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TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Propagation of an Endangered Gymnosperm Tree Species (Podocarpus Neriifolius D. Don.) by Stem Cutt

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TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Propagation of an Endangered Gymnosperm Tree Species (Podocarpus Neriifolius D. Don.) by Stem Cutt Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sc. 42 (1): 237 - 250 (2019) TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Journal homepage: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/ Propagation of an Endangered Gymnosperm Tree Species (Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don.) by Stem Cuttings in Non-mist Propagator Mohammed Aktar Hossain1*, Mohammed Ashraful Islam1, Mohammed Abul Kalam Azad1, Mohammad Mahfuzur Rahman1, Wahhida Shumi2 and Nor Aini Abdul Shukor3, 4 1Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong - 4331, Bangladesh 2Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong - 4331, Bangladesh 3Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia 4Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia ABSTRACT Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don. (Podocarpaceae), an endangered and the only indigenous gymnosperm tree species, grows naturally in Bangladesh. Seed-based propagation of this species is challenging owing to its inadequate number of mother trees and irregular seed- setting attribute from among a few trees scattered throughout the country. This study weighs the significance and multiplication potentials of this species through rejuvenated stem cuttings with or without the application of Indole Butyric Acid (IBA). The rooting ability of the cuttings was evaluated by treating the cutting bases with 0%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8% (w/v) IBA solution prior to place them in a low cost, non-mist propagation system. Steckling performances of the rooted cuttings were evaluated in the nursery conditions. The study found that the species was amenable to rooting with IBA treatments. The highest rooting percentage (61.3 ± 3.3 %; n = 90) and number of roots per cutting (9.8 ± 1.32; n = 90 ) were obtained in the 0.8% IBA treatment; however, the longest root and shoot, as well as the highest initial growth performances were obtained in 0.4% IBA treatment. Therefore, ARTICLE INFO rejuvenated stem cuttings treated with Article history: Received: 04 May 2018 0.4% or 0.8% IBA solution in a non-mist Accepted: 13 November 201 Published: 26 February 2019 propagator could potentially be an effective E-mail addresses: method for the clonal propagation of these [email protected] (Mohammed Aktar Hossain) [email protected] (Mohammed Ashraful Islam) tree species. [email protected] (Mohammed Abul Kalam Azad) [email protected] (Mohammad Mahfuzur Rahman) Keywords: Clonal propagation, endangered plant, IBA [email protected] (Wahhida Shumi) [email protected] (Nor Aini Abdul Shukor) treatment, rooting ability, stem cutting * Corresponding author ISSN: 1511-3701 e-ISSN: 2231-8542 © Universiti Putra Malaysia Press Mohammed Aktar Hossain, Mohammed Ashraful Islam, Mohammed Abul Kalam Azad, Mohammad Mahfuzur Rahman, Wahhida Shumi and Nor Aini Abdul Shukor INTRODUCTION under Podocarpaceae family. The family The Podocarps are considered one of the represents 173 species under 18 genera ancient plant groups on earth. Broad-leaved (Hill, 1994; Quinn & Price, 2003) among a Podocarps, as identified in the Gondwanan total of 300,000 species of flowering plants fossil, used to be existing 144 million including 630 species of conifer in the years back (Hill, 1994). Due to subannual world (Hill, 1994). Podocarpaceae family light, darkness, and relentless cold weather was endemic to the ancient super continent conditions over extended period of year, of Gondwana and is a classic member of broad-leaved foliage of this plant group Antarctic floral community (Quinn & Price, in high altitude needs to be tough and 2003). Except for some taller individuals, versatile to endure such weather conditions the species usually grows up to 10-15 m (Mellick, 2012). Podocarps survived in the in height and 100 cm in diameter at breast long term changing climate with certain height (dbh) with a clear round bole. The physiological modifications including species often bears a dome-shaped crown thick, hard, shiny, waxy, and leathery with whorled branches, brown thin bark, leaves, slow morphological adaptation linear or lanceolate leaves of 10-20 cm in to evolutionary senescence, restriction to length (Figure 1A). While the male flowers mesic communities, and broad distribution. of this dioecious tree species are cylindrical Podocarpus neriifolius, Gymnosperm catkins with winged pollen (Sacci) grains tree species, is one of the 110 species (Figure 1B), the female flowers are with belonging to the genus Podocarpus 2-4 scales (Figure 1C). Receptacles are Figure 1. A full grown tree with leaves (inset) (A), male flowers (B), female flowers (C), seed attached with fruit (D) and separated seeds (E) of P. neriifolius 238 Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sc. 42 (1): 237 - 250 (2019) Propagation of Podocarpus neriifolius by Stem Cuttings thick, fleshy, berry-like swollen, bright red Tracts, and different botanical gardens of or purple (Figure 1D), edible, and usually the country (Anon, 2009). While some of eaten by birds. The dark green ovate seeds the trees are over matured with no more are 2-3 cm long and 1-2 cm wide (Figure reproductive growth, many are immature 1E) often with shiny black fleshy parts on or unable to produce seed regularly. Due ripening. These are also recalcitrant and to clear felling, indiscriminate conversion quickly loss the viability. The species grows of forest lands to housing, agriculture, in tropical and subtropical closed forests transportation, industrialization and lack of the eastern Asia and Australia. More of mass awareness about the ecological specifically, the species is distributed in and historical importance of the species, Nepal, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, it became endangered and is likely to on Indonesia, Philippines, China, Myanmar, the brink of extinction if conservation and Laos, Cambodia, New Guinea, Solomon, much needed propagation measures are not and Fiji Islands. In Bangladesh, it is the only taken immediately. However, it is difficult to conifer species that grows naturally in the propagate the species largely through seed forests of Chittagong, Chittagong Hill Tract, germination due to scarce availability of Cox’s Bazar and Sylhet districts (Bhuiyan seed trees in natural forests (Mannan et al., et al., 2009). The plant is commonly known 2001). Only few scattered trees are growing as yellow wood, brown wood, brown or throughout the country and the male and black pine, and in Bangladesh, it is called female trees are too far apart to produce Banshpata (Bhuiyan et al., 2009). profuse seeds. Vegetative propagation is Wood of the species is light in weight therefore the only alternative to save the (Specific gravity 0.46-0.47) and easy to species from potential threats of extinction. work with (Forest Inventory and Planning Among the vegetative propagation means, Institute [FIPI], 1996). It is also known as stem cutting and tissue culture are the pencil wood and being used for making most widely used methods for mass clonal high quality pencils, photo frames, curving, propagation for large-scale plantation wooden scales, cabinet works, and showpiece programs. However, tissue culture involves frames. The wood yields good quality pulp large-scale investment in initial set up and and can also be used as boxwood. The sub-sequent operational activities, and also fruit is edible raw or can be cooked into requires uninterrupted supply of electricity, jam (Bhuiyan et al., 2009). Besides, the which appears to be challenging in many species is planted for ornamental purposes developing countries like Bangladesh. The around homes and avenues. However, propagation technique through stem cutting this valuable tree species is now critically in non-mist propagator (Kamaluddin, 1996) endangered in Bangladesh (Anon, 2009) could be a viable solution to this problem. with only 105 trees so far identified in Stem cutting is a severed twig whose the forests of Chittagong, Chittagong Hill base is placed in a moist rooting media to Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sc. 42 (1): 237 - 250 (2019) 239 Mohammed Aktar Hossain, Mohammed Ashraful Islam, Mohammed Abul Kalam Azad, Mohammad Mahfuzur Rahman, Wahhida Shumi and Nor Aini Abdul Shukor develop adventitious roots. The method is MATERIALS AND METHODS simple, cost-effective and can be operated This study was carried out in the nursery of in small spaces, anywhere even inside the the Institute of Forestry and Environmental forest or remote areas without the supply of Sciences, University of Chittagong, electricity. The method when coupled with Bangladesh. The nursery is situated at the selection of plus trees can result in maximum intersection of 22°30’ N latitude and 91°50’ genetic gain both in yield and quality. It E longitude, which enjoys typically tropical allows continuous production and supply climate, characterized by hot humid summer of high quality uniform planting materials and dry winter. Mean monthly temperature with desirable characteristics (Hossain et varies from 21.8°C to 29.2°C in summer and al., 2014) for large-scale afforestation and 15°C to 26°C in winter. Relative humidity reforestation programs (Kamaluddin et al., is the lowest (64%) in February and highest 1996). (95%) in June through September. Annual Root development in the cuttings rainfall in the area is about 3000 mm of many tree species is often difficult. that mostly takes place between June and Therefore, various rooting hormones are September. used to enhance rooting ability of desired cuttings. Rooting response can substantially
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