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In Search of Commonalities for Moral Formation Under Democratic Rule

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In Search of Commonalities for Moral Formation Under Democratic Rule View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Stellenbosch University SUNScholar Repository The interplay between The Christian story and The Public story: In search of commonalities for moral formation under democratic rule By John Klaasen Dissertation presented for the degree of doctor of theology at the University of Stellenbosch Promoters: Prof DJ Smit Prof NN Koopman March 2008 I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this dissertation is my own original work and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it at any University for a degree. J Klaasen: __________________________ Date: __________________________ Copyright © 2008 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Abstract This research investigates whether The Christian story or The Public story is most appropriate for moral formation under democratic rule. The research draws from six well-known theologians who make valuable contributions to the enquiry. Each of the writings of William John Everett, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Geoffrey Wainwright, Stanley Hauerwas, Robin Gill and Desmond Tutu represents an approach for moral formation. In all the approaches there are major contributions that are pointed out. However, the first five approaches neglect the consistent relationship between the Christian story and the Public story, the inclusiveness of community and the role of God for moral formation. After careful analysis of the six approaches it is found that Desmond Tutu's theology and Ubuntu is the most appropriate approach for moral formation under democratic rule. Tutu's approach gives meaning to the fundamentals of the Public story, namely, reason, individual freedom, universal principles and laws, in Ubuntu community. He also draws from Genesis and the biblical description of the cross event to illustrate how God gives meaning to humanity through creation and redemption. This research finally concludes that Tutu's approach presents an interplay between the Christian story and the Public for moral formation under democratic rule. ii Opsomming Hierdie navorsingstuk ondersoek watter een van die Christelike storie of die Publieke storie meer toepaslik is vir die morele vorming onder 'n demokratiese regeringstelsel. Die navorsing maak staat op inligting van ses welbekende teoloë wat waardevolle bydraes lewer tot die ondersoek. Elk van die bydraes van William John Everett, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Geoffrey Wainwright, Stanley Hauerwas, Robin Gill en Desmond Tutu verteenwoordig 'n spesifieke benadering tot morele vorming. In al hierdie benaderings word daar belangrike bydraes uitgewys. Dit nieteenstaande, is dit opmerklik dat die eerste vyf benaderinge die konstante verhouding tussen die Christelike storie en die Publieke storie, die inklusiwiteit van gemeenskap en die rol van God in morele vorming onderwaardeer. Na versigtige analise van die ses benaderinge is die bevinding dat Desmond Tutu se teologie en Ubuntu die mees toepaslike benadering is vir morele vorming onder 'n demokratiese regeringstelsel. Tutu se benadering gee betekenis aan die fundamentele beginsels van die Publieke storie, naamlik, rede, individuele vryheid, universele begrippe en wette, in Ubuntu gemeenskap. Hy gebruik ook die Genesis storie van die menslike skepping en die kruis gebeurtenisse om te illustreer hoe God aan menselike lewe betekenis gee deur skepping en verlossing. Hierdie navorsing lei uiteindelik tot die gevolgtrekking dat Tutu se benadering verteenwoordigend is van 'n tussenspel tussen die Christelike storie en die Publieke storie vir die morele vorming onder 'n demokratiese regeringstelsel. iii Acknowledgements Many people have contributed to the success of this research. I will not be able to thank everyone by name, but the following institutions, groups and persons represent all who contributed to this research. To my family, Melaney, Catherine and Adam who supported me in many ways. This research has been done with them always in my heart and mind. They have helped to make things clearer and meaningful. To my promoters, Professors Dirkie Smit and Nico Koopman who over the years have treated me and my work with integrity and respect. The secretarial staff and the librarians of The University of Stellenbosch and The University of the Western Cape I hold in high esteem. To the three worshipping communities where I served as priest while doing this research, St. Cyprians Retreat, St. Albans Wellington and Good Shepherd, Kensington, I wish to express my deep appreciation. To the following persons and institutions for their financial contributions: Bishop, Raphael Hess and The Anglican Diocese of Saldanha Bay, The Beyers Naude Centre for Public theology, Stellenbosch and the NRF. To God be the glory. This study has given me insights into who God is for me and those around me. With these new insights I will serve God with a greater sense of gratitude. iv Key Words Everett, J W Ruether, R R Wainwright, G Hauerwas, S Gill, R Tutu, D Moral formation Christian ethics Ubuntu Community v Contents Page Introduction 1 Chapter One 15 William Johnson Everett: Democracy and moral formation Chapter Two 54 Rosemary Radford Ruether: Feminist theology and moral formation Chapter Three 92 Geoffrey Wainwright: Ecumenical worship and moral formation Chapter Four 123 Stanley Hauerwas: The Christian community and moral formation Chapter Five 155 Robin Gill and Stephen Sykes: Moral communities and moral Chapter Six 181 Desmond Tutu: Ubuntu and moral formation Bibliography vi Introduction 1. The research problem In this research I discuss the significance and relevance of the Christian story and the Public story for moral formation under democratic rule. With the ever-increasing emphasis on the South African constitution and its accompanying laws and regulations, the citizens of the country are faced with a theological dilemma. The constitution, through the government, presents a Public story that is formed by the principles and guidelines of democracy. The principles of the constitution as a major moral agent, is a new phenomenon for most of the citizens of South Africa. The Christian Church must now also interpret its values in view of the constitution. As citizens of South Africa and subscribers to its constitution the Church is expected to uphold the values which the constitution seeks to outline. In the same way the Christian story has been influential through its worship, doctrine and practice in the moral formation of the people. The dilemma is which story should form morality or what should the relationship be to one another? This research investigates whether or to what extent The Christian story or The Public story should form morality for a South African society under democratic rule. Over the last couple of decades Christian theologians have attempted different ways of using The Christian story and The Public story for moral formation. Three such positions can be identified. Firstly there are those who conclude that The Christian story must rely on the form and content of The Public story to form morality for a society under democratic rule. The Christian story on its own cannot form morality but must interpret morality in view of The Public story. By implication this position claims that morality that is formed by The Public story is the accepted morality. In the case of democracy the values of democracy are the accepted values and The Church becomes a moral agent when it helps to shape these values. This position claims that morality can be formed through the rationality of individuals. 1 Secondly some would conclude that The Christian story is the story for moral formation. Those who hold this view are very critical of influential and important social theories. The Enlightenment Era and the global spread of democracy in particular are regarded with suspicion and in some cases discarded for moral formation. Some theologians who use the Christian story as the only one for moral formation treat the Public story as in opposition to the Christian story. A third position claims that more than one story serves a society on different levels for moral formation. Those who make this claim suggest that at different times and in different circumstances a different story dominates in moral decisions and conduct. For example a household situation, an academic situation and a spiritual situation will not necessarily draw from the same story for moral decision making and conduct. Those who claim this position will also claim different communities for moral formation. In view of these three positions I seek to find the most appropriate story for morality for a South African society under democratic rule. For a changing society such as South Africa many factors impacted on the kind of people we are being formed into. The constitution of South Africa, which is regarded as one of the most democratic constitutions in the world, has a tremendous impact on the formation of a moral society. The church on the other hand has always had an impact on the moral formation of the South African society. In view of this I will focus on moral formation in light of the birth and subsequent establishment of democracy in South Africa. 2. The method of research In this literature research I will select the work of prominent Christian theologians in each of six approaches to describe and evaluate the approaches for moral formation for a society under democratic rule. I have found that the work of all the theologians makes valuable contributions to my study. Lots of research has been done in this area and many theologians have provided appropriate findings and literature for the study of moral formation. The theologians that 2 I have chosen for my focus in particular have written major work in the field of study. It is for this reason that I have chosen them and their work forms the foundation for my research. 3. The use of story Story in this research is used as an interactive process through which moral formation takes place.
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