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Public Participation in Television News Broadcasting Södertörn University | School of Culture and Communication | Bachelor Thesis 15 Credits | Media and Communication Studies | Spring Term 2011 | Program for Media, English and Globalization | Manipulating an Interactive Era: Public Participation in Television News Broadcasting Author: Mattis Andersson Supervisor: Peter Jakobsson Abstract Södertörn University Bachelor Thesis 15 Credits, Spring Term 2011 C-level, Media and Communication Studies Title: Manipulating an Interactive Era: Public Participation in Television News Broadcasting Author: Mattis Andersson Supervisor: Peter Jakobsson Key Words: convergence, gatekeeping, pre-mediation, television, Twitter Purpose: To investigate how new technologies and new media possibilities are converging into older forms of mass media and examine the flow of cross platform communication and its implications with gatekeeping. Questions at Issue: How is gatekeeping involved in the process of broadcasting the internet discussion? How do television gatekeepers pre-mediate and script the online discussion? Is the convergence process allowing access for the participatory culture, making televised information less hierarchical? Theory: Gatekeeping controls the flow of information distributed through media to its audience. Gatekeeping is a selective process, using different mechanisms to filter information. Method: A semi- structured interview was conducted with an editor at the Swedish TV4 program Nyheterna. Additionally, through a content analysis proceeding the comments found on the TV4 forum submitted by participants of the convergence process were collected and compared to the comments broadcast in television. Results: The material showed that out of 319 comments, in total, 39 where broadcast; only 19 of the 39 comments could be traced back to the forum. The comments had also been manipulated in the convergence process. Despite new technologies traditional gatekeeping mechanisms control the flow of information. Summary: Further research needs to be done to fully investigate the impact of new technologies and explore whether their participants have influence during the gatekeeping process. Contents 1. Introduction…………………………………..………………………………...............................1 2. Background …………………………….…………………………………………………………………..4 2.1 TV4 Nyheterna…….…………………….……………………………………………………………….…4 2.2 Twitter……………………………………….……………………………………………………….………..5 2.3 TV4 Forum……………………………………………………………………………………..….………….6 2.4 The Power to Interact…………………….…………………………………………………….………….6 2.5 Societal Effects to New Technologies…………………………………………………………….…….7 2.6 Research Difficulties………………………….…………………………………………….……………...9 2.7 Purpose Description…………………………..………………………………………..…..……….……9 2.8 Questions at Issue……………………………….………………………………………..………………10 2.9 Limitations………………………………………….……………………………………………………….10 3. Theories………………………………………………………………………………………………….….11 3.1 Convergence……………………………………….……………………………………………………....11 3.2 Definition of Gatekeeping……………………….……………………………………………………..12 3.2.1 Interests Effecting Gatekeeping…………………………………………………………..………….…….14 3.3 Network Gatekeeping……………………………..…………………………………………….………15 3.4 Additional Previous Research ……………………….………………………………………………..16 3.4.1 The Need for Control…………………………….…………………..……………………………….16 3.4.2 Scripting and Premediate the Material……………………………………...….…………….…17 4. Method…………………………………………………………………………………………………..….19 4.1 Content Analysis of Collected Data……………………………………………………….………...19 4.1.1 Content Analysis Proceeding of Collected Data……………………………..………….……19 4.2 Interview…………………………………………………………………………………………….………20 4.2.1 Interview Proceeding…………………………………………………………………………….……20 4.3 Ethical Aspects……………………………………………………………………………………………..21 5. Material………………………………………………………………………………………….………….22 6. Results…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…23 6.1 Interview Results………………………………………..…………………………….………………….23 6.2 Data Collection Results.……………………………………………………………..…………….……25 7. Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………………30 7.1 How Is Gatekeeping Involved in the Process of Broadcasting the Internet Discussion? ………………………………………………….……..30 7.2 How Do Television Gatekeepers Pre-mediate and Script the Online Discussion? ….………………………………………………………….…..32 7.3 Is the Convergence Process Allowing Access for the Participatory Culture, Making Televised Information Less Hierarchical?........33 7.4 Summary of Analysis……………………………………………………………………………….…….34 8. Discussion ………………………………………………………………………………………………….35 8.1 Generalizability, Validity and Reliability……………………………………………………………36 8.2 Further Research…………………………………………………………………………………………..37 9. Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………38 10. References……………………………………………………………………………………………….40 10.1 Printed Sources…………………………………………………………………………………………..40 10.2 Unprinted Sources……………………………………………………………………………………….40 11. Appendixes………………………………………………………………………………………………42 11.1 Appendix 1…………………………………………………………………………………………………42 11.2 Appendix 2…………………………………………………………………………………………………43 11.3 Appendix 3…………………………………………………………………………………………………47 11.4 Appendix 4…………………………………………………………………………………………………49 1. Introduction This study explores how new technologies and new media possibilities are converging into older forms of mass media and what that process generates. Specific focus is placed upon how the relatively new internet platform Twitter and the Swedish TV4 news internet platform are used, in order to make people participate in television broadcast. Twitter with its fast message function and user friendly usage, is today a way of expressing oneself and in some ways a highway into the mass mediated television. This type of communication is also found in internet based forums that allow instant access and participation in the mediated debate. This is why this study also examines how internet based services, such as Twitter and the Swedish TV4 chat forum, are increasingly integrated with and used by the production team in broadcast television. This is done to see what new mediums are capable of contributing with, and how these opportunities are used by the production team. The televised mass mediated debate is today, thanks to new technologies as those mentioned above, generating public participation that allows everybody with an interest to take part. The internet has also made it possible for motivated users to be informed both faster and wider (McQuail; 2008 p 531), leading to a participatory society where people can be a part of news making and news breaking (Goode; 2009 p 1291). This openness of communication possibilities may not be as open as one could think; these possibilities can have room for offending material, which, with a completely open flow, would be broadcast on television. This could be seen as a problem, which makes it obvious that some form of control over the material is occurring, but to what extent is this control completed? Do these communication possibilities lead to a less hierarchical information structure, where selection of broadcast information no longer just belongs to the media industries? To get a glimpse at the answers to these questions is of interest when considering how people can participate in mass media today. This convergence is in some ways setting the bar on how information and public participation in the older mass medium television are used and on how this integration can be seen as an extension of television possibilities. It is possible that new technologies could have forced television to expand over its own borders in order to keep the public interest alive. Looking at the history of media and communication, this convergence process represents something innovative and new. In this sense it is also rewriting many of the older perspectives that exist inside the academic world of media communication. Specifically, it is reshaping the older existing theories of media and communication. Previous research that 1 focused on modern mass media television, is mainly discussing the traditional television as a medium by itself. Little research has been found in the area of convergence between internet functions (that allows people to be broadcast on television) and television. This area of research is important in order to follow the technical advancements that are rewriting the way people interact and communicate over standardized boundaries. Because this convergence has somewhat revolutionized the possibility of interaction, it is also inviting to new research. Further investigation of convergence between television and the internet would be interesting from both an academic and a public perspective. In the academic world, this study could provide a discussion of a possible expansion and a modernization of the older theories. In terms of public interest the relationship between media control and non-professional participants would be somewhat clarified, in order to get a deeper understanding of how this relationship take place. The convergence of technologies that both generate and distribute information is an interesting addition to the communication society (McQuail; 2008 p 137), giving the users of these technologies boundary free communication and information possibilities. This technology could have a diminishing impact on the hierarchical structure of television information content. Looking at how the usage of these technological ways makes finding and spreading information possible, it is likely to find a good ground for its usage in the mass mediated televised broadcasting. This essay is based on research on the Swedish TV4 news program that daily invites
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