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Introduction Notes Introduction 1. Theodore Forstmann, “Putting Parents in Charge,” First Things 115 (August/September 2001): 22. 2. For examples of the ahistorical appropriation of historic notables to the cause, see Mac Plent, An “A” in Life: Famous Home Schoolers (Farmingdale: Unschoolers Network, 1999); John Whitehead and Wendell Bird, Home Education and Constitutional Liberties (Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 1984), 22–25; Linda Dobson, Homeschoolers’ Success Stories: 15 Adults and 12 Young People Share the Impact that Homeschooling Has Made on their Lives (Roseville, CA: Prima, 2000), 7–24; and Olivia C. Loria, “Twenty-One Years on the Front Lines of Home Education Nationally and Internationally,” Tamariki School www.tamariki.school. nz/talks/Olivia%20Loria.doc (28 January 2008). Lawrence Cremin, ed., The Republic and the School: Horace Mann on the Education of Free Men (New York: Teachers College, 1957), 80. 3. For a detailed history of several of the great figures, see Cheryl Lindsey Seelhoff, “A Homeschooler’s History of Homeschooling, Part I,” Gentle Spirit Magazine 6, no. 9 (January 2000): 32–44, and “A Homeschooler’s History of Homeschooling, Part II,” Gentle Spirit Magazine 6, no. 10 (April/May 2000): 66–70. 4. On recent discussions of historical synthesis, see Ian Tyrrell, “The Great Historical Jeremiad: The Problem of Specialization in American Historiography,” The History Teacher 33, no. 3 (May 2000): 371–393 and Allan Megill, “Fragmentation and the Future of Historiography,” American Historical Review 96, no. 3 (June 1991): 693–698. 5. John Demos, A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 183. On house churches, see David Van Biema and Rita Healy, “There’s No Pulpit Like Home,” Time (March 6, 2006): 46–48. On nannies, see Caitlin Flanagan, “How Serfdom Saved the Women’s Movement,” Atlantic (March 2004): 109–128. On homebirth, see Pamela E. Klassen, Blessed Events: Religion and Home Birth in America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001). On home care, see Lisa Belkin, “A Virtual Retirement Home,” New York Times Magazine (March 5, 2006). 6. On complexity in history, see Lawrence W. Levine, “The Unpredictable Past: Reflections on Recent American Historiography,” American Historical Review 94, no. 3 (June 1989): 671–679. On the emergence and dominance of microhistory see Georg G. Iggers, Historiography in the 228 Notes Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge (Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press, 1997). Chapter One The Family State, 1600–1776 1. My account in this and the following paragraphs draws on Francis Dillon, The Pilgrims (New York: Doubleday, 1973) and Dewey D. Wallace, The Pilgrims (Wilmington, NC: McGrath, 1977). 2. Dillon, Pilgrims, 92. 3. William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–1647 (New York: Random House, 1952), 17, 24, 25. I have modernized the spelling of this and other colonial sources cited in this chapter for sake of clarity. 4. Demos, Little Commonwealth, 144. Arthur W. Calhoun, Social History of the American Family: From Colonial Times to the Present, vol. 1, Colonial Period (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1945), 72. 5. Steven Mintz and Susan Kellog, Domestic Revolutions: A Social History of American Family Life (New York: Free Press, 1988), 26–31. Stephanie Coontz, The Social Origins of Private Life: A History of American Families, 1600–1900 (New York: Verso, 1988), 56, 45. 6. Linda Clemmons, “‘We Find it a Difficult Work’: Educating Dakota Children in Missionary Homes, 1835–1862,” American Indian Quarterly 24, no. 4 (Fall 2000): 98. Bernd C. Peyer, The Tutor’d Mind: Indian Missionary-Writers in Antebellum America (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997), 30. 7. Both Rudy Ray Seward, The American Family: A Demographic History (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1978), 21–27, 41–45 and Maris Vinovskis, “Family and Schooling in Colonial and Nineteenth Century America,” Journal of Family History 12 (1987): 19–37 summarize this scholarly debate. 8. Seward, American Family, 45–49; Demos, Little Commonwealth, 66–70; Lawrence Cremin, American Education: The Colonial Experience, 1607–1783 (New York: Harper, 1970), 481–483, 128. Mintz and Kellogg, Domestic Revolutions, 16. John Demos, “Notes of Life in Plymouth Colony,” William and Mary Quarterly 3, no. 22 (April 1965): 285. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (New York: Dover, 1996), 5. 9. Demos, Little Commonwealth, 49–51. Cremin, Colonial Experience, 128. 10. Cremin, Colonial Experience, 124–125. 11. Cremin, Colonial Experience, 125–126. 12. Demos, Little Commonwealth, 183–184, 81. Mimi Abramovitz, Regulating the Lives of Women: Social Welfare Policy from Colonial Times to the Present (Boston: South End, 1988), 53–54. Mary Beth Norton, Founding Mothers and Fathers: Gendered Power and the Notes 229 Forming of American Society (New York: Random House, 1996), 40–41. 13. LeRoy Ashby, Endangered Children: Dependency, Neglect, and Abuse in American History (New York: Twayne, 1997), 12. Steven Mintz, “Regulating the American Family,” Journal of Family History 14, no. 4 (1989): 390. Calhoun, Social History of the American Family, 73. Cotton, quoted in Thomas Hine, The Rise and Fall of the American Teenager (New York: Avon Books, 1999), 65. 14. Norton, Founding Mothers, 4–8. 15. Calhoun, Social History of the American Family, 74. 16. Mintz and Kellog, Domestic Revolutions, 54. N. Ray Hiner, “The Cry of Sodom Enquired Into: Educational Analysis in Seventeenth-Century New England,” History of Education Quarterly 13, no. 1 (Spring 1973): 13. Maris Vinovskis and Gerald F. Moran, “The Great Care of Godly Parents: Early Childhood in Puritan New England” in John Hagen and Alice Smuts, eds., History and Research in Child Development: In Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 24–37. 17. Marylynn Salmon, Women and the Law of Property in Early America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986), 6–9. Norton, Founding Mothers, 42–50. Demos, Little Commonwealth, 54–56. 18. Norton, Founding Mothers, 105. 19. Gerald F. Moran, “‘Sisters’ in Christ: Women and the Church in Seventeenth-Century New England” in Paul S. Boyer and Janet Wilson James, ed., Women in American Religion (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1980), 47–65. Donald M. Scott and Bernard Wishy, America’s Families: A Documentary History (New York: Harper and Row, 1982), 8. Robert V. Wells, “Family History and Demographic Transition,” Journal of Social History 9, no. 1 (Fall 1975): 1–19. 20. Gerald F. Moran and Maris A. Vinovskis, Religion, Family, and the Life Course: Explorations in the Social History of Early America (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992). 21. Alice Morse Earle, Home Life in Colonial Days (New York: Macmillan, 1898), 266–267. Cremin, Colonial Experience, 482. 22. Cremin, Colonial Experience, 130. 23. Michael Wigglesworth, The Day of Doom (New York: Russell and Russell, 1966), 17. Mel Yazawa, ed., The Diary and Life of Samuel Sewall (Boston: Bedford Books, 1998), 143, 146, 156. 24. Michael G. Hall, ed., “The Autobiography of Increase Mather,” American Antiquarian Society Proceedings 71, no. 2 (1962): 278. Vinovskis, “Family and Schooling in Colonial and Nineteenth Century America,” 23. 25. Cremin, Colonial Experience, 128–129. 26. Barbara Beatty, Preschool Education in America: The Culture of Young Children from the Colonial Era to the Present (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 8–9. Edward E. Gordon and Elaine H. Gordon, Centuries of Tutoring: A History of Alternative Education in America 230 Notes and Western Europe (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1990), 246, 249. Huey B. Long, “Adult Basic Education in Colonial America,” Adult Literacy and Basic Education 7, no. 2 (1983): 66–67. 27. Cremin, Colonial Experience, 114–115. Demos, Little Commonwealth, 71–75. 28. Coontz, Social Origins of Private life, 31, 86. Edmund Morgan, The Puritan Family: Religion and Domestic Relations in Seventeenth– Century New England (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), 76–78. Williams, cited in Helena M. Wall, Fierce Communion: Family and Community in Early America (Cambridge: Harvard, 1990), 105. 29. Wall, Fierce Communion, 118, 114–116, 97–110. 30. Stephen M. Frank, Life with Father (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 143–144. Wall, Fierce Communion, 116–118, 123–124. 31. Wall, Fierce Communion, 118–119, 94–95. Ashby, Endangered Children, 11, 14. Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004), 17–68. Norton, Founding Mothers, 118–120. 32. John Robinson, “Of Children and their Education” in The Works of John Robinson, vol. 1 (London: John Snow, 1851), 246. Philip Grevin’s work especially has both clarified and condemned the will-breaking tra- dition. See his The Protestant Temperament: Patterns of Child-Rearing, Religious Experience, and the Self in Early America (New York: Knopf, 1977), 21–150 and Spare the Child: The Religious Roots of Punishment and the Psychological Impact of Physical Abuse (New York: Knopf, 1991). For a less judgmental, more historicist view, see Rodney Hessinger, “Problems and Promises: Colonial American Child Rearing and Modernization Theory,” Journal of Family History 21 (April 1996): 137 and Daniel Scott Smith, “Child-naming Practices, Kinship Ties, and Change in Family Attitudes in Hingham, Massachusetts, 1641–1880,” Journal of Social History 18 (1985): 541–566. 33. Sewall, cited in Calhoun, Social History of the American Family, 80. Cremin, Colonial Experience, 485. For a rich description of the world of several sorts of slave children, see Wilma King, Stolen Childhoods: Slave Youth in Nineteenth Century America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995). 34. Carol Berkin, First Generations: Women in Colonial America (New York: Hill and Wang, 1997), 132–133, 146–147. 35. Gordon, Centuries of Tutoring, 251–269. Salmon, Women and the Law of Property, 9–11. Catherine Clinton, The Plantation Mistress: Woman’s World in the Old South (New York: Pantheon, 1982), especially chapter 7.
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