Department of and Astronomy Support: Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA US Israel Binational Science Foundation German Science Foundation (DFG) through the Cluster of Excellence Munich Center for Advanced Photonics; EU reintegration grant and the DFG Emmy-Noether program.

Nanoplasmonics from Attoseconds‡ to Terahertz Mark Stockman Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.1 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA CONTENTS •Brief Introduction • •Attosecond Nanoplasmonic Field Microscope •Time-Reversal Coherent Control of Nanoplasmonic Systems •Adiabatic Nanoconcentration of THz Radiation

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.2 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA MIS’s Collaborators: •David J. Bergman, Department of Physics, Tel Aviv University, Israel •Sophie Brasselet, Institut Fresnel, Marseilles, France •Maxim Durach, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30340, USA •Anastasia Rusina, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30340, USA •Sergey V. Faleev, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA •Takayoshi Kobayashi, University of Tokyo, Japan •Victor Klimov, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA •Ferenc Krausz, Max Plank Institute for Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany •Ulf Kleineberg, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany •Matthias Kling, Max Plank Institute for Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany •Kuiru Li, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30340, USA •Ivan Larkin, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30340, USA •Keith Nelson, MIT, Boston, USA •Hrvoje Petek, University of Pittsburgh, USA •Peter Nordlander, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA •Misha Ivanov, Femtosecond Science Program, National Research Council of Canada •Paul Corkum, Femtosecond Science Program, National Research Council of Canada •, University of Southampton, UK •Igor Tsukerman, University of Akron, OH 44325, USA •Joseph Zyss, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 94235 Cachan, France FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.3 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.4 Ein Gedi,The Israel most beautiful nanoplasmonicE-mail: colors [email protected] of the world: La Sainte Chapelle, Paris Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA

REUBEN ASHER DAN

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.5 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA Applications of Nanoplasmonics: • Ultrasensitive and express sensing and detection; NSOMs • Coupling of light to semiconductor devices: extraction of light from LEDs and nanostructured antennas for photodetectors and solar cells • Photo- and chemically stable labels and probes for biomedical research and medicine • Nanoplasmonic-based immunoassays; home pregnancy test (in mass production); heart attack test (in clinical trials) and HIV test. • Near perspective: Generation of EUV and XUV pulses • Thermal cancer therapy (stage 3 clinical trials): L. R. Hirsch, R. J. Stafford, J. A. Bankson, S. R. Sershen, B. Rivera, R. E. Price, J. D. Hazle, N. J. Halas, and J. L. West, Nanoshell-Mediated Near-Infrared Thermal Therapy of Tumors under Magnetic Resonance Guidance, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 13549-13554 (2003). C. Loo, A. Lowery, N. Halas, J. West, and R. Drezek, Immunotargeted Nanoshells for Integrated Cancer Imaging and Therapy, Nano Lett. 5, 709-711 (2005). FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.6 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA Nanoplasmonics is intrinsically ultrafast: Spectrally, resonances in n (fs) complex systems occupy Best area for a very wide frequency band ω Δ ≈ ω p 2 ≈ 3.5 eV Corresponding rise time of plasmonic (eV) n responses ~ 100 as

Surface plasmon relaxation times are in ~10-100 fs range

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.7 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA Quantum Nanoplasmonics: Surface Plasmon Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (SPASER)

D. J. Bergman and M. I. Stockman, Surface Plasmon Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation: Quantum Generation of Coherent Surface Plasmons in Nanosystems, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 027402-1-4 (2003).

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.8 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.9 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] D. J. Bergman and M. I. Stockman, Surface Plasmon Amplification by Department of Physics and Astronomy StimulatedGeorgia Emission State ofUniversity Radiation: Quantum Generation of Coherent Surface PlasmonsAtlanta, in Nanosystems GA 30303-3083,, Phys. Rev.USA Lett. 90, 027402-1-4 (2003).

Avalanche of surface plasmon stimulated emission will develop within an ultrashort time of τ ~ 5 fs α n

This dimensionless gain shows how many times the Calculated gain for thin (three net rate of SP emission monolayers of quantum dots) exceeds the rate of their active medium decay due to dissipation

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.10 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] D. J. Bergman and M. I. Stockman, Surface Plasmon Amplification by Department of Physics and Astronomy StimulatedGeorgia Emission State ofUniversity Radiation: Quantum Generation of Coherent Surface PlasmonsAtlanta, in Nanosystems GA 30303-3083,, Phys. Rev.USA Lett. 90, 027402-1-4 (2003).

Eigenmodes with highest yields for the spectral maximum at 1.2 eV =ω =1.15 eV =ω =1.18 eV —wn=1.15 eV —wn=1.18 eV −3 −12 αann==12.,12, fn fn==55.E×10- 3 αann==11.,11, f fnn==3.E3×10- 12 Luminous eigenmode Dark eigenmode

5.E7 7.E7 E E H0L EH0L En ⎛ Vn ⎞ V V ⎛HV€€€€L⎞ ⎜H€€€€⎟L ⎜ m ⎟ ⎝ mm ⎠ ⎝ m ⎠30 30 x z x z 30 30

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.11 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.12 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA Strong pumping NSP 100

Above the threshold 50 = NSP ω (eV)

20 1.1 1.2 1.3

Pumping at the threshold =ω (eV) NSP 20 1.1 1.2 1.3

=ω (eV)

1.1 1.2 1.3

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.13 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.14 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.15 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] M.A. Noginov et al., Observation of Spaser, NanoMeta 2009 Conference, Seefeld, Department of Physics and Astronomy Austria Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.16 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.17 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Support: Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA

Nature Photonics 1, 539-544 (2007)

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.18 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA Schematic of Attosecond PEEM Electron Nanoplasmonic Field Optics Imaging Microscope with Energy Resolution XUV-emitted photoelectrons are accelerated by enhanced IR nanoplasmonic local fields

With respect to XUV pulses, metal nanosystem is non-resonant. An XUV pulse excites all parts of the nanosystem non-selectively FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.19 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA Energy of the Fermi-edge photoelectron is (~100±10) eV. The local potential of the instantaneous plasmonic fields at the instant of the attosecond pulse arrival adds to the kinetic energy of electrons, acting as a local electrostatic (van de Graaf) accelerator. This provides direct access to the nanoplasmonic local field magnitude at any given instance FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.20 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] z Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University 60 Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA 40 1. Excitation field 20

0 x t (fs) 0 20 40 60 0. PlasmonictX==64.13 surface14 fs fs potential 100 200 (V) at the maximum 10 −1. 5 Local optical electric field ϕ at the “hottest spot” in 0 20 (nm) −5 time 60 −10 t (fs) 40 0 z 20 60 100 200 40 20 x (nm) −20 Attosecond pulse FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposiumapplied withinon a period Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman of IR oscillations 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.21 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA Energy shift (eV) of electrons emitted by a 95 eV XUV attosecond pulse as a function of the as pulse excitation instant with respect to the infrared excitation field (frames are in 200 as) as observed in Photoemission Electron Microscope (PEEM). Experiment directly measures potential of nanoplasmonic oscillations with nm spatial and ~100 as temporal resolution z Energy change (eV) 60 of 90 eV XUV photoelectrons from 40 silver nanosystem for 2 20 10 GW/cm 800 nm IR power; ×1015 0 x slowed down 0 20 40 60 Nanosystem is 60x60 nm random silver film (50% filling factor) FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.22 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA CONCLUSIONS • Nanoplasmonics is intrinsically ultrafast with ~10-50 fs relaxation times and ~100 as coherent dynamics times • We have proposed attosecond nanoplasmonic field microscope to study spatiotemporal dynamics of local optical fields in nanosystems with a nanometer-scale spatial resolution and ~100 attosecond temporal resolution • This method is based on the use of attosecond XUV pulses produced from and synchronized with waveform-stabilized optical pulses. The electrons produced by the XUV pulses are imaged in energy-resolving PEEM • This is a direct method of measurements in the real space/real time domain, which is non-invasive (non-perturbing). It provides the maximum information of the nanometer-femtosecond dynamics of the nanoplasmonic local fields

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.23 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA Coherent Control by Shaped Pulses Different spectral components of the excitation pulse excite resonant surface plasmon modes. These excitations dynamically interfere creating time-dependent hot spots of local fields during their coherence time This interference can be directed by choosing phases and amplitudes of the different frequency components of the excitation pulse (pulse shaping) FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.24 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] DepartmentPrinciples of Physics of coherent and Astronomy (quantum) control Georgia State University D. J. Tannor andAtlanta, S. A. Rice, GA Control 30303-3083, of Selectivity USA of Chemical Reaction Via Control of Wave Packet Evolution, The Journal of Chemical Physics 83, 5013-5018 (1985); P. Brumer and M. Shapiro, Principles of the Quantum Control of Molecular Processes (Wiley, New York, 2003); R. S. Judson and H. Rabitz, Teaching to Control Molecules, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1500 (1992). REFERENCES ON COHERENT CONTROL OF OPTICAL ENERGY NANOLOCALIZATION •M. I. Stockman, S. V. Faleev, and D. J. Bergman, Coherent Control of Femtosecond Energy Localization in Nanosystems, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 67402-1-4 (2002). •M. I. Stockman, D. J. Bergman, and T. Kobayashi, Coherent Control of Nanoscale Localization of Ultrafast Optical Excitation in Nanosystems, Phys. Rev. B 69, 054202-10 (2004) •A. Kubo, K. Onda, H. Petek, Z. Sun, Y. S. Jung, and H. K. Kim, Femtosecond Imaging of Surface Plasmon Dynamics in a Nanostructured Silver Film, Nano Lett. 5, 1123-1127 (2005) •M. I. Stockman and P. Hewageegana, Nanolocalized Nonlinear Electron Photoemission under Coherent Control, Nano Lett. 5, 2325-2329 (2005) •M. Aeschlimann, M. Bauer, D. Bayer, T. Brixner, F. J. G. d. Abajo, W. Pfeiffer, M. Rohmer, C. Spindler, and F. Steeb, Adaptive Subwavelength Control of Nano-Optical Fields, Nature 446, 301-304 (2007). •X. Li and M. I. Stockman, Highly Efficient Spatiotemporal Coherent Control in Nanoplasmonics on a Nanometer-Femtosecond Scale by Time Reversal, Phys. Rev. B 77, 195109-1-10 (2008). FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.25 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA A. Kubo, K. Onda, H. Petek, Z. Sun, Y. S. Jung, and H. K. Kim, Femtosecond Imaging of Surface Plasmon Dynamics in a Nanostructured Silver Film, Nano Lett. 5, 1123-1127 (2005). Delay 200 nm 1

0.5

-100 -50 50 100 150 200

-0.5

-1 Experiment: Distribution of the two-photon electron emission from rough silver surface. Frames are taken by electron microscopy with 200 as periodicity in delay FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.26 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.27 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] NanoplasmonicDepartment Energy of Physics Localization, and Astronomy Time Reversal, and Coherent Control Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA X. Li and M. I. Stockman, Highly efficient spatiotemporal coherent control in nanoplasmonics on a nanometer-femtosecond scale by time reversal, Phys. Rev. B 77, 195109 (2008); arXiv:0705.0553

Idea of time reversal for subwavelength EM-wave localization: G. Lerosey, J. de Rosny, A. Tourin, and M. Fink, Focusing Beyond the Diffraction Limit with Far-Field Time Reversal, Science 315, 1120-1122 (2007). A. Derode, A. Tourin, J. de Rosny, M. Tanter, S. Yon, and M. Fink, Taking Advantage of Multiple Scattering to Communicate with Time-Reversal Antennas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 014301 (2003).

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.28 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.29 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA Time-averaged two-photon excitation Time-dependent local field intensity at the target points

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.30 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA

M. I. Stockman, Nanofocusing of Optical Energy in Tapered Plasmonic Waveguides, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 137404-1-4 (2004). FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.31 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA E. Verhagen, A. Polman, and L. Kuipers, Nanofocusing in Laterally Tapered Plasmonic Waveguides, Opt. Express 16, 45-57 (2008)

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.32 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA Nano Lett. 7, 2784- 2788 (2007).

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.33 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] DOI 10.1021/nl801112eDepartment of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.34 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA Adiabatic Compression of THz Radiation in 2d Using TEM Modes in Coaxial Geometry

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.35 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA Adiabatic concentration: Fields at 1 THz for conical silver coax

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.36 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA Adiabatic concentration: Fields at 1 THz for adiabatically tapered silver coax

δ ≈ const

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.37 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected] Department of Physics and Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA

THE END

FRISNO-10 (French-Israeli Symposium on Tuesday, February 10, Nonlinear and Quantum Optics), Web: http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman 2009 11:20-11:50 am, p.38 Ein Gedi, Israel E-mail: [email protected]