Awka, Anambra State

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) (Draft)

Draft Report

For

NEROSE PLAZA-THOMAS AQUINAS GULLY EROSION INTERVENTION SITE, AWKA, ANAMBRA STATE

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

UNDER THE NIGERIA EROSION & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (NEWMAP) WORLD BANK ASSISTED

ANAMBRA STATE -NIGERIA EROSION & WATERSHED

Public Disclosure Authorized MANAGEMENT PROJECT (ANS-NEWMAP) AWKA, ANAMBRA STATE

March, 2014

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

Table of Contents Content Page Cover Page Table of Contents i List of Tables ii List of Figures iv List of Maps v List of Boxes v List of Abbreviations/ Acronyms vi Definition of Terms viii Executive Summary x

SECTION 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 The proposed Intervention Work 2 1.2.1 St Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion intervention component 2 1.2.2 Neros Plaza Gully Erosion Intervention Component 2 1.3 Rational for ESMP for the Proposed Intervention Work 4 1.4 Objectives of this Environmental and Social Management Plan 4 1.5 Scope/Terms of Reference of the ESMP and Tasks 4 1.6 Approaches for Preparing the Environmental and Social Management Plan 4 1.6.1 Literature Review 4 1.6.2 Interactive Discussions/Consultations 4 1.6.3 Field Visits 4 1.6.4 Identification of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures 5

SECTION 2: INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 6 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 World Bank Safeguards Policies Triggered by NEWMAP and the Proposed Activity 7 2.3 Summary of Relevant Local and Federal Policy, Legal, regulatory and Administrative Frameworks 7 2.3.1 State Legislations 7 2.3.2 Anambra State Ministry of Local Government Regulations 8 2.4 Making the ESMP Responsive to Good Practice 8 SECTION 3: BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 9 3.0 Introduction 9 3.1 Location and Size 9 3.2 Description of the Proposed Intervention Site 9 3.2.1 The Watershed 9 3.3 Biophysical Environment 10 3.3.1 Hydrological Study 11 3.4 Geology 11 3.5 Soil Studies 11 3.6 Geotechnical Survey 12 3.7 Flora and Fauna 12 3.8 Water Resources and Quality Assessment 12 3.9 Climate and Meteorology of the Study Area 14 3.10 Noise Level Assessment 14 3.11 Air Quality Assessment 14 3.12 Land use in Awka 14 3.13 Ecological Hazards and Environmentally Sensitive Areas 15

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

SECTION 4: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSULTATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS 17 4.1 Introduction 17 4.2 The People and Religion 17 4.3 Occupation and Livelihood 17 4.4 Education 17 4.5 Population and settlement pattern 17 4.6 Economy 17 4.7 Poverty Index 17 4.8 Gender & Governance 18 4.9 Public Opinion- Response Survey Instrument (Questionnaire) 18 4.9.1 Age, Sex and Number of Children of Respondents 18 4.9.2 Religion and Level of Education 18 4.9.3 Occupation 19 4.9.4 Average Income of Respondents 19 4.9.5 Awareness of the Proposed Intervention Project 19 4.9.6 Respondents Important Valuables to be Protected 19 4.9.7 Perception of Service Delivery in the State 19 4.10 Health Status Assessment 19 4.10.1 Respondents Common Health Problems 19 4.10.2 Awareness of HIV/AIDS 20 4.10.3 Awareness of Malaria 20 4.10.4 Respondents Option on causes of health 20 4.10.5 Risk of Health Problem as a result of the intervention Work 20 4.10.6 Main Source of Water Supply to the Facility 20 4.10.7. Availability of Health Care Facility 21 4.10.8 Respondent Perception of Health Facility 21 4.11. Community Consultations 21 4.11.1 The Objectives of Community Consultations 21 4.11.2. The Stakeholders Consulted and their Concerns 21

SECTION 5: ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 23 5.1 Introduction 23 5.2 Impact Identification and Evaluation 23 5.3 Potential Environmental and Social Impacts of the Project 24 5.3.1 The Project Benefits 24 5.3.2 Negative Environmental and Social Impacts 24 5.3.2.1 Construction Phase 24 5.3.2.2 Operation Phase 25 5.3.2.3 Decommissioning Phase 25 5.3.3 Irreversible Environmental Changes 25 5.3.4 Cumulative/Secondary Impacts 25 5.3.5 Environmental Justice 25 5.4 Analysis of Project Alternatives 27 5.4.1 No Project Option 28 5.4.2 Delayed Project Option 28 5.4.3 Go Ahead Option 28 5.4.4 Gully Treatment Option 28

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SECTION 6: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 30 6.1 Introduction 30 6.2 Mitigation Measures 30 6.3 Residual Impacts after mitigation 30 6.4 Enhancement of Positive Impacts and Reduction/Avoidance of Negative Impacts 30 6.4.1 Waste Management Plan 37 6.4.2 Maintenance and Inspection of Treated Gully 37 6.5 Environmental Monitoring and Auditing 37 6.5.1 Site Inspection and Monitoring 38 6.5.2 Site Inspection and Maintenance 38 6.5.3 Site Inspection Frequency 38 6.5.4 Vegetation Establishment Monitoring 39 6.5.5 Maintenance Problems 39 6.5.6 Inspection and Maintenance Reports 39 6.6 Environmental Monitoring 39 6.7 Reporting Procedure 41 6.7.1 Complaints Register and Environmental Incidents 41 6.7.2 Record Keeping 41 6.7.3 Institutional Arrangements 41 6.8 Grievance Redress Mechanism 43 6.9 Disclosure and public consultation 44 6.10 Institutional Capacity Building & Training 45 6.11 Review and Revision of the ESMP 46 6.12 ESMP Budget and Schedule of Work 46

SECTION 7: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 47

REFERENCES 48

APPENDICES 49

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Triggered Safeguard polices 6 3.1 St Thomas Aquinas Gully Discharges 11 3.2 Neros Plaza Discharges 11 3.3 Ambient Noise Levels at project Intervention Zone 14 3.4 Results of Air Quality Measurements Taken at the Proposed Intervention Zone 15 4.1: A Summary of the Outcome of the Consultation Meetings 21 5.1: Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking & Risk Matrix Tables 23 5.2: Identified Potential Impacts 26 5.3: Gully Treatment Options 29 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan 31 6.2: Environmental Monitoring Plan Construction Phase 40

6.3: Institutional Responsibilities 42 6.4 Summary of the planned Stakeholder engagement Schedule 44 6.5: Training Modules on Environmental and Social Management 45 6.6: ESMP Budget and Implementation Schedule 46

LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 Gully Erosion Location and Proposed Engineering Design 3 3.1: Average Relative Humidity in Study Area for the Period 2002-2012 14 4.1: Marital Status 18 4.2: No of Children Respondents 19 4.3: Age of Respondents 19 4.4: Respondents’ Occupation 19 4.5: Average Income of Respondents 19 4.6: Proposed Project Awareness among Respondents 19 4.7: Respondents Important Valuables to be Protected 20

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

LIST OF PLATES Plate Page 1 Situation of the Proposed Intervention Gully Site 10 2 Some of the Stakeholders at the Meeting 2

LIST OF MAPS Map Page 1 Proposed Project Site Erosion Intervention Component 2 2 Twin Gully Erosion Intervention Sites at St Aquinas/Neros Plaza 10

LIST OF BOXES Box Page 1 Local Monkeys on the fence of a resident 12 2 Egrets suspended on the raffia trees 12 3 A summary of the Outcome of the Consultation Meetings 22

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page 1. Terms of Reference 49 2. Summary of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies (10+2) 50 3. Environmental Quality Standards and Criteria -Permissible Levels 51 4. Description of the Components of the Project 52 5 The Proposed Site Area and Features 53 6. Erosion and Sediment Control Measures 54 7. General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction Contracts 57 8. Stakeholders met and summary of Meetings 59 9. Indicative Framework for Assessing and Mainstreaming Gender Concerns 60

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand BP Bank Policy CBO Community Based Organization CDD Community Driven Development CSO Community Support Organizations DO Dissolved Oxygen DS Dissolved Solids EA Environmental Assessment EAR Environmental Audit Report ESA Environmentally Sensitive Areas ESIA Environmental& Social Impact Assessment EIA Environnemental Impact Assessment E(S)MP Environmental (and Social) Management Plan ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework FRDP Federal Roads Development Project FGN Federal Government of Nigeria GIS Geographic Information System HSE Health Safety and Environment IDA International Development Association IPM Integrated Pest Management LB Land Bureau LGA Local Government Area LFN Laws of the Federation of Nigeria MDAs Ministries, Departments & Agencies MDG Millennium Development Goals MIGA Multilateral Guarantee Agency MOE State Ministry of Environment MoH State Ministry of Housing NGO Non-Governmental Organization NS Not Specified OD Operational Directives (of the World Bank) NGO Non-governmental Organization NEEDS National Economic Empowerment & Development Strategy NIWA National Inland Waterways Authority OP Operational Policy PPE Personal Protective Equipment RPF Resettlement Policy Framework RRC Road Rehabilitation Contractor SEPA State Environmental Protection Agency SMENV State Ministry of Environment SPM Suspended Particulate Matter TDS Total Dissolved Solids TOR Terms of Reference TSP Total Suspended Particulate

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS, Cont'd UNITS OF MEASUREMENT CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS cfu/ml Colony forming unit per Al Aluminum milliliter C Carbon cm Centimeter Ca Calcium dBA Decibel CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate ft Feet CCl4 Carbon Tetrachloride g Gramme Cd Cadmium k Kilogramme Cl Chloride g/cm Gramme per Centimeter CO Carbon Monoxide Km Kilometer CO2 Carbon Dioxide m Meter Cr Chromium m3 Meter Cube Cu Copper meq Milliequivalent Fe Iron mg Milligramme H Hydrogen mg/Kg Milligramme per H2O water Kilogramme H2S Hydrogen Sulphide mg/l Milligramme per Litre Hg Mercury ml Millilitre K Potassium mm Millimetre Mg Magnesium m/s Meter per Second Mn Manganese NTU Turbidity Unit N Nitrogen o /oo Parts per thousand Na Sodium oN Degree North Na2PO4 Sodium phosphate PH Hydrogen ion NaOH Sodium hydroxide concentration NH3 Ammonia ppb parts per billion NH4+ Ammonium ion ppm parts per million NH4F Ammonium flouride ToC Temperature in degrees Ni Nickel - Celsius NO2 Nitrite ion - g Microgramme NO3 Nitrate ion S micro Siemen NOX Nitrogen Oxides m micrometer O2 Oxygen % Percentage P Phosphorus Pb Lead PO4 Phosphate SiO2 Silicate SO2 Sulphur dioxide SO4 Sulphate ion V Vanadium Zn Zinc

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DEFINITION OF SOME TERMS

Chutes Formed by battering gully heads to an acceptable slope depending on the method used to stablise it in order to convey run-off safely to a lower level. Drop structures Allow run-off to drop vertically to a lower level, where the energy is dissipated before flowing down the watercourse. Erosion The action of water in which soil and rock material is loosened and removed which could be geological (soil-forming as well as soil-removing) or man-made by clearing, grading, or otherwise altering the land which can greatly accelerate the natural erosion process, including the breakdown of soil aggregates and the increased removal of organic and mineral particles. Erosion of soils that occurs at construction sites is man-made erosion. Gully erosion Process whereby runoff water accumulates and often recurs in narrow channels and, over short periods, removes the soil from this narrow area to considerable depths. Gully head Upper part of the gully (in topo-sequence) where the gully starts Gully offset Part of gully area which is located away from the gully embankment and extended to the next land use type Gully sidewall Part of the gully between the gully offset and gully bed characterized by high slope gradient, shallow soil depth, susceptible to erosion and mass movement, very dry in most of the time due to less water holding capacity. Gully bed/floor Part of the gully on top of which the run off flows Gully Diversion Banks Diversion banks divert run-off from the gully head to a stable outlet. Gully control dams Dam is situated so that they 'drown' the gully head when the spillway is operating.

Gully floor stabilisation The long-term success of gully treatment with the establishment of a good vegetative cover on the gully floor which prevents further gullying and allows the gully floor to gradually silt up reducing the fall over the gully head. Landslide A down slope movement of rock and soil along a slip surface.

Shale Fine-grained rocks that contain between 50 and 100% clay sized particles with clay mineral constituting at least 25% of the total rock volume. Structural practices Sediment and erosion control devices used to divert storm water flows away from exposed areas, convey runoff, prevent sediments from moving offsite, and can also reduce the erosive forces of runoff waters.

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ES1 Introduction The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP finances activities implemented by States and activities implemented by the Federal government. The project currently includes 7 states, namely Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo.

The lead agency at the Federal level is the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV), Department of Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management. State and local governments, local communities and CSOs are or will be involved in the project, given that the project is a multi-sector operation involving MDAs concerned with water resources management, public works, agriculture, regional and town planning, earth and natural resources information, and disaster risk management.

The development objective of NEWMAP is: to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas.

The Anambra State Government as one of the participating States represented by the State Project Management Unit (SPMU) has selected a twin gully head as one of the priority sites for NEWMAP intervention activities.

The two gullies heads are located at St Thomas Aquinas Catholic Church and Neros Shopping Plaza (named after the two landmarks, respectively) area adjacent to Ejeagwu Estate, GRA Awka, Anambra State. The site can be accessed through Aguleri Street before the government house on the right hand side when approaching Awka from Enugu through the Enugu-Onitsha Expressway. The site lies between latitude 6° 14’ and 6° 18’ North of the Equator and longitude 7° 5’ and 7° 9’ East of the Greenwich Meridian.

ES 2 The Project Activities The components designed to cover the upstream of the gully to the downstream include the following: Channel, Road, Drains, Culvert, Check dam (3no) and Rip-Rap At the St. Thomas Aquinas section of the gully, a 65m length of channel is designed from Ekwulobia road down to the beginning of the gully. A Road from Thomas Aquinas Cathedral meets the channel at the head of the gully, so the road is designed with a reinforced concrete lined drain to convey storm water through the gully to the stream. At this intersection where the road meets the channel a culvert is designed to connect them and to help convey the storm water further down. Following the culvert are the check dams, three in number located at an interval of 20m each. These are expected to help reduce the speed of water to the barest minimum as it travels down the slope. At the end of the check dams, there are rip-raps to protect the soil from further erosion. Beyond this point the soil is considered stable and the water guided to flow gently into the stream. There is also a drain on the cliff of the erosion area to pre-empt further enlargement of the gully through proper channeling of the water to the network of drains. The same holds for the head at Neros Plaza.

ES 3 Rational and Objective of the ESMP By design, the proposed intervention works shall involve small-sized civil works and use of vegetation for the gullies stabilization, reclamation, protection and reinforcement to stop scouring action of flow velocity due to exposed soil surface are expected to give rise to some adverse environmental and social impacts in the course of execution.

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

To this end, the World Bank (WB)’ s Operational Policy, OP 4.01 on Environmental Assessment is triggered hence the need to develop a site specific, costed, measurable, and monitorable actions as contained in this Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The ESMP consist mainly the mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be undertaken during the implementation and maintenance of the intervention work in order to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels.

It should be noted that a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) designed to identify and assess the displacement of people and assets at the site in the course of work was prepared alongside this ESMP.

ES 4 Institutional and Legal Framework for Environmental Ma nagement The national and international environmental guidelines applicable to the operation of the NEWMAP have already been discussed in Chapter Two of the ESMF prepared for the overall project. Of the 10 + 2 World Bank Safeguard Policies, the intervention work at the proposed site triggers Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) and Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) as indicated in Table 2.1 of Section 2.

ES 5 Biophysical Environment Gully erosion is a geomorphic process which occurs only when a threshold in terms of rainfall, topography, flow hydraulics, nature of vegetation, nature of soil and land use and capability has been exceeded. These are reinforced by human activities leading to further degradation of the environment. Essentially, to this end, the relevant biophysical environmental and socio-economic baseline conditions were captured and described, as presented in Sections 3 & 4 of this ESMP. This provides the context upon which the proposed intervention activities were related to the environment to identify the impacts and develop the necessary mitigation measures.

ES 6 Potential Adverse Environmental and Social Impacts & Mitigation Measures While the intervention work serves to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in the proposed project location, in the course of execution some negative adverse environmental and social impacts have been identified to be fallouts as shown in Section 5, Table 5.2.

The mitigation measures aimed at reducing the severity, avoiding or controlling of the project identified impacts and where possible enhance environmental quality through the designed alternatives, and scheduling or other means have been developed. These measures are in the form of avoidance (alternative action taken to avoid impact), compensatory payment of money or replacement in kind for losses or recreation of lost/damaged habitat. Table 6.1 provides is a summary of the potential impacts associated with the project, together with corresponding mitigation measures and other institutional responsibility.

ES 7 Stakeholders and their Concerns The key stakeholders identified and consulted in the area include leaders in the communities, individual people who own properties that will be directly or indirectly affected, and business owners, etc. At the meeting, the overview of the proposed project and appreciation of ESMP were presented. Furthermore, the challenges that could impede the implementation of the project and the support needed from all parties to ensure effective project and successful implementation were also discussed with the stakeholders. Below a summary of the Stakeholders meeting is presented:

A summary of the Outcome of the Stakeholders Consultation Issues/Comments Raised by Communities Response/How Addressed at the meetings or by the Project  We are very happy to see the project come out successful SPMU is happy to have everyone’s support as the as we shall cooperate and support the successful project is for the common good of everyone, execution of the project. especially those that are close to the gully corridors.  This erosion problem have been giving us nightmare With the supervision of the World bank and even you  For those of us who are very close to the road, what shall the community members, the quality of work can be xii

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

happen to our assets? ensured.  Opinions of the people must be made to count by utilizing The sites to work on are many, but this is one of the information/suggestion provided first to be given priority  Please, ensure that the quality of the rehabilitation is Qualified persons shall be engaged by the contractors worthwhile so that we do not face reoccurrence again. at the various sites on merit.  Aside the main gullies mentioned any other one to be The project shall commence once all the necessary worked on? documentations are ready  How soon will the project commence?

ES 8 ESMP Implementation and Management The successful implementation of the ESMP depends on the commitment of the sector and related institutions, and the capacity within the institutions to apply or use this ESMP effectively, and the appropriate and functional institutional arrangements, among others. Hence these key ESMP areas relevant to its successful implementation were included in the ESMP, namely: institutional arrangements, capacity building, environmental and social monitoring as contained in Section 7 of this ESMP. It is noteworthy to say that a mechanism for enhancement of positive environmental and social impacts and/or reduction/avoidance of negative impacts in relation to the Project Concept and design, Construction and Operation, Control of Earthworks and Erosion and Sediment Control Plan, Control of Water Quality, Waste Management , Control of Air and Noise Pollution, Environmental Code of Conduct for tender documents and Social Integration and Participation which includes women having as much as 60% of major activities to be performed in the watersheds and erosion control and management have been developed. In fact, for gender mainstreaming, Appendix 6 outlines some information that should be provided in an assessment of the challenges and opportunities for the gender concerns.

ES 10 Analysis of Project Alternatives In the context of this ESMP, analysis of project alternatives refers to the performance of the natural and socio-economic resources with or without the project or with or without the implementation of the measures of this ESMP and/or other safeguard instrument considered appropriate. For this intervention work, a number of viable options that were considered include: the no project option; delayed project; alternative site/location and project execution option.

ES 11 Gender & Governance The prevailing culture in the project area is based on the concept of patriarchy which believes in the superiority, supremacy and primacy of the men folk over the women relegating them as the weaker sex. Hence women had been discriminated against in many spheres of economic and social life. However, women are key to ensuring the sensibility and sustainability of the overall project management at the watershed management levels, especially. To encourage the participation of women major activities to be performed by women and men in the watersheds and erosion control and management should be at ratio of 60:40 as much as practically possible.

ES 12 Environmental Monitoring Plan during Construction and Operation In order to effectively and efficiently implement this ESMP, a system for monitoring and auditing has been built into the overall management plan. Monitoring and auditing assist in the examination of management, employee knowledge, programme responsibilities, records & effectiveness (Section 6, Table 6.2)

ES 13 Institutional Arrangements Since one of the main purposes of ESMPs is to establish responsibility for the activities that have to be undertaken, arrangements and the roles and responsibilities of the various institutions in the implementation of the ESMP have been developed as outlined in Table 6.3.

ES 14 Institutional Capacity Building & Training Based on the field assessment, to enhance the respective roles and collaboration of the relevant stakeholders, the following broad areas for capacity building have been identified as deserving of xiii

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

attention for effective implementation of the ESMP. Specific areas for effective institutional capacity needs are given in Table 6.4.

ES 15 ESMP Budget and Schedule of Work To effectively implement the environmental and social management measures necessary budgetary provisions has been made for this ESMP which includes the environmental management costs other than the good engineering practices, cost of environmental and resettlement monitoring. All administrative costs for implementing the ESMP shall be budgeted for as part of the project costing. The cost of each measure has been included in the overall ESMP budget which is estimated at eleven Million, Fifty-five Thousand Naira only (Table a)

The key elements of the implementation schedule are also shown as provided in Table a.

Table a: ESMP Budget and Implementation Schedule S/ Activity Description Responsible MONTH (Contruction) Operation Budget N * (N)m Gully Pre- Gully Treatment Period Gully Treatment Treatment Maintenance 1 2 3 4 5 6

1. 1 Disclosure of ESMP Report PMU 0.50

2. 2 Allocating Budget for ESMP PMU 0.0 3. 3 Appointing Support Staff for PMU 0.50 ESMP 4. 4 Review and Approval of PMU 0.10 Contractor’s ESMP and Sediment, Waste & Safety Plan 5. 5 Finalisation of Engineering PMU/Contrac 0.0 Designs tor 6. 6 Mitigation Measures PMU/Contrac 5.60 tor 7. 7 Supervising ESMP PMU/Contrac 0.30 Implementation tor 8 Follow-Up Monitoring after Site 0.5 Treatment during the first year Committee, & min Local people, Ministry and PMU 8. 9 Environmental Auditing PMU/FMENV A year after 2.50 /MoE/ construction Environment al Consultant 9. 10 Monitoring & Reporting on PMU 1.35 ESMP Implementation /Contractor 10. 11 Environmental and Social Contractor/H 0.7 Training SE Consultant 11. Total 11.55

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ES 17 Disclosures and Public Consultation Plan All reasonable efforts must be made to disclose/display this ESMP to the public at strategic points within the project’s area of influence so as to allow all stakeholders read and understand how they stand t o be affected by the project. It should also be disclosed at the Ministry of Environment and the World Bank Info Shop.

A key element of sustaining stakeholders’ support in any project execution is to consult and communicate with the stakeholders effectively and to engage them as early as possible with the project which has been done in the course of preparation of the intervention work and further enhanced during the preparation of this ESMP. Like any other business function, stakeholder engagement needs to be managed and driven by a well-defined strategy. A Stakeholder engagement plan has been designed to Stakeholder Engagement and Communication Process as shown in Section 7.

ES 18 Grievance Redress Mechanism During the implementation of the intervention work, a redress mechanism which is in line with the ESMF, RPF, and PIM has been developed as detailed in the stand alone RAP for the proposed site to address situations of conflicts or disagreements about some of the project activities. Thus the RAP should be referred to for further details on this grievance redress mechanism. Suffice it to say that it is a localized mechanism that takes account of the specific issues, cultural context, local customs and project conditions and scale.

ES 19 Summary and Recommendations The study has indicated that the establishment of the proposed project will not severely impact negatively on the existing environmental, social and health as well as safe conditions of the people, locally, nationally or internationally. This inference is further made strong, owing to the fact that the bioengineering methods proposed to be used for the remediation have the potentials not to constitute further environmental burdens in relation to the present existing environmental conditions .

The proposed intervention work is designed to improve erosion management and gully rehabilitation. Specifically, the intervention at this Nerose Plaza/St Thomas Aquinas site will save this environment with lively/highbrow community with the seat of government and an ivory tower including commercial and private buildings, the residences of the retired Bishop of Awka diocese and the community of priests as well as roads and other public infrastructure

While all these serve as the main benefit of the intervention including other multiplier effects such as employment opportunities, poverty reduction, national reputation and cultural promotion, among others, some negative impacts during implementation have been identified. Such negative impacts include dust raising, noise and traffic disturbance of the neighbourhood which have been identified as transient, lasting only during the intervention work.

It is expected that multiplier effects such as employment opportunities, poverty reduction, enhanced national reputation and cultural promotion, among others, will be enhanced. On the other hand, there are also some negative impacts that were identified.

The ESMP has revealed the followings with appropriate recommendations:  The proposed intervention work is most desirable because of the obvious environmental, health and socio-economic benefits. These far out-weigh the negative impacts that could arise in the course of implementation.  Potential impacts of sufficient magnitude that could interrupt the execution of the project were not detected. Although, there were few negative impacts that may potentially occur due to the activities associated with the proposed works but adequate and SMART measures have been provided to address them.

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

 Mitigation measures and management plans have been suggested and developed for the negative impacts.  Appropriate institutional framework has been drawn up to implement the mitigation measures and environmental management plan while the proposed monitoring programmes shall be set in motion as soon as possible.

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SECTION ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP finances activities implemented by States and activities implemented by the Federal government. The project currently includes 7 states, namely Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo.

The development objective of NEWMAP is: to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer-term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas.

The Anambra State Government as one of the participating States represented bythe State Project Management Unit (SPMU) has selected a twin gully heads as one of the priority sites to rehabilitate the degraded land.

1.2 The Proposed Intervention Work Essentially, the intervention work shall include the civil engineering designs and vegetative land management measures. The bio-engineering design seeks to provide a more holistic and permanent solution to the gully erosion problem by recognizing three major contending variables, namely: man, earth and rain water.

The components of the intervention works which are contained in the site standalone Engineering Designs prepared by the SPMU are summarized below in relation to the twin gully corridors.

1.2.1 St. Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Component The components designed to cover the upstream of the gully to the downstream include the following: Channel, Road, Drains, Culvert, Check dam (3no) and Rip-Rap

At the St. Thomas Aquinas section of the gully, a 65m length of channel is designed from Ekwulobia road down to the beginning of the gully. A Road from Thomas Aquinas Cathedral meets the channel at the head of the gully, so the road is designed with a reinforced concrete lined drain to convey storm water through the gully to the stream.

At this intersection where the road meets the channel a culvert is designed to connect them and to help convey the storm water further down. Following the culvert are the check dams, three in number located at an interval of 20m each. These are expected to help reduce the speed of water to the barest minimum as it travels down the slope. At the end of the check dams, there are rip-raps to protect the soil from further erosion. Beyond this point the soil is considered stable and the water guided to flow gently into the stream. There is also a drain on the cliff of the erosion area to pre-empt further enlargement of the gully through proper channeling of the water to the network of drains. 1

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

National Map1.3LGAs Population in Anambra Commission State (2010)

Field Work, 2014 Map 1.1: Proposed Project Site Location in the World

1.2.2 Neros Plaza Gully Erosion Intervention Component The components designed to cover the upstream of the gully to the downstream include the following: Channel, Road, Drains, Culvert, Check dam (3no) and Rip-Rap

From Ekwulobia road to about 50m along the Neros Plaza road a channel is designed to replace the old and existing drain for lack of capacity and functionality. The channel is followed by a check dam of height 4.5m at the gully head. Immediately after the check dam is a chute that goes down a depth of 13m below its start point. The chute is connected to a stilling basin embedded into the ground at a depth of two metres. Another check dam downstream follows the stilling basin towards the end of the gully. At this point, rip-raps are applied to forestall further erosion, the water then disperse further down into the stream.

The road also, along Neros Plaza is designed to have kerbstones and chutes since it slopes towards the gully to drain surface water into the gully up to 50m length. Due to the topography one side drain is provided from there down to the stream where the road diverges from the gully. There is also provision for filling on some sections of the gully, shaping of slope, stone-pitching on the side of the slope and planting of approved grasses as bio measures of gully erosion control. 2

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

NEROS PLAZA St. THOMAS Fig. 1.1: Gully Erosion Location and Proposed Engineering Design

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

1.3 Rational for ESMP for the Proposed Intervention Work The proposed intervention works shall involve small-sized civil works and use of vegetation for the gullies stabilization, reclamation, protection and reinforcement to stop scouring action of flow velocity due to exposed soil surface. These activities are anticipated to trigger environmental and social impacts.

In the light of the anticipated impacts of the proposed intervention work activities, it was considered expedient and necessary to prepare a site specific Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the proposed intervention work which is directed at protecting and minimizing any potential adverse environmental and social impacts.

At the preparatory stage of the NEWMAP, two national instruments a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) and an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) were prepared which share the common aim of promoting sustainable development.

While the RPF addresses potential adverse social impacts that might stem from resettlement of people affected by the project, the ESMF addresses other possible harmful social and environmental effects of the project.

In order to translate the two national frameworks into specific costed, measurable, and monitorable actions for each specific intervention sites it became necessary to prepare the emanating instruments of an ARAP and ESMP. The ARAP, a standalone report prepared alongside this ESMP, provides a link between the impacts identified and proposed mitigation measures to realize the objectives of involuntary resettlement of the intervention works.

The environmental and social management plan (ESMP) consists mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be undertaken during implementation and maintenance of the intervention work to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels.

1.4 Objectives of this Environmental and Social Management Plan The overall aim of this ESMP is to document the actions necessary to prevent or minimize predicted negative impacts as well as provide a framework for systematic managing of the responsibilities associated with the proposed works. 1.5 Scope/Terms of Reference of the ESMP and Tasks The Terms of Reference is summarized in Appendix 2of this ESMP.

1.6 Approaches for Preparing the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) The main approach for preparing the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) include the following: 1.6.1 Literature review Review of the existing baseline information and literature material was undertaken. This assisted in gaining deeper understanding of the project and the environmental and social conditions that exist at the proposed site. Among the documents that were reviewed in order to familiarize and deeply understand the project and the project area included: Nigeria’s National laws and/or regulations on environmental assessments, World Bank Operational Policies, Project Appraisal document, State and Local Government periodicals and manuals and other relevant literature 1.6.2 Interactive Discussions/Consultations As a way of initiating the process of continual consultation and involvement of the public in the project, various discussions were held with some key relevant community groups/CDAs/CBOs and members of the public in the states. In addition, as part of the process of public consultation involvement a program for the disclosure of the ESMP to facilitate the work has been developed. Appendix 3 contains the stakeholders met.

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka 1.6.3 Field Visits Field visits were made to the intervention site, and in particular the sub-watershed as delimited in the given gully stabilization design. Particular interest was paid to the proposed civil engineering designs, vegetative land management measures and other activities aimed at reducing or managing runoff that would be carried out within the sub-watershed. With this in mind, the natural resources and infrastructure that could be potentially affected during project implementation and operation were identified and assessed. Based on this, the management strategies needed to ensure that environmental risks are appropriately mitigated were designed for the intervention work. The field work informed the preparation of the existing conditions and any anticipated changes before the start of the sub-projects. Attention was paid to the physical environment (i.e. topography, geology, climate and meteorology, surface water hydrology); biological environment (i.e. flora types and diversity, rare and endangered species within or adjacent to projects intervention site, including wetlands, sensitive habitats); and socio-economic and cultural environment, such as population, land use, planned development activities, community structure, employment and labour market, sources and distribution of income, cultural properties – such as historical and archaeological significant sites, indigenous people, and traditional tribal lands and customs). 1.6.4 Identification of Potential Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures The potential impacts were identified through generic and specific assessment of the sites for anticipated changes that could result in the light of the socio-environmental conditions (project-environment interactions)

Mitigation measures have been proffered to either eliminate or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts of specific actions, projects or programs while also enhancing positive effects. The approach to mitigation has been primarily preventive principles of anticipated impacts based on well-known negative outcomes of project-environment interactions.

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

SECTION TWO: INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL

2.1 Introduction This section presents a succinct discussion of the World Bank Safeguard policies triggered by NEWMAP and the proposed activity. It also provides a Summary of relevant local and federal policy, legal, regulatory, and administrative frameworks.

The national and international environmental guidelines applicable to the operation of the NEWMAP have already been discussed in CHAPTER TWO of the ESMF prepared for the overall project. As may be needed, for more details, cross references should be made to the ESMF for the institutional and regulatory framework for this ESMP.

2.2 World Bank Safeguards Policies triggered by NEWMAP and the proposed activity The World Bank has 10+ 2 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies to reduce or eliminate the adverse effects of development projects, and improve decision making which are summarized in Appendix 2.1. Of these Safeguard Policies, the intervention work at the proposed site triggers Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) and Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) as indicated in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Triggered Safeguard Policies Safeguard Policies Triggered Triggered by Applicability to How Project Address Policy by Site-specific Project due to Requirements NEWMAP? Project? Yes No Yes No Environmental [x] [ ] [x] [ ] Civil works with ESMF prepared for NEWMAP & Assessment (OP/BP site-specific site specific mitigation measures 4.01) impacts developed in this ESMP Natural Habitats [x] [] [ ] [x] NA* NA (OP/BP 4.04) Pest Management [x] [] [ ] [x] NA NA (OP 4.09) Physical Cultural [x] [] [ ] [X] NA NA Resources (OP/BP 4.11) Involuntary [x] [ ] [x] [ ] Restriction of RPF prepared for NEWMAP & a Resettlement access to sources standalone RAP spells out site (OP/BP 4.12) of livelihoods. specific issues to be addressed & how. Indigenous Peoples [ ] [x] [ ] [x] NA NA (OP/BP 4.10) Forests (OP/BP [ x] [] [ ] [x] NA NA 4.36) Safety of Dams [x] [] [ ] [x] NA NA (OP/BP 4.37) Projects in Disputed [ ] [x] [ ] [x] NA NA Areas (OP/BP 7.60)* Projects on [x] [] [ ] [x] NA NA International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) *NA= Not Applicable

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

2.3 Summary of relevant Local and Federal policy, legal, regulatory, and adm inistrative frameworks.

Below, an outline of some of the relevant regulatory instruments to this ESMP is given as they relate to the State and Local Government.

2.3.1 State Legislations In consonance with Part lll of the FMENV Act and the need to protect public health and safety, and to restore and enhance environmental quality, and sustain economic vitality through effective and efficient implementation of environmental programmes, the State Government has set up State Ministry of Environment (MoE) that takes charge of Environment affairs in the State.

Inter alia, the Ministry is empowered to give direction to all issues concerning the environment, monitor and control pollution and the disposal of solid, gaseous and liquid wastes generated by various facilities in the states. Some of the functions of the State Ministry of Environment include: (i) Liaising with the Federal Ministry of Environment, FMENV to achieve a healthy or better management of the environment via development of National Policy on Environment (ii) Co-operating with FMENV and other National Directorates/Agencies in the performance of environmental functions including environmental education/awareness to the citizenry (iii) Responsibility for monitoring waste management standards, (iv) Responsibility for general environmental matters in the State, and (v) Monitoring the implementation of EIA studies and other environmental studies for all development projects in the State.

Some of the regulations operational in the State include the following 1. Anambra State Policy on Environment (2010) This policy emphasizes state government efforts to sustainable management of the Anambra environment with regards to Erosion control. The state government commits to:  Seek the intervention of the Federal Government of Nigeria and relevant partner agencies in the control of Erosion, to compliment the effort of the state.  Sensitize communities on erosion control efforts.  Procure necessary refuse disposal equipment like trucks, pay loaders, giant bins e.t.c  Involve households, communities, local governments and states in the joint clearance of drainages.  Sensitization of households on waste disposal practices and management.  Sponsor relevant environmental bills to the state assembly for enactment.  Involve LGAs, communities, and civil society organizations (CSOs) in the enforcement of environmental laws.  Embark on aggressive afforestation programmes involving LGAs, communities and civil society organizations (CSOs) in the state. 2. Anambra State Flood and Erosion Control and Soil Conservation (2010) This policy is to promote sustainable land use management by minimizing soil erosion and flooding hazards; achieving this through reducing soil exposure to rainstorms; reduction of surface run-offs and paved surfaces and restoration of degraded land mass. 3. Anambra State Flood Control and Water Conservation (2010) This policy is to forecast, prevent, monitor and manage flooding.Optimal utilization of floodwater for agricultural and other purposes as well as management of floodplains. 4. Anambra Riverine Area Management Policy (2010) This policy is to minimize riverine erosion and other forms of riverine degradation such as riverbank failures, landslides and alluvional deposits. 5. Anambra State Watershed Management Policy (2010) This policy enables the commencement of co-ordinated/holistic/integrated management of natural resources: Land, water, vegetation, etc. on a watershed basis to ensure resource conservation through 7

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka the minimization of land and soil degradation and maintenance of water quality and yield for environmental sustainability. 6. Anambra State Flood and Erosion Control Management Support System (2010) This policy aims at supporting a reliable up-to-date database and integrated management system as tools to support all erosion and control programs.

2.3.2 Anambra State Ministry of Local Government regulations

The Ministry of Local Government is amongst others is charged with the responsibility of:  Co-ordinating the activities of Local Government Councils;  Resolving Local Government and Communal Boundary Disputes;  Maintenance of Law and Order in Local Government Areas in collaboration with Law Enforcement Agencies;  Collection of taxes and fees;  Establishment and maintenance of cemeteries, burial grounds and homes for the destitute or infirm  Establishment, maintenance and regulation of markets, motor parks and public conveniences;  Construction and maintenance of roads, streets, drains and other public highways, parks, and open spaces;  Naming of roads and streets and numbering of houses;  Provision and maintenance of public transportation and refuse disposal;  Registration of births, deaths and marriages;

2.4 Making the ESMP Responsive to Good Practice In order to make the ESMP responsive to the objectives of good practice, the Nigeria’s EIA requirements and World Bank Environmental Assessment were harmonised as far as possible.

The principles inherent in the environmental and social standards of the World Bank Safeguard on Environmental Assessment are in tandem with the FMENV EIA procedures and processes. For instance, World Bank categorization of EA as A, B, & C corresponds in principle with the Nigeria EIA requirements of Category I, II and III, which in actual practice is done with regard to the level of impacts associated with a given project.

However, in the event of divergence between the two the most beneficial, environmentally and socially speaking, shall take precedence in the execution of the intervention work and utilization of the ESMP instrument for project implementation

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

SECTION 3: BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

3.0 Introduction This section provides an overview of the environmental characteristics of the project location and area of influence, particularly those elements of the environment that may be impacted upon by the project and which should be included in the monitoring programme. The environment in this context includes the biophysical components.

3.1 The Location and Size Awka South Local Government Area (LGA) is made up of nine towns, namely, Amawbia, Awka, Ezinato, Isiagu, Mbaukwu, Nibo, Nise, Okpuno and Umuawulu. In the past, the people of Awka South LGA were well known for blacksmithing. Today they are respected among the Igbo people of Nigeria for their technical and business skills. Awka, in addition, to being the State Capital of Anambra State, is an important junction for various sorts of jobs and commercial activities in the eastern part of Nigeria. The Nigerian towns Umuahia, Owerri, Onitsha, and Enugu are some of the towns which are directly accessible from Awka by roadways.

AWKA SOUTH LGA, where the gully site is located, was created in 1989 from Awka local government area. The LGA is bounded in the north by Awka North local government area, in the east by Oji-River local government area of Enugu State, in the south by Anaocha local government area and in the west by Njikoka local government area.

The intervention site location is known for hosting the government house which is at the right hand side when approaching Awka from Enugu through the Enugu Onitsha Express road. St. Thomas Aquinas/Neros Plaza has a common boundary with Ifite and is bordered by Amansea in the east.

3.2 Description of the proposed intervention The twin gully erosion site is located at St. Thomas Aquinas and Neros Plaza areas, respectively, in Awka, Awka south Local Government Area of Anambra State.

The gully Erosion site has two active heads: The first gully head (Gully 1) is about 2m away from the fence of a residential building and the second gully head (Gully 2) is directly beside a fence of a residential building which has partly collapsed into the gully and some 3m away from the expanses premises of the Rev. Father’s house belonging to St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic Church. Both gullies were triggered by poor drainage construction as observed at both heads due to abrupt termination of the drains on a highly susceptible and erodible soil.

The gully 1 starts from a concrete drainage from Ozubulu Street that terminated abruptly in front of Nerose Plaza. The gully 2 starts from drainage from the same drainage at Ozubulu Street which terminated abruptly on the road that connects St. Thomas Aquinas and Nerose Shopping plaza.

The Neros Plaza gully area has a length of 122m long, with an average width of 18m and a depth of 8m at the gully head. The St. Thomas Aquinas end has a length of 57m long, with an average width of 15m and a depth of 12m at the gully head while

These gullies which threaten the assets within the surrounding areas, especially the clergy premises and other private homes empty into what appears to be a natural gorge/sink characterised with a habitat dominated by vegetation and monkeys.

Generally, the area hosts the government house which is at the right hand side when approaching Awka from Enugu through the Enugu Onitsha Express road. The area also hosts other government and private institutions and estates.

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka 3.2.1 The Watershed The delineation of the catchment areas of the gully sites revealed that the head of each gully was calculated to be 0.145km2 for St Thomas Aquinas and 0.183km2 for Neros Plaza. The areas at the middle of the gullies and at the end/outlet of the gullies(taking note of the midland flow and overflow) were calculated to be 0.259km2 and 0.364km2 for St Thomas Aquinas and 0.143km2 and 0.459km2 for Neros Plaza, respectively.

Map 3: The Twin Gully Erosion Intervention Sites at St. Thomas Aquinas/Neros Plaza Areas, Awka

3.3 Biophysical Environment It is recognised that gully erosion is a geomorphic process which occurs only when a threshold in terms of rainfall, topography, flow hydraulics, nature of vegetation, nature of soil and land use and capability has been exceeded. Essentially, to this end, the relevant biophysical environment components are given consideration in this baseline condition description.

3.3.1 Hydrological Study Hydrology deals with estimating flood magnitudes as the result of precipitation. This is fundamental to the design of drainage facilities with regard to peak rate of runoff, volume of runoff, and time distribution of flow.

The rainfall characteristics such as intensity and distribution, as well as run-off are vital in analysis and design. Based on the empirical template adopted for NEWMAP at the Calabar Workshop Clinic in January 2012, a 24-hour duration rainfall intensities values were used to generate the IDF for the project site. The rainfall intensity for the gully head of the project was derived as 280mm/hour while the rainfall intensity for the gully end of the project was derived as 240mm/hour (Graph 1). From the engineering report, the runoff coefficient for the watersheds was obtained 0.44. The time of concentration, at the gully heads was calculated on the average to be 22.35minutes, and for a return period of 25years, the intensity was 210mm/hr. The discharges for the catchment areas are shown in Table 3.1

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

St Aquinas Road Cut into Two by the Gully

Gully used as Refuse Dump in Neros Plaza Side

Plate 1: Situation of the Proposed Intervention Gully site

TABLE 3.1 : ST. THOMAS AQUINAS GULLY DISCHARGES Return Period 5-Year 10-Year 25-Year 50-Year 100-Year Discharge (m3/s) at 5.87 5.91 7.61 8.19 9.06 Gully Head Discharge (m3/s) at 9.65 9.71 12.30 13.60 15.21 Middle of Gully Discharge (m3/s) at 12.29 12.38 15.93 17.75 20.02 Gully Outlet

TABLE 3.2: NEROS PLAZA DISCHARGES Return Period 5-Year 10-Year 25-Year 50-Year 100-Year Discharge (m3/s) at 5.65 5.68 7.32 7.88 8.71 Gully Head Discharge (m3/s) at 9.28 9.34 11.83 13.08 14.63 Middle of Gully Discharge (m3/s) at 11.82 11.91 15.32 17.07 19.26 Gully Outlet

3.4. GEOLOGY The major geological formation covering about 98% of the Anambra State is the Bende-Ameki formation. A narrow strip of Ajali formation exists in the northern area, while another narrow strip of Imo shale exists in some parts of Awka and western Anambra towns swinging to the northern part through Nise near Awka.

Bende-Ameki formation is seen overlying the Imo shale to the east of Anambra River. It extends far south to areas just west of Okigwe town, thence to Abia and Cross River States. The Ameki formation is the

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka geological formation covering most of Anambra State and parts of Delta State, especially around Asaba, where it is referred to as the Ogwashi-Asaba Formation by some scholars.

The formation is made up of sandstones interbedded with shales and thin limestone. The lateral equivalent to the southeast is the Nanka Sands, best developed in Nanka and Nnobi areas, including parts of Awka, the project area. In the southwest and across the River Niger, the Nanka sands is overlain by lenticular siltstones, clays and shale with subordinate sandstones and lignites known as the Ogwashi -Asaba formation. The sandstones of Ameki formation are generally very friable and permeable, giving rise to frequent soil erosion when the vegetative cover is removed or when the soil is cut.

3.5 Soil Studies Generally, the State has three soil types, namely: Alluvial soil, Hydromorphic soil and Ferrallitic soil. The alluvial soils are pale brown loamy soils. These are found in the low plain down south of Onitsha. They differ from the hydromorphic soils being relatively immature, having no well-developed horizons. They however, sustain continuous cropping longer than the other two types. Hydromorphic soils are developed on the Mamu plain east of the cuesta, extending northward into the eastern part of Anambra River floodplain, where the underlying impervious clayey shales cause water logging of the soils during the raining season. The soils are fine loamy, with lower layers faintly mottled; while the subsoil layers are strongly mottled and spotted, containing stiff grey clay. The field and laboratory results of the Nine samples were collected from the site using hand auger and trial pit method inside the gully between 0 and 3m deep based on CP 2001 and BS 5930 indicated that the sand material is loosely cemented and largely unconsolidated, with some clay matrix which was low. Specifically, the laboratory tests carried out showed that Liquid Limit Tests ranged between 26 and 33%, averaging 29%, while Plastic Limit (PL %) ranged between 16 and 32%, averaging 27%. Plasticity Indices (PI) ranged between 8 and 12%, averaging 10% while Percentage Passing Sieve 200 ranged between 26 and 32%, averaging 29%. OMC ranged between 10.1 and 10.8%, averaging 10.5% while MDD ranged between 2.01 and 2.03gm/m3, averaging 2.02gm/m3. For the tri-axial test, cohesion ranged between 15 and 50kPa, averaging 28kPa, while angle of internal friction ranged between 130 and 220, averaging 180, and the bulk density ranged between 17.9 and 20.3 kN/m3, averaging 19.5kN/m3.

The results of the soil samples analyzed for some heavy metal presented in Appendix 4.2 showed that the pH was between 5.65-6.81. Chloride (0.72-1.90%), Potassium (29.10-48.3meq/100g), Nickel (ND), Chromium (ND), Copper (0.07-3.23 mg/kg), Lead (0.00-3.70 mg/kg), Zinc (2.3-7.4 mg/kg), Cadmium (ND), Vanadium (ND) and Arsenic (ND) are below the allowable limits.

3.6 Geotechnical Survey The geotechnical investigations were made at the gully head and along the gully in order to identify and appreciate the soils quality and evaluate their geotechnical characteristics to aid the design of remedial measures for erosion control. The test results also provided that the material has good shearing strength value and permeability of 1x10-3cm/s

3.7 Flora and Fauna The predominant vegetation type in Anambra State is grassland with scattered forests and woodland areas as well as tropical rainforest which comprise tall trees with thick under growth and numerous climbers. The major characteristic of the vegetation of the intervention area is the abundant combination of varied plant groups whose branches intertwine to form a continuous canopy of leaves within the gorge/basin, especially. The major plant and grass species include iroko, Palm trees (Elaesis-guineesis), locust bean, sheabutter, Elephant grass (pennisetumpurpureum), etc.

The common fauna found in the area include giant rat (Cricetaomysgambianus), ground squirrel (Xeruserythropus), monkeys, lizards, etc. The monkey dominate the ticket of vegetation hence the area is called Miri monkey

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

Box 2: Local monkeys on the fence of a residential Box 3: Egrets suspended on the raffia trees

3.8 Water Resources and Quality Assessment Physical observation of the water shows that the water samples are clean and had no odour and not coloured. The pH of the water samples were slightly acidic (6.3 and 5.9) at the up and the down the water body. The water samples at both the upstream and downstream had a Dissolved Oxygen higher than 2.0mg/l, The total dissolved solids , the total suspended solids , total hardness and the total Hydrocarbon contents were within the FMEnv limits for surface water with value of 7,635 and 6410mg/l, 1,331 and 1,656mg/l, 1323 and 1,610mg/l and 3.3 and 3.4 at the upstream and downstream respectively. The baseline heavy metal contents in the surface water body were analysed both at the upstream and the downstream. The values of the heavy metals detected were Calcium, 53.9mg/l at both ends of the stream; Iron 0.02 and 0.03mg/l; Lead, 0.04 at both end; Zinc, 0.03 and 0.06mg/l; Copper 0.04 and 0.07mg/l; Chromium 0.03 at both ends; Magnesium 63.30mg/l at both ends and potassium0.32 and 0.40 mg/l at both ends. Chromium was not detected in the water body. The background levels of all the heavy metals in the water body were low when compared with the national and international standards (Table 7).

The results of the heterotrophic bacterial population in the water samples, incubated at 220C and 370C were 1.1 x 104cfu/ml both at the upstream and downstream. The results showed that the total bacterial count marginally exceeded the maximum recommended limit of 100 colonies/ml at 22 0C and 20 colonies/ml at 370C. Overall, the water samples within the watershed are fit for potable use albeit with treatment if required for drinking.

3.9 Climate and Meteorology of the Study Area Awka is in the tropical zone Nigeria and experience two distinct seasons brought about by the two predominant winds that rule the area: the south western monsoon winds from across the Sahara desert. The monsoon winds from the Atlantic creates seven months of heavy tropical rains which occur between April and October which are then followed by five month of dryness (November-March). The harmattan also known as Ugulu in Igbo is particularly dry and dusty wind which enter Nigeria in late December or in the early part of January and is characterized by a grey haze Limiting visibility and blocking the suns rays.

Rainfall (i.e. amount and distribution) is the single most important element for defining the climatic seasons in the tropics where the project corridor is located characterized by two dominant seasons; the wet and the dry seasons. Other significant climatic elements in the area are sunshine (hours), atmospheric pressure, wind (direction and speed), and relative humidity. The pattern of some of these elements for the past ten years (2002 - 2011) is highlighted.

Rainfall: Rain falls in many months of the year. However, the characteristics vary indirectly with latitudinal location but directly with the location of the ITD and monsoon-initiated winds. Traditionally, onset of rains in 13

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka the project area actually starts around April, while cessation is about November. Although annual rainfall is high in Anambra State, ranging from 1,400mm in the north to 2,500mm in the south, it is concentrated in one season , with about four months of dry ness, November to February

Temperature: The temperature in Awka (Aroma) is generally a comfortable temperature of between 27- 300C between June and December and rises to 32-340C between January and April with the last few months for the dry season marked by intense heat.

Wind Speed and Directions The mean annual wind speed vary between a narrow range of 4.0 and 6.2m/s. Speeds are higher between July and August, the period of August break. Conversely, at the peak of the rainy season in September and October, wind speeds are lowest, measuring between 4.1and 4.2 m/s. From December, wind speeds begin to rise steadily till March, just before the rains begins and later rises during the August break

There are slightly lower speeds in October/February while high wind speeds are obtained from March to September. The wind pattern follows the migratory ITD. According to the statistics available for the last ten years the prevalent wind directions is South-westerly. Often, the South-westerlies dominate the wetter period of the year in the area while North-easterlies dominate the drier season. Depending on the shifts in the pressure belts in the neighbouring Gulf of Guinea, they are interspersed respectively by South- easterlies and North-westerlies

Humidity (RH) RH is usually in excess of 70%, especially during the peak of the wet s eason (Figure 7). This is understandable given the geographical location and the fact that rain falls almost all the year round. Highest values of 78% occur in June to October and the lowest value of 57% was recorded in February.

Figure 3.1: Average Relative Humidity in Study area for the period 2001 – 2012

3.10 Noise Level Assessment The noise level was measured using a sound level meter called N09AQ Environment meter, which was calibrated before being used for the analysis. The noise levels were taken at three sampling points; within the proposed site, 30m upwind and 30m downwind. The readings recorded from the digital meter were in decibels dB(A). The meter’s measurement range is between 35-100dB. A noise level smart sensor digital level meter measured at different points ranged from 40.1 to 52.1 ɖB(A). The noise values fall within the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMnEv) limits of 50 to 60ɖB(A) for residential areas. The noise level at different points is shown on Table 4.5.

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka Table 3.3: Ambient Noise levels at project Intervention Zone Station Location Noise Level (dB) Northings Eastings 1 N05.75120 E007.82529 48.7 2 N05.75179 E007.82515 41.0 3 N05.75115 E007.82586 40.1 4 N05.75220 E007.82577 40.3 5 N05.75293 E007.82620 52.1 Control NO5.75193 E007.82529 41.4 FMENV LIMIT FOR RESIDENTIAL AREAS 50-60 Field work, 2014

3.11 Air Quality Assessment The results of the baseline in situ ambient quality assessment were based on direct measurements using potable gas analyzers. The ambient air quality around the proposed project area was measured at three points around the project area. The air quality parameters were measured using the Multi Rae 11 digital gas monitor.

The levels of the air quality parameter measured are shown in Table 6. With the exception of hydrogen sulphide, Ammonia and oxides of sulphur level in proposed intervention area which was Not Detected (ND), the level of Nitrogen and Carbon monoxide gasses in the area was within the Federal Ministry of Environment’s limit for the gaseous compoundin the proposed project area. The value for the Nitrogen oxide gas was uniform across the three sampled stations, and carbon monoxide (0.5ppm) gas was only detected at the last sampled site (station 3). If these gasses exceed the above threshold levels, its major effects are respiratory problems. CO emission is usually caused by incomplete combustion of fuels. The levels of suspended particulate matters range from 26 to 60µgm-3, and the values are below the threshold limits set by the Federal ministry of Environment (FMEnv).

3.12 Land use in Awka Awka Territory covers 10 km, which is rapidly developing into a mass of urban areas growing to merge with each other. The areas not built upon has been due to certain natural barriers for development such as several water/flood courses, erosion sites, ravines, deep valleys, shrines, religious forests and traditional sites. Land use is distributed over residential, industrial, commercial, administrative and agricultural

Housing is very dominant, but uses here a very mixed as commercial activities, informal activities are carried out within the curtillages of buildings, with every inch of the spaces around the homes, for air circulation and ventilation almost built over.

Table 3.4: Results of Air Quality measurements taken at the proposed intervention zone Stations Location Parameter (µg/m3) Northings Eastings NOx SOx CO H2S NH3 SPM VOC 3 (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) ug/m (CH4) Station 1 N05.75120 E007.82529 0.50 <0.01 <0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 26.00 10 Station 2 N05.75115 E007.82586 0.50 <0.01 <0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 43.00 ≤0.01 Station 3 N05.75293 E007.82620 0.50 <0.01 0.5 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 60.00 25 Control NO5.75193 E007.82529 0.04 <0.01 0.1 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 51.00 <0.01 FMENV LIMIT 75.00 26.00 10.00 <0.01 0.20 250.00 160.00 Field Work, 2014

3.13 Ecological Hazards and Environmentally Sensitive Areas The main ecological hazards in the state are accelerated gully erosion and flooding. Extensive forest clearing for different development such as drainage construction, especially in the urban areas and continuous cropping with little or no replenishment of soil nutrients, have resulted in the disruption of the ecological equilibrium of the natural forest ecosystem. Such a situation in a region of loosely consolidated friable soils is prone to erosion, giving rise to extensive gully formation. In the low plains, heavy rains often 15

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka result in excessive flooding, such that the undulations or higher upland occupied by settlements are marooned for some months.

At the intervention site area, the Mmiri-Monkey appears to serve as a sink for runoffs from rainfall and even the gully. In addition, the area serves as a habitant for the black Monkeys that adorn the environment. Thus worrisome is Mmiri Monkey with its marshy wetland as well as rich species of monkeys that could lose their habitat if adequate attention is not paid at the planning stage to preserve the ticket.

The none intervention with the proposed work could also spell, is also of ecological concern due to siltation of Mmiri monkey as eroded soil is transported by the action of rain supported by steep slope to marshy area.

In addition, some structures of Catholic such as Reverend Father’s house and other private homes are threatened as well with continued expanse of the gully.

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka SECTION FOUR: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS

4.1 Introduction This section focuses on the socio-economic characteristics condition of people living in the project site area. It also present the stakeholders’ consultation held with the stakeholders.

4.2 The People and Religion Predominantly, the race that is settled in Awka is the Igbo race. The people are predominantly Christians and mostly orthodox churches. 90% are Catholics, while the other 10% are other denominations or religion.

4.3 Occupation and Livelihood Ethnically, the people are widely known to be very resourceful, hardworking, sociable, friendly, accommodating and peace loving. They are highly enterprising and are reputed for their business acumen. Skilled manpower resources are readily available in every field of human endeavour. In the past, the people of Awka South LGA were well known for blacksmithing. Today they are respected among the Igbo people of Nigeria for their technical and business skills. thus Blacksmiths, farmers and businessmen. Awka town is known basically as the seat of indigenous technology and craft. Carving and iron works industry predominate the area.

It noteworthy National Bureau of Statistics (2012) noted that the unemployment rate in Anambra State is among the highest in the South East Zone, at 21.3% which is higher than the national average of 21.1%. As at 2008, 57.4% of the people live below a dollar per day. A majority, 62.0% of the men and 67.2% of the women were noted to be self-employed

4.4 Education According to statistical data from the National Bureau of Statistics (2012), Anambra has only 0.4% of the men and 1.5% of the women in Anambra State have no formal education which is very low by national standards

The tertiary institutions in the state include a Federal university (NnamdiAzikiwe University, Awka), a state university (Anambra State University, Awka), two private universities (Tansian University, Oba and Madonna University, Ihiala), one federal polytechnic (Federal Polytechnic, Oko), a college of education (Federal College of Education, Umunze) and a university of education (NwaforOrizu University of Education – formerly the Nwafor Orizu College of Education).

4.5 Population and Settlement Pattern Anambra state is one of the most densely populated states in Nigeria. The project location site is part of Awka South with a population of 189,654 based on the national census of 2006 with annual growth rate of 2.79% and occupies a land area of 180km2 Analysis of population by sex shows a near even distribution between male (97,815) and female population (91,234) with population per household put at 4.70. The urban nature of the intervention site area has given rise to more compact residential buildings which in

4.6 Economy The project location site area, Awka, is the administrative headquarters of Anambra State. Civil servants both State and Federal thus live and work here. The Nnamdi Azikiwe University and St. Paul’s University are two tertiary educational institutions located in Awka. Education and administration are thus significant sources of employment in the territory. Contribution of industry and agriculture to the economy of the city is presently low. The informal sector, mainly petty traders, blacksmiths, roadside mechanics and others are very dominant and visible in the city’s landscape

4.7 Poverty Index According to statistical data from the earlier days of the town was essentially dispersed.National Bureau of Statistics (2012), Anambra has a poverty index of 22.8%, the 3rd highest in the South East Zone. About

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka 47.6% of the state’s population is core poor, 45.0% is moderately poor and only 7.4% is classified as non- poor, which means 92% of Anambra citizens are poor. However in a recent study by Adeola (2013), the Poverty Incidence in Awka south LGA showed that that 61.8% are none poor and 38.2% are poor based on 50th Percentile

4.8 Gender & Governance The prevailing culture is based on the concept of patriarchy which believes in the superiority, supremacy and primacy of the men folk over the women relegating them as the weaker sex. Hence women had been discriminated against in many spheres of economic and social life.

4.9 Public Opinion - Responses Survey Instrument (Questionnaire) In order to create awareness and elicit comments on the proposed intervention work from the nearest would-be affected persons and other stakeholders beyond the Focused Group Discussion that was held, an administration of structured questionnaires and oral interviews of persons found within a radius of 1000metres were carried out. A sample-size of 65 respondents was randomly selected to represent the situation in the area.

4.9.1 Age, Sex and number of Children of Respondents Fig.4.9 depicts the age distribution of the respondents. It reveals that (30%) of the persons were within the age bracket of 18 to 35 years of age while (34%) were within the age bracket of 46 to 65 years broken into 46-55 years old, 17% and 56-65 years, 17%. 28% of the respondents were within the age bracket of 36 to 45 years of age. Underage (legal age) of less than 18 years old were 8% while there was none above 65 years of age.

Fig. 4.7 shows that majority of the respondents, 59%represented the males sampled while the remainder (41%) was males (Figure 4.1). About 78% were married while 22% were still single. Figure 4.8 reveals that 23% of the respondents have 3-4 children while 9% have 5-6 children, 11% of them have above six children and 15% have 1-2 children while 2% have none.

Fig. 4.3: Age of respondents (years)

Fig. 4.1: Marital status Fig. 4.2: No of children of respondents

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

4.9.2 Religion and Level of Education Over half (86%) of the respondents were found to be Christians while the remaining 14% were Muslims

4.9.3 Occupation Civil Servants dominate the respondents interviewed, making about 41% followed by Business people making about 21%. Others belong to other works of life.

Fig. 4.4: Respondents’ Occupations

4.9.4 Average income of respondents According to Figure 3.6, 31.58% of the respondents earning below 15,000, while 26.32% of them earn between 15,000 and 30,000.28.95% of the respondents are average income earners, earning between 30,001 and 60,000. The High income earners i.e. >60,000 are 13.16%.

Fig. 4.5: Average Income of Respondents

4.9.5 Awareness of the Proposed Intervention Project The response gotten from the respondents towards the awareness of the proposed intervention zone is significantly loud, which is achieved with the priority gully community stakeholders meeting 83% of the respondents in the area agreed to the response of being aware of the proposed intervention site, while 17% of the respondents claimed not to have any idea on the intervention projects within their zone but all gave their view positively on the encouragement of the proposed intervention project.

Fig 4.6: Proposed project Awareness among Respondents 19

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

4.9.6 Respondents Important Valuables to be protected Several community and private valuables were categorized for priority selection for protection. Fig 3.8 shows that the respondents most important valuable for protection are the people53% ( the language phrase the respondents used were “Nduka” meaning when there is life, there is hope) , followed by the people’s property 27%, the church 15% then the water bodies 2%. No recorded response for shrine.

Fig 4.7: Respondents Important Valuables to be protected

4.9.7 Perception of Service Delivery in the State Communities in Anambra State have a stake in issues of service delivery. Of the 8 communities where the FGDs were conducted, only one respondent in a community (Men FGD, Ukwulu) expressed satisfaction with service delivery. All other communities representing 99.6% of respondents expressed a high degree of dissatisfaction with the level of service delivery in the state.

4.10 HEALTH STATUS ASSESSMENT This sub-section presents the baseline health data of communities in the Territory. It is comprised mainly of information (perception) generated from sampled groups around the project site and members of the communities.

4.10.1 Respondents Common Health Problems Majority of the respondents (45.7%) indicated that Malaria was the most prevailing health problems, followed by typhoid fever (24%). Other health problems noted by the respondents include pile (0.3%), dysentery (0.9), ringworm (0.1%), measles (0.2%), asthma (2%), rheumatism (0.1%), tuberculosis (0.2%), cough 5% and others (0.5%).

4.10.2 Awareness of HIV/AIDS Overall 91.86% of respondents confirmed that they are aware of HIV/AIDS but only 1.77% admitted knowing persons living with HIV/AIDS. This implies the incidence of awareness is high however.

4.10.3 Awareness of Malaria Many respondents had fever several times in the last one year. 24% of respondents had fever 4 times, 19% three times, 24% two times, 15% one time and 18% none. This demonstrates that there was a recurring high incidence of fever among respondents in the last one year.

4.10.4 Respondents Opinion on Causes of Health Health problems are commonly traced to the causes. The respondents identified lack of or poor basic infrastructure (38%), bad weather condition (15%) and economic situation (45%) were the priority cause of their health problems.

4.10.5 Risk of Health Problem as a result of the Intervention Work Majority (98%) of the respondent are of the opinion that they are not at risk of any health problem as regards the intervention work. The remaining 2% are not sure or feels they are at risk of health problems 20

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

4.10.6 Main Source of Water Supply to the Facility The main source of water supply to most facilities is borehole with 51%, pipe water 20%, open well 15%, covered well 5% and others 9%.

4.10.7 Availability of Health Care Facility Majority of respondents 77.31% stated that there are health facilities in their communities while 22.69% confirmed the existence of no immediate health care facility in their communities. A further 6% are not so sure.

4.10.8 Respondents Perception of Health Facility For respondents who said that they have health facility in their communities, 54% of them said the facilities are functional and could readily attend to them, 40% said they are fairly functional because of the ways services are handled and 6% claimed they are not functional as they do not receive deserved attention when needed.

4.11 Community Consultations The consultation carried out in the course of the preparation of this ESMP dovetailed that already initiated and established by SPMU which, as the case may be, SPMU routinely carries out in the project zone.

It is recognised that one key factor that exists in all successful approaches to project development and implementation is participation by relevant stakeholders. The more direct involvement of the local level people in the planning and management processes, the greater the likelihood that resource use and protection problems will be solved as well as the likelihood of development opportunities occurring in a balanced way and to the broad benefit of all communities in the project area.

Community Participation was considered in the entire process as a fundamental tool for: managing two- way communication between the SPMU and the public, building understanding and improving decision- making by actively involving relevant stakeholders, especially the project affected persons groups and organizations with a stake and reducing the likelihood for conflict

4.11.1 The Objectives of Community Consultations 1. Canvass the inputs, views and concerns; and take account of the information and views of the public in the project design and in decision making. 2. Obtain local and traditional knowledge that may be useful for decision-making; 3. Facilitate consideration of alternatives, mitigation measures and tradeoffs and ensure that important impacts are not overlooked and benefits maximized; 4. Reduce conflict through the early identification of contentious issues; 5. Provide an opportunity for the public to influence the designs and implementation in a positive manner; 6. Improve transparency and accountability in decision-making; and Increase public confidence in the project.

4.11.2 The Stakeholders Consulted and their Concerns The key stakeholders identified and consulted in the area include leaders in the communities, individual people who own properties that will be directly or indirectly affected and business owners, etc. A list of those that had been met is shown in Appendix 7 and the issues discussed. Plate 4 shows Some Relevant Stakeholders met during the consultations.

At the meeting the overview of the proposed project and appreciation of ESMP were presented. Furthermore, the challenges that could impede the implementation of the project and the support needed from all parties to ensure effective project and successful implementation were also told to the stakeholders.

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka A summary of the issues/comments raised by the various stakeholders and how the issues were/are addressed at the meetings or by the Project are highlighted in Box 5.1.

Plates 2: Some of the Stakeholders at the Meeting

Box 4.1: A summary of the Outcome of the Consultation Meetings Issues/Comments Raised by Communities Response/How Addressed at the meetings or by the Project  We are very happy to see the project come out  SPMU is happy to have everyone’s support as the successful as we shall cooperate and support the project is for the common good of everyone, successful execution of the project. especially those that are close to the gully corridors.  This erosion problem have been giving us nightmare  With the supervision of the World bank and even you  For those of us who are very close to the road, what the community members, the quality of work can be shall happen to our assets? ensured.  Opinions of the people must be made to count by  The sites to work on are many, but this is one of the utilizing information/suggestion provided first to be given priority  Please, ensure that the quality of the rehabilitation is  Qualified persons shall be engaged by the worthwhile so that we do not face reoccurrence again. contractors at the various sites on merit.  Aside the main gullies mentioned any other one to  The project shall commence once all the necessary be worked on? documentations are ready  How soon will the project commence?

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka SECTION 5: ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

5.1 Introduction This Section contains a summary of the impacts that are likely to result from the intervention work as a result of the interaction between the project components and the environmental elements. The method employed for impact identification and evaluation is also given in this Section.

5.2 Impact Identification and Evaluation The identification and management of impacts associated with work activities were based on a risk assessment method which involves:  Identification of intervention activities that may interact with the site environment.  Implementing controls to reduce the risk of impacts.  Monitoring the effectiveness of the controls.

The key activities of the proposed intervention work were identified and then interacted through the pathways (or events) that may cause impacts on the environment. The associated potential impacts where then identified and listed. The risk of the impacts occurring was analysed by determining the consequenc e severity of the impacts and the likelihood of consequences occurring. The severity of the consequences was determined using a Consequence Severity Table and the likelihood of an impact resulting from a pathway was determined with a Likelihood Ranking Table and then the level of risk was determined using a Risk Matrix (Table 5.1).

To prevent or minimise the impacts, controls were placed on the pathways in this order of priority:  Elimination of the activity.  Substitution with a lower risk activity.  Best solutions (engineering and administrative) to reduce the impact of the event and/or control the activity.  Clean up or remediation measures to mitigate impacts after an event.

Table 5.1: Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking & Risk Matrix Tables Consequence Severity Table Level Consequence 1 Insignificant No detectable impact to the existing environment 2 Minor Short term or localized impact 3 Moderate Prolonged but recoverable impact on the environment and commercial industries 4 Major Prolonged impact to the environment which may not be recoverable andthreatens an ecological community, the conservation of species or the sustainedviability of commercial industries. 5 Catastrophic Non-recoverable change to existing environment leading to loss of endangeredspecies or creation of human health risk. Likelihood Ranking Table Level Likelihood A Almost The incident is expected to occur most of the time (i.e. every time). certain B Likely The incident will probably occur in most circumstances (i.e. regularly, weekly) C Moderate The incident should occur at some time (i.e. quarterly) D Unlikely The incident could occur at some time during the life of the project. E Rare The incident may occur only in exceptional circumstances and may never happen.

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

Table 5.1: Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking & Risk Matrix Tables, cont’d Risk Matrix Table

Where:  H (High impact) - Senior management involvement and planning needed  S (Significant impact) - Senior management attention needed and careful planning and implementation  M (Moderate) - Impact Management responsibility must be specified  L (Low impact) - Manage by routine procedures.

5.3 Potential Environmental and Social Impacts of the Project 5.3.1 The Project Benefits The project is envisaged to have a range of positive environmental and social impacts. Some of these are a function of the objectives of the project, while others are a function of the way in which the project is designed to meet its objectives. The major benefits will occur in the form of improved erosion management and gully rehabilitation which will provide for:  Reduced loss of infrastructure including roads, houses, etc.  Reduced loss of agricultural land and productivity from soil loss caused by surface erosion.  Reduced siltation in rivers leading to less flooding and the preservation of the water systems for improved access to domestic water supply.  Reduced risks of floods (due to reduced siltation)  Progressively restored vegetative cover, improved environmental conditions and more humid local microclimates. This results in increased vegetation cover for wildlife and carbon sequestration.  Environmental improvements due to land stabilization measures which preserve the landscape and biodiversity.

5.3.2 Negative Environmental and Social Impacts The proposed development unfortunately is also likely to exert adverse impacts on the social and physical environment within which it is executed. These impacts can be divided into short-term construction related impacts and long-term operation unavoidable impacts. The short-term impacts include construction traffic, dust, construction related noise, and disruption of vehicle and pedestrian traffic.

A more project specific potential negative impacts and the level of impacts that could emanate from the projects are summarized below according to the phase (Table 5.2).

5.3.2.1 Construction Phase The most damaging impact normally occurs during the construction stage. Generally, due to the type, duration and nature of construction activities envisaged, the anticipated environmental impacts are not 24

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka expected to be significant. Construction activities are one time activities and not permanent, about six months - one year. Based on the duration of the construction activities, impacts associated with construction activities are rated “Low” on duration. Nevertheless, unless good construction management practices are followed, the short-term construction- related impacts shall include impacts such as increased runoff, air quality, noise and vibration, drainage, flooding and solid wastes management. Social impacts are likely on land use, displacement/interference with abutting asset, traffic congestion and health and safety.

5.3.2.2 Operation Phase The operational Phase could be seen as the long-term, permanent activity and thus impacts under this as well as their management issues are considered recurring problems. Therefore the impacts are expected to be long-term operation and unavoidable impacts. These are likely to consist mainly of waste generation due to the activities of the users, and also due to inspection, maintenance, etc.

5.3.2.3 Decommissioning Phase In reality, an erosion control project is not expected to be decommissioned. In case this project is decommissioned, the likely impacts are as follows:  Soil erosion resulting from improper reinstatement of excavated soil, paved surface or stabilised area with structures  Air quality degradation and noise generation in the course of excavation to remove/break down structures  Hazards/risks and accidents  Waste management problems

5.3.3 Irreversible Environmental Changes The proposed project sites will neither consume nor alter significant land, environmental and socio-cultural resources except for structures within 15m of the set back. The proposed project will not generate other significant demands on natural resources of the immediate or surrounding area nor disturb archaeological sites. Thus no long-term losses of significant resources are anticipated during the intervention works.

5.3.4 Cumulative /Secondary Environmental and Social Impacts Cumulative impacts are changes to the environment that are caused by an activity in combination with other past, present and future human activities. The concept of cumulative effects is an important one. It holds that while impacts may be small individually, the overall impact of all environmental changes affecting the receptors taken together can be significant. When a resource is nearing its tolerance threshold, a small change can push it over. The objective of the cumulative impact assessment is to identify the environmental and/or socio-economic aspects that may not on their own constitute a significant impact but when combined with impacts from past, present or reasonable foreseeable future activities associated with this and/or other projects, result in a larger and more significant impacts.

The envisaged cumulative /secondary impacts arising from the intervention works is considered minimal. This is based on the fact that the project area is not located close to any environmental sensitive area or human habitation; there is no known environmental degrading facility close to the project location. Most importantly, the project is an intervention work to rehabilitate devastated environment, per se. Thus, no environmentally disruptive impacts are associated cumulatively. The project plan includes the planting of vegetation which are environmentally supportive.

5.3.5 Environmental justice The intervention activity serves the entire public based on the location. Thus it is not meant for a particular section of the society. The neighborhood within which the intervention will take place will rather be enhanced and not affected negatively by the physical environmental impacts more than other areas.

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

Table 5.2: Identified Potential Environmental and Social Impacts S/N Envisaged Activities Potential Impact + Impact level / - N L M H A Planning & Preparatory activities Civil Work Construction 1. Movement of Equipment &  Dust raising and noise generation X materials  Increase in noise nuisance  Accidents 2. Land acquisition for right of  Displacement of asset X way B Construction C BIOPHYSICAL ISSUES 1. 1Site clearing of set-back  Removal of Flora & fauna X from edge of gully  Displacement of asset 2. Earthworks - Excavation,  Disturbance of the natural drainage of site x grading, compaction, filling  Increase in the amount of disturbed soil and and other civil works could in turn increases the amount of erosion which can occur.  Increase sedimentation and runoff  Risk of pollution to watercourses  Destruction of visual scenery  Damage to abutting land use construction sites 3. 2Gully Treatement/  Failure of lined drainage channels and energy x . Stabilisation/Use of dissipaters after major storms/runoffs enters the Vegetation as control & channel. buffers Grass-lined  Debris/ sediment accumulation in outlets and Channel (Turf points where concentrated flow enters the reinforcement mats) channels, bank instability, and scour holes developing  Failure due to poor integration between physical and biological measures.  Failure to complete the treatment works for any reason – tantamount to not getting the required protection and a waste of time and resources. 4. 3Structural Erosion and  Drainage lines and ephemeral waterways may x . Sediment Control Practices have areas that could be ‘erosion starters’. - Structural practices used  Degrade water quality in sediment and erosion  Alteration of local hydrology control to divert storm  Damage of valuable ecosystems and habitats water flows away from  The release of fine sediments and turbid water exposed into water body can adversely affect the health areas, convey runoff, and biodiversity of aquatic life in water body prevent sediments from downstream, increase in the concentration of moving offsite, and can nutrients and metals, reduce light penetration also reduce the erosive into the water forces

5. 4Use of heavy  Vibration generate lateral waves to the x Equipment on site and surrounding structure and could lead to failure transport vehicles on the  Contaminate ground or surface water when public roads hydraulic oil, motor oil or other harmful mechanical fluids are spilled  Noise generation and air quality degradation, especially dust  Sediment transport from the site onto public roads or adjacent properties via the wheels, 26

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka S/N Envisaged Activities Potential Impact + Impact level / - N L M H chassis and side of vehicles.  Disruption of visual scenery 6. 8Construction  Soil contamination, Unhygienic work environment x . camp and crew and disturbance of the neighbourhood  Dis-affection in the community 7. 9Storing  Loss of the stockpiled material x . Materials/  Damage to valuable ecosystems and habitats  Leaks of hazardous materials from equipment or storage 8. 1Social Issues  Poor social interaction between community 0 members and workers (from another social setting). 9. 1Waste/Spoil disposal  High volume of waste/spoil x 1  Spoil tipped away from designated areas 10. 1Local culture and society  Socio-cultural values may be altered and the x 3 stability of communities adversely affected by presence of construction workers in the area  Exposure to rapid social change or touris m. 11. 1Land use/Land take  Displacement of assets or means of livelihood 4 x

12. 1Utility Disruptions  Construction activities and the need to realign x 5 utility supply lines

13. 1Quarry for fill materials  Use of agricultural land X 6  Exposure of other erosion prone sites 14. 1Site Work – occupational  Excavation exposes inhabitants and crew to risk x 7& Public Safety and Health of falls and injuries in excavation pits  Use of equipment and movement of vehicles includes accident rates/ traffic hazards.  Burrow Areas for fill materials could lead to accidents  Exposure to excessive and continuous noise and vibration from construction activities D  Operation and Maintenance 1 Maintenance  Poor maintenance create gullies and standing x X pools, Create mud-holes, potholes  Breed disease vectors in settling basins and retention ponds E  Decommissioning 1 Break up old surface and  Cause soil erosion, Degrade water quality X soil, etc.  Dust generation, Damage valuable ecosystems and habitat  Disruption of the secondary/ newly emerged flora

5.4 Analysis of Project Alternatives In the context of this ESMP, analysis of project alternatives refers to the performance of the natural and socio-economic resources with or without the project or with or without the implementation of the measures of this ESMP and/or other safeguard instrument considered appropriate.

The need for analysis of project alternatives is based on being able to judge the sustainability in time, as a complement to the evaluation phase of the project, it is considered relevant to establish the behaviour of the environment into the future. For this purpose, some alternatives are analyzed to evaluate the character,

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka magnitude and time within which alterations are caused over each one of the environmental elements, considering or not the implementation of the ESMP for the project.

For intervention work of this nature, there are usually a number of viable options that can be considered. These alternatives include: the no project option; delayed project; alternative site/location and project execution option. For this project, analysis of the various alternatives is presented as follows:

5.4.1 No Project Option The no project option implies that the intervention work shall not be executed; hence there is no need to carry out this study. This option is environmentally friendly as the site will remain in its current state and perhaps widen due to natural forces without even any interference from man. Nevertheless, this situation will worsen and put the activities of man and the environment into further jeopardy since the area is already exposed to the forces of erosion. The intervention work is designed to stop these forces and mitigate any negative impacts that may arise.

Therefore, choosing the no project option will mean a loss of efforts made by all parties to ensure the erosive forces do not continue to pose risk to lives and the environment and even loss of job opportunity to Nigerians. The ‘no project option’ is therefore not considered a viable option.

5.4.2 Delayed Project Option This option implies that the planned intervention be delayed until a much later date. Such option is usually taken when conditions are unfavourable to project implementation such as in heavy rainfall, war situation, or where the host community is deeply resentful to it. Also, if the prevailing economic climate is not quite favourable, then delayed option may be feasible. None of these conditions is applicable at present. Further delay will mean the onset of heavy rainfall that is not favourable for the proposed treatment method. At present, both the economic and the political environment and natural environmental phenomena are most favourably disposed towards it. Therefore, the implication of delayed project option will mean that all the preliminary work and associated efforts/ costs incurred would have come to nothing. Also, because of inflationary trends, such a delay may result in unanticipated increase in project costs, which may affect the final target from the project. These, and other related problems make adopting the delayed option impracticable.

5.4.3 Go Ahead Option This option means going ahead to implement the intervention work. This also entails incorporating professional advice on the most practicable option such as are spelt out in this ESMP and other relevant safeguard instruments and/or best practices relating to the execution of the intervention. This will definitely reassure the public of their safety and the environment. It will also aid employment creation. The environmental threats from the gully erosion will be reduced drastically, if not totally solved in that area. This option is therefore considered the most viable and recommended for implementation.

However, in going ahead, appropriate measures for the gully treatment must be adopted and applied.

5.4.4 Gully Treatment Options Treatment of gullies depends on a range of factors including: the size of the gully, whether it is actively eroding or not, the soil type, the size and frequency of water flow, the gradient of the area and the desired use of the land after rehabilitation. The situation of the proposed intervention area shows that the best option to be employed include the following as provided in the engineering designs:

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka  To cover the upstream of the gully to the downstream include the following: Channel, Road, Drains, Culvert, Check dam (3no) and Rip-Rap: o From Ekwulobia road to about 50m along the Neros Plaza road a channel is designed to replace the old and existing drain for lack of capacity and functionality. The channel is followed by a check dam of height 4.5m at the gully head. Immediately after the check dam is a chute that goes down a depth of 13m below its start point. The chute is connected to a stilling basin embedded into the ground at a depth of two metres. Another check dam downstream follows the stilling basin towards the end of the gully. At this point, rip-raps are applied to forestall further erosion, the water then disperse further down into the stream. o The road also, along Neros Plaza is designed to have kerbstones and chutes since it slopes towards the gully to drain surface water into the gully up to 50m length. Due to the topography one side drain is provided from there down to the stream where the road diverges from the gully. There is also provision for filling on some sections of the gully, shaping of slope, stone-pitching on the side of the slope and planting of approved grasses as bio measures of gully erosion control

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka SECTION 6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

6.1 Introduction In order to ensure that environmental and social management objectives and actions are integrated into the project planning and design based on identified impacts, this Section has been developed. It provides specific description of the impacts identified, mitigation measures as well as the institutional arrangements, i.e. who is responsible for carrying out the mitigating and monitoring measures (for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting and staff training). The ESMP is implemented during the construction phase and, thereafter, throughout the project life-cycle up to, and including, decommissioning.

6.2 Mitigation Measures The mitigation measures are activities aimed at reducing the severity, avoiding or controlling project impacts and where possible enhance environmental quality through the designed alternatives, scheduling or other means. Mitigation may be in the form of avoidance (alternative action taken to avoid impact), compensatory payment of money or replacement in kind for losses or recreation of lost/damaged habitat.

The measures proposed are specific, measurable, achievable and relevant to the proposed and time based (SMART). The measures also took into account the environmental laws in Nigeria, and internationally and the principles of sustainable development and best available technology.

Most of the likely impacts due to the proposed project have been considered in the design and selection of treatment options.

Table 6.1 outlines a summary of the potential impacts associated with the project, together with corresponding mitigation measures and other institutional responsibility.

Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan

S/N Activitie Potential Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring Fr equency Responsibilit Cost s Indicators y (N)m Envisag ed A  Moblisation/ Preparatory activities 1. Land Displacement of Compensation for Resettlement Before SPMU Cost of acquisiti asset any affected assets, Action Plan actual the RAP on for Negative Engage PAPs in (RAP) displaceme + right of perception and meaningful available, nt mitigatio way discontent consultations Harmonious n expressions by relation with measur members of the community es community. 2. Movem Dust raising and Raise public Levels in During Contractor, 0.05 ent of Increase in noise awareness of relation to Moblisation SPMU Equipm nuisance unusual activity regulatory /actual Safeguard ent & Plan activities such limits lower, movement officer Material that Regulatory limits Number or to the s are not exceeded absence of site/staging Limit work hours, public including use of complaints equipment and vehicle, to daylight hours

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan

S/N Activitie Potential Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring Fr equency Responsibilit Cost s Indicators y (N)m Envisag ed 3 Movem Reduction in air Employ fuel efficient Levels in During Contractor, 0.05 ent of quality due to and well maintained relation to Moblisation SPMU Equipm vehicular haulage trucks with regulatory /actual ESSO ent & movement proper exhaust limits, movement officer Material system to minimize Number or to the s emissions. absence of site/staging All parked vehicles public on the site shall have complaints their engines turned off; Service vehicles as at when due and stick to manufacturers’ specifications in use Develop and follow a controlled fueling, maintenance and servicing protocol Ensure low speeds on unpaved ground” and “Wetting of dusty surfaces 4 Movem Accidents - Place visible warning Zero During Contractor, 0.1 ent of Movement of signs on roads and accident/No Moblisation SPMU Equipm heavy equipment vehicles of accidents /actual ESSO ent & to worksite which Raise public movement officer Material may pose danger awareness of to the s - to public unusual activity site/staging Health Ensure appropriate & drivers training Safety Issues - Sub-total 0.2 B.  Construction BIOPHYSICAL ISSUES 1 Site Removal of Flora Perform clearance in Absence of Once Contractor, 0.050 clearing &fauna stages land during site SPMU + of set- Displacement of Minimize area to be degradation clearance ESSO Payme back asset cleared, clearly mark due to Officer, MoE nt via from area prior to avoidable edge of clearing, monitor to vegetation RAP gully ensure no extra clearance/no clearing scar, Develop absence of compensation plan complaint for displaced asset from communities 2. General Failure due to poor  Careful planning  Absence of  During Cotractor, Part of Treatmen integration between and attention to failure due Constructi SPMU ESSO contracto t of the physical and detail to poor on Officer, MoE r cost gully biological  Remove the cause integration  MoW, erosion, measures. of the gullying. between FPMU, Failure to complete Ensure quality work physical and World Bank the treatment works  Do gully filling only biological for any reason – after the water flow measures 31

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan

S/N Activitie Potential Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring Fr equency Responsibilit Cost s Indicators y (N)m Envisag ed tantamount to not that caused the getting the required gully has been protection anda controlled or waste of time and diverted above the resources. gully head. Otherwise fill placed in the gully is likely to be undermined and washed away.  Avoid filling gullies with rubbish, logs, rocks, car bodies and other foreign material that are not suitable.  Use earthen banks that divert runoff away from the gully head, and convert it to slower, less erosive flow away from the actively eroding area. (P&D) (C) (O&M) 3. Gully Accumulation of Design structures so Absence of During Contractor, Part of Stabilis debris, sediment that the flow in the debris Constructio SPMU contracto ation, accumulation, died gully is reduced to a accumulation n, ESSO r cost Use of grasses, non-scouring velocity No of debris especially Officer, MoE Vegetati shrub/bush and Plant vegetation remove and after heavy MoW on as tree planted, lack between the repairs made downpour control of integrity structures and the on outlets of rain & gully stabilised and points buffers - Locations of the where Grass- structures must be concentrated lined placed so that as flow enters Channel much sediment is channels, (Turf collected as structures. reinforc possible, while still No of ement ensuring that the inspection mats) structures are stable. made on Sites should also be lined relatively smooth at drainage the gully floor, and channels and have a gentle slope energy between the gully dissipaters floor and sides. after major Choose the right storms/rainfal time to do it. From l . late Dry season to Vegetation early onset of rainy self- season before heavy sustaining for rains is generally a [once in two suitable time as months for there is less chance two years] of high volumes of run-off, yet there is sufficient soil 32

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan

S/N Activitie Potential Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring Fr equency Responsibilit Cost s Indicators y (N)m Envisag ed moisture and warmth to promote the growth of vegetation. Monitor vegetation until self-sustaining

Establish a vegetative barrier (e.g., bushes or trees) between the site and the nearest buildings and/or the roads, especially at Aquinas area

4. Earthwo Disturb the natural Develop a site plan Number of During Contractor, Part of rks - drainage of site, that does not require drainage Constructio SPMU contracto Excavat Increase the a significant amount lines and n, ESSO r cost ion, amount of of grade changes– ephemeral especially Officer, MoE grading, disturbed soil and that fits into existing waterways after heavy MoW compac could in turn land contours. that could be downpour tion, increases the Site that will not be ‘erosion of rain filling amount of erosion re-disturbed for a starters’. and which can occur. long period should No of other Increase be stabilized to Complaint civil sedimentation and reduce the erosion from the works runoff force community Risk of pollution to These areas until due to poor watercourses they are disturbed water again. E.g. if soil quality/sedim excavated from a entation temporary sediment Trap is stockpiled to be used later to backfill the trap (when the area is stabilized) then the stockpile Carry out earthworks operations such that surfaces have adequate falls, profiling and drainage to control run-off and prevent ponding and flooding. Control run-off through silt/sediment traps as appropriate to minimise the turbidity of water in outfall areas. 5 Use of Vibration generate As much as possible Absence/nu During Contractor, heavy lateral waves to avoid use of heavy mber of oil Constructio SPMU 33

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan

S/N Activitie Potential Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring Fr equency Responsibilit Cost s Indicators y (N)m Envisag ed Equipm the surrounding duty equipment like leakage/spill, n, ESSO ent on structure and bulldozers, pay absence of Officer, MoE 0.1 site and could lead to loaders and trucks impact on MoW transpor failure used in excavation structures/cra t Contaminate and loading at the cks/ vehicles ground or surface control site, Absence/nu on the water when Work schedule to mber of public hydraulic oil, motor minimize damage to roads oil or other harmful disturbance. abutting mechanical fluids Alert the public when construction are spilled or loud noise will be site dumped generated Absence/nu Spills, leaks or Sound-proofed mber of injuries from any machines shall be complaint type of hazardous employed due to noise material (e.g. Construction vehicle, & dust bitumen, cement, machinery and generation paint, explosives, equipment move or Absence of fuels, lubricants) station always in the sediment designated area only transport and do not carry from the site activities beyond onto public land hired/given roads or adjacent properties via the wheels, chassis and side of vehicles.

6 General Air Quality Raise public Levels in During Contractor, 0.1 Equipm Degradation awareness of relation to Moblisation SPMU ent/vehi unusual activity regulatory /actual Safeguard cle Plan activities such limits lower, movement officer movem that Regulatory limits Number or to the ent and are not exceeded absence of site/staging ground Limit work hours, public disturba including use of complaints nce equipment and vehicle, to daylight hours Employ fuel efficient and well maintained haulage trucks with proper exhaust system to minimize emissions. All parked vehicles on the site shall have their engines turned off; Service vehicles as at when due and stick to manufacturers’ specifications in use Develop and follow a 34

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan

S/N Activitie Potential Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring Fr equency Responsibilit Cost s Indicators y (N)m Envisag ed controlled fueling, maintenance and servicing protocol Ensure low speeds on unpaved ground” and “Wetting of dusty surfaces 6. Constru Soil contamination, Identify suitable Wholesome Daily/All Contractor, 0.05 ction Unhygienic work camp site in environment through SPMU camp environment and consultation with Absence of during ESSO and disturbance of the relevant authorities conflict with Constructio Officer, MoE crew surrounding Regular collection community n MoW neighbourhood and proper disposal members Dis-affection in the of Solid Waste. community Ensure and enforce Spread of good housekeeping communicable Develop and enforce disease from worker code of imported workers conduct Ensure works receive appropriate medical checks for entry into community 7. Storing loss of the Stockpiles should not Presence/abs Daily/All Contractor, 0.1 Materia stockpiled material be located within an ence of through SPMU ESSO ls/ Damage valuable overland flow path. moved stored during Officer, MoE ecosystems and In order to mitigate material by Constructio MoW habitats the flow of water rain/wind n Leaks of away from stockpiled Presence/abs hazardous material, flow ence of leaks materials from diversion banks can from equipment or be constructed up- substance storage slope of the stockpile stored to divert run-off. install a sediment fence (or heightened bund wall) on the downhill side

Social Issues 1 Waste/ Waste generation As part of contract Volume of Daily/All Contractor, 0.2 Spoil volume of requirements, waste through SPMU ESSO generati waste/spoil contractor will be generated during Officer, MoE, on & Spoil tipped away required to develop, and disposal Constructio Waste manage from designated implement and method. n Management ment areas maintain a Waste Good waste authority Management Plan management during the plan in place- construction works acceptable in with emphasise to light of best minimise waste and practice segregate waste Protection of neighborhood from debris due to construction 35

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan

S/N Activitie Potential Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring Fr equency Responsibilit Cost s Indicators y (N)m Envisag ed Minimize spoil by balancing cut and fill wherever possible Safe tipping areas identified and enforced. Spoil traps constructed. Dispose in approved sites 2 Local Conflict Incorporate methods Number of Twice Contractor, Mgt cost people within the skills of community during SPMU ESSO exclude local people. members construction Officer, Local d from Contractors involved in Government/ activitie encouraged using construction Site s local labour wherever Committee possible. 3 Quarry Use of agricultural Avoidance of Presence/abs During Contractor, 0.3 for fill land agriculture lands as ence of construction SPMU ESSO material borrow areas and scouring, Officer, Local s other sensitive areas erosion, Government/ Redevelopment of damage to Site borrow areas property, Committee, Redevelopment of water supply MoE, MoW quarries in case new disruption. quarries are setup for Complaints the Project from local people 5 Site Excavation - Develop an Zero Every day Contractor, 0.5 Work – Expose inhabitants Occupational Health Accidents/inci during SPMU ESSO occupati and crew to risk of and Safety Plan for dents construction Officer, Local onal falls and injuries in workers at all sites Government/ &Public excavation pits with specifications Site Safety excavation slope and procedures on Committee, and instability causing training, PPE, MoE, MoW Health injury/death monitoring/reporting, Dust – Use of equipment etc.. water- and movement of Take safety sprays vehicles includes precautions to protect to accident rates/ being injured by flying control traffic hazards. or falling rock particul excessive and Poorly planned ates. continuous noise borrow pits and and vibration from quarries pose threats, construction ranging from falls activities from quarry faces to Risk of water drowning in quarry source pollution pits that have become standing water reservoirs Use equipment with low operating noise levels Restrict construction works to day time hours in location close to residence 36

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan

S/N Activitie Potential Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring Fr equency Responsibilit Cost s Indicators y (N)m Envisag ed Introduce traffic/speed control devices Provide safety warning and instruction signboards Use of excavation dewatering, side- walls support, and slope gradient adjustments that eliminate or minimize the risk of collapse, entrapment, or drowning Provide safe means of ingress and egress from excavations, such as graded slopes, graded access route, or stairs and ladders a formal Occupational Health and Safety Plan for workers at all work sites that requires all the specified mitigation measures and more (training, PPE, monitoring/reporting, etc.).

Sub-total 3.00 C Operation and Maintenance Operation - Collapse of Monitor and maintain Number of Once in Community, 0.5 Maintenance structure/failu intervention work for failure of three Site and re of continued stability structure months committee, Utilization of measures and quality during dry SPMU ESSO Rehabilitate Shortcomings in the periods and Officer, MoE d Gully control structures immediately MoW, FPMU, should be corrected after heavy World Bank before they develop down pour into serious during rainy problems. season Any grass, shrub/bush and tree planted which dies should be replaced Treated gullies should be checked regularly and the healing process monitored closely. Structures built in 37

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan

S/N Activitie Potential Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring Fr equency Responsibilit Cost s Indicators y (N)m Envisag ed the gully for stabilization purpose should be observed for damage especially during rainy seasons and after heavy storms. Damaged check- dams should be repaired immediately to avoid further damage and the eventual collapse. Conduct gender study to assess the challenges and opportunities for the mainstreaming of gender concerns in the use of, access to and maintenance of the gullies Avoid delay repair even in small damage or break of control structure Operation - Unsustainabl Identification of users Number of Once every SPMU, 0.5 Maintenance e use of and development of a agreement six months FPMU, and rehabilitated use concept or signed with Community Utilization of gully areas management plan. Sustainable members, Rehabilitate crossing Before treatment of users of World Bank d Gully different land gullies, the users rehabilitated uses owned should be identified gully areas by different and the boundaries Presence/abs land users/ should be clearly ence of land Conflict demarcated, the gully users/ Conflict Disharmony rehabilitation process Disharmony in should be objective in oriented and responsibilities of owners in managing, maintaining and utilizing the gully should be agreed upon. Operation - Poor Establish a Presence/ab Once every Community, 0.5 Maintenance maintenance vegetative barrier sence of six months Site and of vegetated (e.g., bushes or Healthy committee, Utilization of area, trees) between the vegetation SPMU ESSO Rehabilitate site and the nearest Officer, MoE d Gully buildings and/or the MoW, roads FPMU, Effect repairs World Bank immediately there is exposure of the treated areas Maintain healthy 38

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan

S/N Activitie Potential Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring Fr equency Responsibilit Cost s Indicators y (N)m Envisag ed pasture swards on slope to reduce bare ground. Minimum or no tillage techniques that protect soil structure as fine soil particles erode more readily Regular inspection. Monitor vegetation until self-sustaining

Sub-total 1.5 Decommissi Cause soil Break up old surface Absence of All through Contractor, 0.5 oning erosion, and soil. Remove soil erosion, the SPMU ESSO Degrade and dispose of water quality decommissi Officer, Local water quality, surfacing material if degradation oning and Government/ Dust necessary and and dust equipment/ Site generation, loosen soil of generation material Committee Damage previous track to period valuable accelerate ecosystems regeneration of and habitat vegetation Reshape eroded or culled surfaces with out-sloping, re- vegetate as needed. Sub-total 0.5 5.6m

6.3 Residual Impacts after Mitigation Residual Effects can be considered as those that remain significant following the application of mitigation measures, although they are likely to have been reduced in magnitude as a result of the mitigation measure implemented.

Overall, on balance, with the provision of the proposed mitigation measures as outlined in Table 6.1, the positive impacts of the scheme will considerably outweigh the negative impacts. The public as a whole will benefit from the completion of the scheme.

Once the mitigation measures outlined are implemented, the residual impact of construction and operation on the different elements identified will not be significant.

6.4 Enhancement of Positive Impacts and Reduction/Avoidance of Negative Impacts. A Mechanism for Enhancement of Positive Impacts and Reduction/Avoidance of Negative Impacts has been developed as shown in Appendix ….. in relation to the  Project Concept and design,  Construction and Operation,  Control of Earthworks and  Erosion and Sediment Control Plan,  Control of Water Quality, Waste Management ,  Control of Air and Noise Pollution  Environmental Code of Conduct for tender documents and 39

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka  Social Integration and Participation

All these management programmes have been developed as part of the ESMP to make it effective and functional.

6.4.1 Waste Management Plan During the construction and subsequent operation and maintenance phases, it is inevitable that discharges of materials to the environment will occur. If these are not controlled, they may act as a source of environmental disturbance or nuisance. The rehabilitation/construction activities could yield a variety of in the form of construction materials, scrap metal, municipal wastes, etc.

For effective management, the waste management plan during construction and operation phases will ensure that all the waste must be properly identified, minimized, segregated, properly stored, reused, tracked, monitored and audited.

All the wastes that cannot be re-used will be safely managed and disposed of in a manner that meets regulatory requirements.

Furthermore, awareness shall be created amongst community members not to dump waste in treated gully erosion channels.

6.4.2 Maintenance and Inspection of Treated Gully In order to be effecti1ve, the intervention work must be properly designed, implemented, inspected and maintained. To maintain the integrity of the intervention work (treated gully) the site check shall include regular inspection. Maintenance generally shall focus on the following: •  Eroded areas repaired immediately.  Debris removed and repairs made where necessary from the channel.  Outlets and points where concentrated flow enters the channel.  Seeded slopes identified for signs of erosion, filling these areas slightly above original grade, then roughen, reseed, and mulch as soon as possible.  Lined drainage channels and energy dissipaters at regular intervals and after major storms.  Sediment accumulation, piping, bank instability, and scour holes, and repair promptly  Use of sandbags during rainfall events if extra height is needed on the ridges of contour drains.  Repair or reinstate drains if destroyed by machinery movement or other forces.  Check dams cleaned after each significant storm event or when accumulated sediment reaches half the height of the check dam.

To this end, inspection system shall check:  Drains after rainfall or storms and outfall for erosion  Remove any accumulated sediment deposited in diversion channels where there is a risk of overtopping due to a lack of freeboard.  Vegetation is growing.  Check seeded slopes for signs of erosion.  Reseed areas to prevent sheet and rill erosion. Spot seed in small areas.  Lined drainage channels and energy dissipaters should be inspected at regular intervals and after major storms. Check dams for undermining and/or short-circuiting and keyed into the channel banks a minimum of 18 inches to prevent flow around the dam

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

6.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND AUDITING In order to effectively and efficiently implement this ESMP, a system for monitoring and auditing has been built into the overall management plan. Monitoring and auditing assist in the examination of management, employee knowledge, programme responsibilities, records & effectiveness

Specifically, this shall help to:  Improve environmental and social management practices;  Check the efficiency and quality of the environmental management processes;  Establish the scientific reliability and credibility of the ESMP for the project and  Provide the opportunity to report the results on safeguards and impacts and proposed mitigation measures implementation.

6.5.1 Site Inspection and Monitoring To continually achieve the benefits of the gully treatments, site inspection and monitoring program shall be ensured with the following objectives:  Ensure that the Gully Erosion Treatment and Control Plan (GETCP) is appropriate for the site and is being implemented effectively;  Ensure Gully Erosion Treatments are being appropriately maintained; and  Identify any works at the site that may be contributing to environmental harm.

6.5.2 Site Inspection and Maintenance Following the gully treatment/remediation work or installation of erosion and sediment control measures, a walkthrough or site inspection should be conducted to ascertain that all measures have been implemented in the field, that erosion is being controlled, and that sediment and other pollutants are not being transported off-site or into critical areas on-site. Any improper installation or any repairs necessary to complete the job should be noted at this time. Another purpose of the site walkthrough is to identify critical inspection locations and monitoring points where control measures will need to be routinely checked for performance and checked after storm events. These critical points must include: • All disturbed areas of the site • Material storage areas • Locations where vehicles enter or exit the site • All erosion and sediment control measures • Discharge outfall visual monitoring points.

The control measures must be in good operating condition until the area they protect has been completely stabilized and the construction activity is completed. In the absence of significant runoff events, all measures must be inspected by the contractor in accordance with any schedule required by the SPMU and Ministry of Works and before any predicted, significant rainfall.

During rainfall events, the contractor’s inspector must have the ability to call out work crews to immediately repair the erosion and sediment control measures. Appropriate materials and equipment should be kept on hand to enable a quick and rapid response.

6.5.3 Site Inspection Frequency It is recommended that during the gully erosion treatment inspection should be carried out in the following manner:  At least daily during rainfall events;  At least weekly, even if the works are not being conducted;  Within 24 hours of a forecasted rainfall or storm event; and  Within 18 hours of a rainfall or storm event of sufficient intensity to cause run-off.

Furthermore, active sites must be inspected by the contractor daily during storm water runoff and within 24 hours after any storm event greater than 0.5 inches in a 24-hour period. Active sites must be inspected at least every 7 days during periods of no runoff. Any site that is inactive for greater than 7 days must be inspected every two weeks. 41

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka Exposed areas must be stabilized and inspected before a site is left in an inactive state.

The inspector should record any damages or deficiencies in the control measures on an inspection report form. The damage or deficiencies should be corrected as soon as practicable after the inspection but in no case later than 7 days after the inspection. Any changes that may be required to correct deficiencies should also be made as soon as practicable after the inspection but in no case later than 7 days after the inspection.

Inspections oversight should rest with the SPMU supported by the Ministry of Works with local knowledge, policies and procedures.

Inspections of erosion control works should be conducted by a person clearly identified as responsible for this role and may be the project manager, site supervisor or principal contractor representative etc. All inspection details should be formally documented, filed and made available for inspection as required by PMU and relevant authorities.

6.5.4 Vegetation Establishment Monitoring Since vegetation typically is the primary form of permanent erosion control, it is important to ascertain how quickly and how well the vegetation is becoming established. Monitoring for vegetation establishment should be conducted in accordance with local requirements.. Vegetation should be monitored monthly to evaluate the following: • The type of vegetation that is growing (as compared to the type of vegetation that was planted); • The density of vegetation that is growing, including the percent of ground that is covered; and

Based on regular evaluations of vegetation establishment, recommendations should be made as to whether the vegetation is establishing well, or whether additional measures should be taken, such as over seeding, fertilizing, erosion repair, or irrigation. Vegetation monitoring should continue until the vegetation reaches maturity and is providing the anticipated erosion control effectiveness.

6.5.5 Maintenance Problems The most frequent cause of failure is lack of preventative practices and poor maintenance of treatments administered. Erosion prevention and sediment control must be inspected regularly and operated and maintained using specific procedures to perform properly. Installation mistakes can also impair the performance of the measures. Inspectors should pay particular attention to maintenance problems and installation mistakes during inspections.

6.5.6 Inspection and Maintenance Reports Inspection reports should be prepared during each inspection conducted by the contractor or SPMU or Ministry of Works for civil works and Ministry of Agriculture for vegetation aspect, as the case may be. Reports should include information on damages or deficiencies, maintenance or repair activities, monitoring information, and vegetation establishment. Inspection reports should be kept for a period of three years after completion of final site stabilization.

6.6 Environmental Monitoring The Environmental monitoring activities shall be based on direct or indirect indicators of emissions, effluents, and resource use applicable to the intervention works. Monitoring frequency shall be sufficient to provide representative data for the parameter being monitored. Monitoring shall be conducted by trained individuals who can carry out the monitoring and record-keeping effectively using properly calibrated and maintained equipment.

Monitoring data shall be analyzed and reviewed at regular intervals and compared with the operating standards so that any necessary corrective actions can be taken. As part of monitoring programme, visual inspections and quality monitoring for light attenuation should be conducted daily, for instance. A categorized mitigation measures and its implementation is given in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2: Summary of Environmental Monitoring Plan during Construction and Operation Component Parameters Method & Where Frequency Responsible* Cost 42

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka (Nm) Air quality Dust Visual Everyday during SPMU/Contractor 0.05 Observation at construction location of activities Noise Level Disturbance/pinch Everyday during Contractor 0.05 construction Erosion Top soil movement/ground Visual Routinely during Contractor 0.05 cutting assessment construction Control and retention of disturbed soil at earthwork Treated Gully run-off, soil Exposure, Visual Routine: daily during SPMU/Contractor, 0.2 & further breakage/ renewed assessment, rainfall events; weekly, community, minor repairs gullying, stability, where signs are even if the works are not supervised by noticed being conducted; MoW General follow-up over a period of several years until the sites are known to be fully stabilized and vegetation is self- sustaining. Water Quality pH, TSS, turbidity, Total Standard method during and after rainfall Contractor/ 0.050 coliform bacteria, of sampling and events. Consultant Temp, etc analyses at established instream Soil Quality Heavy Metals, Sampling and •Before use at Contractor 0.05 analyses at construction site designated locations, where soil is imported from other locations Sediment Sediment build-up Visual After all rain. Contractors/Site 0.25 retention Assessment& During heavy rain Committee pond decants/level members/SPMU spreaders/fore bay Vegetal Vegetation growing well & Visual Once in two weeks after Contractors/Site 0.05 Cover maintained assessment treatment during the first Committee six months and then members/SPMU routinely (once in two months) until the site known to be fully stabilized and vegetation is self-sustaining

General Reduction, Visual Routinely, Daily Contractor/HSE 0.1 Waste Segregation protocols, Assessment, Officer Management proper handling, storage, General treatment, and Aesthetics, transportation hazard free environment along the corridor Training Responsible HSE behavior General HSE Routinely and as need SPMU 0.2 and culture Awareness and arises Contractor/HSE worker training on the code specific training Officer, of conduct for workers consultant, management Socio- Project benefit opinions, Questionnaires, monthly basis., Once in SPMU 0.2 economics Lifestyle, no of livelihoods direct two years for the first six opportunities created, observations and years income, gender interviews. characteristics, no of women participating in watershed management

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka programs, conflict with pastoralists, ratio of local vs imported workers, etc Health & Incidents, worker training, Hazard Before Start of work and Contractor/SPMU 0.1 Safety use of personal protective assessment, routinely/daily Management equipment, safe work visual assessment practices. . Total* N1.35m

6.7 Reporting Procedure The nature of issues to report and manner of reporting are outlined below:

6.7.1 Complaints Register and Environmental Incidents Any environmental or social incidents shall be documented (Appendix 8). The report shall be transmitted to the relevant authority by the SPMU, where necessary/applicable. The reporting shall be with a view to taking appropriate mitigation measures. All complaints received should be investigated and a response (even if pending further investigation) is to be given to the complainant within 5 days.

The following information must be provided: • Time, date and nature of the incident/report; • Type of communication (e.g. telephone, personal meeting); • Name, house location and contact telephone number of person making the complaint. If this person wishes to remain anonymous then “not identified” is to be recorded; • Details of response and investigation undertaken as a result of the incident/complaint; • Name of person undertaking investigation of the incident/complaint; • Corrective action taken as a result of the incident/complaint.

The report shall be rendered for both internal (in-house) uses all phases of the project for internal and external (public) consumption through the regulators.

6.7.2 Record keeping Good records are the paper trail that will prove that this ESMP is working as intended. Keeping records of inspection of maintenance programme for erosion control measures, training programme, etc will be useful to demonstrate that the ESMP is being complied with or not .The type of records from the various management and monitoring programmes include: • completed forms, checklists and maintenance logs • identified problems and corrective actions undertaken • monitoring data / results

Some other types of records will also be valuable for assisting with the implementation of the ESMP and/or ESMP Review such as: • Incident forms (especially pollution incidents and response, accidents, etc.) • Internal and external communications regarding the ESMP (e.g. with waste management) • Results of internal or external assessments and compliance visits.

6.8 Institutional Arrangements Since one of the main purposes of ESMPs is to establish responsibility for the activities that have to be undertaken, this sub-section details below, institutional arrangements and the roles and responsibilities of the various institutions in the implementation of the ESMP as outlined in Table 6.3.

Table 6.3: Institutional Responsibilities S/No Category Roles & Responsibilities  SPMU Implementing authority, has the mandate to: 44

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka  Lead role adherence to this ESMP and applicable environmental and social standards  Co-ordinate all policies, programmes and actions of all road construction across the States  Ensure the smooth and efficient implementation of the project’s various technical programmes  Cooperate through a Steering Committee that provides guidance to the technical a spects of all project activities;  Maintain and manage all funds effectively and efficiently for the projects  Take the lead in day-to-day inspections and compliance.  S tate Ministries of  Site assessment and monitoring of works and engineering activities works,  State Ministry of  Support SPMU to ensure adherence to this ESMP and applicable standards, Environment, environmental and social liability investigations, Monitoring and evaluation process and criteria  Ministry of Lands,  Compliance overseer at State Level, on matters of Land Acquisition and compensation and Survey and Urban other resettlement issues, Other MDAs  Come in as and when relevant areas or res ources under their jurisdiction or management are likely to be affected by or implicated projects such as utility.  World Bank  Assess implementation  Recommend additional measures for strengthening the management framework and implementation performance.  Site Manager  Ensure land disturbance activities are conducted in accordance with relevant legislation;  Minimise on-site erosion and control sediment in accordance with the site Erosion and Sediment Control Plan;  Communicate the content of, and any changes to the site Erosion and Sediment  Control Plan to all employees and contractors;  Inspect the operation of erosion and sediment control devices and initiate repair or maintenance as required;  Instruct employees and contractors in the purpose and operation of erosion and sediment control devices and the need to maintain these devices in proper working order at all times;  Provide adequate onsite waste collection bins, ensure proper disposal, not to litter and not to create environmental nuisance;  Contr actor  Compliance to BOQ specification in procurement of material and construction and adherence to the ESMP and good practice  Ensure day-to-day inspections and compliance.  Site  Provide oversight function during construction and decommissioning to ensure adherence Engineers/Supervis to good practice and the ESMP ors  Site Committee  Ensure compliance to BOQ and quality  Local government  Support in monitoring project execution within their domains to ensure compliance with this ESMP and other relevant requirements  Local Community  Promote environmental awareness  Assist and Liaise with other stakeholders to ensure proper siting and provision of a pproval for such sites  Support with provision of necessary infrastructures and engage/ encourage carrying out comprehensive and practical awareness campaign for the proposed projects, amongst the various relevant grass roots interest groups.  CDA/CDOs  Ensure Community participation by mobilizing, sensitizing community members;  Direct Stakeholders  Abide by all arrangements to tackle the erosion problem  Support all efforts to ensure sustainable management of the watershed.  Nigerian Bottling  Abide by all arrangements to tackle the erosion problem Company  Support all efforts to ensure sustainable management of the watershed  Ensure no further degradation of the environment via discharges from facility after remediation and treatment of gully  Share cost of gully control and treatment implemented.  NGOs/CSOs  Assisting in their respective ways to ensure effective response actions, Conducting scientific researches alongside government groups to evolve and devise sustainable environmental strategies and rehabilitation techniques, Organizing, coordinating and ensuring safe use of volunteers in a response action, and actually identifying where these volunteers can best render services effectively & Providing wide support assistance helpful in management planning, institutional/governance issues and other livelihood related matter, Project impacts and mitigation measure, Awareness campaigns  Others/Generali  Identify issues that could derail the project Public  Support project impacts and mitigation measures, Awareness campaigns

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka 6.9 Grievance Redress Mechanism During the implementation of the intervention work, a redress mechanism which is in line with the ESMF, RPF, and PIM has been developed as detailed in the stand alone RAP for the proposed site to address situations of conflicts or disagreements about some of the project activities. Thus the RAP should be referred to for further details on this grievance redress mechanism. Suffice it to say, however, that based on local situation the grievance mechanism that takes account the specific issues, cultural context, local customs and project conditions and scale has been developed(Fig. 6.1).

The community members and project affected persons have been helped to appreciate that there are provisions for addressing complaints or grievances that they could have. The grievance procedure will further be made available to the affected person through project implementation and shall be strengthened in order to ensure that all comments, suggestions and objections received from the stakeholders especially from project affected persons are dealt with appropriately and in a timely manner.

Complaint / enquiry received by SPMU

Complaint / enquiry / feedback recorded in the register RSDT Liason Officer

Receipt sent to complainant / enquirer

Investigation into the complaint and factors influencing the issue by the Grievance Committee

Resolved? No

Yes Review

Yes Resolved? 46

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

Record result in register

Respond to complainant / enquirer within 7 days Respond to complainant / enquirer within 7 days Complaint / enquiry is resolved and closed Complaint unable to be resolved (give reasons)

Fig. 6.1: Feedback and Complaints Procedure

6.10 Disclosures and Public Consultation Plan All reasonable efforts must be made to disclose/display this ESMP to the public at strategic points within the project’s area of influence so as to allow all stakeholders read and understand how they stand to be affected by the project. It should also be disclosed at the Ministry of Environment and the World Bank Info Shop by the PMU.

A key element of sustaining stakeholders’ support in any project execution is to consult and communicate with the stakeholders effectively and to engage them as early as possible with the project which has been done in the course of preparation of the intervention work and further enhanced during the preparation of this ESMP. Like any other business function, stakeholder engagement needs to be managed and driven by a well-defined strategy. Table 6.3 provides a Summary of the stakeholder engagement plan.

Table 6.4: Summary of the planned stakeholder engagement schedule

Activity Stakeholders / Community Frequency / Timeline Pre-Construction / Prior to Project Commencement Project email, postal address and All stakeholders Once-off establishment contact details Fact Sheet and FAQ sheets All stakeholders As required, subject to any updates on the Project Briefings State Government , Local Government, As required, subject to the Site committee, World Bank approvals process Newsletters, Media and All stakeholders As required, subject to any Advertising updates on the Project Site tours Regulators, Site Committee, community, As required World Bank, etc Personal meetings Targeted stakeholders As required Community Sessions Residents of affected areas/ Community As required, subject to approvals and interest groups route and feedback from the community Develop and disseminate All stakeholders As required, subject to any Feedback and Complaints updates on the Project Mechanism and communications procedures Briefings, Site Tours and Government authorities, Local Prior to Work Plan approval Community Sessions - for communities, • Additional relevant development of the Rehabilitation stakeholders and Closure Plan Advertising / media release All stakeholders Regular (update on milestones) Project lunch All stakeholders Before civil works Construction and operations Fact sheets and briefings possibly All stakeholders Monthly, 47

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka with media releases if needed, with other “personal” updates in case of schedule variances or other deviations from the plan. Ongoing community liaison Local community Ongoing Project updates All stakeholders Monthly

Responding to issues and All stakeholders Ongoing / as required inquiries as per Feedback and Complaints Mechanism Personal meetings All stakeholders Ongoing / as required Report of activities and if remedial All stakeholders End of Construction/Treatment of works are required after works gully are complete. Reporting to present status of All stakeholders Annually treated and maintained gully * Budget to be determined based on profile of stakeholders, duration, location and size

6.11 Institutional Capacity Building & Training Based on the field assessment, to enhance the respective roles and collaboration of the relevant stakeholders, the following broad areas for capacity building have been identified as deserving of attention for effective implementation of the ESMP. Specific areas for effective institutional capacity needs are given in Table 6.5.

Table 6.5: Training Modules on Environment and Social Management Programme Description Participants Form Of Duration/L Training Conducting Cost (#) Training ocation Agency Sensitizati Introduction to Environment: Engineers and Workshop ½ Environmental & 50,000 on Basic Concept of Environmental/S Working Social Specialists of Workshop Environment, Environmental afeguard Unit, Day Design Regulations and Statutory Procurements & Consultant/External requirements as per other relevant Agency engaged for Government and World bank groups capacity building Module I Introduction to Environment: Engineer/MoE Lecture ¼ Environmental & 50,000 Basic Concept of Working Social Specialists of Environment, Environmental Day Design Regulations and Statutory Consultant/External requirements as per Agency engaged for Government and World bank capacity building -Module II Environmental Engineers/MoE/ Workshop 1 Environmental & 200,000 Considerations in projects (Technical unit), Working Social Specialists of Management: Environmental Community Day Design components affected by leaders/CDOs/N Consultant/External project, Environmental GOs Agency engaged for Management Good capacity building Practices gully erosion control, Stakeholder and Community project Participation Module III 9th Mile design - ESMP and SPMU Engineer, Lecture ½ Environmental & 50,000 its integration into Designs: Contractors/MOE and Field Working Social Specialists of Methodology of Assessment , SPMU, Visit Day Design of Pollution Monitoring, Contractor, Consultant/External Methodology for site equipment Agency engaged for selection of waste disposal operators, and capacity building areas, e.t.c. work foremen and supervisors. Module IV Improved Coordination with Officials of MoE Workshop 1day Environmental & 100,000 other MDAs: and other line Social Specialists of Overview of PMU Projects, MDAs Design 48

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka Table 6.5: Training Modules on Environment and Social Management Programme Description Participants Form Of Duration/L Training Conducting Cost (#) Training ocation Agency Environmental & Social Consultant/External Impacts, Statutory Agency engaged for Permissions – Procedural capacity building Requirements, Co-operation & Coordination with other Departments Module VI Civil works and use of Officials of MoE, Workshop ½ day Environmental & 50,000 Vegetation for gully and other line Social Specialists of stabilization in environmental MDAs, SPMU, Design management practices: Engineer, Consultant/External Roles and Responsibilities of Safeguard Unit, Agency engaged for officials/contractors/consulta Contractors, capacity building nts towards protection of community environment and liaison personnel Implementation and local Arrangements government staff Monitoring mechanisms Module VII Monitoring and reporting Engineers, MoE, Workshop 1day Environmental & 100,000.00 system & relevant MDAs, Social Specialists of Community Participatory Community Design Monitoring and Evaluation leaders/CDOs/N Consultant/External GOs Agency engaged for capacity building Module VIII Alternative income Community hands-on Based on Environmental & Seen as part of generation program -income liaison and needs Social Specialists of the normal generating activities with support Design operation cost [adequate] commercial professional, site Consultant/External potential in the agricultural committee Agency engaged for and non-farm sectors. members, local capacity Agricultural methods and government staff, building/World Bank technology to increasing etc production on non-affected land and enhancing the treatment works at the gully site. Skill for off-farm work within or outside of the affected area Module IX Occupational health and managers and PEP talk, Daily,1da SPMU, Contractor 100,000.00 safety plan, including job- workers workshop y specific hazards and protections Total 700,000.00

6.12 Review and Revision of the ESMP As the need arises, this ESMP may be reviewed and updated to reflect the current information about the site should changes that are considered significant, environmentally speaking, occur since this first version. The changes could be in the project description or new requirements/legislation coming into effect in the course of the project execution.

Any changes to the ESMP need to be reflected in the information in the ESMP about the site, pollution controls and/or programmes and systems. Each of these will therefore also need to be updated. A copy of the revised version will be sent to relevant regulatory authorities as the case maybe.

6.13 ESMP Budget and Schedule of Work To effectively implement the environmental and social management measures necessary budgetary provisions has been made for this ESMP which includes the environmental management costs other than the good engineering practices, cost of environmental and resettlement monitoring. All administrative costs for implementing the ESMP shall be budgeted for as part of the project costing. The cost of each measure has been included in the overall ESMP budget which is estimated at eleven Million, Fifty-five Thousand Naira only (Table 6.6) 49

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

The key elements of the implementation schedule are also shown as provided in Table 6.6.

Table 6.6: ESMP Budget and Implementation Schedule S/ Activity Description Responsible MONTH (Contruction) Operation Budg N et* (N)m Gully Pre- Gully Treatment Gully Treatment Period Treatment Maintenance 1 2 3 4 5 6

12. 1 Disclosure of ESMP Report PMU 0.50

13. 2 Allocating Budget for ESMP PMU 0.0 14. 3 Appointing Support Staff for PMU 0.50 ESMP 15. 4 Review and Approval of PMU 0.10 Contractor’s ESMP and Sediment, Waste & Safety Plan 16. 5 Finalisation of Engineering PMU/Contrac 0.0 Designs tor 17. 6 Mitigation Measures PMU/Contrac 5.60 tor 18. 7 Supervising ESMP PMU/Contrac 0.30 Implementation tor 8 Follow-Up Monitoring after Site 0.5 Treatment during the first year Committee, & min Local people, Ministry and PMU 19. 9 Environmental Auditing PMU/FMENV A year after 2.50 /MoE/ construction Environment al Consultant 20. 10 Monitoring & Reporting on PMU 1.35 ESMP Implementation /Contractor 21. 11 Environmental and Social Contractor/H 0.7 Training SE Consultant 22. Total 11.55

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka SECTION 7: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

To this end, this ESMP has revealed that:  The proposed intervention work is most desirable because of the obvious environmental, health and socio-economic benefits. These far out-weigh the negative impacts that could arise in the course of implementation.  Potential impacts of sufficient magnitude that could interrupt the execution of the project were not detected. Although, there were few negative impacts that may potentially occur due to the activities associated with the proposed works but adequate and SMART measures have been provided to address them.  Mitigation measures and management planshave been suggested and developed for the negative impacts.  Appropriate institutional framework has been drawn up to implement the mitigation measures and environmental management plan while the proposed monitoring programmes shall be set in motion as soon as possible.

In conclusion, the study has indicated that the establishment of the proposed project will not severely impact negatively on the existing environmental, social and health as well as safe conditions of the people, locally, nationally or internationally. This inference is further made strong, owing to the fact that a number of the equipment that would be used at the location would be modern equipment and technologies that have the potentials not to constitute further environmental burdens in relation to the present existing environmental conditions.

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka References  Commonwealth of Australia (1999): National Water Quality Management Strategy, Effluent Management Guidelines for Intensive Piggeries in Australia  CSIR. 2002. Guidelines for standardised Environmental Management Plans for projects within the water resource management component of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. CSIR Report ENV-P-C 2002-032. Prepared for DWAF, Directorate: Social and Ecological Services, Pretoria.  Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism (DEAT). 2004b. Environmental Management Plans, Integrated Environmental Management Information Series 12. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria.  Hill R.C. (2000): Integrated Environmental Management Systems in the implementation of projects. South African Journal of Science 96: 50-54.  Lochner, P. (2005): Guideline for Environmental Management Plans. CSIR Report No ENV-S- C 2005-053 H. Republic of South Africa, Provincial Government of the Western Cape, Department of Environmental Affairs & Development Planning, Cape Town.  Ministry Of Agriculture And Animal Resources (Minagri) (2010): Environmental Management Plan (EMP) For Nyanza 23 Sub Project , Land Husbandry, Water Harvesting And Hillside Irrigation Project (LWH) Prepared by Green and Clean Solution Ltd  Multiple Development Services (MDS )(2010): Environmental Management Plan for Infrastructure (a Multi-level Office Building Complex in Lekki, Lagos  Ramsay , J. (2006): Compendium on Relevant Practices on Improved Decision-Making, Planning and Management of Dams and their Alternatives, Key Issue – Environmental Management Plans, Final Report , United Nations Environment Programme Dams and Development Project, November  UNEP (1988): Environmental Impact Assessment , Basic procedures for developing Countries.  World Bank (1999 ): Environmental Management Plan , OP 4.01 - Annex C January, po  Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999): Summary of The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Second National Fadama Development Project (NFDP II)  Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources (2003): Third National Fadama Development Project (Fadama III), Rural Infrastructure, Manual No. 4, August  Okpoko, E, Egboka B., Anike, L & Okoro, E.(2013): Rainfall Harvesting as an Alternative Water Supply in Water Stressed Communities in Aguata-Awka Area of Southeastern Nigeria in Environ. Eng. Res. 2013 June,18(2) : 95-101  J. Poesena, J., Nachtergaelea, J., Verstraetena, G., & Valentinb, C (2002): Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs, Catena 50 (2003) 91–13, www.elsevier.com/locate/catena  LAKEW DESTA & BELAYNEH ADUGNA (2012): A Field Guide onGully Prevention and Control A Field Guide on Gully Prevention and Control, Nile Basin Initiative Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program (ENS AP)  Umec Associates, a Consulting Civil, Structural and Water Resources Engineering firm, is one of the consultants engaged by the Anambra State Ministry of Environment to study and design appropriate erosion control structures for St. Thomas Aquinas/Neros Plaza gully gully erosion site,  Uzoije, A.P, onunkwo, A, A, Ibeneme, S.I and Obioha, E.Y (2014): Hydrogeology Of Nsukka Southeast, – A Preliminary Approach To Water Resources Development, in American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) e-ISSN : 2320-0847 p-ISSN : 2320-0936 Volume-03, Issue- 01, pp-150-162  Civil Contractors Federation (,2011):ENVIRONMENTAL BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE GUIDELINEs EROSION & SEDIMENT CONTROL  Otti V. I., Ejikeme, I. R., Nwafor, A.U. (The Environmental Effects of the Drainage System and Flood Control in Awka Urban City  International Journal of Engineering and Technology Volume 3 No. 1, January, 2013 ISSN: 2049-3444 © 2013 – IJET Publications UK. All rights reserved. 28  Awogbemi, A. (2013): Project Baseline Assessment Voice to the People (V2P): Making Governance Work for Poor and Marginalised People, Prepared for Christian Aid Nigeria, October.  Nigerian Meteorological Agency. Nigeria climatic data: Awka. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2013.18.2.095  Catchment & Creeks Pty Ltd, 2010: Gully Erosion - Part 2 Assessment of Treatment Options  www.nr.qld.gov.au

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka Appendices

Appendix 1 Terms of Reference for the ESMP Preparation Preceding Background expunged since it has been used in the Background of this Report. 1.3 Objectives The ESMP is designed to achieve the follow ing objectives:  Compliance w ith relevant legislative requirements;  Achievement, enhancement and demonstration of sound environmental performance built around the principle of continuous improvement;  Provision of standards for overall planning, operation, audit and review ;  Encouragement and achievement of the highest environmental performance and response from individual employee and contractors;  Rationalizing and streamline environmental activities to add value in term of efficiency and effectiveness;  Enabling management to establish environment priorities;  Integrating environment fully into the various activities of the proposed project and ensuring inclusion of environmental requirements into tender documents, continuing management and evaluation of the environmental performance of the project.  Providing detailed design criteria for specific mitigation measures to be implemented.  Tracking to ensure the effectiveness of the mitigation measures at meeting the discharge standards.  Specifying appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns related to projects.

1.4 Scope/Terms of Reference of the ESMP and Tasks 1.4.1 Scope The scope of the ESMP includes:  Work in close collaboration w ith the engineering design consultants and PMU Safeguard team.  Visit sites of the infrastructural development w ith those consultants as far as possible, assess natural res ources potentially affected during project development, status, availability and restrictions for human interventions and identify the proposed management strategies to ensure the environment is appropriately protected and environmental issues are appropriately mitigated.  Develop generic ESMP as an integral part of the Roads and Drains construction in the overall planning, design, budget, and implementation, vis-a-vis a template for managing and monitoring environmental concerns as they relate to the construction.  In actual operation/use/application of this ESMP for the construction, the peculiar environment or circumstances w ith regard to biophysical, socio-economic and health components must be taken into context or consideration.  The plan provides a description of the likely impacts and corresponding individual mitigation and monitoring measures and assignment of institutional responsibilities in the implementation of the various aspects of road construction operations.

1.4.2 Tasks The specific Tasks of the ESMP include the follow ing: a) Describe the existing activity; b) Describe the receiving environment c) Identify the environmental and social issues/risks associated w ith the existing activity; d) Address the relevant environmental and social factors for the existing development that interacts or has the potential to interact w ith the environment in consultation w ith the relevant public and government agencies. e) Determination of Waste Streams, Sources, Management options on site and in relation to the community f) Description of a sustainable Plan of action, including measures for achieving objectives on infrastructural facility generated w aste collection systems, b) w aste management facilities, c) responsibilities d) economy and financing g) Determination of time horizon for the plan h) Identifies feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels. i) provide the basis of the proponent’s environment and social management program, w hich shows that the environmental and social impacts resulting from the existing activity, including cumulative impacts, can be acceptably managed; j) Identifies monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, w ith linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described in (a-e) above. k) Provides a specific description of institutional arrangements:-who is responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training). l) Provide for technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation. m) provides an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, show ing phasing and coordination w ith overall project implementation plans; and n) provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka Appendix 2: Summary of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies (10+2)  Use of Country Systems (OP 4.00). The Bank's environmental and social ("safeguard") policies are designed to avoid, mitigate, or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts of projects supported by the Bank. The Bank encourages its borrowing member countries to adopt and implement systems that meet these objectives while ensuring that development resources are used transparently and efficiently to achieve desired outcom es..  Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the environmental assessment of Bank lending operations. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA process. This environmental process will apply to all sub-projects to be funded by RAMP.  Natural Habitats (OP 4.04). The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank does not support projects involving the significant conversion of natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives for the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs.  Pest Management (OP 4.09). The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pest management. It promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. An assessment is made of the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management.  Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. The ESMF and RPF reports discuss the applicability of this policy in detail.  Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20). This directive provides guidance to ensure that indigenous peoples benefit from development projects, and to avoid or mitigate adverse effects of Bank-financed development projects on indigenous peoples. Measures to address issues pertaining to indigenous peoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people themselves.  Forests (OP 4.36). This policy applies to the following types of Bank-financed investment projects: (a) projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests; (b) projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; and (c) projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately or communally owned.  Physical Cultural Properties (OP 4.11). Assist in preserving physical cultural resources and avoiding their destruction or damage. PCR includes resources of archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious (including graveyards and burial sites), aesthetic, or other cultural significance.  Safety of Dams (OP 4.37). For the life of any dam, the owner is responsible for ensuring that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety to the dam, irrespective of its funding sources or construction status. The Bank distinguishes between small and large dams.  Projects on International Waterways (O 7.50). The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and good will of riparians is essential for the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways and attaches great importance to riparians making appropriate agreements or arrangement for the entire waterway or any part thereof.  Disputed Areas (OP/BP/GP 7.60). Project in disputed areas may occur the Bank and its member countries as well as between the borrower and one or more neighbouring countries.  Disclosure Policy (OP 17.50).Supports decision making by the Borrower and Bank by allowing the public access to information on environmental and social aspects of projects. Mandated by six safeguard policies that have specific requirements for disclosure in country (Before project appraisal in local language and in English) and World Bank INFO-Shop (Before project appraisal in English). Documents can be in draft but must meet WB standards).

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka Appendix 3: Environmental Quality Standards and Criteria - Permissible Levels Ambient Air Quality Standards S/N Emissions and Ambient Air Average Period World Bank NAAQS Quality Indicators Guideline 1 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 24 hour 20 26 10 minutes 500 2 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 1 y ear 40 24 hour 200 75 3 Particulate matter (PM10) 1 y ear 20 24 hour 50 250 4 Ozone 8 hour daily max 100 Nigeria National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Air Pollutants Emission Limits Particulates 250 (ug/m3) SO2 0.1 (ppm) Non-methane Hydrocarbon 160 (ug/m3) CO 11 (ug/m3) or 10 (ppm) NOX 0.04-0.06 (ppm) Photochemical Oxidant 0.06 (ppm) Noise Exposure Limits for Nigeria Maximum Permissible Noise Lev els for General Env ironment COLUMN COLUMN 2 Maximum Permissible NOISE LIMITSdB (A) (Leq) DAY NIGHT A Any building used as hospital, conv alescence home, home for the aged, sanatorium and 45 35 institutes of higher learning, conference rooms, public library, env ironmental or recreational sites. B Residential buildings 50 35 C Mixed residential (with some commercial and entertainment) 55 45 D Residential + industry or small scale production + commerce 60 50 E Industrial (outside perimeter fence) 70 60

Above noise levels are weighed average in the facility over the hours defined for night and day below. Time frame: use duration : Day - 6.00a.m – 10.00p.m, Night - 10.00p.m – 6.00a.m The time frame takes into consideration human activ ity. Maximum Permissible Noise Lev els (Continuous or Intermittent Noise) from a factory or Workshop Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Leq dB (A) Duration (Daily) Duration (Weekly) 85 8 hours 40 hours 88 4 hours 20 hours 91 2 hours 10 hours 94 1 hours 5 hours 97 30 minutes 2.5 hours 100 15 minutes 1.25 hours 106 7.5 minutes 37.5 minutes 109 1.875 minutes 9.375 minutes Noise Lev els shall not exceed a Leq of: Factory/Workshops 85 dB (A), Offices 50 dB (A), Factory/Workshop Compound 75 dB (A). World Bank Ambient Noise Standards* Receptor One Hour LAeq (dBA) Daytime 07:00 - 22:00 Nighttime 22:00 - 07:00 Residential; institutional; educational 55 45 Industrial; commercial 70 70 Comparative Figures of Limits for Substances Affecting the Acceptability of Water for Domestic Purposes Substances WHO Limits International Limits European Limits USA Limits EEC Limits Highest Desirable Maximum Permissible Guide Level Maximum Admissible Phenolic compound (as 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 - 0.001 phenol) Fluoride (as F) 1.0-1.7 - 0.2-1.7 0.7-1.5 - 0.7-1.5 Nitrate as (NO3) 50.100 - - 10 (as N) - 0.7-1.5 pH - 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2 6.5-8.2 6.5-8.5 9.5 Copper(as Cu2+) 0.5 0.05 1.5 1.0 - 0.05 Iron(as Fe2+) 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.05 Manganese(as Mn2+) 0.05 0.05 0.5 0.1 0.02 0.5 Zinc (as Zn2+) 5.0 5.0 15 5.0 - 0.1 Magnesium(as Mg2+) 50.125 50-150 150 - 50 50 Sulphate(as SO4 2- 150 200 400 500 50 50 Hy drogen Sulphate (as H2S) 0.05 - - Sulphides - nil Chloride (as Cl-) 200-600 200 600 350 5 200 Chlorine (f ree) - - - nil - - Anionic detergent 0.2 0.2 1.0 - - 0.1 Ammonia(asNH4) 0.5 - - 2.0(as N) 0.05 0.5 Carbon dioxide (f ree) nil - - - - - Calcium (as Ca2+) - 75 200 - 100 - Mineral oil - 0.01 0.5 0.5 - 0.01 Mineral oil with high Sulphur - - 0.1 0.1 - - content Turbidity (units) - 5 25 1.5 5 10 Organics 0.2-0.5 - - -

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka

Appendix 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT

ST THOMAS AQUINAS GULLY 6.1.1 CONCRETE CHANNEL There is a design for a concrete channel of 65 meters length and of dimension 2000mm w ide, 1500mm high and 225mm thick w alls from Ekw ulobia Road to the beginning of the gully. The channel replaces an old existing drain of block w all that w as inadequate to convey the volume of flood w ater coming into it from Ekw ulobia road dow n the gully. The old drain explained earlier w as the main cause of the erosion because of its inadequacy and abrupt termination, hence the need to re-design it. Full details of the design calculation are show n in the appendices. 6.1.2 RECTANGULAR BOX CULVERT The Rectangular box culvert connects the drain described earlier at the beginning of the gully. At this junction w here the culvert connects the drain, the road connecting St Thomas Aquinas and Neros plaza has been cut off, hence the need to design the culvert. The dimension of the culvert is 2000mm x 1500mm x 250mm.

Both hydrological and structural calculations w ere carried out for the sizing of the culvert and for the reinforcement. 6.1.3 CHECK DAM Immediately follow ing the culvert are the check dams made of gabions. The gabions are made of hard rock packaged in gabion boxes of 2m x 1m x 1m each. There are three check dams along the gully dow nstream spanning 20m each. The height of the check dam is 4.5m, the height of w all is 1.4m, the height of w all of the spillw ay is 1.5m, the height of w ater is 2.5m and the length of basin is 8m. The check dams are anchored into the sides of the gully w alls and below the base a minimum depth of 150mm. Betw een the soil and the gabion are geotextile materials to act as filters. The geotextile material allow s the passage of w ater but not the soil material, detachment of soil material is prevented. The check dam is also a kind of drop structure and w ould help reduce the energy of w ater as it gets dow n the slope. It is effective and economically viable and that is w hy it is designed.

6.1.4 RIP-RAP. At the end of the check dams rip-raps are placed to protect the soil from further erosion. At this point it is expected that the energy of w ater has come to its barest minimum and disperses into the already silted monkey river. The application of rip-rap is effective and economical as the source of boulders is at close proximity to the site. Betw een the rip- rap and the soil is the geotextile material to act as filter thereby preventing the soil from being eroded.

6.1.5 ROAD The St Thomas Aquinas Road, about 195m length w as designed. The road starts from Ekw ulobia road through St Thomas Aquinas Cathedral to the gully head. The road is highly affected and seriously w ashed out by erosion so that large volume of w ater flows through the road to the gully w henever it rains, as such anything done on the gully w ithout corresponding treatment on the road w ill be undermined. Consequently, it is recommended that the road should be designed for construction. Geometrical design w as carried out in w hich vertical and horizontal curves were designed using the survey data with appropriate formulas. Setting out tables w ere prepared, earthwork was also computed. NEROS PLAZA GULLY 6.2.1 CONCRETE LINED CHANNEL Concrete line channel w as designed for the Neros Plaza gully erosion. The channel started from the beginning w hich is at Ekw ulobia road dow n to the gully head, a distance of 50m to take dow n flood w ater from that end to the gully head. The size of the channel is 2.25m x 1.5mx 0.15m. This is designed to replace an existing drain of less capacity that abruptly w as terminated and w hich as explained earlier, triggered off the erosion. The channel is considered the best option as it is going to connect the existing drain along Ekw ulobia Street dow n the erosion channel. Also since the area in question is a residential area, aesthetically it appears better than using check dam up there, after all the length involved is not much, so the cost of concrete channel w ill not be enormous. 6.2.2 CHECK DAM At the gully head just at the termination point of the channel is the check dam. It is 4.5m high and of 20m span, the w all height is 1.4m w hereas the spillw ay w all height is 1.5. the w ater height in the basin is 2.5m. The depth of the stilling basin is 1.1m w hile the length of the basin is 8m. As a drop structure, it slow s dow n the speed of w ater as it reduces the energy at the jump.

6.2.3 CHUTE WITH STILLING BASIN The chute w ith stilling basin w as designed for a height difference of 13m. The w idth of the chute structure is 3m w ith a w all height of 1.7m. The w idth of the basin is 14m w hereas the total depth is 5m how ever, it is embedded a depth of 2m into the earth so it can generate the hydraulic jump. The stilling basin w ill help to slow dow n the energy of w ater before it drops w ith a smaller velocity dow n to the check dams. Finally, the Rip-Rap are placed at the low er end as in the case of St Thomas Aquinas to prevent further erosion.

6.2. ROAD The Neros Plaza Road is 304m from Ekw ulobia road dow n the stream. Just like that of St Thomas Aquinas, the road has been seriously w ashed out by erosion and large volume of w ater rush down the slope w henever it rains because of the steep terrain. The essence of designing the roads is because any meaningful measure taken at treating the gully w ithout constructing the roads w ill still be undermined by erosion from the roads as in the case of Thomas Aquinas. The design of the vertical and horizontal curves with the survey data obtained from the topographical survey using the design standards from highw ay manual w as carried out. Concrete line drain is also provided for the road to drain surface water into the stream. There are also chutes conveying storm w ater from the road into the gully control structures. Kerbstones are placed on the verge 50m length from the beginning of the road.

Nerose Plaza-Thomas Aquinas Gully Erosion Intervention Site, Awka Appendix 5: The Proposed Site Area and Features

Appendix 6 EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL MEASURES (ADAPTED FROM Fraser Thomas Ahuareka Trust No.2 Ltd (2012))

Required erosion and sediment control measures w ill be installed and maintained during the w orks in accordance w ith best practice. This section summarises the proposed erosion and sediment control measures for the site during earthw orks.

Staging Staging reduces the time exposed ground is prone to erosion and breaks dow n earthw orks into smaller w ork packages. This reduces the area and time from stripping topsoil to permanent stabilisation.

Proposed Sequencing The expected sequence of bulk earthw orks and associated activities is summarised below :  Install all silt/sediment control structures required for each stage for the main earthw orks, including silt fences, flume/pipe drop structure, decanting earth bunds, sediment retention ponds, diversion drains/bunds and construction entrance for machinery access to site, as appropriate. Obtain approval from Engineer prior to commencing w orks  Remove vegetation as required  Strip topsoil and unsuitable materials and stockpile (separately) on designated stockpile areas  Spread excess topsoil over effluent disposal areas (after erosion and sediment control measures are installed)  Undertake earthw orks, filling and compacting (w ith drying w hen required) all fill areas w ith cut volumes. Any unsuitable materials w ill be removed off-site as clean-fill (w ith approval) if unable to be disposed on-site.  Install essential services, w astew ater & storm-w ater infrastructure, sw ales and culverts etc  Form inlet/outlet structures and diffuse discharge devices or energy dissipaters (detailed design to be completed)  Re-spread topsoil across cut/fill and disturbed areas not designated for hard stand  Mulch, hydroseed or grass all batters and exposed surfaces, as appropriate. Mulching or hydroseeding w ill be done on intermediate exposed surfaces, w hile grassing w ill be done on completed earthw orks areas. This w ill be done progressively as different areas are completed and must be completed prior to 30 April, unless approval is obtained for “w inter w orks”.

Vegetation Removal/Plantation Vegetation tends to improve erosion and sediment control by binding of the soil via root systems of trees, grass and other vegetation, w hich provides mechanical reinforcement and resists erosion by surface water. It also reduces surface w ater flow s via increased seepage due to roots and by the evapotranspiration process. Vegetation strips also enhance the natural sediment filtering process.

Vegetation removal w ithin the disturbance areas shall be postponed as much as practicable prior to commencement of the stage area. These areas shall be stabilised as soon as practicable.

Earthw orks Trenchless methodology and mole plough installations w ill be encouraged as they generally cause less land disturbance. The majority of the below ground services can be installed by w ay of w ork packages that are no more than a couple of days long, undertaking excavation, laying bedding & pipe and final inspections prior to starting the next length. We believe this methodology w ill significantly reduce the time disturbed ground is exposed and allow permanent stabilisation measures to be taken as soon as practicable. Contour Drains & Surface Roughening Contour drains or excavated channels are constructed to convey w ater across sloping land on a minimal gradient, the purpose being to break overland flow dow n disturbed slopes by limiting slope length and thus the erosive pow er of runoff. Surface roughening can also be used to reduce runoff velocity and aid establishment of vegetative cover and assist in sediment trapping. Contour drains w ill be diverted into the dirty w ater diversion drains and constructed according to the table on

Temporary Diversion Drains/Bunds Diversion drains/bunds w ill be installed upgradient of earthw ork areas for the diversion of clean runoff flow s around disturbed or exposed areas and discharged at appropriate locations follow ing energy dissipation and flow distribution structures.

Temporary pipe drop structures or flumes (constructed of w atertight materials) w ill be utilised to convey clean w ater through the w orks area w here required during stage overlaps or due to diversion hydraulics. These drop structures/flumes w ill protect the sediment removal devices from overloading due to upgradient runoff.

Runoff collection drains/bunds w ill be used to collect dirty runoff from the topsoil stockpiles, access road, joint ow ned acc ess w ays, and bulk earthw orks areas and convey it to the sediment removal devices.

Proprietary Sediment Retention Plant Due to the steep topography in some locations of the proposed earthw ork areas and buffer zones, it may be necessary for the contractor to employ proprietary sediment retention plant. This w ill reduce the additional earthw orks required to construct sediment retention ponds on steep grades and allow treatment at source rather than constructing extensive netw orks of diversion drains . It can also be utilised in conjunction w ith sediment ponds or decanting earth ponds for dew atering and maintenance.

Stockpile Areas During earthw orks, it is estimated that a total of approximately 40,000m3 of topsoil w ill be stripped from the bulk earthw ork areas. In addition it is expected there w ill be some material unsuitable for engineered fill, imported material and material due to relocated as part of cut to fill bulk earthw orks. All stockpiles w ill be located w ithin the bulk earthw ork areas or just outside, but w ithin the

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catchment of the erosion and sediment control devices.

Diversion bunds w ill be provided around the stockpile areas and laid to drain to the sediment removal devices.

Dust Control Measures Appropriate dust control measures w ill be implemented at the site w here necessary, such as the use of w ater carts to dampen exposed areas, or mulching. Dust control measures w ill be implemented in accordance w ith health & safety requirements and conditions of consent.

Mulching, Temporary and Permanent Seeding The primary objective of erosion and sediment control is to minimise the time ground is exposed prior to permanent stabilisation. If delays occur during the w orks or an intermediate form of stabilisation is required (such as on stockpiles or on subgrade prior to final grading), mulching or hydroseeding may be utilised. Permanent stabilisation can be achieved via the application of topsoil (100mm minimum), follow ed by seeding or planting. Permanent stabilisation is designed to permanently stabilise soil on disturbed areas to reduce sediment and runoff to dow nstream or off-site areas.

Culvert Installation Procedure The follow ing procedure applies to all culvert located in natural gullies and outlines culvert installation in terms of ESC: a) Check all erosion and sediment controls and make necessary repairs. b) Install perimeter controls – silt fences and diversion drains/bunds, including a 300mm diameter Siltsoxx or equivalent across the gully, below the w orks area. c) Install a temporary bund across the gully at the upgradient end of the w orks, to capture and temporarily store any runoff flow ing through the w orks area while step 4 is undertaken. This shall remain until all civil w orks are complete. Steps 3 and 4 w ill only be done during fine w eather, ideally after several days without rain, and should be completed w ithin one day. A 2m minimum w idth bund w ill be installed at an appropriate location comprising of a 1.0m nominal height of compacted earthern bund. d) If required, runoff outflow flume w ill be by at least tw o 150mm diameter SN16 pipes installed through the bund at the base (1) and mid-w ay height (1) to provide further contingency, should these works continue beyond one day or an unexpected heavy rainfall event occur. These pipes w ill normally be capped. At night time or follow ing heavy rainfall, they shall be connected to 150mm diameter non-perforated draincoil, w hich w ill be run through the w orks area to discharge to the natural stream channel below the low er Siltsoxx. If gravity flow is not possible, overland flows may be pumped through the w orks area. e) Undertake required w orks within the bunded area to the relevant engineering specification, clearing the w orks area of any accumulated silt/sediment on completion of the w orks (manual removal or off -site tankerage). f) Grass, hydroseed or mulch w here applicable. The use of biodegradable geotextile soil blanket may be required for the stream reinstatement. g) Remove any Siltsoxx temporary bunds at the upper and low er ends of the w orks. The follow ing measures will be undertaken during sw ale/culvert construction to minimise the potential for silt/sediment generation and erosion: a) Completing the w orks as quickly as practical and after detailed planning of required w ork package inputs. b) Working in dry w eather to reduce the risk of runoff flow ing dow n the open channel system. c) Constructing the culvert crossing using high quality materials in accordance w ith the civil/geotechnical engineering specifications.

d) Monitoring of the silt fence at the dow nstream end of the w orks area following any significant rainfall event to ensure it is effective and not allow ing silt/sediment to seep through it.

e) Integration w ith planting contractor to ensure planting as soon as practical.

MAINTENANCE The sediment control measures shall be regularly monitored during operations and after any significant rain event should this occur during construction. Maintenance of all structures including silt fences, decanting earth bunds, diversion drains and/or bunds shall be carried out throughout the course of site earthw orks and restoration. Exposed surfaces should be stabilised w ith grass by hydroseeding or by geotextile fabric or mulching, and reinstated as soon as practicable after w orks.

Maintenance shall be the responsibility of the contractor and shall be carried out daily-w eekly and subsequent to any storm event that produces runoff.

DECOMMISSIONING Sediment control w orks may only be decommissioned once it has been determined that all surface soils have been suitably stabilized through consultation and inspection by the contractor, council and design engineer. Decommissioning shall be undertaken by light w eight equipment or manually w here possible and include the follow ing: a. Respread any topsoil stockpiled and decommission the topsoil stockpiling area b. Backfill any temporary collection drains and/or remove any diversion bunds and turf or sow grass seed as appropriate c. Removing all silt fences, and any accumulated silt/sediment and reinstating the ground surface in those areas by turfing, sow ing grass or planting as appropriate d. Remove the embankments, bunds and decant structure. Reinstate the areas by grassing e. Remove the construction entrance once earthworks are complete and mulch or sow grass seed as appropriate f. Remove any temporary sediment control devices on stormw ater inlets g. Integration w ith w etland planting contractor. 59 Environmental Social Management Plan for Gully Erosion Intervention Works –

COMMUNICATION, INFORMATION AND MONITORING It is important that good relations be maintained w ith potentially affected neighbours and the local community throughout the duration of earthw orks.

Immediate neighbours w ill be informed of the intended scope and duration of earthw orks and associated activities at least one w eek in advance. They w ill be kept informed of any changes to earthw orks scheduling throughout the duration of the w orks.

All site contractors, including sub-contractors shall be made familiar w ith this plan prior to the commencement of any site w orks..

SEDIMENT AND EROSION Sediment w ill be removed by the various sediment control measures proposed for this site, primarily silt fences, sediment retention ponds, decanting earth bunds and proprietary devices w ere required. Detailed design of these devices in accordance w ith best practice w ill be undertaken as part of a regional consent application.

RUNOFF CONTROL Runoff volumes are likely to increase during earthw orks due to a change in the ground surface from grass and vegetation to bare soil. Earthw orks will be monitored on site by the supervising engineer, w ho will review sediment control performance. Overall, given the application of the aforementioned measures, the associated potential negative environmental effects are considered manageable. How ever additional mitigation measures for runoff control are able to be installed w here deemed necessary.

NEIGHBOURHOOD EFFECTS The main neighbourhood effects associated with earthworks are noise and dust. Dust from site earthw orks and associated activities is considered to be minor and w ill be minimised by a number of measures, including w etting and mulching, to mitigate potential negative effects on neighbours.

Noise w ill be produced by construction machinery and equipment during normal w orking hours over the earthw orks period. Construction noise shall meet the limits in and be measured and assessed in accordance w ith NESREA requirements. Work shall not continue on the site if compliance w ith the above standard is not achieved. Mitigation measures to reduce noise levels w ill be implemented, if required.

ECOSYSTEMS An assessment of ecological features, constraints and opportunities has been undertaken based on this report. Best practise site sediment controls to prevent degradation of the natural environment shall apply. Adequate measures shall be taken to minimise the potential for silt/sediment to enter the dow nstream receiving environments, w hile the proposed maintenance regime w ill check that these measures are in place and functioning properly. Hence, it is considered that the potential negative effects of earthw or ks on any ecosystems in the receiving environment w ill be avoided or mitigated by these means provided the measures are correctly constructed and maintained.

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Appendix 7: General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction Contracts 5.4.1 Project Concept Development schedule must be clearly defined and timing of construction spread evenly and accor ding to phases. The innovative concept of design w ith nature, w ill not only minimize the impact of the project on the environment thus making it environmentally acceptable but w ill also enhance the project visually. Some of the concepts that are impeded in the concept that must be promoted in the final stage include:  Making use of natural topography w here possible;  Exploiting natural features to merit and  Balancing cut and fill.

5.4.2 Designing The design needs to incorporate the findings of this ESMP or any other studies conducted such as hydrological, geo-technical or soil erosion risk areas. Mitigating measures proposed to minimize environmental impact need to be incorporated into the project design. Design of silt ponds and retention ponds for example should be able to cope w ith the surface run-off during construction and the most adverse w eather conditions.

5.2.3 Construction and Operation During construction, earthw ork is the most critical stage and the problems of soil erosion need to be urgently addressed. Soil erosion created a host of other associated problems including siltation, deterioration of w ater quality and flooding of areas dow nstr eam offsite.

5.4.4 Control of Earthworks Earthw orks contribute the highest impact if not carried out w ith proper environmental control.. There is a need to plan the earthw orks and implement control measures at the earliest stage. Appropriate sediment control measures must be put in place before earthw orks commence. Earthw orks shall be scheduled to avoid rainy season and detailed earthw orks plan shall be prepared and endorsed by a professional engineer.

5.5.1 Environmental Code of Conduct- Integrating into project design and tender documents The mitigation measures and the general Environmental code of Conduct developed herew ith shall be integrated into the project design and tender documents. Using this approach, the mitigation measures and code of conduct w ill automatically become part of the project implementation. By including mitigation measures in the contract or in specific items in the Bill of Quantities, monitoring and supervision, mitigation measure implementation shall be covered under the normal engineering supervision provisions of the contract.

This is considered necessary in order to hold Contractors financially and in some cases criminally liable for adverse impact that result from failure to implement contracted required mitigated measures and code of conduct.

The levels at w hich these shall be incorporated are outlined below : Project Design The mitigation measures should be integrated in the design of the project itself. Such a step w ill enhance the mitigation meas ures in terms of specific mitigation design, cost estimation of the mitigation measure, and specific implementation criteria. The mitigation measure integration in the design phase w ill also help in strengthening the benefits and sustainability of the project.

Project Contract The project contractor should be bound by the parameters identified in the environmental and social assessment pertaining to specific mitigation measures in the contract. The final acceptance of the completed w orks should not occur until the environmental clauses have been satisfactorily implemented.

Bill of Quantities The tender instruction to bidders should explicitly mention the site-specific mitigation measures to be performed, the materials to be used, labor camp arrangements, and w aste disposal areas, as w ell other site specific environmental requirements. Such a definition w ould clearly exhibit the cost requirement to undertake mitigation measures, w hich otherw ise might be lost as the bidders in an attempt to be more competitive may not include the price realistic enough to fund mitigation measures and other protection measures.

Supervision and Monitoring The purpose of supervision is to make sure that specific mitigation parameters identified in the environmental and social ass essment and as bound by the contract is satisfactorily implemented. Likew ise, monitoring is necessary such that the mitigation measures are actually put into practice.

Social Integration and Participation As a matter of principles, Social inclusions or community participation in the site project execution shall be managed, in particular through the inclusion of clauses that involve the follow ing measures:

 Community participation - Participation in decision- making built into the planning and implementation of the intervention w orks to allow local people a voice in matters concerning them.  Integration with host populations & promotion of social inclusion - Use existing local groups such as the site committees rather than form new ones –  Social Inclusion & Avoidance of elite Capture/ Vulnerable groups- Include special efforts (affirmative action) to fully integrate socially marginalized people into the society  Gender issues- The empow erment of w omen is essential for public good, so ensure opportunities to involve at least 50% w omen  Implementation Arrangements- Include and ensure community participation and oversight of the intervention w ork  Accountability in the use of public funds - Ensure participatory planning, budgeting and monitoring and public information 61 Environmental Social Management Plan for Gully Erosion Intervention Works –

Appendix 7: General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction Contracts dissemination on fund use  Implementation schedule - Affected persons and site committee members/CDOs/CDAs should be abreast of the schedule  Project Monitoring - Ensure local communities play a role in the monitoring framew ork.

Erosion and Sediment Control Plan Contractor should develop an Erosion and Sediment Control Plan w ith the objectives to:  Minimize disturbance to areas w here erosion may occur, including steep slopes and exposed land  Stage construction to minimize the area w orked on at any one time, to minimize the extent and duration of temporary stockpiles and to ensure revegetation can occur in a staged manner, so as to reduce the risk of silt/sediment running off the site and entering the dow nstream receiving environment  Ensure exposed areas are stabilized as soon as practicable by sow ing or mulching to prevent erosion  Install perimeter controls such as diversion drains, silt fences and a construction entrance to prevent sediment leaving the site  Install temporary decanting earth bunds for silt/sediment removal from runoff.  Install temporary sediment removal ponds for silt/sediment removal from runoff provide guidance in case of unforeseen events including poor w eather ensure all control measures are inspected and repaired after storm events  Ensure that the site is rehabilitated prior to the removal of sediment control measures  Mitigate dust emissions from the site during earthw orks so as not to adversely affect any nearby properties  Minimize potential environmental effects.

Control of Water Quality Other than sediment that can cause deterioration of w ater quality, the discharge of untreated sew age and sullage especially form w orkers’ quarters can be another source of pollutants. Temporary sanitary facilities that comply w ith the requirements of Sew erage Services should be provided in the w orkers quarters.

Waste Management Plan Dispose overburden or earth spoils in designated spoil tips. Open burning of w aste, construction materials such as formw orks and bio- mass removed is strictly prohibited. These materials should be chipped and carted aw ay to appropriate location or used as fuel.

Create aw areness amongst community members not to dump w aste in the treated gully.

5.5.6 Control of Air and Noise Pollution As the need arises, w ater spraying facility shall be provided during earthw orks and w heels of vehicles or machinery used for transportation of construction materials shall be cleaned before leaving the construction site so as not to litter the roads w ith mud and soil.

Generally, noise in the boundary of the site shall be controlled w ith the use of manual machines that are equally effective as much as possible and noise level shall not exceed 55 dB(A) during the day as much as possible.

Example Format: EHS Incident Notification EHS Incident Notification Provide within 24 hrs to the Supervising Engineer

Originators Reference No:......

Date of Incident:...... Time:......

Location of incident:......

Name of Person(s) involved:......

Employing Company:......

Type of Incident:......

Description of Incident: Where, when, what, how, who, operation in progress at the time (only factual)

Immediate Action: Immediate remedial action and actions taken to prevent reoccurrence or escalation

Signature (Name, Title, Date):...... Contractor Representative 62 Environmental Social Management Plan for Gully Erosion Intervention Works –

Appendix 8: Stakeholders met

S/No Name Address PHONE NUMBER 1. MR. CHARLES OBIAJULU 08054869842 ILOEGBUNAM PLOT L/557 AGU AWKA LAYOUT 2. OJEKWE CHINEDU A. 6 ALBERT OKOYE ST R. 07039455657 3. OKAFOR WILLIAMS ONYEKA PLOT L/528 AGU AWKA LAYOUT 08064103019 4. RV. FR. JOSEPH NDIBE ST THOMAS AQUINAS plot L/533, 532 5. ARC. ERIC ONYEKWENA PLOT L/530 (affected) also owns L/529, 527, 525. 08033368403 6. MR. EKENE AGUOLU PLOT L/540 AGU AWKA LAYOUT 08035419479 7. Not captured in the layout map. It is found right at the 08033913284 edge of the left side of the gully by Neros. 2nd by that ENGR. PATRICK NMUO edge. 8. SIR. SUNNY N. OKOYE PLOT L/599 AGU AWKA LAYOUT 08069312415 9. MR SURE CHIBUZO OKAFOR PLOT L/ 08063681706 10. Edge of the left side of the gully by Neros. 1st by that 08036471197 BARR. IKECHUKWU ANIAGOR edge 11. BARR. CLEMS EZIKA Plot L/542, 541, 536 08036691802 12. Not captured in the layout map. It is found right at the 08163311144 edge of the left side of the gully by Neros. 3RD by that MR INNOCENT IGBOKA edge. 13 OBIDIWE CHINWE PLOT L/540 14 IFUNANYA OKORO PLOT L/540 15 OJILE ANDY PLOT L/577 16 CHIZOBA NKPOJIDE PLOT L/577 17 JULIAN UMEH PLOT L/577 18 LOVE MADU PLOT L/577 19 OBIAJURU MADUABUCHI PLOT L/577 20 ANIGBOGU OGECHUKWU PLOT L/577 21 MARYANN GODWIN PLOT L/577 22 ALAGWU FRANCILIA PLOT L/530 23 ELEANYA CRESCENT PLOT L/530

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Appendix 9 : Indicative Framework for Assessing and Mainstreaming Gender Concerns Preamble Nigeria made several commitments to ensuring that gender issues are not only a part of the national discourse but also that they are integrated into policies and development programs. These commitments are contained in frameworks such as the Vision 20:2020 Plan, the National gender Policy and the United Nations’ MDGs framework.

To this end and as part of project preparation, a gender study and consultations with communities should be conducted to assess the challenges and opportunities for the mainstreaming of gender concerns in the use of, access to and maintenance of roads.

Objective 1. Ascertain how to promote women’s participation in the project and in particular in treated gully maintenance activities. 2. Determine under what conditions women could participate in the community -based treated gully maintenance activities.

As part of project preparation, a gender study and consultations with communities should be conducted to assess the challenges and opportunities for the mainstreaming of gender concerns in the use of, access to and maintenance of treated gully areas.

Focus/Scope of the Study In particular, the study should provide information on: - Women’s agricultural and income0generating needs: aims to assess women’s needs and identify ways to address such needs, including during and after gully treatments. - Women’s voice in community consultation: aims to identify mechanisms to ensure women’s preferences are reflected in community consultations in the course of project implementation - Women’s participation in community-based maintenance: aims to identify context-specific entry points and mechanisms (e.g. quotas) for women’s participation in the maintenance of rehabilitated treated gully areas. - Project impact on women’s livelihoods: recommend indicators or give indications on sex- disaggregation of existing indicators to reflect the project direct and indirect impact on women’s livelihoods.

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