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Power Quality and Emc Issues with Future Electricity Networks 719 POWER QUALITY AND EMC ISSUES WITH FUTURE ELECTRICITY NETWORKS JOINT WORKING GROUP C4.24/CIRED MARCH 2018 POWER QUALITY AND EMC ISSUES WITH FUTURE ELECTRICITY NETWORKS JWG C4.24/CIRED Members F. ZAVODA, Convenor CA S.K. RONNBERG, Secretary SE M.H.J. BOLLEN SE J. MEYER GE R. LANGELLA IT S. DJOKIC GB A. MORENO-MUNOZ ES R. DAS US J. ZHONG HK/CN P. CIUFO AU J-P. HASLER SE G.C. LAZAROIU RO A. GIL DE CASTRO ES T. LAUGHNER US V. CUK NL M. POHJANPALO FI C. STANESCU RO G. VAGAPOV RU A-M. BLANCO GE X. WANG DK R.P.D. ROSS BR S.S. CARRO ES Corresponding Members E. DE JAEGER BE M. HALPIN US K-L. KOO GB P.F. RIBEIRO BR L. JUNCHENG CN E. PARTAL TK K. CHAN CH N. OKADA JP J. DESMET BE Copyright © 2018 “All rights to this Technical Brochure are retained by CIGRE. It is strictly prohibited to reproduce or provide this publication in any form or by any means to any third party. Only CIGRE Collective Members companies are allowed to store their copy on their internal intranet or other company network provided access is restricted to their own employees. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized without permission from CIGRE”. Disclaimer notice “CIGRE gives no warranty or assurance about the contents of this publication, nor does it accept any responsibility, as to the accuracy or exhaustiveness of the information. All implied warranties and conditions are excluded to the maximum extent permitted by law”. WG XX.XXpany network provided access is restricted to their own employees. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized without permission from CIGRE”. ISBN : 978-2-85873-421-4 Disclaimer notice “CIGRE gives no warranty or assurance about the contents of this publication, nor does it accept any responsibility, as to the accuracy or exhaustiveness of the information. All implied warranties and conditions are excluded to the maximum extent POWER QUALITY AND EMC ISSUES WITH FUTURE ELECTRICITY NETWORKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The electric power system is undergoing changes that significantly impact power system operation and design. These changes include: . Proliferation of distributed generation, including renewables (wind and solar power, etc.) and storage; . Proliferation of power electronics interfaced loads, which are connected to the grid; . Integration of microgrids operating in connected or islanded modes; . Integration of advanced distribution automation applications also known as smart distribution applications. The impact of these changes on power quality has been discussed quite intensively, and some of discussions were summarized in books and papers. However, a systematic overview study and assessment of the severity of the overall impact was missing. It was therefore decided by CIGRÉ Study Committee C4 and CIRED to establish the Joint Working Group (JWG) C4.24: “Power Quality (PQ) and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Issues associated with future electricity networks” in late 2013. Its scope was to create an inventory of knowledge on this subject, with the aim of such an overview. The JWG activity also included a collaboration with the IEEE Working Group (WG) “PQ Issues with Grid Modernization”, whose scope and objectives were similar. The JWG started the work in September 2013 with the aim to address the PQ and EMC issues in future grids, in particular, the following: . Impact of new types of devices connected to the distribution network as production (DG) or consumption (load), especially devices with an active power electronics interface and their emissions; . Overview of “Smart Grid” and PQ; . Changes in probability of interference (a device does not operate as intended, gets damaged or experiences a reduction in life time) due to increased levels of emission, decreased immunity or by increased transfer to susceptible equipment; . Issues surrounding PQ in microgrids; . Trends that are expected in the Volt-VAR control of distribution systems and possible impact on power quality; . Impact of automatic and manual feeder reconfiguration on PQ parameters; . Issues with PQ associated with demand side management in a network with bi-directional power flows and exchanges of energy; . New measurements techniques associated with hardware and software technological developments and new type of PQ disturbances; . New mitigation methods to ensure EMC in future electricity networks; . Economic issues for ensuring a good PQ in future grids. The work done by the JWG was concluded at the end of 2017 in a TB with ten sections and nine appendices. Each section comes with its own conclusions, which are organized in a format: “Findings”, “Recommendations” and “Open Issues”. Proliferation of distributed generation and modern loads The proliferation of distributed generation and modern loads, an important change in the power system, has determined the JWG to start its TB with a “State of the art” of power electronics (PE) interfaced devices, which summarizes the different topologies used within various distributed generation devices and modern loads, with focus on converters, electrical vehicles and lamp technologies. These PE, whose benefits include increased efficiency, lower cost, and reduced packaging size, are important sources of waveform distortions (high levels of harmonic content of higher frequencies, flicker, etc.), but they can also be the key to mitigate distortion, when the proper technology is employed. Overview of “Smart Grid” and PQ The overview performed by the JWG concluded that what matters most to customers connected to the future electricity network (smart grid) are three performance indicators: . The price for using the network (the network tariff), 3 POWER QUALITY AND EMC ISSUES WITH FUTURE ELECTRICITY NETWORKS . The reliability, . The power quality. Safety and environmental issues also matter and may be added to the above list. The transition to the smart grid can be briefly associated to: . Solar panels connected to the low-voltage networks will result in overvoltages; . The switching frequency of the converters in wind turbines causes high-frequency signals flowing into the grid; . Harmonics are generated by EV chargers; . The repeated starting of heat pumps can result in visible light flicker. The JWG also payed attention to the concept of “hosting capacity approach”, namely to determine how much of new production can be connected to the grid (at a certain location, to a certain feeder or to the grid as a whole) based on the comparison of a set of performance indices with each index limit. Once any of those indices exceeds its limit, the hosting capacity is reached. Connecting more generation than the hosting capacity will result in the grid no longer being able to provide acceptable reliability and power quality to its customers. Changes in probability of interference The on-going changes in the power systems have impacted the emissions, the immunity and the transfer of disturbances. All these impacts affect the probability of electromagnetic interference. In accordance with IEC terminology, the JWG distinguished between “disturbances” (any deviation from the ideal voltage or current) and “interference” (damage or malfunction of end-user equipment), but what matters in the end is the compatibility among different devices and between devices and the grid. The expected changes in the power system can be categorized into three different types, each having the potential to impact the probability of interference: . Changes in production: o Shift from large conventional production units to small units connected to low-voltage (LV) and medium-voltage MV) networks; o Shift to non-dispatchable renewable energy (solar and wind power); o Shift from synchronous machines to power-electronic interfaces. Changes in consumption: o Replacement of existing types of equipment with more energy-efficient alternatives; introduction of new types of equipment; o Proliferation of small devices; o Almost complete shift to active power-electronic interfaces. Changes in the grid: o Underground cables; o Power-electronics equipment; o Increased use of power-line communication; o Changes in protection and control. The JWG also made a distinction between changes in: . Emission of power quality disturbances; . Immunity against power quality disturbances; . Transfer of disturbances (e.g. as quantified by the transfer impedance) between an emitting source and a susceptible device. The JWG didn’t intend to present a quantitative measure of the expected change in probability of interference but to make, based on an inventory of published information together with expert knowledge within the joint working group, a qualitative assessment of which aspects need to be addressed to prevent a future large increase in the probability of interference. The main aim of the JWG was to identify new potential cases of interference due to increased levels of emission, decreased immunity or by increased transfer to susceptible equipment. An overview of findings, recommendations and open issues is given. 4 POWER QUALITY AND EMC ISSUES WITH FUTURE ELECTRICITY NETWORKS Integration of microgrids Microgrids offer distinct advantages to customers and utilities: improved energy efficiency, minimization of overall energy consumption, reduced environmental impact and improved reliability of supply, for the former, as well as loss reduction, congestion relief, voltage control, or security of supply and more cost- efficient electricity infrastructure replacement, for the latter. Microgrids have therefore been proposed as novel distribution network architecture
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