Washington Accord and JABEE Dr Yasuyuki AOSHIMA Executive Managing Director of JABEE Chief Advisor of JICA project for IABEE

1 • What is engineering? • : International framework of accreditation for • JABEE: Challenge of engineering education in • Why accreditation?

• IABEE () >>> Dr Ari, Secretary General of IABEE

2 Engineering The activity of applying scientific knowledge to the design, building and control of machines, roads, bridges, electrical equipment, etc.

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary

3 They are people who don’t wish a problem away, but start doing something to solve it

4 4 • Engineering is the most advanced field in the quality assurance in professional education. • In Western countries, historically, professional societies such as an institution of professional or a council of engineers have been conducting the accreditation of education to ensure that younger generation have acquired required ability and knowledge when they have graduated from the engineering study program. • In those countries, only graduates from accredited programs are eligible to be professional engineers.

5 Two types of accreditation • Institution Accreditation • Program Accreditation

In Indonesia • BAN-PT: mandatory institution accreditation body • LAM-PS: mandatory program accreditation body to be established by each field of discipline • IABEE: optional program accreditation body at international level (NGO)

6 International Engineering Alliance http://www.ieagreements.org/

Educational Accords Competence Recognition/ Mobility Agreements

Washington Sydney Dublin International International Agreement for APEC Professional Accord Accord Accord Engineering International Engineers Engineers Technologist Engineering Agreement Agreement Technicians

Professional Engineering Engineering Professional Engineering Engineering Professional Engineers Technologists Technicians Engineers Technologists Technicians Engineers (Regional Agreement)

7 Washington Accord  Established in 1989 by 6 accreditation bodies for engineering education in , , UK, Ireland, and USA  Accreditation bodies (of WA signatories) accredit educational programs with “similar” criteria  Recognizes substantial equivalency of accredited programs under the Accord

8 Washington Accord membership Accreditation Bodies Provisional Status Signatory ABET (USA) 6 Founding Members 1989 Engineers Canada HKIE () No system at that time 1995 ECUK (UK) ECSA () 1994 1999 EA (Australia), JABEE (Japan) 2001 2005 EngIRE (Ireland) IES () 2003 2006 IPENZ (New BEM () 2003 2009 Zealand) ASIIN (Germany) 2003 but was removed in 2013 ABEEK (RP ) 2005 2007 IEET (Chinese Taipei) 2005 2007 AEER (Russia) 2007 2012 NBA () 2007 2014 IESL () 2007 2014 MUDEK () 2010 2011 PEC () 2010 2017 COE () Submitted in 2010 but was deferred IEB () 2011 CAST (PR ) 2013 2016 PTC (The ) 2013 ICACIT () 2014 2018 CFIA (Costa Rica) 2015 CACEI () 2016 ACREDITA CI () 2018 (Under Preparation) Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, , the Netherland 9 International frameworks for Accreditation of Professional Education

 Washington Accord (engineer)  (CS, IT)  Canberra Accord (architect)  ()  ()  EUR-ACE (engineer)

10 Paradigm shift from input-based teaching to outcome-based learning In the 2000’s, ABET (USA) drastically changed its evaluation method from input base to outcome base. ABET triggered the world paradigm shift of engineering education from input-based teaching to outcome-based learning. The Washington Accord adopted OBE methods for evaluation. The European Union has proposed an education shift to focus on outcomes, across the EU. Study programs shall set up learning outcome, taking into consideration what students shall acquire rather than what professors wish to teach. 11 Complex Engineering Problems

• Complex engineering problems cannot be resolved without in-depth engineering knowledge. • They may need multi-disciplinary approach. They involve wide-ranging or conflicting technical, engineering and other issues. • They need appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental considerations. • The complex problems may have several solutions or no solution.

12 Engineering Design Education

Design abilities to develop solutions to societal needs by applying science, technology and information:  Ability to identify a problem that is expected to be solved  Ability to identify restricted conditions such as public welfare, environmental preservation, and cost which are expected to be considered  Ability to logically identify, organize, and investigate the problem that is expected to be solved  Ability to establish a plan to solve the problem considering the restrictions and by applying body of knowledge of mathematics, sciences and technology in each applicable field  Ability to actually solve the problem in accordance with the plan that is established 13 IEA Graduate Attributes

1 Engineering knowledge

2 Problem Analysis

3 Design / Development of Solutions

4 Investigation

5 Modern Tool Usage

6 The Engineer and Society

7 Environment and Sustainability

8 Ethics

9 Individual and Team Work

10 Communication

11 Project Management and Finance

12 Life Long Learning

14 Learning outcomes to be achieved

Knowledge and abilities of the P4 graduates P1

Required level by the society P3

P2

15 JABEE’s Chronicle for Washington Accord 1997 Preparation Committee 1999 Establishment of JABEE 2001 Started accreditations 2001 Provisional status 2005 Signatory 2012 Periodic review 2017 Periodic review

16 International frameworks for Accreditation of Education

 Washington Accord (engineer) JABEE  Seoul Accord (CS, IT ”ICT Professional”) JABEE  Canberra Accord (architect) JABEE

(Provisional status)  EUR-ACE (engineer)  Sydney Accord (engineering technologist)  Dublin Accord (engineering technician)

17 Shortcoming of Japanese Engineering Education identified by 2004 WA review team Most Japanese engineering education is rooted in applied science. As a result, most Japanese engineering programs emphasize the learning of relevant scientific principles more than the application of those principles in a design context. The fourth year of such programs, for example, usually consists of a research project directed by a faculty member who joins the fourth-year students with his or her graduate students. This experience often lacks significant design content, leading the Japanese industries who employ new engineering graduates to accept the responsibility of training those new employees to perform engineering design.

In addition, Japanese faculty and students have long valued the freedom of each student to select a course of study and research that meets their individual educational objectives, leading to great flexibility in course selection within a typical student’s years of study.

These two factors combine to make Japanese engineering education somewhat different from that found in many of the WA countries, although the end result is clearly a highly educated engineering graduate with excellent experience in research, although probably with little hand- on engineering design experience. 18 Comments made by WA periodic review team in 2012

• Recognized the improvement on Engineering Design Education • “Multi-disciplinary” team work is not sufficient • Internationalization (foreign students and teachers) not yet sufficient • Education of communication skills in English not yet sufficient • More industry’s participation to JABEE activities should be encouraged

Comments made by WA periodic review team in 2017

• Recognized JABEE’s flexible application of “Multi-disciplinary” team work in the Accreditation Criteria and in the Criteria Guide • Evaluation of quality of program evaluators is not systematic

19 Numbers of programs accredited by WA signatories USA（ABET） WA China（CAST） WA California Institute of Technolog 3 Peking University － Stanford University 4 Tsinghua University 3 ＭＩＴ 21 Fudan University － Harvard University 3 University of Science and Technology of China － Princeton University 5 Nanjing University 1 University of Chicago － Zhejiang University 5 University of Pennsylvania 9 Shanghai Jiao Tong University 3 Yale University 3 Singapore（IES） WA Johns Hopkins University 10 National University of Singapore 14 Columbia University 6 Nanyang Technological University 11 University of California, Los Ang 8 Hong Kong（HKIE）* WA Duke University 6 University of Hong Kong 14 University of California, Berkeley 19 Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 13 Cornell University 12 Chinese University of Hong Kong 9 Canada（EC） WA City University of Hong Kong 29 University of Toronto 9 Hong Kong Polytechnic University 34 University of British Columbia 11 （ABEEK） WA McGill University 9 KAIST － McMaster University 11 Seoul National University 3 University of Montreal － Pohang University of Science and Technology － University of Alberta 9 Sungkyunkwan University 6 Australia（EA） WA Korea University 3 University of Melbourne 14 Yonsei University 5 Australian National University 11 （IEET） WA University of Sydney 44 National Taiwan University 6 University of Queensland 16 National Tsing Hua University 8 Monash University 11 National Taiwan University of Science and Technology 6 University of New South Wales 21 National Cheng Kung University 13 * Number of degrees listed on the HKIE web site 20 Numbers of programs accredited by JABEE

JAPAN (JABEE) April 2018 University of － － 2 Kyoto University － Ehime University 3 Tokushima University 5 － The University of Electro-Communications － Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology 1 1 Gifu University 1 University of Toyama 2 Tokyo － 3 Toyohashi University of Technology 6 Nagoya University 2 Iwate University 2 Yamagata University 2 1 5 Yamaguchi University 3 Hokkaido University 1 Kindai University 13 3 1 Hosei University 2 National University 2 Tokyo Metropolitan University 1 Kyoto Institute of Technology 1 Akita University 4 The University of Aizu － Kyushu Institute of Technology 12 Chiba Institute of Technology 2 4 5 Doshisha University － Hiroshima University 1 Mie University 1 University of Fukui 3 Kagawa University 1 University of Miyazaki 7 University of Hyogo － Kanazawa University 1 Nagaoka University of Technology 2 8 1 Nagasaki University 4 1 Kobe University 2 Nagoya Institute of Technology 1 Kansai University 2 Kochi University 1 9 4 Kumamoto University 5 Osaka Prefecture University 1 Kwansei Gakuin University － Nagoya City University － Ritsumeikan University 1 Meijo University 6 Okayama University 2 Saga University 4 Oita University 3 Osaka City University 2 1 Shibaura Institute of Technology 6 Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology － Shimane University 6 2 Tokyo University of Science 2 Shinshu University 2 Tokyo Denki University 2 3 Shizuoka University 3 Tottori University 2 － － Toyo University1 21 JABEE activities in Indonesia 2014 Accredited the Department of Mechanical and Biosystem Engineering of Bogor Agricultural University 2015 Accredited the Department of Civil Engineering of Islamic University of Indonesia 2016 Accredited the Department of Metallurgical Engineering of Institute of Technology Bandung 2017 Accredited the Department of Chemical Engineering of University of Indonesia 2014 to 2019 JICA project for IABEE

(Indonesian Accreditation Board for Engineering Education)

22 Why accreditation?

 Purpose is the improvement of education  International equivalency (there is no value unless the level of education is recognized at international level)  Review by the third party (self-evaluation is not sufficient)  Accountability to the society  Enhance outcome-based education

23 THANK YOU

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