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MARINE LIFE PROFILE: HAWAIIAN LIMPET SNAIL Classification
Waikïkï Aquarium Education Department MARINE LIFE PROFILE: HAWAIIAN LIMPET SNAIL Hawaiian name: ‘opihi Scientific name: Cellana exarata and others Distribution: Hawaiian Islands Size: up to 3 inches (7.5 cm) Diet: algae Limpets are common snails found on rocky shores throughout the world. But the four species which occur in Hawaii are endemic, found here and no where else! The most common species is the "blackfoot" ‘opihi (Cellana exarata) which occurs on basalt shorelines, from the splash zone high on the shore, seaward to the level of the mean low tide where crust-like pink calcareous algae forms a band on the rocks. Like other snails, limpets have: (1) a head with eyes and tentacles, a mouth on a protrusible proboscis (mouth tube); (2) a broad muscular foot for clinging and crawling; and (3) a soft body mass (containing the internal organs) which is protected by their shell. Living on this part of the shore, the ‘opihi must withstand periods of drying exposure during low tides, as well as heavy surge and pounding waves at high tide. They cling firmly to the rock surface with the muscular foot that acts like a suction cup to keep them from being torn off the rocks. The cap-shaped shell has a low profile and low center of gravity so that the snail presents little resistance to the water as it pounds and pours over the shore. The ribs and grooves in the shell help spread the force of the crashing waves by channeling water down the sides of the shell. Each ‘opihi lives in a shallow depression on the rock that it makes itself, possibly by rasping at the rock with its radula. -
The Overconfidence Effect and IT Professionals Glen Van Der Vyver University of Southern Queensland, [email protected]
Association for Information Systems AIS Electronic Library (AISeL) European Conference on Information Systems ECIS 2004 Proceedings (ECIS) 2004 The Overconfidence Effect and IT Professionals Glen Van Der Vyver University of Southern Queensland, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2004 Recommended Citation Der Vyver, Glen Van, "The Overconfidence Effect and IT Professionals" (2004). ECIS 2004 Proceedings. 163. http://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2004/163 This material is brought to you by the European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS) at AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). It has been accepted for inclusion in ECIS 2004 Proceedings by an authorized administrator of AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE OVERCONFIDENCE EFFECT AND IT PROFESSIONALS Van Der Vyver, Glen, University of Southern Queensland, Department of Information Systems, West Street, 4350 Toowoomba, Australia, [email protected] Abstract Information Technology has become a core activity in most, if not all, corporations. Although IT managers continue to be under-represented in executive management, the very centrality of information technology to corporate success or failure suggests that this situation cannot endure. It has been suggested that information technology managers are too narrowly focused and technically oriented for strategic roles in the corporation. A key skill required of the executive relates to making decisions in situations imbued with uncertainty. This paper examines a cognitive process, the overconfidence effect, which has been shown to influence good decision making. An analysis is presented as to the susceptibility of IT professionals to the overconfidence effect when compared to accounting / finance and marketing professionals. -
The Art of Thinking Clearly
For Sabine The Art of Thinking Clearly Rolf Dobelli www.sceptrebooks.co.uk First published in Great Britain in 2013 by Sceptre An imprint of Hodder & Stoughton An Hachette UK company 1 Copyright © Rolf Dobelli 2013 The right of Rolf Dobelli to be identified as the Author of the Work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. A CIP catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. eBook ISBN 978 1 444 75955 6 Hardback ISBN 978 1 444 75954 9 Hodder & Stoughton Ltd 338 Euston Road London NW1 3BH www.sceptrebooks.co.uk CONTENTS Introduction 1 WHY YOU SHOULD VISIT CEMETERIES: Survivorship Bias 2 DOES HARVARD MAKE YOU SMARTER?: Swimmer’s Body Illusion 3 WHY YOU SEE SHAPES IN THE CLOUDS: Clustering Illusion 4 IF 50 MILLION PEOPLE SAY SOMETHING FOOLISH, IT IS STILL FOOLISH: Social Proof 5 WHY YOU SHOULD FORGET THE PAST: Sunk Cost Fallacy 6 DON’T ACCEPT FREE DRINKS: Reciprocity 7 BEWARE THE ‘SPECIAL CASE’: Confirmation Bias (Part 1) 8 MURDER YOUR DARLINGS: Confirmation Bias (Part 2) 9 DON’T BOW TO AUTHORITY: Authority Bias 10 LEAVE YOUR SUPERMODEL FRIENDS AT HOME: Contrast Effect 11 WHY WE PREFER A WRONG MAP TO NO -
Overestimation of Knowledge About Word Meanings: the “Misplaced Meaning” Effect
Cognitive Science (2014) 1–30 Copyright © 2014 Cognitive Science Society, Inc. All rights reserved. ISSN: 0364-0213 print / 1551-6709 online DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12122 Overestimation of Knowledge About Word Meanings: The “Misplaced Meaning” Effect Jonathan F. Kominsky, Frank C. Keil Department of Psychology, Yale University Received 18 February 2013; received in revised form 4 September 2013; accepted 9 September 2013 Abstract Children and adults may not realize how much they depend on external sources in understand- ing word meanings. Four experiments investigated the existence and developmental course of a “Misplaced Meaning” (MM) effect, wherein children and adults overestimate their knowledge about the meanings of various words by underestimating how much they rely on outside sources to determine precise reference. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate that children and adults show a highly consistent MM effect, and that it is stronger in young children. Study 3 demonstrates that adults are explicitly aware of the availability of outside knowledge, and that this awareness may be related to the strength of the MM effect. Study 4 rules out general overconfidence effects by examining a metalinguistic task in which adults are well calibrated. Keywords: Knowledge; Lexicon; Word learning; Overconfidence; Metacognition 1. Introduction Confidence about understanding the meanings of many familiar words may be mis- placed. In particular, when “meaning” is understood as personally knowing the specific features that guide reference, one may be very overconfident. People may use words freely and refer successfully in communications with others and therefore assume they have rich mental representations of their meanings. Yet, in many cases, these meanings may be largely represented in other minds or distributed throughout a community. -
Behavioral Issues – Overconfidence
Behavioral Issues – Overconfidence Simon Gervais Duke University ([email protected]) June 29, 2019 FTG Summer School – Wharton School Intro OC in Markets Emergence of OC OC in Firms Contracting with OC Conclusion Behavioral Issues – Overconfidence | FTG Summer School – June 29, 2019 2 / 98 Intro OC in Markets Emergence of OC OC in Firms Contracting with OC Conclusion Lecture Overview Psychology in Finance. Behavioral/cognitive biases: Overconfidence, aribution bias, optimism and wishful thinking, ambiguity aversion, recency bias, loss aversion, regret aversion, etc. Lead to biased financial decision-making: Trading, financial investments, diversification, real investment, corporate policies, etc. Psychology and Overconfidence. DeBondt and Thaler (1995): “[P]erhaps the most robust finding in the psychology of judgment is that people are overconfident.” Fischhoff, Slovic and Lichtenstein (1977), Alpert and Raiffa (1982): People tend to overestimate the precision of their knowledge and information. Svenson (1981), Taylor and Brown (1988): Most individuals overestimate their abilities, see themselves as beer than average, and see themselves beer than others see them. Behavioral Issues – Overconfidence | FTG Summer School – June 29, 2019 3 / 98 Intro OC in Markets Emergence of OC OC in Firms Contracting with OC Conclusion Lecture Overview (cont’d) Who’s Impacted? Griffin and Tversky (1992): Experts tend to be more overconfident than relatively inexperienced individuals. Einhorn (1980): Overconfidence is more severe for tasks with delayed and vaguer feedback. Many fields: investment bankers (Staël von Holstein, 1972), engineers (Kidd, 1970), entrepreneurs (Cooper, Woo, and Dunkelberg, 1988), lawyers (Wagenaar and Keren, 1986), managers (Russo and Schoemaker, 1992). Lecture Objectives. Development of a theoretical framework to model overconfidence. -
Cellular and Molecular Signatures in the Disease Tissue of Early
Cellular and Molecular Signatures in the Disease Tissue of Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Stratify Clinical Response to csDMARD-Therapy and Predict Radiographic Progression Frances Humby1,* Myles Lewis1,* Nandhini Ramamoorthi2, Jason Hackney3, Michael Barnes1, Michele Bombardieri1, Francesca Setiadi2, Stephen Kelly1, Fabiola Bene1, Maria di Cicco1, Sudeh Riahi1, Vidalba Rocher-Ros1, Nora Ng1, Ilias Lazorou1, Rebecca E. Hands1, Desiree van der Heijde4, Robert Landewé5, Annette van der Helm-van Mil4, Alberto Cauli6, Iain B. McInnes7, Christopher D. Buckley8, Ernest Choy9, Peter Taylor10, Michael J. Townsend2 & Costantino Pitzalis1 1Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK. Departments of 2Biomarker Discovery OMNI, 3Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, California 94080 USA 4Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands 5Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 6Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Policlinico of the University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy 7Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK 8Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK 9Institute of -
Why Do Humans Break Software Projects? and How Can We Fix It? Andrew Brown
Why do humans break software projects? And how can we fix it? Andrew Brown Prediction: Software development in 2031 • ~20% of projects failed • Many others late, over budget • Some projects took crazy risks • Silos • Too much technical debt • Add processes, but quality did not improve • Our regression packs are full of junk tests Software development in 2021 • ~20% of projects failed • Many others late, over budget • Some projects took crazy risks • Silos • Too much technical debt • Add processes, but quality did not improve • Our regression packs are full of junk tests Software development in 1971 • ~20% of projects failed • Many others late, over budget • Some projects took crazy risks • Silos • Too much technical debt • Add processes, but quality did not improve • Our regression packs are full of junk tests Software development in 1971 • ~20% of projects failed • Many others late, over budget • Some projects took crazy risks • Silos • Too much technical debt • Add processes, but quality did not improve • Our regression packs are full of junk tests Why do problems remain? • Have we not tried to solve them? • Have we missed something? Why do problems remain? 1. Software problems have 2 parts: • Technical • Human 2. Software tool Software development’s most important tool • Our mind • Developed to solve different set of problems • Evolved in different environment What was our mind developed for? Generation 1 Generation 2 Generation 3 What was our mind developed for? Survival Reproduction Survival Predation Disease Conflict Starvation Accident -
Escalation Revisited: Investigating the Influence of Personality and Organizational Support on Escalation of Commitment
Escalation Revisited: Investigating the Influence of Personality and Organizational Support on Escalation of Commitment by Julia Walsh Howell A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama August 2, 2014 Keywords: Escalation of commitment, personality, organizational support, sunk costs Copyright 2014 by Julia Walsh Howell Approved by Daniel Svyantek, Chair, Professor and Chair, Department of Psychology Ana Franco-Watkins, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology Alejandro Lazarte, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology Alan Walker, Associate Professor, Department of Management Abstract Escalation of commitment research has been narrow in its scope of influencing factors. A goal of this study was to remedy this gap by including factors at the individual, organizational, and decision context level that affect escalation. Furthermore, to my knowledge there is no other escalation research that has included both an economic and a human resources (HR) decision scenario. A significant contribution of this study was the results showing these two types of scenarios have different, and sometimes opposing, outcomes. In the economic context, sunk costs were positively related to escalation, but the relationship was inversed in the HR context. Additionally, facets of neuroticism and openness to experience were related to escalation in the economic context, but no such relationships were present in the HR context. Openness to experience moderated the relationship between organizational support and escalation. The results in the HR context have practical implications regarding how managers select, train, promote, and terminate employees. Furthermore, the differential outcomes in the economic and HR contexts provide a first step in expanding the theoretical implications of varying contexts and their influence on escalation. -
Investigation of the Underlying Hub Genes and Molexular Pathogensis in Gastric Cancer by Integrated Bioinformatic Analyses
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.20.423656; this version posted December 22, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Investigation of the underlying hub genes and molexular pathogensis in gastric cancer by integrated bioinformatic analyses Basavaraj Vastrad1, Chanabasayya Vastrad*2 1. Department of Biochemistry, Basaveshwar College of Pharmacy, Gadag, Karnataka 582103, India. 2. Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001, Karanataka, India. * Chanabasayya Vastrad [email protected] Ph: +919480073398 Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001 , Karanataka, India bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.20.423656; this version posted December 22, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract The high mortality rate of gastric cancer (GC) is in part due to the absence of initial disclosure of its biomarkers. The recognition of important genes associated in GC is therefore recommended to advance clinical prognosis, diagnosis and and treatment outcomes. The current investigation used the microarray dataset GSE113255 RNA seq data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to diagnose differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Pathway and gene ontology enrichment analyses were performed, and a proteinprotein interaction network, modules, target genes - miRNA regulatory network and target genes - TF regulatory network were constructed and analyzed. Finally, validation of hub genes was performed. The 1008 DEGs identified consisted of 505 up regulated genes and 503 down regulated genes. -
Life History, Mating Behavior, and Multiple Paternity in Octopus
LIFE HISTORY, MATING BEHAVIOR, AND MULTIPLE PATERNITY IN OCTOPUS OLIVERI (BERRY, 1914) (CEPHALOPODA: OCTOPODIDAE) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI´I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY DECEMBER 2014 By Heather Anne Ylitalo-Ward Dissertation Committee: Les Watling, Chairperson Rob Toonen James Wood Tom Oliver Jeff Drazen Chuck Birkeland Keywords: Cephalopod, Octopus, Sexual Selection, Multiple Paternity, Mating DEDICATION To my family, I would not have been able to do this without your unending support and love. Thank you for always believing in me. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank all of the people who helped me collect the specimens for this study, braving the rocks and the waves in the middle of the night: Leigh Ann Boswell, Shannon Evers, and Steffiny Nelson, you were the hard core tako hunters. I am eternally grateful that you sacrificed your evenings to the octopus gods. Also, thank you to David Harrington (best bucket boy), Bert Tanigutchi, Melanie Hutchinson, Christine Ambrosino, Mark Royer, Chelsea Szydlowski, Ily Iglesias, Katherine Livins, James Wood, Seth Ylitalo-Ward, Jessica Watts, and Steven Zubler. This dissertation would not have happened without the support of my wonderful advisor, Dr. Les Watling. Even though I know he wanted me to study a different kind of “octo” (octocoral), I am so thankful he let me follow my foolish passion for cephalopod sexual selection. Also, he provided me with the opportunity to ride in a submersible, which was one of the most magical moments of my graduate career. -
Effects of Statin Medications on Health Related Behaviors Stephen M
Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine DigitalCommons@PCOM PCOM Psychology Dissertations Student Dissertations, Theses and Papers 2008 Effects of Statin Medications on Health Related Behaviors Stephen M. Timchack Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.pcom.edu/psychology_dissertations Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Timchack, Stephen M., "Effects of Statin Medications on Health Related Behaviors" (2008). PCOM Psychology Dissertations. Paper 138. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Dissertations, Theses and Papers at DigitalCommons@PCOM. It has been accepted for inclusion in PCOM Psychology Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@PCOM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine Department of Psychology THE EFFECTS OF STATIN MEDICATIONS ON HEALTH RELATED BEHAVIORS By Stephen M. Timchack Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Psychology March 2008 PHILDELPHIA COLLEGE OF OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY Dissertation Approval This is to certify that the thesis presented to us by STEPHEN M. TIMCHACK on the 19th day of DECEMBER, 2007, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Psychology, has been examined and is acceptable in both scholarship and literary quality. Committee Members' Signatures: Barbara Golden, Psy.D., ABPP, Chairperson Virginia Salzer, Ph.D. Carl Charnetski, Ph.D. Robert A. DiTomasso, Ph.D., ABPP, Chair, Department of Psychology 111 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am blessed to have so many supportive, caring, and understanding people in my life. I am especially grateful to my parents, Bruce and Rosemarie Timchack, for providing me with the opportunity to fulfill my dream of achieving a doctoral degree in clinical psychology. -
Supplementary Table S4. FGA Co-Expressed Gene List in LUAD
Supplementary Table S4. FGA co-expressed gene list in LUAD tumors Symbol R Locus Description FGG 0.919 4q28 fibrinogen gamma chain FGL1 0.635 8p22 fibrinogen-like 1 SLC7A2 0.536 8p22 solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 2 DUSP4 0.521 8p12-p11 dual specificity phosphatase 4 HAL 0.51 12q22-q24.1histidine ammonia-lyase PDE4D 0.499 5q12 phosphodiesterase 4D, cAMP-specific FURIN 0.497 15q26.1 furin (paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme) CPS1 0.49 2q35 carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1, mitochondrial TESC 0.478 12q24.22 tescalcin INHA 0.465 2q35 inhibin, alpha S100P 0.461 4p16 S100 calcium binding protein P VPS37A 0.447 8p22 vacuolar protein sorting 37 homolog A (S. cerevisiae) SLC16A14 0.447 2q36.3 solute carrier family 16, member 14 PPARGC1A 0.443 4p15.1 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha SIK1 0.435 21q22.3 salt-inducible kinase 1 IRS2 0.434 13q34 insulin receptor substrate 2 RND1 0.433 12q12 Rho family GTPase 1 HGD 0.433 3q13.33 homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase PTP4A1 0.432 6q12 protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA, member 1 C8orf4 0.428 8p11.2 chromosome 8 open reading frame 4 DDC 0.427 7p12.2 dopa decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase) TACC2 0.427 10q26 transforming, acidic coiled-coil containing protein 2 MUC13 0.422 3q21.2 mucin 13, cell surface associated C5 0.412 9q33-q34 complement component 5 NR4A2 0.412 2q22-q23 nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2 EYS 0.411 6q12 eyes shut homolog (Drosophila) GPX2 0.406 14q24.1 glutathione peroxidase