. Except for the difference in coloration, the darker lot cannot be distinguished from the paler material. In a lot intermediate in color collected in October 1985, in Belts ville, Maryland, the abdominal tergite is light brown in the anterior 1/2 and yellow in the posterior 1/2, and the forewings are completely pale brown. Thrips collected in colder temperatures or in the latter part of the year often tend to be darker. Because these dark-colored lots are otherwise identical morphologi- cally to the yellow-colored lots, I consider them to be color forms of winnemanae.

The material from Combs, Kentucky; Beltsville, Maryland; Knoxville, Tennessee; and Zenith, Illinois, differs from other examined specimens by the lengths of postocular setae ii and iv. In typical material, setae ii and iv are 1/4 to 1/3 as long as iii and v, but in the aforementioned specimens, setae ii and iv range from slightly shorter to slightly longer than iii and v. Further, the atypical material is more reticulated medially on the

133 mesonotum than the typical material. However, because I was not able to see any significant differences in the females and males of the material examined, I treated these differences as specific variations.

Gentile and Bailey (1968) incorrectly synonymized winnemanae with urticae Fabri- cius, a European species not known to occur in North America. Thrips winnemanae has 3 lateral setae on tergite II, 1-3 accessory setae on pleurotergites III-VIII, and 2 pairs of sensilla on tergite IX; in contrast, urticae has 4 lateral setae on tergite II, the pleurotergites lack accessory setae, and tergite IX has 1 pair of sensilla.

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143 Appendix A Index to Thríps Taxa and Natural Enemies

The valid names of Thrips taxa and natural enemies are in italics.

abdominalis Crawford, Thrips ahdominalis (Crawford), Microcephalothrips Aeolothripidae albipes Bagnall, Thrips alhogilvus, new species, Thrips alhopilosus Uzel, Thrips allii Gillette, Limothrips allii (Gillette), Thrips alysii Hood, Thrips anemonensis Moulton, Thrips annulicomis Blanchard, Thrips Anomalothrips Anthocoridae Aptinothripina arizonensis Morgan, Thrips Aspergillus atratus Haliday, Thrips atratus (Haliday), Taeniothrips aureolariae, new species, Thrips aureus Hood, Thrips aureus Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish, Chloethrips aurulentus, new species, Thrips australis (Bagnall), Thrips australis Bagnall, Isoneurothrips

Baliothrips bertelsi (De Santis), Isochaetothrips bertelsi, Thrips bertelsi, Frankliniella Botrytis bremnerii Moulton, Thrips hrevialatus, new species, Thrips brevicornis Priesner, Thrips brevipilosus Moulton, Thrips brui Vuillet, Thripoctenus

calcaratus Uzel, Thrips Cephalosporium Chaetisothrips Chirothripini Chrysopidae clarus Moulton, Thrips Coccinellidae cónica Fabricius, Thrips crawfordi, new species, Thrips

crenatus Watson, Thrips Dendrothripini dianthi Moulton, Thrips

144 dilatatus Uzel, Thrips discolor Haliday, Thrips distinctus, new species, Thrips dorsalis Bagnall, Thrips

Entomophthora Euthrips fallaciosus, new species, Thrips femoralis Blanchard, Thrips femorahs Jones, Thrips flavicauda Watson, Thrips flavas Schrank, Thrips florum Schmutz, Thrips Frankliniella frequens Moulton, Thrips frosti Moulton, Thrips funehris Bagnall, Thrips fuscipennis Haliday, Thrips fuscus Moulton, Thrips

gillettei Moulton, Thrips gilmorei Moulton, Thrips gladioli Moulton, Taeniothrips gracilis Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish, Thrips gracilis Moulton, Thrips gracilis Solowiow, Paulus gracilis (Solowiow), Thrips graminae Moulton, Thrips

hawaiiensis (Morgan), Thrips hawaiiensis Morgan, Euthrips hawaiiensis (Morgan), Taeniothrips hawaiiensis form imitator Priesner, Thrips helianthi Morgan, Thrips helvolus, new species, Thrips heraclei Moulton, Thrips herricki Bagnall, Thrips herricki var. impatientis Moulton, Thrips hispidipennis Hood, Thrips hukkineni Priesner, Thrips

idahoensis, new species, Thrips illicii Hood, Thrips impar Hood, Thrips inequalis (Beach), Pseudothrips inequalis Beach, Thrips intricatus, new species, Thrips Iridothrips Isochaetothrips Isoneurothrips Isothrips

145 konoi, new species, Thrips

lactucae Beach, Thrips laevicolHs Blanchard, Thrips lathyri Moulton, Thrips lemanis Treheme, Taeniothrips leucadophilus Priesner, Thrips

Macrosporium madronii Moulton, Thrips magnus Moulton, Thrips maidis Beach, (Euthrips) major Uzel, Thrips menés Walker, Ceranisus Microcephalothrips minuta v. puttemansi Costa Lima, Thrips minutas (van Deventer), Stenchaetothrips monotropae Hood, Thrips mucidus Moulton, Thrips

nelsoni, new species, Thrips nigrifemora De Santis, Ceranisus nigropilosus Uzel, Thrips nigropilosus f. pilosissima Priesner, Thrips nubilans Hood, Thrips

ohscurus Müller, Anaphothrips oklahomae Watson, Thrips orientalis Bagnall, Isoneurothrips orientalis (Bagnall), Isothrips orientalis (Bagnall), Thrips

pallicornis Hood, Thrips pallida Beach, Thrips pallidus (Beach), Scolothrips pallidicollis Hood, Thrips pallipennis (Uzel), Taeniothrips pallipes Bagnall, Physothrips palmi Kamy, Thrips Panchaetothripinae paramadroniiy new species, Thrips parvipennis Gahan, Dasycapus pauciporus, new species, Thrips pectinatus Hood, new species, Thrips perplexus (Beach), Plesiothrips perplexus Beach, Thrips phylloxerae Riley, Thrips physaphus Linnaeus, Thrips Phytoseiidae Plesiothrips pini (Uzel), Thrips

146 pini, Physopus pini, Taeniothrips pini, Taeniothrips (Similothrips) porteri Brèthes, Thrips pruni, new species, Thrips pseudoflavus, new species, Thrips quindensis (Morgan), Thrips rosilloi De Santis, Ceranisus rugicollis Blanchard, Thrips russeli (Crawford), Ceranisus russeli Crawford, Thripoctenus saccharoni Moulton, Thrips salvus Moulton, Thrips sambucifloris Hood, Thrips Sericothripini setipennis Steinweden and Moulton, Thrips sexmaculatus (Pergande), Scolothrips sierrensis Gentile and Bailey, Thrips sieversiae Hood, Thrips simplex (Morison), Thrips simplex Morison, Physothrips simplex (Morison), Taeniothrips simulator, new species, Thrips six-maculata Pergande, Thrips Sphecidae spinosus Morgan, Thrips stannardi, new species, Thrips Stenchaetothrips striaticeps Blanchard, Thrips striata Osbom, Thrips sylvanus (Stannard), Microcephlothrips sylvanus Stannard, Thrips tahaci Lindeman, Thrips Taeniothrips Taeniothrips (Similothrips) taraxaci Ehrhom, Thrips tenuicornis (Uzel), Frankliniella thalictri Hood, Thrips tibialis Blanchard, Thrips Toxonothrips trehernei Priesner, Thrips thripidum Samson, Ramakers and Oswald, Entomophthora Thripina Thripini trifasciatus Ashmead, Thrips tripartitus Hood, Thrips

147 urticae Uzel, Thrips

validas Uzel, Thrips variahilis Beach, Neohydatothrips variablilis Beach, Thrips varipes Hood, Thrips veratri Hood, Thrips veratri Herrick, Thrips vulgatissimus HaUday, Thrips vulgatissimus (Hahday), Taeniothrips vulgatissimus americanus Moulton, Taeniothrips vulgatissimus meridionalis Treheme, Taeniothrips

winnemanae Hood, Thrips

148 Figures

149 Figure 1. Morphological characters of Thrips represented by Thrips obscuratus, dorsal view. Reprinted by permission from Mound and Walker 1982, p. 88.

150 vil (+VIII)

o ocellar seta < compound eye tarsal bladder - tarsus

femur

oc o

pleurotergite 2 O û m tergite (sternite on < ventral surface)

tergal discal seta ctenidia spiracle

posteromarginal comb

dorsal split

151 Figures 2-13. Heads, females. 2. australis (Bagnall). 3. distinctus, new species, ^.florum Schmutz, right part of head. 5. hawaiiensis (Morgan) 6. idahoensis, new species. 7. intricatus, new species. 8. konoi, new species. 9. nigropilosus Uzel. 10. pallicornis Hood. 11. pauciporus, new species. 12. pini (Uzel), part of head. 13. simulator, new species. Figures 2 and 5 are reprinted by permisson from Mound and Walker 1982, p. 92.

152 ^KJV^

8 10

c

^ 11 12 13 Figures 14-16, Heads, females (cont.)- 14. sylvanus Stannard. 15. tahaci Lindeman. 16. tripartitus Hood. Figure 15 is reprinted by permission from Mound and Walker 1982, p. 93.

Figures 17-22. Heads and pronotums, females (sculpture deleted from pronotum). 17. atratus Haliday. 18. pectinatus Hood. 19. simplex (Morison). 20. spinosus Morgan. 21. thalictri Hood. 22. vulgatissimus Haliday. The following figures are reprinted by permission: figs. 17, 19, 22 from O'Neill and Bigelow 1964, p. 1227; fig. 18 from Hood 1932a, p. 39; fig. 20 from Stannard 1968, p. 374; fig. 21 from Hood 1931a, p. 169.

154 14 16

17 18 19

P V \U\l

20 21 22

155 Figures 23-26, Heads and pronotums, females. 23. herricki Bagnall (of veratri; sculpture deleted from pronotum). 24. madronii Moulton {oí sambucifloris). 25. monotropae Hood (sculpture deleted from pronotum). 26. pallidicollis Hood. The following figures are reprinted by permission: figs. 23 and 25 from Hood 1927, p. 243; figs. 24 and 26 from Hood 1934, pp. 181 and 179, respectively.

156 23 24

25 26

157 Figures 27-28. Heads and pronotums, females. 27. palmi Kamy. 28. sieversiae Hood. Figure 27 is reprinted by permission from Sakimura et al. 1986, fig. 4; figure 28 is reprinted by permission from Hood 1934, p. 180.

Figure 29. Eye showing 5 pigmented facets, nigropilosus Uzel.

Figures 30-34. Pronotums, females. 30. hrevialatus, new species; A, PNi seta; B, PNii seta; C, PNiii seta. 31. brevipilosus Moulton. 32. paramadronii, new species. 33. sierrensis Gentile & Bailey (sculpture deleted). 34. sylvanus Stannard. Figure 33 is reprinted by permission from Gentile and Bailey 1968, p. 85.

158 27 28

29

31

32 33 34

159 Figures 35-37. Mesonotums, females. 35. hawaiiensis (Morgan). 36. pauciporus, new species. 37. pini (Uzel).

Figures 38-49 Metanotums, females. 38. aureus Hood. 39. australis (Bagnall). 40. hrevialatus, new species. 41. calcaratus Uzel. 42. crawfordi, new species. 43. discolor Haliday. 44. distinctus, new species. 45.fallaciosus, new species. 46.fuscipennis Haliday. 47. hawaiiensis (Morgan). 48. helvolus, new species. 49. idahoensis, new species. The following figures are reprinted by permission: figs. 39 and 47 from Mound and Walker 1982, p. 100; figs. 41, 43, and 46 from Mound et al. 1976, p. 49.

160 35 36 37

38 39 40

41 42 43

44 46

47 48 49

161 Figures 50-58. Metanotums, females (cont.) 50. konoi, new species. 51. nelsoni, new species. 52. nigropilosus Uzel. 53. orientalis (Bagnall). 54. palmi Kamy. 55. paramadronii, new species. 56. pauciporus, new species. 57. pruni, new species. 58. pini (Uzel). The following figures are reprinted by permission: fig. 52 from Mound and Walker 1982, p. 100; fig. 54 from Sakimura et al. 1986, fig. 6.

162 50 51 52

53 54 55

56 57 58

163 Figures 59-67, Metanotums, females (cont.) 59. pseudoflavus, new species. 60. simplex (Morison). 61. simulator, new species. 62. sylvanus Stannard. 63. tabaci Lindeman. 64. thalictri Hood. 65. validus Uzel. 66. varipes Hood. 67. vulgatissimus (Haliday). The following figures are reprinted by permission: figs. 60, 63, and 67 from Mound and Walker 1982, p. 101; fig. 65 from Mound et al. 1976, p. 49.

164 59 60 61

62 63 64

65 66 67

165 Figures 68-75. Forewings, females. 68. atratus Haliday. 69. orientalis (Bagnall). 70. pallidicollis Hood; A, distal setae (costal setae and fringe cilia deleted). 71. pectinatus Hood. 72. pruni, new species; A, distal setae. 73. tahaci Lindeman. 74. thalictri, 75. vulgatissimus Haliday. The following figures are reprinted by permission: figs. 68 and 75 from O'Neill and Bigelow 1964, p. 1223; fig. 70 from Hood 1934, p. 179; fig. 71 from Hood 1932a, p. 39; fig. 73 from Mound and Walker 1982, p. 105; fig. 74 from Hood 1931a, p. 169.

166 t^^cúcóc^

68 69

70

X .^x ,^^

72

^^:2:^^^^

74 75

167 Figures 76-79. Abdominal tergites, females. 76. aureus Hood, tergites I and II. 77. fallaciosus, new species, tergite IV. 78. konoi, new species, tergite VI. 79. nigropilosus Uzel, tergite VI. Figure 79 is reprinted by permission from Mound and Walker 1982, p. 106.

Figures 80-83. Abdominal tergites Vll-X, females. 80. atratus Haliday. 81. pini (Uzel). 82. simplex (Morison). 83. vulgatissimus Haliday. Figures 80-83 are reprinted by permission from O'Neill and Bigelow 1964, p. 1223. ^"^

76 77

78 79

81 80

83

169 Figures 84-91. Abdominal tergite VIII, females. 84. australis (Bagnall), incomplete posteromarginal comb. 85. calcaratus Uzel, complete posteromarginal comb. 86. crawfordi, new species, complete posteromarginal comb. 87. discolor Haliday. 88. madronii Moulton (of samhucifloris), incomplete posteromarginal comb. 89. pauciporus, new species, complete posteromarginal comb. 90. pectinatus Hood. 91. sylvanus Stannard, posteromarginal flange and comb. The following figures are reprinted by permission: fig. 84 from Mound and Walker 1982, p. 107; figs. 85 and 87 from Mound et al. 1976, p. 50; fig. 88 from Hood 1934, p. 181; fig. 90 from Hood 1932a, p. 39.

Figures 92-93. Abdominal tergite II, females. 92. hawaiiensis (Morgan); A, lateral setae. 93. paramadronii, new species; A, anterolateral seta; B, lateral setae; C, tergite; D, pleurotergite.

170 84 85 86

87 88 89

90 91

92

171 Figures 94-96. Abdominal pleurotergites, females. 94. australis (Bagnall); A, accessory setae. 95. fuscipennis Haliday; A, microtrichia on sculpture lines. 96. pectinatus Hood; A, pleurotergite; B, accessory setae. Figure 94 is reprinted by permission from Mound and Walker 1982, p. 110, and fig. 95 is reprinted by permission from Mound et al. 1976, p. 50.

Figures 97-101. Setae on abdominal sternites, females. 97. atratus Haliday; A, accessory setae; B, Bl seta; C, B2 seta; D, B3 seta. 98. simplex (Morison). 99. vulgatissimus Haliday. 100. thalictri Hood. ^O^.juniperinus L.; A, anteromedial setae on stemite I. The following figures are reprinted by permission: figs. 97-99 from O'Neill and Bigelow 1964, p. 1231; fig. 100 from Hood 1931a, p. 169; fig. 101 from Mound et al. 1976, p. 50.

172 A^

95 96

MßM

BCD 97 98 99

100

173 Figure 102. Foretarsus with tooth, female, calcaratus Uzel. Reprinted with permission from Mound et al. 1976, p. 47.

Figures 103-112, Antennae, females. 103. atratus Haliday. 104. australis (Bagnall). 105. brevialatus, new species. 106. fallaciosus, new species, segments III-VII. 107. gracilis Moulton, segments III- VII. 108. intricatus, new species, segments III-V. 109. impar Hood. 110. madronii Moulton (of samhucifloris). 111. nelsoni, new species. 112. pallidicollis Hood. The following figures are reprinted by permission: fig. 103 from O'Neill and Bigelow 1964, p. 1233; fig. 104 from Mound and Walker 1982, p. 96; figure 109 from Gentile and Bailey 1968, p. 83; figs. 110 and 112 from Hood 1934, pp. 181 and 179, respectively.

174 102

^\'7f

\\\ii

SVW,

106 107 103 104 105

\\\ii

MN

108 109 110 111 112

175 Figures 113-121. Antennae, females (cont.)- 113. pauciporus, new species. 114. pectinatus Hood. 115. pruni, new species. 116. sieversiae Hood. 117. simplex (Morison). 118. thalictri Hood. 119. spinosus Morgan, with segment III. 120. varipes Hood, segments III-VII. 121. vulgatissimus Haliday. The following figures are reprinted by permission: fig. 114 from Hood 1932a, p. 39; fig. 116 from Hood 1934, p. 180; figs. 117 and 121 from O'Neill and Bigelow 1964, p. 1233; fig. 118 from Hood 1931a, p. 169; fig. 119 from Gentile and Bailey 1968, p. 83.

176 h '

113 114 115 116

117 118 119 120 121

177 Figures 122-129. Abdominal tergite IX, males. 122. atratus Haliday. 123. hrevialatus, new species. 124. discolor Haliday. ^25. florum Schmutz. 126. hawaiiensis (Morgan); A, Bl seta; B, B2 seta; C, DI seta; D, sensillum. 127. intricatus, new species. 128. konoi, new species. ^29.pseudoflavus, new species. Figures 122 and 124 are reprinted by permission from Mound et al. 1976, p. 51.

178 122 123

-rrf-l

^;

124 125

A B

126 127

128 129

179 Figures 130-138. Abdominal tergites IX and X, males. 130. aureus Hood. ^Z^.frosti Moulton. ^Z2. fuscipennis Haliday. 133. helianthi Morgan. 134. madronii Moulton. 135. magnas Moulton. 136. sylvanus Stannard. 137. thalictri Hood. 138. validus Uzel. Figures 130-138 are reprinted by permission from Gentile and Bailey 1968, as follows: figs. 130, 132, 136, and 138 from p. 93; figs. 131, 133, and 137 from p. 89; figs. 134 and 135 from p. 91.

180 130 131

133 134 135

136 137 138

181 Figures 139-148. Glandular areas on abdominal sternites, males. 139. brevialatus, new species, stemite VI. ^AO.fallaciosus, new species, sternites VI and VIL 141. pseudoflavus, new species, stemite VI. 142. konoi, new species, sternite VII. 143. atratus Haliday, sternites III-X. 144. brevipilosus Moulton, sternites II-IX. I^S.fuscipennis Haliday, sternites VI-VIII. 146. simplex (Morison), sternites III-X. 147. validus Uzel, sternites I-IX. 148. vulgatissimus Haliday, sternites III-X. The following figures are reprinted by permission: figs. 143, 146, and 148 from O'Neill and Bigelow 1964, p. 1231; figs. 144 and 147 from Gentile and Bailey 1968, p. 95.

182 mn) rrr^rv

139 140 141

142

144

143

cEzn

145 146 147 148

183