sustainability

Article Specificity of Sustainable Structural Dynamics of Local Economy in Romanian Tourist Resorts

1,2 1,2 1,2 3 Alexandra Grecu , Andreea Karina Gruia , Marian Marin , Mariana Bănut, ă , 4 4 3 1,2 Cosmin Olteanu , Ionut, Constantin , Mihaela Gadoiu , Camelia Teodorescu , Răzvan Cătălin Dobrea 5 and Cristian Constantin Drăghici 1,2,* 1 Research Center for Integrated Analysis and Territorial Management, Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (A.K.G.); [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (C.T.) 2 Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, 010041 Bucharest, Romania 3 Faculty of Economic Sciences and Law, University of Pites, ti, 110014 Pites, ti, Romania; [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (M.G.) 4 Faculty of Administration and Business, University of Bucharest, 4-12, 030018 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] (C.O.); [email protected] (I.C.) 5 Faculty of Management, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, 010374 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +40-721-818-331



Received: 12 November 2019; Accepted: 4 December 2019; Published: 13 December 2019


Abstract: The lack of sustainable development strategies of the tourist resorts from Romania caused the structural dynamics of their economy to record large fluctuations under the impact of determinants with unpredictable developments. The spectacular dynamics have led to developments difficult to predict, in many situations that generate environmental conflicts, where the economic pressure has exceeded the support capacity of the natural environment. In this study, we aim to analyze the dynamic relationship between tourism and the other components of the economy, from each resort from Romania. The significant growth of tourism in recent years requires new approaches, relevant for understanding the role of tourism in increasing the complexity of the local economy. Measuring the role of tourism in the development of local economy was achieved by building an economic database for all tourist resorts from Romania (according to Government Decision No. 107 of 2018), at the four-digit NACE code level (Classification of National Economy Activities), for the economic indicators considered relevant: number of companies, number of employees, and turnover and profit, for the period 2000–2016, as well as at territorial administrative unit level. Detailed analyses revealed very different structural dynamics, the spectacular dynamics, lacking a coherent strategic framework, led in all situations to the emergence of environmental conflicts. Tourist resorts in which tourism has become an essential component of economic development have based their development on capitalization of local resources, which led to multiplication effects, materialized in a spectacular evolution of the local economy, and an increasing pressure on the natural environment.

Keywords: sustainable development; tourist resorts; local economy; territorial management; Romania

1. Introduction Analyzing the global economic development of the last decade, it can be noticed that tourism has become an important sector for local, national, and international economic activities [1], and, with its development, there has been a diversification of both tourist products and destinations [2]. Potential economic benefits of tourism, at national or regional level, is a very discussed topic in the literature

Sustainability 2019, 11, 7155; doi:10.3390/su11247155 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2019, 11, 7155 2 of 21 where the development of the tourism sector leads to possible direct or indirect positive effects on the economy and on the well-being of communities [3–10]. Tourism, is one of the greatest wealth generators, classified as one of the major economic development factors [11], and is often described as a driver of growth and economic development [12], being approached as a priority sector for the Romanian economy, given the potential contribution of general economic recovery. Tourism is, at the same time, an economic sector that consumes resources and puts pressure on ecosystems. The development of tourism often requires a strong intervention, in a short time, on the environment, generating a whole chain of negative multiplier effects. The analysis of the dynamic relationship between tourism and the other components of the economic system is a good premise for identifying potential imbalances in the natural environment. As a result, the debate on the sustainability of tourism has become particularly important lately [13–17]. This fact is due, among other things, to the decision-makers who have become increasingly aware of the limitations of using natural and cultural resources, but also the negative impact that tourism, without adequate measures, can have on the environment, on society, and on people [18]. On the other hand, sustainability was considered a key element in the primary models in the specialty literature on tourism competitiveness [19], and some authors have referred, in particular, to environmental sustainability as a key variable for the competitiveness of long-term tourism destinations or for improving the quality of life of the local population [20]. International or intergovernmental organizations as well as the United Nations Environmental Program and World Tourism Organization, have promoted the concept of sustainable tourism as a “balance” appropriate between economic viability, environmental responsibility, and socio-cultural prosperity [21,22]. The analysis of the dynamic relationship between tourism and the other systemic components is a good premise for identifying potential imbalances in the natural environment. In addition, in order to measure and monitor the sustainability of tourism, researchers have developed different techniques, such as the Sustainable Tourism Index, the Global Sustainable Tourism Council Criteria, the Systematic Indicators System, or the Importance-Performance Analysis [23–25]. The role played by the tourism sector in the development of local economies is a critical issue for geographers [26,27], representing one of the most studied topics in tourism studies. Its role in the development of local economies is important due to the complex economic influences that occur both vertically and horizontally in the local economic system [28–32]. Studying this role, held by tourism in the development of local economies, becomes very important for the design and implementation of sustainable management strategies in the medium and long term. Through a management policy on improving services, along with an appropriate marketing policy, tourism can bring significant economic benefits to these communities [33,34]. Thus, the development of methodologies for modeling the relations patterns with the other components of the territorial system is an important goal for both researchers and decision-makers. The study aims to develop a methodology for analyzing the role of tourism in the development of local economy, based on relevant indicators of economic complexity for each administrative-territorial unit analyzed from Romania for a statistically relevant period of time. Modeling the complex relationship between tourism and the other components of the local economy (agriculture, industry, trade, etc.), will bring new elements of knowledge regarding one of the most dynamic relationships between the components of a territorial system, and designing in this way, the premises that can generate imbalances in the natural environment.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area In this study, all tourist resorts from Romania are analyzed from the point of view of tourism’s contribution to the development of the local economy. The Law of Tourism defines the tourist resort as Sustainability 2019, 11, 7155 3 of 21

“the locality or part of a locality, which has a tourist heritage and a tourist infrastructure, in which the economic activitiesSustainability mainly 2019, 11, x FOR support PEER REVIEW the achievement of the tourism product and which3 of 27 is attested by Government decision,In this study, at the all proposaltourist resorts of from the authorityRomania are ofanalyzed the central from the public point ofadministration view of tourism’s responsible for tourism, incontribution the situation to the development of cumulative of the fulfillmentlocal economy. of The the Law mandatory of Tourism defines minimum the tourist certification resort criteria, as “the locality or part of a locality, which has a tourist heritage and a tourist infrastructure, in which approved bythe Government economic activities decision”. mainly support According the achievement to the Government of the tourism product Decision and no.which 107 is attested of 2018, approving the attestationby ofGovernment some localities decision, orat partsthe proposal of localities of the authority as tourist of the resorts central of public national administration or local interest and on the changeresponsible of annex forno. tourism, 5 to in the the Government situation of cumulative Decision fulfillment no. 852 of ofthe 2008, mandatory to approve minimum the rules and certification criteria, approved by Government decision”. According to the Government Decision no. the attestation107 criteria of 2018, approving of tourist the resorts, attestation in of Romania some localities are 108or parts resorts of localities (47 national as tourist interestresorts of and 61 local interest). Tonational mention or local that, interest although and on Romania the change hasof annex 108 no. tourist 5 to the resorts, Government in cartographic Decision no. 852 representationof there are only2008, 98, to since: approve B theăile rules Felix and the and attestation 1 Mai; criteria Crivaia of tourist and resorts, Semenic; in Romania North are Eforie 108 resorts and (47 South Eforie; national interest and 61 local interest). To mention that, although Romania has 108 tourist resorts, in Mangalia, Capcartographic Aurora, representation Jupiter, Neptun-Olimp, there are only 98, Saturnsince: Băile and Felix Venus; and 1 Mai; Predeal, Crivaia and Pâ rSemenic;âul Rece North and Timis, ul de Sus, share theEforie same and territorial South Eforie; administrative Mangalia, Cap Aurora, unit. Jupiter, The Neptun-Olimp, cartographic Saturn model and Venus; was developed Predeal, with the help of open-sourcePârâul Rece software and Timiș QGisul de Sus, (Grüt, shareSwitzerland), the same territorial which administrative represents unit. theThe cartographic spatial distribution of model was developed with the help of open-source software QGis (Grüt, Switzerland), which tourist resortsrepresents at both, the national spatial distribution and regional of tourist level resort (Figures at both, 1national). and regional level (Figure 1).

Figure 1. The distribution of tourist resorts in Romania. Figure 1. The distribution of tourist resorts in Romania. 2.2. Data Analysis 2.2. Data Analysis The studyThe is basedstudy is onbased the on developmentthe development ofof an an economic economic database, database, both at the both territorial at the territorial administrativeadministrative unit level, unit and level, four-digit and four-digit NACE NACE codecode (Classification (Classification of National of National Economy Activities) Economy Activities) with the fourwith economic the four economic indicators indicators relevant relevant to to tourism tourism development development in each in resort each in resortRomania, in for Romania, the for the period 2000–2016 (number of companies, number of employees, turnover, and profit). Based on this, period 2000–2016were made (number evolution of charts companies, for the aforementioned number of indicators, employees, for analyzing turnover, the share and of profit). tourism in Based on this, were made evolutionthe total local charts economy for for the the aforementioned tourist resorts, as well indicators, as for the evolution for analyzing of the three the sectors share of of tourism in the total localactivity economy (primary, for secondary, the tourist and resorts, tertiary), ashighli wellghting as forthe tourism the evolution sector, for ofthe thesame three period. sectors The of activity (primary, secondary, and tertiary), highlighting the tourism sector, for the same period. The database for the turnover and profit was represented in Romanian currency, Ron, where 1 Ron is equal to 0.28 € (Euro), average course calculated for the period 2000–2016. To identify the structural dynamics of tourist resorts, an analysis of the variation of the ranks held by each resort was made by: the share of the company’s number from tourism sector in total number of companies, the share of the employee’s number from tourism sector in total number of employees, the share of turnover from tourism sector in total turnover, and the share of the profit from tourism sector in total profit. In the end, we made a matrix with the variation of ranks with the arithmetic mean of the share of the four economic indicators from tourism sector for each resort. For the matrix, each resort has been given a certain color: red for Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 27

database for the turnover and profit was represented in Romanian currency, Ron, where 1 Ron is equal to 0.28 € (Euro), average course calculated for the period 2000–2016. To identify the structural dynamics of tourist resorts, an analysis of the variation of the ranks held by each resort was made by: Sustainabilitythe share2019 ,of11 the, 7155 company’s number from tourism sector in total number of companies, the share of4 of 21 the employee’s number from tourism sector in total number of employees, the share of turnover from tourism sector in total turnover, and the share of the profit from tourism sector in total profit. In the resortsend, that we showed made a amatrix declining with the trend, variation orange of ranks for a relativelywith the arithmetic constant mean evolution, of the share i.e., theirof the evolution four does noteconomic show indicators large fluctuations, from tourism and sector green for for each those resort. resorts For thatthe matrix, experienced each resort an increase has been ingiven rank a over the periodcertain under color: review.red for resorts The analysis that showed of the a declining relationship trend, between orange for the a increase relatively of constant the role evolution, of tourism in i.e., their evolution does not show large fluctuations, and green for those resorts that experienced an the local economy and the environmental conflicts was done by creating a database on their number, increase in rank over the period under review. The analysis of the relationship between the increase recorded in official documents. Thus, by associating their number with the evolution trend of this of the role of tourism in the local economy and the environmental conflicts was done by creating a relationship,database the on directtheir number, link between recorded tourism in official developments documents. has Thus, been by observed,associating in their most number cases inwith a short period,the and evolution also the trend generation of this relationship, of environmental the direct conflicts. link between tourism developments has been observed, in most cases in a short period, and also the generation of environmental conflicts. 3. Results 3. Results In the territorial systems with touristic functionality from Romania, the total number of companies is showingIn an the upward territorial dynamics systems from with the touristic first year functionality of the analysis, from Romania, 2000, until the 2008, total with number an increase of of aboutcompanies 69%, the is showing tourism an sector upward contributing dynamics from to thisthe first evolution year of the with analysis, values 2000, between until 2008, 3% andwith 3.4% (Figurean2 ).increase While of the about total 69%, number the tourism of companies sector contributing declined after to this 2008, evolution with aboutwith values 7% due between to the 3% global and 3.4% (Figure 2). While the total number of companies declined after 2008, with about 7% due to economic crisis, those from the tourism sector have registered an upward trend, from 2668 companies the global economic crisis, those from the tourism sector have registered an upward trend, from 2668 in 2008, to 2742 in the last year of analysis, this growth amounting to 2.7%. The main areas of tourism companies in 2008, to 2742 in the last year of analysis, this growth amounting to 2.7%. The main areas whereof the tourism number where of the companies number of increased companies were: increased hotels were: and hotels other and similar other similar accommodation accommodation facilities, touristfacilities, agency tourist activities, agency and activities, tour operator and tour operat activities,or activities, and the and main the main resorts resorts where where these these rises rises were producedwere wereproduced Mamaia, were Mamaia, Eforie, P Eforie,ăltini¸s. Păltiniş.

FigureFigure 2. Total 2. Total number number of companiesof companies from from total total economyeconomy and and from from tourism tourism sector sector in tourist in tourist resorts resorts from Romania.from Romania.

RegardingRegarding the number the number of employees of employees (Figure (Figure3), 3), things things are are similar similar to to the the number number ofof companies,companies, but with fewbut exceptions.with few exceptions. Here, the Here, economic the economic crisis hascrisis been has feltbeen since felt since 2007, 2007, with with a sharp a sharp decline decline of aroundof 24% byaround 2010. 24% After by this2010. period, After this the period, number the of number active employeesof active employees in tourist in resortstourist resorts enters enters a trajectory a trajectory with small fluctuations. As for the tourism sector, the number of employees is variable with small fluctuations. As for the tourism sector, the number of employees is variable throughout throughout the analyzed period, their percentage oscillating from year to year, with the highest value the analyzedbeing in 2016, period, when their out percentage of a total of oscillating410,223 employees, from year 18,371 to were year, active with thein tourism. highest As value the main being in 2016,areas when of out tourism of a totalactivity of 410,223are: hotels employees, and other 18,371similar wereaccommodation active in tourism.facilities, accommodation As the main areas of tourism activity are: hotels and other similar accommodation facilities, accommodation facilities for holidays and short-term periods, other accommodation services, other reservation and tourist assistance services, and tourism agency activities. Both the turnover and the profit of tourist resorts (Figures4 and5) follow the same well-known growth path until 2008, then they decrease over the next period, that is attributed to the economic crisis and which has made its mark especially in the case of profit, its decrease from 2008 to 2009 being about 24%, and a spectacular recovery for both indicators over the past two years of the analysis that can be attributed to new investments. Additionally, in the last two years of the analysis, 2015 and 2016, there are changes in the share of the tourism sector, so it decreases in the case of turnover and increases for profit. Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 27

facilities for holidays and short-term periods, other accommodation services, other reservation and tourist assistance services, and tourism agency activities.

Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 27

Sustainability 2019, 11, 7155 5 of 21 facilities for holidays and short-term periods, other accommodation services, other reservation and tourist assistance services, and tourism agency activities.

Figure 3. The number of employees from total economy and from tourism sector in tourist resorts from Romania.

Both the turnover and the profit of tourist resorts (Figures 4 and 5) follow the same well-known growth path until 2008, then they decrease over the next period, that is attributed to the economic crisis and which has made its mark especially in the case of profit, its decrease from 2008 to 2009 being about 24%, and a spectacular recovery for both indicators over the past two years of the analysis that can be attributed to new investments. Additionally, in the last two years of the analysis, 2015 and Figure2016,Figure 3.thereThe 3. are The number changes number of in employeesof theemployees share fromof from the total totaltourism economyeconomy sector, and and so from it from decreases tourism tourism sectorin sectorthe incase tourist in of tourist turnover resorts resorts and fromincreasesfrom Romania. Romania. for profit.

Both the turnover and the profit of tourist resorts (Figures 4 and 5) follow the same well-known growth path until 2008, then they decrease over the next period, that is attributed to the economic crisis and which has made its mark especially in the case of profit, its decrease from 2008 to 2009 being about 24%, and a spectacular recovery for both indicators over the past two years of the analysis that can be attributed to new investments. Additionally, in the last two years of the analysis, 2015 and 2016, there are changes in the share of the tourism sector, so it decreases in the case of turnover and increases for profit.

Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 27

of wood, manufacture of communication equipment, construction of residential and non-residential buildings, plumbing, heat, and air-conditioning installation. On the last place is the primary sector, which brings the lowest economic contribution to resorts, not exceeding the threshold of 2000 firms,

accounting for 2.5% of the total local economy. It should be mentioned that during the whole period Figureanalyzed,Figure 4. Total the 4. Total turnovernumber turnover of from companies from total total economy economyin the andtourism and from from sector tourism tourism exceeds sector thein in tourist touristnumber resorts resorts of fromcompanies from Romania Romania in the Commented [M1]: Please check if there is Figure 4 citation (values represented in Ron, where 1 Ron = 0.28 €, average course calculated for the period 2000–2016). (valuesprimary represented sector. in Ron, where 1 Ron = 0.28 €, average course calculated for the period 2000–2016). in this manuscript For the number of companies, the tertiary sector, which includes services, water distribution, and electricity production, holds the largest share of the companies at the level of the resorts: 76.8% in 2000, 76.2% in 2008, and 78.5% in 2016 (Figure 5). Tourism, which is part of this sector, makes an economic contribution between 3% and 3.7%. Its contribution throughout the period analyzed is

increasing. Of the total number of companies that existed in 2016 in the tertiary sector, 73,118, 2727 wereFigure active 4. Totalin tourism. turnover Thefrom secondtotal economy sector, and which from torecordsurism sector a significant in tourist resortsnumber from of Romania firms, is the Commented [M1]: Please check if there is Figure 4 citation (values represented in Ron, where 1 Ron = 0.28 €, average course calculated for the period 2000–2016). secondary one with main areas of activity: manufacture of other outerwear, sawmilling and planning in this manuscript For the number of companies, the tertiary sector, which includes services, water distribution, and electricity production, holds the largest share of the companies at the level of the resorts: 76.8% in 2000, 76.2% in 2008, and 78.5% in 2016 (Figure 5). Tourism, which is part of this sector, makes an economic contribution between 3% and 3.7%. Its contribution throughout the period analyzed is increasing. Of the total number of companies that existed in 2016 in the tertiary sector, 73,118, 2727 were active in tourism. The second sector, which records a significant number of firms, is the secondary one with main areas of activity: manufacture of other outerwear, sawmilling and planning FigureFigure 5. Evolution 5. Evolution of the of the number number of of companies companies by by sectorssectors of activity activity and and the the evolution evolution of the of tourism the tourism sectorsector in the in tertiary the tertiary sector sector in tourist in tourist resorts. resorts.

FigureRegarding4 Total turnover the number from of employees total economy (Figure and6), in fromthe first tourism years of sector analysis, in the tourist sector resorts in which from Romaniamost (values employees represented were employed in Ron, was where the secondary 1 Ron = one.0.28 After€, average 2004, the course main calculatedsector of activity for the with period 2000–2016).the largest number of employees becomes the tertiary sector, with about 59% of the total number. Tourism contributes between 6.8% and 10.8% in terms of the number of employees in the tertiary sector. Of the total number of employees in this sector in 2016 (242,973), 18,371 were active in the tourism sector. As for the primary sector, it has the lowest number, its share declining year to year, so in 2016 records show only 9833 employees, mostly in the field of growing of cereals (except rice), leguminous crops, and oil seeds. Starting with 2013, the number of tourism employees exceeded the number of those active in the primary sector.

Figure 6. Evolution of the number of employees by sectors of activity and the evolution of the tourism sector in the tertiary sector in tourist resorts. Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 27

of wood, manufacture of communication equipment, construction of residential and non-residential buildings, plumbing, heat, and air-conditioning installation. On the last place is the primary sector, which brings the lowest economic contribution to resorts, not exceeding the threshold of 2000 firms, accounting for 2.5% of the total local economy. It should be mentioned that during the whole period analyzed, the number of companies in the tourism sector exceeds the number of companies in the primary sector.

Sustainability 2019, 11, 7155 6 of 21

For the number of companies, the tertiary sector, which includes services, water distribution, and electricity production, holds the largest share of the companies at the level of the resorts: 76.8% in 2000, 76.2% in 2008, and 78.5% in 2016 (Figure5). Tourism, which is part of this sector, makes an economic contribution between 3% and 3.7%. Its contribution throughout the period analyzed is increasing. Of the total number of companies that existed in 2016 in the tertiary sector, 73,118, 2727 were active in tourism. The second sector, which records a significant number of firms, is the secondary one with main areas of activity: manufacture of other outerwear, sawmilling and planning of wood, manufacture of communication equipment, construction of residential and non-residential buildings, plumbing, heat, and air-conditioning installation. On the last place is the primary sector, which brings the lowest economic contribution to resorts, not exceeding the threshold of 2000 firms, accounting for 2.5% of the total local economy. It should be mentioned that during the whole period analyzed, the number ofFigure companies 5. Evolution in the of the tourism number sectorof companies exceeds by sector the numbers of activity of and companies the evolution in of the the primary tourism sector. Regardingsector in the the numbertertiary sector of employees in tourist resorts. (Figure 6), in the first years of analysis, the sector in which most employees were employed was the secondary one. After 2004, the main sector of activity with the Regarding the number of employees (Figure 6), in the first years of analysis, the sector in which largestmost number employees of employees were employed becomes was the the tertiary secondary sector, one. withAfter about2004, the 59% main of the sector total of number.activity with Tourism contributesthe largest between number 6.8% of andemployees 10.8% becomes in terms the of thetertiary number sector, of with employees about 59% in the of tertiarythe total sector.number. Of the total numberTourism ofcontributes employees between in this 6.8% sector and in 10.8% 2016 (242,973),in terms of 18,371 the number were activeof employees in the tourismin the tertiary sector. As for thesector. primary Of the sector, total number it has the of lowestemployees number, in this itssect shareor in 2016 declining (242,973), year 18,371 to year, were so active in 2016 in the records showtourism only 9833 sector. employees, As for the mostly primary in sector, the field it has of th growinge lowest ofnumber, cereals its (except share declining rice), leguminous year to year, crops, and oilso seeds.in 2016 Startingrecords show with only 2013, 9833 the employees, number ofmostly tourism in the employees field of growing exceeded of cereals the number(except rice), of those activeleguminous in the primary crops, sector. and oil seeds. Starting with 2013, the number of tourism employees exceeded the number of those active in the primary sector.

FigureFigure 6. Evolution 6. Evolution of the of the number number of of employees employees byby sectorssectors of of activity activity and and the the evolution evolution of the of tourism the tourism sectorsector in the in tertiary the tertiary sector sector in touristin tourist resorts. resorts.

Turnover (Figure7) and profit (Figure8), present the same ascending trend pattern, with fluctuations, with increases up to 2008 and with a recovery in the next period. The tertiary sector is the one with the highest turnover and profit from tourist resorts with a share of 57% and 63.9% for 2016, followed by the secondary sector, with a lower economic contribution, but significant, of 40% and 31.5%. The contribution of tourism to the two indicators, the turnover and profit, in the tertiary sector is between 3.6% and 6.1%, respectively 3.9% and 13.6%. The sector with the smallest share of the economy of these systems is the primary one, where in any year of the analysis period, does not exceed the value threshold of 4,039,940.47 Ron (847,539.11 €, where 1 Ron = 0.28 €) for the turnover, respectively 499,851,582 Ron for profit (104,863,863.39 €). SustainabilitySustainability 20192019,, 1111,, xx FORFOR PEERPEER REVIEWREVIEW 77 ofof 2727

TurnoverTurnover (Figure(Figure 7)7) andand profitprofit (Figure(Figure 8),8), presentpresent thethe samesame ascendingascending trendtrend pattern,pattern, withwith fluctuations,fluctuations, withwith increasesincreases upup toto 20082008 andand withwith aa recoveryrecovery inin thethe nextnext period.period. TheThe tertiarytertiary sectorsector isis thethe oneone withwith thethe highesthighest turnoverturnover andand profitprofit fromfrom touristtourist resortsresorts withwith aa shareshare ofof 57%57% andand 63.9%63.9% forfor 2016,2016, followedfollowed byby thethe secondarysecondary sector,sector, withwith aa lowerlower economiceconomic contribution,contribution, butbut significant,significant, ofof 40%40% andand 31.5%.31.5%. TheThe contributioncontribution ofof tourismtourism toto thethe twotwo inindicators,dicators, thethe turnoverturnover andand profit,profit, inin thethe tertiarytertiary sectorsector isis betweenbetween 3.6%3.6% andand 6.1%,6.1%, respectivelyrespectively 3.9%3.9% andand 13.6%.13.6%. TheThe sectorsector withwith thethe smallestsmallest shareshare ofof thethe economyeconomy ofof thesethese systemssystems isis thethe primaryprimary one,one, whwhereere inin anyany yearyear ofof thethe analysisanalysis period,period, doesdoes notnot Sustainabilityexceedexceed2019 thethe, value11value, 7155 thresholdthreshold ofof 4,039,940.474,039,940.47 RonRon (847,539.11(847,539.11 €,€, wherewhere 11 RonRon == 0.280.28 €)€) forfor thethe turnover,turnover, 7 of 21 respectivelyrespectively 499,851,582499,851,582 RonRon forfor profitprofit (104,863,863.39(104,863,863.39 €).€).

FigureFigureFigure 7. Evolution 7.7. EvolutionEvolution of turnoverofof turnoverturnover by byby sectors sectorssectors of ofof activityactivity andand and thethe the evolutionevolution evolution ofof the ofthe the tourismtourism tourism sectorsector sector inin thethe in the tertiarytertiarytertiary sector sectorsector in tourist inin touristtourist resorts resortsresorts (values (values(values represented represrepresentedented inin Ron,Ron, Ron, wherewhere where 11 Ron 1Ron Ron == 0.280.28= 0.28 €,€, averageaverage€, average coursecourse course calculatedcalculatedcalculated for the forfor the periodthe periodperiod 2000–2016). 2000–2016).2000–2016).

FigureFigureFigure 8. Evolution 8.8. EvolutionEvolution of profit ofof profitprofit by byby sectors sectorssectors of ofof activity activityactivity and and thth theee evolutionevolution evolution ofof of thethe the tourismtourism tourism sectorsector sector inin thethe in tertiarytertiary the tertiary sectorsectorsector in tourist inin touristtourist resorts resortsresorts (values (values(values represented representedrepresented in inin Ron, Ron,Ron, where wherewhere 1 11 Ron RoRonn= == 0.28 0.280.28 €€,€,, average average coursecourse course calculatedcalculated calculated for the periodforfor thethe2000–2016). periodperiod 2000–2016).2000–2016).

AnalysisAnalysisAnalysis of the ofof thethe rankings rankingsrankings held heldheld by byby the thethe share shareshare of ofof the the tourismtourism tourism sectorsector sector inin inthethe the totaltotal total numbernumber number ofof companiescompanies of companies in touristinin touristtourist resorts resortsresorts from fromfrom Romania RomaniaRomania (Table (Table(Table1), shows 1),1), showsshows a predominance aa predominancepredominance of ofof those thosethose who, who,who, over overover the thethe 17 1717 years, years,years, have have a relatively constant trend with a share of 53.1% of the total number of resorts. These resorts did a relativelyhave a relatively constant constant trend with trend a with share a ofshare 53.1% of 53.1% of the of totalthe total number number of of resorts. resorts. TheseThese resorts resorts did did not show large fluctuations in the occupied rank and they have maintained their position throughout the period (Azuga, Covasna, Sinaia, Bran, Breaza, etc.). The second category is occupied by the ones with a general trend of decrease, where tourism is not their main activity, and natural resources can not support their development. They stand out with a fairly high share of about 29.6% (Amara, Mangalia, Eforie, Geoagiu-Băi, Techirghiol, Stâna de Vale, Lacul Sărat, Săcelu, etc.). The last category identified is that of the resorts with a general trend of growth where tourism has led to local economic development:

Băile Herculane, Dâmbovicioara, Slănic Moldova, Aries, eni, Crivaia/Semenic, Moieciu, Ocna S, ugatag, etc. The share held by these resorts is only 17.3%. Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27

Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27 Sustainabilitynot show large 2019, 11fluctuations, x FOR PEER in REVIEW the occupied rank and they have maintained their position throughout8 of 27 notthe showperiod large (Azuga, fluctuations Covasna, in Sinaia, the occupied Bran, Breaza, rank an etc.).d they The have second maintained category their is occupied position throughoutby the ones thenotwith periodshow a general large (Azuga, trendfluctuations Covasna, of decrease, in Sinaia, the whereoccupied Bran, tourism Breaza, rank anis etc.). dnot they their The have secondmain maintained activity, category andtheir is naturaloccupied position resources bythroughout the ones can withthenot periodsupport a general (Azuga, their trend development. Covasna, of decrease, Sinaia, whereThey Bran, stand tourism Breaza, out is wi etc.).notth their Thea fairly mainsecond high activity, category share and of is aboutnaturaloccupied 29.6% resources by the(Amara, ones can notwithMangalia, support a general Eforie, their trend Geoagiu-Bdevelopment. of decrease,ăi, Techirghiol, whereThey stand tourism Stâna out is dewi not thVale, theira fairly Lacul main high S activity,ărat, share Săcelu, and of etc.).aboutnatural The 29.6% resources last category(Amara, can Mangalia,notidentified support isEforie, thattheir of Geoagiu-B development. the resortsăi, with Techirghiol, They a general stand Stâna trend out dewi of th Vale,growth a fairly Lacul where highSărat, tourism share Săcelu, ofhas etc.).about led Theto 29.6% local last economic category(Amara, identifiedMangalia,development: isEforie, that Bă of ileGeoagiu-B the Herculane, resortsăi, with Techirghiol,Dâmbovicioara, a general Stâna trend Sl deă ofnic Vale,growth Moldova, Lacul where SArieărat, tourismș eni,Săcelu, Crivaia/Semenic, has etc.). led toThe local last economic categoryMoieciu, Sustainability 2019, 11, 7155 development:identifiedOcna Șugatag, is that B etc.ă ofile theThe Herculane, resorts share heldwith Dâmbovicioara, bya general these resorts trend Slă ofisnic growthonly Moldova, 17.3%. where Arie tourismșeni, Crivaia/Semenic, has led to local economic Moieciu,8 of 21 Ocnadevelopment: Șugatag, B etc.ăile The Herculane, share held Dâmbovicioara, by these resorts Slă isnic only Moldova, 17.3%. Arieșeni, Crivaia/Semenic, Moieciu, OcnaTable Șugatag, 1. Variation etc. The of share the rankings held by for these the resortsshare of is number only 17.3%. of companies from the tourism sector in the total number of companies. Table 1. Variation of the rankings for the share of number of companies from the tourism sector in Table 1. Variation of the rankingstheTable for total the1. numberVariation share of of companies. of the number rankings for of the companies share of number from of companies the tourism from the sectortourism sector in the in the total number of companies.

total number of companies. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Amara 622000 622001 682002 732003 802004 842005 872006 782007 812008 842009 852010 842011 762012 852013 852014 822015 862016 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 AmaraAzuga 6232 6236 6834 7334 8039 8451 8738 7836 8142 8445 8544 8441 7638 8533 8534 8237 8636 Amara 62 62 68 73 BuAmaraAzuga80șteni 84 623213 87623614 68341578 733415 81803914 84511684 873818 85783621 81422384 844526 768544 27 84418523 763823 85 853321 82853420 82372386 863624 Azuga 32 36 34 34 BuAzugaBuziaș39teni ș 51 133243 38143647 15344436 153462 42143955 16516045 183865 44213674 23427141 264576 382744 74 23413377 233881 34 213379 37203487 23377736 243678 Băile Govora 28 26 24 32 32 29 39 40 50 60 58 58 59 60 57 94 95 Bus, teni 13 14 15 15 BuBuziaș14teni ș 16 4313 184714 441521 6215 235514 601626 6518 277421 712323 7626 237427 772321 8123 20 7921 238720 772324 7824 BuziaBăileș 43 47 44 62 55 60 65 74 71 76 74 77 81 79 87 77 78 Buzias, 43 47 44 62B ăile Govora55 60 2839 652640 243974 3244 713237 293076 3927 744031 503177 6029 8158 31 587931 5932 87 6032 775737 943878 9541 BăFelix/1MaiileB ăGovoraile 28 26 24 32 32 29 39 40 50 60 58 58 59 60 57 94 95 Băile Govora 28 26 24 32 B32ăile 29 39 3940 3940 44 5037 3060 27 5831 3158 29 5931 3160 32 57 32 9437 3895 41 Felix/1MaiBăile Băile Felix/1Mai 39 40 39 44 37 30 3925 274023 392631 4430 313721 301929 2723 313122 311831 2918 3231 22 313220 3216 37 3216 383714 381441 4114 Felix/1MaiHerculaneBăile Băile Herculane 25 23 26 30 Bă21ăileile 19 25 2323 2622 30 1821 1918 23 2222 1820 18 1622 2016 16 14 16 14 1414 14 Herculane 2510 23 9 26 7 30 8 21 9 19 13 2312 2213 1813 1812 2212 2011 1614 1613 1415 1422 1422 HerculaneOlănești Băile Olănes, ti 109789 13 12 13B ăile 13 12 12 11 14 13 15 22 22 BăileB ăTuileș nad 103 94 74 83 92 133 123 134 135 126 127 116 144 135 156 223 222 Băile Tus, nad34432334567645632 Olănești 10 9 7 8 9 13 12 13 13 12 12 11 14 13 15 22 22 OlBorăneșșati 45 38 38 33 33 34 29 28 32 34 35 35 37 41 49 49 52 Bors, a 45 38 38 33B ăile Tu33 șnad34 3 294 428 3 322 334 3 35 4 535 6 37 7 416 4 49 5 496 3 52 2 BăileBorsec Tușnad 203 154 114 163 162 173 163 194 265 196 247 176 214 245 226 193 182 Borsec 20 15 11 16 Bor16ș a 17 45 1638 3819 33 2633 3419 29 2428 3217 34 2135 3524 37 22 41 1949 4918 52 CâmpulungBorșa 45 38 38 33 33 34 29 28 32 34 35 35 37 41 49 49 52 Câmpulung Borsec 2044 1544 1147 1652 1653 1754 1655 1952 2658 1955 2450 1754 2157 2457 2260 1954 1856 44 44 47 52 53 54 55 52 58 55 50 54 57 57 60 54 56 Moldovenesc MoldovenescCâmpulungBorsec 20 15 11 16 16 17 16 19 26 19 24 17 21 24 22 19 18 CâmpulungMangalia 4427 4425 4723 5227 5325 5433 5540 5239 5844 5544 5041 5442 5741 5740 6044 5446 5645 Mangalia 27 25 23 27Moldovenesc 25 33 44 4044 4739 52 4453 5444 55 4152 5842 55 4150 5440 57 44 57 4660 5445 56 MoldovenescCMangaliaălimănești- 27 25 23 27 25 33 40 39 44 44 41 42 41 40 44 46 45 Călimănes, ti-Căciulata 23 33 28 29 29 28 23 3233 2835 29 3629 2838 32 4335 3640 38 47 43 4740 4746 47 4446 4444 44 CăMangaliaClimăciulataănești- 27 25 23 27 25 33 40 39 44 44 41 42 41 40 44 46 45 Costines, ti56 107898 12 14 CăCostine11lim ăne14șștiti- 23155 33 6 17 28 10 1929 7 29 8 18 28 9 1532 8 35 1215 3614 3811 4314 4015 4717 4719 4618 4415 4415 Căciulata 23 33 28 29 29 28 32 35 36 38 43 40 47 47 46 44 44 Covasna 73 71 78 72 61 61 64 67 66 70 70 70 66 68 66 67 68 CostineCCovasnaăciulataști 735 71 6 1078 72 7 61 8 61 9 64 8 1267 1466 1170 1470 1570 1766 1968 1866 1567 1568 Dâmbovicioara 81 80 85 86Dâmbovicioa Costine89 ști 91 5 93 6 1033 94 74 3567 86 5 9 8 12 14 11 14 15 17 19 18 15 15 Covasna 7381 7180 7885 7286 6189 6191 6493 6733 669 704 704 703 665 686 667 676 685 ra Eforie6889 12 11 14 15 DâmbovicioaCovasna17 16 73 1871 7816 72 15 61 1861 6417 67 1766 7017 70 70 66 68 66 67 68 DâmbovicioaEforie 816 80 8 85 8 86 9 89 12 9111 9314 3315 179 164 184 163 155 186 177 176 175 Geoagiu-Băi 19 20 21 22 ra24 24 81 2580 8532 86 2989 9128 93 3033 928 4 31 4 303 5 31 6 317 6 34 5 Geoagiu-BEforiera ăi 196 20 8 21 8 22 9 1224 1124 1425 1532 1729 1628 1830 1628 1531 1830 1731 1731 1734 Gura Humorului 41 38 36 42 49 50 50 53 52 54 54 55 58 53 56 52 53 Geoagiu-BEforieGura ăi 196 20 8 21 8 22 9 1224 1124 1425 1532 1729 1628 1830 1628 1531 1830 1731 1731 1734 Mamaia 52 52 57 57 65 69 41 7038 3671 42 7449 5075 50 7353 5278 54 74 54 7655 5873 53 7256 5271 53 Geoagiu-BHumoruluiGura ăi 19 20 21 22 24 24 25 32 29 28 30 28 31 30 31 31 34 Moneasa93345442233433344 MamaiaGura 4152 3852 3657 4257 4965 5069 5070 5371 5274 5475 5473 5578 5874 5376 5673 5272 5371 Poiana Brasov 59 58 64 59 Humorului66 66 41 6638 3668 42 7349 5074 50 7253 5272 54 6954 5573 58 71 53 7156 5269 53 , HumoruluiMoneasa 9 3 3 4 5 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 Predeal/Pâraul Mamaia 52 52 57 57 65 69 70 71 74 75 73 78 74 76 73 72 71 2555766669 1079 MamaiaPoiana10 109 52 1352 57 57 65 69 70 71 74 75 73 78 74 76 73 72 71 Rece/Timis, ul de Sus Moneasa 599 583 643 594 665 664 664 682 732 743 723 724 693 733 713 714 694 Brașov Pucioasa 74 66 71 79 MoneasaPoiana70 74 9 803 383 4 845 490 4 88 2 288 3 91 3 944 3 93 3 933 4 92 4 Predeal/PâraPoiana 59 58 64 59 66 66 66 68 73 74 72 72 69 73 71 71 69 Râs, nov 46 46 35 45 Bra41șov 46 59 4758 6446 59 4866 6647 66 4668 7343 74 3972 7237 69 42 73 4771 7150 69 Braulșov Slănic Prahova 53 54 65 70Predeal/Pâra 73 79 2 605 551 5 567 652 6 59 6 606 9 62 10 647 9 61 10 4810 9 43 13 Predeal/PâraRece/Timișul Sinaia 21 22 27 23 ul20 21 19 20 25 23 28 25 27 28 27 27 27 deul Sus 2 5 5 5 7 6 6 6 6 9 10 7 9 10 10 9 13 Sângeorz-Băi 29 30 31 38Rece/Timi 42 șul52 2 535 559 5 647 671 6 61 6 662 9 6410 667 9 65 10 6410 9 65 13 Rece/TimiPucioasade Sus șul 74 66 71 79 70 74 80 83 84 90 88 88 91 94 93 93 92 Slănic Moldova 53 56 50 35 31 25 21 18 21 27 29 24 28 23 24 24 21 PucioasaRâdeș Susnov 7446 6646 7135 7945 7041 7446 8047 8346 8448 9047 8846 8843 9139 9437 9342 9347 9250 Sovata 18 21 32 31 PucioasaRâș26nov 27 4674 264666 357127 4579 284170 467431 4780 334683 488432 4790 334688 438835 3991 36 3794 344293 479335 5092 Râșnov 46 46 35 45 41 46 47 46 48 47 46 43 39 37 42 47 50 Sucevit,a31123223322222289 Târgu-Ocna 75 74 79 76 71 75 79 80 80 81 80 82 85 82 79 74 76

Târgu-Neamt, 57 64 66 66 64 67 75 69 65 69 67 69 67 74 74 66 70 Techirghiol 29 24 29 36 38 39 30 34 39 30 34 46 51 42 48 50 49 Vatra Dornei 37 37 41 46 50 40 46 42 41 39 37 44 43 38 43 40 42 Voineasa 31 32 42 49 45 52 31 25 22 22 26 27 26 31 33 25 24 Mamaia North 70 72 74 81 84 85 84 79 77 80 77 76 70 69 68 60 58 Area Pestera-Padina , 33 34 40 28 19 26 35 23 24 20 20 22 22 22 23 28 28 Area Parâng-Petrosani , 51 53 58 61 69 72 76 75 78 73 69 71 73 70 69 69 72 Area Tourist Area of 72 73 76 78 79 83 81 85 83 85 86 83 87 83 83 80 81 Piatra-Neamt, Albac 15 18 19 12 17 20 17 16 1588 12 12 17 16 18 19

Albes, tii de Muscel 81 80 85 86 89 31 33 43 45 35 25 26 19 26 28 29 29

Aries, eni 81 10964799 11 136 1074453 Balvanyos 35 19 25 50 43 64 67 57 96 62 60 34 35 29 30 30 31 Baia de Fier 47 34 44 41 40 35 42 44 47 33 32 30 29 27 26 32 33 Bazna 81 80 85 86 30 36 43 47 54 57 51 52 30 52 32 21 20

Bălt,ătes, ti 81 80 85 86 62 70 48 49 58 58 56 56 54 50 51 61 75 Băile Homorod 48 48 48 54 54 48 57 55 57 50 49 57 52 56 55 55 57 Băile Turda 71 70 73 77 78 80 82 86 87 86 83 85 82 86 86 84 84

Băile Băit,a 76 75 80 82 82 86 88 91 93 95 94 91 89 92 90 91 93

Boghis, 81 80 85 86 89 91 93 96 35 35 16 13 10759 11 Bran 14 17 18 14 11 10777 10 119 11 11 11 13 12 Breaza 60 55 70 60 57 63 71 76 76 79 78 80 75 72 70 94 66 Cacica 81 80 85 86 89 91 93 96 37 46 47 66 67 54 58 55 39 Calacea 81 80 85 86 89 91 93 88 90 93 92 94 94 84 97 89 90 Cheia 68 51 59 48 45 47 37 41 40 42 42 45 44 43 40 51 54 Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27

not show large fluctuations in the occupied rank and they have maintained their position throughout the period (Azuga, Covasna, Sinaia, Bran, Breaza, etc.). The second category is occupied by the ones with a general trend of decrease, where tourism is not their main activity, and natural resources can not support their development. They stand out with a fairly high share of about 29.6% (Amara, Mangalia, Eforie, Geoagiu-Băi, Techirghiol, Stâna de Vale, Lacul Sărat, Săcelu, etc.). The last category identified is that of the resorts with a general trend of growth where tourism has led to local economic development: Băile Herculane, Dâmbovicioara, Slănic Moldova, Arieșeni, Crivaia/Semenic, Moieciu, Ocna Șugatag, etc. The share held by these resorts is only 17.3%. Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27 Table 1. Variation of the rankings for the share of number of companies from the tourism sector in not showthe total large number fluctuations of companies. in the occupied rank and they have maintained their position throughout the period (Azuga, Covasna, Sinaia, Bran, Breaza, etc.). The second category is occupied by the ones Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27 with a general trend of decrease, where tourism is not their main activity, and natural resources can

not showsupport large their fluctuations development.2000 2001 in2002 the 2003 Theyoccupied2004 stand 2005 rank out2006 an wid theyth2007 a have2008 fairly2009 maintained high2010 share2011 their of2012 about position2013 29.6%2014 throughout 2015 (Amara,2016 Mangalia, Eforie, Geoagiu-Băi, Techirghiol, Stâna de Vale, Lacul Sărat, Săcelu, etc.). The last category the periodAmara (Azuga,62 Covasna,62 68 Sinaia,73 80Bran, 84 Breaza, 87 etc.).78 81The second84 85 category84 76 is occupied85 85 by82 the86 ones Sustainability 2019, 11, 7155 identified is that of the resorts with a general trend of growth where tourism has led to local economic9 of 21 withAzuga a general trend32 of36 decrease, 34 34 where 39 tourism51 38 is 36not their42 main45 44 activity, 41 and38 natural33 34 resources37 36 can development: Băile Herculane, Dâmbovicioara, Slănic Moldova, Arieșeni, Crivaia/Semenic, Moieciu, not Busupportșteni their13 development. 14 15 15 They 14 stand16 18out wi21th 23a fairly 26 high27 share23 23of about21 2029.6% 23 (Amara,24 Ocna Șugatag, etc. The share held by these resorts is only 17.3%. Mangalia,Buziaș Eforie, 43 Geoagiu-B 47 44ă i, Techirghiol,62 55 60 Stâna65 de74 Vale, 71 Lacul76 S74ărat, 77 Să celu,81 etc.).79 The87 last77 category78 identifiedBăile Govora is that of28 the26 resorts 24 with32 a32 general 29 trend39 of40 growth 50 60where 58 tourism58 59 has led60 to57 local 94 economic 95 Table 1. VariationTable of the 1. rankingsCont .for the share of number of companies from the tourism sector in development:Băile Băile Herculane, Dâmbovicioara, Slănic Moldova, Arieșeni, Crivaia/Semenic, Moieciu, the total number39 of40 companies. 39 44 37 30 27 31 31 29 31 31 32 32 37 38 41 2000 2001 2002 2003OcnaFelix/1Mai Ș 2004ugatag, 2005 etc. The 2006 share 2007 held 2008by these 2009 resorts 2010 is only 2011 17.3%. 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Băile 25 23 26 30 21 19 23 22 18 18 22 20 16 16 14 14 14 Colibit,a 81 80 85 86 HerculaneTable89 1. Variation91 68 of the 77rankings 68 for the65 share of64 number 64 of companies56 55 from the52 tourism58 sector40 in 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Crivaia/Semenic 81 80 16 19 theBă28ile total number17 of10 companies.8858889927 Amara 1062 62 9 68 7 73 8 80 9 1384 1287 1378 1381 1284 1285 1184 1476 1385 1585 2282 2286 Olănești Dorna Candrenilor 81 80 85 86 Azuga45 48 32 4136 3460 34 2039 5124 38 2336 4233 45 34 44 5041 3835 33 3534 3732 36 Băile Tu șnad 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 6 4 5 6 3 2 Durău876 11 107 11 11 Bu12șteni 15 132000 1514 2001 15142002 152003 1214 2004 16122005 182006 12 212007 2312 2008 262009 16 272010 232011 232012 212013 202014 232015 242016 Borșa 45 38 38 33 33 34 29 28 32 34 35 35 37 41 49 49 52 Buziaș 43 47 44 62 55 60 65 74 71 76 74 77 81 79 87 77 78 Harghita-Băi 61 57 60 58 AmaraBorsec67 68 2062 691562 116873 1673 751680 178478 1687 761978 268179 1984 772485 178480 2176 80 2485 762285 198279 1886 Băile Govora 28 26 24 32 32 29 39 40 50 60 58 58 59 60 57 94 95 Horezu 65 68 75 65Câmpulung Azuga63 62 32 6236 3466 34 7039 5172 38 7136 4273 45 7244 4171 38 75 33 5934 3759 36 Băile 44 44 47 52 53 54 55 52 58 55 50 54 57 57 60 54 56 Izvorul Muresului 81 80 85 37Moldovenesc Buș51teni 56 1339 611440 153964 1544 531437 163056 1827 552131 233139 2629 4227 31 233431 2332 54 2132 412037 233830 2441 , Felix/1Mai MangaliaBuziaș 2743 2547 2344 2762 2555 3360 4065 3974 4471 4476 4174 4277 4181 4079 4487 4677 4578 Lacul Ros, u 55 50 55 56 B60ăile 58 56 58 60 61 62 63 61 61 64 62 61 BCăăilelim Govoraănești- 2825 2623 2426 3230 3221 2919 3923 4022 5018 6018 5822 5820 5916 6016 5714 9414 9514 Lacul Sărat 48 49 62 63 Herculane74 81 23 8533 2890 29 9129 2894 32 9335 3693 38 9243 4078 47 77 47 8346 4485 44 CăBciulataăile Lipova 56 60 69 74 B81ăile 76 39 8340 3987 44 8637 3087 27 8731 3192 29 9031 3193 32 92 32 8837 3889 41 Felix/1MaiCostinești 105 6 9 10 7 7 8 8 9 13 9 12 8 1213 1413 1112 1412 1511 1714 1913 1815 1522 1522 Olănești Moieciu 17 13 13 1065Covasna55B4ă7ile55 68 876 73 71 78 72 61 61 64 67 66 70 70 70 66 68 66 67 68 Băile Tușnad 253 234 264 303 212 193 233 224 185 186 227 206 164 165 146 143 142 Moisei 81 80 85 86Dâmbovicioa Herculane75 65 72 61 61 59 65 67 79 88 88 86 74 Borșa 8145 8038 8538 8633 8933 9134 9329 3328 329 344 354 353 375 416 497 496 525 Negresti-Oas, 80 79 84 85 Băra88ile 90 92 95 95 97 96 96 96 96 94 85 87 Borsec 1020 15 9 11 7 16 8 16 9 1317 1216 1319 1326 1219 1224 1117 1421 1324 1522 2219 2218 Ocna Sibiului 25 28 33 25 OlEforieă43ne ști 45 6 43 8 838 9 37 12 1141 14 3915 1750 16 5518 1665 15 58 18 6517 1763 17 Câmpulung BGeoagiu-Băile Tușnadăi 19443 20444 21474 22523 24532 24543 25553 32524 29585 28556 30507 28546 31574 30575 31606 31543 34562 Ocna S, ugatag 22 29 16 18Moldovenesc 15 14 20 24 27 25 20 21 20 15 13 118 BorGurașa 45 38 38 33 33 34 29 28 32 34 35 35 37 41 49 49 52 Oncesti 81 80 85 86 Mangalia89 42 4127 523825 362356 4227 964925 503366 5040 635339 524458 5444 5954 41 555842 5841 62 5340 635644 524662 5345 , HumoruluiBorsec 20 15 11 16 16 17 16 19 26 19 24 17 21 24 22 19 18 Păltinis 63 59 63 64C ălim68ăne ști-71 73 70 72 77 75 75 71 75 72 70 67 , CâmpulungMamaia 5223 5233 5728 5729 6529 6928 7032 7135 7436 7538 7343 7840 7447 7647 7346 7244 7144 Poiana Stampei 81 80 52 55 Căciulata89 91 44 5444 4772 52 5153 5463 55 7952 5861 55 8050 5461 57 78 57 9460 5495 56 MoldovenescMoneasa 9 3 3 4 5 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 Pojorâta 24 26 22 17 Costine27 ști 15 5 15 6 1010 7 108 914 8 13 12 1418 11 18 14 1415 1719 19 2018 1523 15 MangaliaPoiana 27 25 23 27 25 33 40 39 44 44 41 42 41 40 44 46 45 Covasna 5973 5871 6478 5972 6661 6661 6664 6867 7366 7470 7270 7270 6966 7368 7166 7167 6968 Praid7 11 12 12 13 C12ălimBra ășneov13ș ti- 14 16 17 17 19 25 25 21 26 26 Dâmbovicioa 23 33 28 29 29 28 32 35 36 38 43 40 47 47 46 44 44 Săcelu 12 16 19 19Predeal/Pâra Căciulata22 22 81 2880 8529 86 4589 9149 93 4533 479 4 49 4 443 5 28 6 947 6 95 5 ra Sărata-Monteoru 38 31 37 40 Costineul48 ști 41 5 51 6 1054 7 55 8 953 8 48 12 1438 11 4514 1546 17 45 19 3918 1538 15 Eforie 26 5 8 5 8 5 9 127 116 146 156 176 169 1018 167 159 1018 1017 179 1317 Secu 66 63 67 71Rece/Timi Covasna77 ș ul78 73 7871 7882 72 8261 6183 64 8467 6686 70 8670 7087 66 82 68 8166 6782 68 Geoagiu-Băi 19 20 21 22 24 24 25 32 29 28 30 28 31 30 31 31 34 Snagov 34 42 46 47Dâmbovicioa de52 Sus 55 59 62 62 67 66 68 62 67 67 68 64 Gura 81 80 85 86 89 91 93 33 9 4 4 3 5 6 7 6 5 Pucioasara 7441 6638 7136 7942 7049 7450 8050 8353 8452 9054 8854 8855 9158 9453 9356 9352 9253 Solca 36 80 42 25 Humorului56 37 48 47 69 68 68 52 53 49 38 33 47 Sângeorgiu de RâEforieșnov 466 46 8 35 8 45 9 1241 1146 1447 1546 1748 1647 1846 1643 1539 1837 1742 1747 1750 58 65 61 67 Mamaia72 77 52 7752 5784 57 8565 6988 70 8271 7481 75 84 73 8978 7489 76 7973 7283 71 Mures, Geoagiu-Băi 19 20 21 22 24 24 25 32 29 28 30 28 31 30 31 31 34 Stâna de Vale 11 12 14 19 MoneasaGura22 31 9 343 345 4 335 432 4 36 2 362 3 40 3 394 3 39 3 353 4 37 4 Poiana 41 38 36 42 49 50 50 53 52 54 54 55 58 53 56 52 53 Straja 50 45 54 43 Humorului36 43 59 3658 6437 59 3466 6635 66 3868 7348 74 48 72 3672 6941 73 4271 7147 69 Brașov Soveja 81 80 52 38 Mamaia34 37 52 4552 5765 57 6765 6950 70 5171 7436 75 5073 7848 74 47 76 5373 7251 71 Predeal/PâraMoneasa 9 3 3 4 5 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 Tăs, nad 41 41 48 53 58 57 63 50 49 48 40 51 46 59 53 44 46 Poianaul Tinca 81 80 85 86 89 91 592 93585 64596 595 96667 66698 666 9768 6 73976 749 9772 10 72977 699 96 7310 927110 719 94 6913 Rece/TimiBrașov șul Trei Ape11211111111111111 Predeal/Pârade Sus Vălenii de Munte 78 77 83 83 86 88 90 92 88 92 89 89 88 90 84 78 80 Pucioasaul 74 66 71 79 70 74 80 83 84 90 88 88 91 94 93 93 92 Vat,a de Jos 40 42 51 51 34 44 2 225 526 5 297 643 6 53 6 649 9 3610 447 9 50 10 4310 9 55 13 Rece/TimiRâșnovș ul 46 46 35 45 41 46 47 46 48 47 46 43 39 37 42 47 50 Vis, eu de Sus 67 61 56 68 59 59 58 63 63 63 57 65 65 61 63 57 60 Băile Banffy Area 69 69 77 75 de75 Sus 73 74 81 79 82 81 74 78 77 76 73 73 Pucioasa 74 66 71 79 70 74 80 83 84 90 88 88 91 94 93 93 92 Băile Ocna Dej Area 79 78 81 80 85 87 89 93 89 91 90 90 93 91 91 87 88 Râșnov 46 46 35 45 41 46 47 46 48 47 46 43 39 37 42 47 50 Fântanele Area 81 80 85 86 89 91 93 29 43 40 97 97 97 97 97 94 95

Moines, ti Băi Area 77 76 82 84 87 89 91 94 94 96 95 95 95 95 95 90 91 Muntele Băisorii 15 80 30 24 18 22 24 17 19 21 19 29 24 20 25 16 10 Area Suior - Baia Sprie , 64 67 72 69 83 82 86 89 92 89 91 87 83 81 81 75 77 Area General growth trend Relatively constant trend General decrease trend

Analyzing the variation of the ranks held by the share of tourism in the number of employees, we have the following situation (Table2): 31 resorts, i.e., 31.6%, have a general decline trend, 17 resorts,

17.4 % registered an increasing number of employees in the tourism sector (Călimănes, ti-Căciulata,

Bran, Ocna S, ugatag, Muntele Băis, orii Area, etc.), and the highest number and percentage is held by resorts which during the 17 years had a constant trend (58.1%). Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27

Sustainabilitynot show large 2019, 11fluctuations, x FOR PEER in REVIEW the occupied rank and they have maintained their position throughout8 of 27 the period (Azuga, Covasna, Sinaia, Bran, Breaza, etc.). The second category is occupied by the ones notwith show a general large trendfluctuations of decrease, in the whereoccupied tourism rank anis dnot they their have main maintained activity, andtheir natural position resources throughout can thenot periodsupport (Azuga, their development. Covasna, Sinaia, They Bran, stand Breaza, out wietc.).th Thea fairly second high category share of is aboutoccupied 29.6% by the(Amara, ones withMangalia, a general Eforie, trend Geoagiu-B of decrease,ăi, Techirghiol, where tourism Stâna is de not Vale, their Lacul main S activity,ărat, Săcelu, and etc.).natural The resources last category can notidentified support is thattheir of development. the resorts with They a general stand trend out wi ofth growth a fairly where high tourism share ofhas about led to 29.6% local economic (Amara, Mangalia,development: Eforie, Bă ileGeoagiu-B Herculane,ăi, Techirghiol,Dâmbovicioara, Stâna Sl deănic Vale, Moldova, Lacul SArieărat,ș eni,Săcelu, Crivaia/Semenic, etc.). The last categoryMoieciu, Sustainability 2019, 11, 7155 identifiedOcna Șugatag, is that etc. of theThe resorts share heldwith bya general these resorts trend ofis growthonly 17.3%. where tourism has led to local economic10 of 21 development:Sustainability 2019 B, 11ăile, x FORHerculane, PEER REVIEW Dâmbovicioara, Slănic Moldova, Arieșeni, Crivaia/Semenic, Moieciu,8 of 27 OcnaTable Șugatag, 1. Variation etc. The of share the rankings held by for these the resortsshare of is number only 17.3%. of companies from the tourism sector in not showthe total large number fluctuations of companies. in the occupied rank and they have maintained their position throughout Table 2. Variation of the rankingsthe periodTable for the1.(Azuga, Variation share Covasna, of of the number rankings Sinaia, forBran, of the employees Breaza,share of etc.).number The from of second companies the category tourism from theis occupied sectortourism sectorin by thethe in ones with thea general total number trend of of companies. decrease, where tourism is not their main activity, and natural resources can total number of employees. not support their development.2000 2001 2002 They2003 2004 stand2005 out2006 with2007 a fairly2008 2009 high2010 share2011 of2012 about2013 29.6%2014 2015 (Amara,2016 Mangalia,Amara Eforie, 62 Geoagiu-B 62 68ă i, Techirghiol,73 80 84 Stâna87 de78 Vale, 81 Lacul84 S85ărat, 84Să celu,76 etc.).85 The85 last82 category 86 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 identifiedAzuga is that of32 the2000 36 resorts2001 342002 with342003 a 39general2004 512005 trend382006 of36 growth2007 422008 45where2009 44 tourism2010 412011 38 has2012 led332013 to34 local2014 37 economic2015 362016 Amara 26 27 32 38development: BuAmara40șteni 40 Bă 62ile13 Herculane,396214 681539 73Dâmbovicioara,15 408014 841636 8718 Sl 36ă78nic21 Moldova,812371 8426 72 Arie85 27 șeni,843823 Crivaia/Semenic,7623 36 8521 348520 8223 35 Moieciu, 8624 Azuga 73 65 68 64Ocna AzugaBuzia Ș62ugatag, ș 61 etc. 3243 The 443647 share 344444 held 3462 by483955 these 516091 resorts 3865 38 is3674 only 427151 17.3%. 4576 39 44 74 413777 3881 41 3379 513487 377764 3678

Bus, teni 13 15 14 16B ăBuile ș17Govorateni 17 1328 171426 152417 1532 2214321 1629 25 1839 282140 235015 2660 172758 235819 2359 232160 205723 2394 2495 BuziaTableBăileș 1. Variation43 47of the44 rankings 62 55for the60 share 65 of 74number 71 of76 companies 74 77 from 81 the 79tourism 87 sector77 in78 Buzias, 25 26 12 24 27 31 39 2140 3931 44 2937 3029 27 3431 3134 29 35 31 3431 3292 32 3737 3836 41 BăFelix/1Maiilethe Govora total number 28 of26 companies. 24 32 32 29 39 40 50 60 58 58 59 60 57 94 95 Băile Govora352224232544322 90 91 Băăileile 3925 4023 3926 4430 3721 3019 2723 3122 3118 2918 3122 3120 3216 3216 3714 3814 4114 Băile Felix/1Mai686687 1086767 269978Felix/1MaiHerculane 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Băile Herculane564341468 14 18 27 Băăileile22 18 29 19 18 10 9 7 8 9 13 12 13 13 12 12 11 14 13 15 22 22 Amara 2562 2362 2668 3073 2180 1984 2387 2278 1881 1884 2285 2084 1676 1685 1485 1482 1486 Băile Olănes, ti 27 138 11957778Herculane8Ol866ă6ne ști 26 34 BăileAzugaB ăTuileș nad 323 364 344 343 392 513 383 364 425 456 447 416 384 335 346 373 362 Băile Tus, nad131113123459 215535 10 9 7 8 9 13 12 13 13 12 12 11 14 13 15 22 22 OlBuBorășnetenișșati 1345 1438 1538 1533 1433 1634 1829 2128 2332 2634 2735 2335 2337 2141 2049 2349 2452 Bors, a 32 31 33 37 36 24 24 35 36 38 56 40 46 63 61 44 53 BăileBuziaBorsec Tușșnad 43203 47154 44114 62163 55162 60173 65163 74194 71265 76196 74247 77176 81214 79245 87226 77193 78182 Borsec 29 73 23 39 44 43 50 84 81 87 90 89 89 89 90 87 87 BCâmpulungăileBor Govorașa 4528 3826 3824 3332 3332 3429 2939 2840 3250 3460 3558 3558 3759 4160 4957 4994 5295 Câmpulung 44 44 47 52 53 54 55 52 58 55 50 54 57 57 60 54 56 33 34 41 46Moldovenesc Bă45ile 45 48 48 54 56 60 63 65 64 62 63 61 Moldovenesc Borsec 2039 1540 1139 1644 1637 1730 1627 1931 2631 1929 2431 1731 2132 2432 2237 1938 1841 CâmpulungFelix/1MaiMangalia 27 25 23 27 25 33 40 39 44 44 41 42 41 40 44 46 45 Mangalia 14 16 16 22 18 20 44 2344 4726 52 3153 5430 55 3552 5831 55 3150 5432 57 33 57 3560 5432 56 MoldovenescCălimBăăilene ști- Călimănes, ti-Căciulata 10978789 11 17 21 20 2523 19233354 4226282 3029 2129 1928 2332 2235 1836 1838 2243 2040 1647 1647 1446 1444 1444 HerculaneMangaliaCăciulata 27 25 23 27 25 33 40 39 44 44 41 42 41 40 44 46 45 Costines, ti 11 12 10 15C ăCostinelimBă14ăilene șștiti- 12 5 13 6 1015 7 118 912 8 19 12 1418 11 20 14 2615 1740 19 3618 1538 15 2310 33 9 28 7 29 8 29 9 28 13 3212 3513 3613 3812 4312 4011 4714 4713 4615 4422 4422 Covasna 16 18 17 19 COlCovasnaăciulataă23ne ști 27 73 3071 7833 72 2461 6131 64 3167 6630 70 28 70 3070 6627 68 2866 6724 68 Dâmbovicioara 76 73 73 81BDâmbovicioa ăCostineile Tu86 șșnadti 87 53 88 64 10491 73 35 82 9339 83 30 12 4 14532 116 3314 7 15276 174 28 195 11186 153 11 152 81 80 85 86 89 91 93 33 9 4 4 3 5 6 7 6 5 Eforie 12 11 11 12 CovasnaBor15raș a 18 7345 187138 783818 7233 216133 613422 6429 266728 663225 7034 237035 703523 6637 18 6841 176649 674916 6852 DâmbovicioaBorsecEforie 206 15 8 11 8 16 9 16 12 1711 1614 1915 2617 1916 2418 1716 2115 2418 2217 1917 1817 Geoagiu-Băi 24 22 26 18 19 16 81 2580 8528 9 86 8911 91 12 93 1233 9 10 4 134 3 129 5 612 7 6 5 CâmpulungGeoagiu-Băi 19 20 21 22 24 24 25 32 29 28 30 28 31 30 31 31 34 Gura Humorului 39 35 29 27 ra32 37 44 3644 4738 52 3853 5440 55 4352 5845 55 5750 5458 57 58 57 5660 5457 56 MoldovenescEforieGura 6 8 8 9 12 11 14 15 17 16 18 16 15 18 17 17 17 Mamaia 43 29 44 48 49 57 41 5938 3664 42 6249 5070 50 6553 5265 54 64 54 6555 5863 53 6256 5260 53 Geoagiu-BHumoruluiMangaliaă i 1927 2025 2123 2227 2425 2433 2540 3239 2944 2844 3041 2842 3141 3040 3144 3146 3445 Moneasa 20757 11 1384432288854 CăMamaialimGuraăne ști- 52 52 57 57 65 69 70 71 74 75 73 78 74 76 73 72 71 Poiana Brasov 42 43 48 58 52 52 4123 553833 362860 4229 634929 502863 5032 685335 523666 5438 635443 554069 5847 66 5347 685646 524468 5344 , HumoruluiCMoneasaăciulata 9 3 3 4 5 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 Predeal/Pâraul 8 109 13 13Costine MamaiaPoiana10ș ti 12525 52 610 57 10 1257 7 6513 8 69 9 11 70 8 1071 127 7414 117511 731410 7815 187417 761920 7318 7215 7115 Rece/Timis, ul de Sus 59 58 64 59 66 66 66 68 73 74 72 72 69 73 71 71 69 CovasnaBrașov 73 71 78 72 61 61 64 67 66 70 70 70 66 68 66 67 68 Pucioasa 36 38 43 57 Moneasa67 63 9 673 368 4 715 472 4 74 2 272 3 76 3 774 3 70 3 883 4 74 4 DâmbovicioaPredeal/PâraPoiana Râsnov 61 52 66 55 56 59 8159 618058 856455 8659 458966 916651 9366 533368 73944 744 4372 4 72423 695 43 736 41717 716 37 695 , Braraulșov 2 5 5 5 7 6 6 6 6 9 10 7 9 10 10 9 13 Slănic Prahova44356655563313346 Predeal/PâraRece/TimiEforie ș ul 6 8 8 9 12 11 14 15 17 16 18 16 15 18 17 17 17 Sinaia 21 20 21 21Geoagiu-B deul21 Sus ăi19 19 1920 2120 22 2024 2424 25 2232 2921 28 1730 2819 31 20 30 1531 3113 34 2 5 5 5 7 6 6 6 6 9 10 7 9 10 10 9 13 PucioasaGura 74 66 71 79 70 74 80 83 84 90 88 88 91 94 93 93 92 Sângeorz-Băi 15 24 20 25Rece/Timi 28 șul25 41 2638 3629 42 3049 5035 50 4053 5236 54 3854 5539 58 38 53 3856 5243 53 HumoruluiRâșnov 46 46 35 45 41 46 47 46 48 47 46 43 39 37 42 47 50 Slănic Moldova 23 25 15 34 de10 Sus96 12 13 18 23 23 27 22 30 30 15 Mamaia 52 52 57 57 65 69 70 71 74 75 73 78 74 76 73 72 71 Sovata 19 21 22 20 Pucioasa20 21 74 2766 7130 79 2570 7427 80 2783 8422 90 1988 8821 91 21 94 2193 9321 92 MoneasaRâșnov 469 463 353 454 415 464 474 462 482 473 463 434 393 373 423 474 504 Sucevit,a 472 35 35 34 30 20 19 14 109 149 10 11 39 42 Poiana Târgu-Ocna 35 36 36 36 38 39 59 4258 6447 59 4466 6642 66 3968 7342 74 4472 7244 69 42 73 4071 7139 69 Brașov Târgu-Neamt, 56 54 54 45 53 53 69 69 70 69 73 81 81 78 74 78 76 Predeal/Pâra Techirghiol 30 30 25 28 41 41 46 45 49 50 44 43 42 61 48 66 65 ul 2 5 5 5 7 6 6 6 6 9 10 7 9 10 10 9 13 Vatra Dornei 34 40 28 31Rece/Timi 33 șul33 28 27 27 26 28 29 24 24 25 29 29 Voineasa 40 73 73 81 de72 Sus 65 57 71 39 49 46 54 69 62 69 48 52 Mamaia North 74 64 62 73 77 78 79 83 85 85 88 88 74 68 75 71 67 Area Pucioasa 74 66 71 79 70 74 80 83 84 90 88 88 91 94 93 93 92 Pestera-Padina Râșnov 46 46 35 45 41 46 47 46 48 47 46 43 39 37 42 47 50 , 45 33 38 40 43 44 43 52 50 46 45 39 37 31 26 27 26 Area Parâng-Petrosani , 69 67 65 74 79 81 84 86 87 89 85 83 88 81 76 76 75 Area Tourist Area of 52 50 53 59 64 66 65 66 68 68 77 76 75 76 73 72 71 Piatra-Neamt, Albac 31 73 73 81 39 35 22 22 28 32 37 38 55 54 54 46 48

Albes, tii de Muscel 76 73 73 81 86 28 14 13 19 17 175 117763

Aries, eni 76 73 30 29 16 14 16 16 18 20 16 11 12 12 15 22 17 Balvanyos 16 19 18 81 24 87 88 25 90 23 24 24 25 29 31 31 28 Baia de Fier 41 59 40 44 57 38 40 40 41 41 41 47 40 41 46 43 47 Bazna 76 73 73 81 63 67 49 42 43 55 58 41 50 48 34 24 27

Bălt,ătes, ti 76 73 73 81 80 83 85 79 73 81 64 69 58 56 84 75 91 Băile Homorod 67 61 59 61 60 58 60 62 59 54 55 56 56 51 49 50 55 Băile Turda 63 55 63 67 69 72 70 67 69 66 69 64 70 67 51 61 62

Băile Băit,a 72 71 70 78 83 82 82 78 80 82 86 87 85 86 85 81 83

Boghis, 76 73 73 81 86 87 88 91 90 64 57 37 33 25 16 33 31 Bran 28 32 27 26 29 28 29 21 16 16 13 16 14 15 13 10 10 Breaza 48 42 45 53 58 62 63 65 67 67 76 74 73 73 81 90 91 Cacica 76 73 73 81 86 87 88 91 90 80 83 79 78 70 57 64 66 Calacea 76 73 73 81 86 87 88 91 90 93 93 92 92 92 92 89 88 Cheia 57 37 34 41 46 51 54 57 56 52 51 50 41 40 37 54 63 Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27

not show large fluctuations in the occupied rank and they have maintained their position throughout the period (Azuga, Covasna, Sinaia, Bran, Breaza, etc.). The second category is occupied by the ones with a general trend of decrease, where tourism is not their main activity, and natural resources can SustainabilitySustainability 20192019,, 1111,, xx FORFOR PEERPEER REVIEWREVIEW 88 ofof 2727 not support their development. They stand out with a fairly high share of about 29.6% (Amara, Mangalia, Eforie, Geoagiu-Băi, Techirghiol, Stâna de Vale, Lacul Sărat, Săcelu, etc.). The last category not show large fluctuations in the occupied rank and they have maintained their position throughout identified is that of the resorts with a general trend of growth where tourism has led to local economic thethe periodperiod (Azuga,(Azuga, Covasna,Covasna, Sinaia,Sinaia, Bran,Bran, Breaza,Breaza, etc.).etc.). TheThe secondsecond categorycategory isis occupiedoccupied byby thethe onesones development:with a general B trendăile Herculane, of decrease, Dâmbovicioara, where tourism Sl isă nicnot Moldova,their main Arie activity,șeni, Crivaia/Semenic,and natural resources Moieciu, can Ocnanot support Șugatag, their etc. development.The share held They by these stand resorts out wiis thonlyth aa fairly17.3%.fairly highhigh shareshare ofof aboutabout 29.6%29.6% (Amara,(Amara, Mangalia, Eforie, Geoagiu-Băăi,i, Techirghiol,Techirghiol, StânaStâna dede Vale,Vale, LaculLacul SSăărat,rat, SSăăcelu,celu, etc.).etc.). TheThe lastlast categorycategory Table 1. Variation of the rankings for the share of number of companies from the tourism sector in identifiedidentified isis thatthat ofof thethe resortsresorts withwith aa generalgeneral trendtrend ofof growthgrowth wherewhere tourismtourism hashas ledled toto locallocal economiceconomic the total number of companies. development: Băăileile Herculane,Herculane, Dâmbovicioara,Dâmbovicioara, SlSlăănic Moldova, Arieșșeni,eni, Crivaia/Semenic,Crivaia/Semenic, Moieciu,Moieciu, Ocna ȘȘugatag, etc. The share held by these resorts is only 17.3%. Sustainability 2019, 11, 7155 11 of 21 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Table 1. Variation of the rankings for the share of number of companies from the tourism sector in Amarathethe totaltotal numbernumber62 ofof62 companies.companies. 68 73 80 84 87 78 81 84 85 84 76 85 85 82 86 Azuga 32 36 34 34 39 51 38 36 42 45 44 41 38 33 34 37 36 Bușteni 13Table 14 15 2. Cont15 14. 16 18 21 23 26 27 23 23 21 20 23 24

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Buziaș 43 2000 47 2001 44 2002 62 2003 55 2004 60 2005 65 2006 74 2007 71 2008 76 2009 74 2010 77 2011 81 2012 79 2013 87 2014 77 2015 78 2016 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 BăileAmara Govora 286262 266262 246868 327373 328080 298484 398787 407878 508181 608484 588585 588484 597676 608585 578585 948282 958686 Băile Colibit,a 76 73 73 81 Azuga86 87 393232 88403636 39343491 443434 90373939 30515178 273838 75313636 31424270 294545 613144 44 31415241 323838 65 323333 65373434 38373769 413636 Crivaia/Semenic 76 73 73 105Felix/1Mai Bușșteniteni15 1113139 1414 10 9151576 2 1515 141414 161639 1818 202121 232333 2626 2727 2323 2323 2121 2020 2323 2424 Băile Buziașș 254343 234747 264444 306262 215555 196060 236565 227474 187171 187676 227474 207777 168181 167979 148787 147777 147878 Dorna Candrenilor 76 73 73 81 Herculane86 87 88 87 74 74 71 67 59 74 53 52 51 Băăileile GovoraGovora 2828 2626 2424 3232 3232 2929 3939 4040 5050 6060 5858 5858 5959 6060 5757 9494 9595 Durău9 23 24 14 12 11 Băile15 14 15 15 15 13 29 35 358 14 Băăileile 10 9 7 8 9 13 12 13 13 12 12 11 14 13 15 22 22 Harghita-Băi 62 48 57 60 Olă65ne ști 64 3939 684040 393970 4444 723737 303071 2727 783131 313177 2929 7931 31 318031 3232 71 3232 743737 383877 4141 Felix/1Mai Horezu 22 28 31 33B ăileB ăTu42ăileile ș nad 46 3 514 451 3 552 348 3 50 4 549 6 54 7 506 4 56 5 576 3 49 2 Borșa 452525 382323 382626 333030 332121 341919 292323 282222 321818 341818 352222 352020 371616 411616 491414 491414 521414 Izvorul Mures, ului 76 73 73 65 Herculane70 76 77 77 66 76 72 61 68 93 77 90 91 Borsec 20 15 11 16 16 17 16 19 26 19 24 17 21 24 22 19 18 Lacul Rosu 38 62 47 49 Bă59ăileile 55 58 58 61 65 62 59 60 66 64 58 54 , Câmpulung 1010 9 9 7 7 8 8 9 9 13 13 1212 1313 1313 1212 1212 1111 1414 1313 1515 2222 2222 Lacul Sărat 70 69 69 77 Olăă78ne șștiti 75 44 8044 4775 52 7953 5477 55 8052 5880 55 7750 5482 57 78 57 8260 5480 56 MoldovenescBăile Tușnad 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 6 4 5 6 3 2 Lipova 49 47 50 51B ăile 61Tu șnad54 3 564 463 3 652 362 3 67 4 685 6 66 7 716 4 68 5 706 3 70 2 MangaliaBorșșaa 274545 253838 233838 273333 253333 333434 402929 392828 443232 443434 413535 423535 413737 404141 444949 464949 455252 Moieciu 51 41 37 32C ălim30ăne ști-34 32 24 23 25 21 17 18 20 17 13 22 Borsec 232020 331515 281111 291616 291616 281717 321616 351919 362626 381919 432424 401717 472121 472424 462222 441919 441818 Moisei 76 73 73 81Câmpulung Căciulata86 87 88 88 84 45 47 52 49 88 89 85 90 Costinești 44445 4444 6 104747 5252 7 5353 8 5454 9 5555 8 125252 145858 115555 145050 155454 175757 195757 186060 155454 155656 Negresti-Oas, 75 72 71 79Moldovenesc 84 85 86 89 89 90 91 93 91 90 91 84 86 Covasna 73 71 78 72 61 61 64 67 66 70 70 70 66 68 66 67 68 Ocna Sibiului 76 73 73 66 Mangalia75 79 2727 732525 232381 2727 782525 333319 4040 103939 444478 4444 8241 41 427542 4141 59 4040 694444 464658 4545 DâmbovicioaCălimănești- Ocna S, ugatag 76 73 73 72C ălim47ăne ști-42 81 3880 8536 86 2689 9128 93 2933 926 4 16 4 163 5 24 6 167 6 19 5 ra 2323 3333 2828 2929 2929 2828 3232 3535 3636 3838 4343 4040 4747 4747 4646 4444 4444 Căăciulataciulata Onces, ti 76 73 73 81 86 87 88 91 90 93 93 94 93 93 92 90 72 CostineEforieș ti 65 86 10 8 97 12 8 11 9 14 8 1215 1417 1116 1418 1516 1715 1918 1817 1517 1517 Păltinis, 50 56 46 47 Costine50 ști 50 5 66 6 1056 7 578 957 8 59 12 1457 11 52 14 5515 1755 19 5518 1559 15 Geoagiu-BCovasna ăi 197373 207171 217878 227272 246161 246161 256464 673267 296666 287070 307070 287070 316666 306868 316666 316767 346868 Poiana Stampei 76 73 73 81 Gura86 87 45 46 42 61 61 73 93 49 83 90 91 Dâmbovicioa 41 38 36 42 49 50 50 53 52 54 54 55 58 53 56 52 53 8181 8080 8585 8686 8989 9191 9393 3333 99 44 44 33 55 66 77 66 55 Pojorâta 66 68 51 52 Humoruluira54ra 49 47 50 47 43 49 46 48 45 47 47 44 Mamaia 52 52 57 57 65 69 70 71 74 75 73 78 74 76 73 72 71 Praid 18 17 19 23 Eforie22 22 66 31 8 8 8 823 9 9 33 12 12 111134 1414 331515 171735 1616 3218 18 163316 1515 32 1818 321717 171730 1717 Moneasa 9 3 3 4 5 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 Săcelu 76 73 739 26Geoagiu-B 23 ăăii 411919 202037 2121 462222 242493 2424 93 2525 943232 292993 2828 933030 282892 3131 903030 313191 3131 3434 Poiana Gura 59 58 64 59 66 66 66 68 73 74 72 72 69 73 71 71 69 Sărata-Monteoru 55 45 52 30 Bra31șov 36 4141 353838 363632 4242 324949 505033 5050 325353 525233 5454 3654 54 552855 5858 23 5353 255656 525225 5353 Humorului Secu 54 49 56 68Predeal/Pâra Mamaia76 77 5252 785252 575780 5757 836565 696984 7070 877171 747485 7575 8473 73 788478 7474 82 7676 777373 727281 7171 ul Snagov 46 58 73 81 Moneasa86 69 299 72533 53361 544 64755 64458 644 63 622 62582 933 6210 33 60744 933 72 1033 451033 494 40 1344 Rece/Timișul Solca 76 73 73 56 Poiana51 56 37 49 60 59 66 62 93 93 14 149 de Sus 5959 5858 6464 5959 6666 6666 6666 6868 7373 7474 7272 7272 6969 7373 7171 7171 6969 Sângeorgiu de Brașșov 37 39 49 63 Pucioasa66 68 74 6266 7159 79 5370 7447 80 5483 8455 90 5188 8846 91 45 94 4293 9341 92 Mures, Predeal/Pâra Râșnov 46 46 35 45 41 46 47 46 48 47 46 43 39 37 42 47 50 Stâna de Vale2 14 13 17 25 32ul 34 42 34 44 42 15 13 36 44 67 78 22 55 55 55 77 66 66 66 66 99 1010 77 99 1010 1010 99 1313 Straja 58 60 55 71Rece/Timi 73 șșul73 83 82 82 86 84 82 80 79 79 73 73 Soveja 76 73 73 54 de37 Sus 60 64 91 90 93 93 94 71 57 92 90 45

Tăs, nad 59 44 39 50 Pucioasa55 48 7474 536666 717154 7979 517070 747453 8080 528383 848448 9090 4588 88 884788 9191 50 9494 499393 939350 9292 Tinca 76 73 73 81 Râș86șnov 87 4646 884646 353591 4545 904141 464693 4747 934646 484894 4747 9346 46 439343 3939 92 3737 904242 474791 5050 Trei Ape71 7343231121141111 Vălenii de Munte 71 70 72 80 85 86 87 90 88 92 92 91 87 87 88 83 85

Vat,a de Jos 53 53 60 70 74 70 71 74 58 60 70 60 47 53 52 53 84 Vis, eu de Sus 60 57 58 62 68 74 76 72 75 73 79 75 67 72 67 60 46 Băile Banffy Area 68 66 67 76 82 84 81 85 86 88 89 90 86 85 87 80 82 Băile Ocna Dej Area 65 63 61 69 71 71 74 76 77 79 81 84 83 83 80 79 79 Fântanele Area 76 73 73 81 86 87 88 34 90 93 93 94 93 93 92 90 91

Moines, ti Băi Area 44 46 64 75 81 80 75 73 76 83 82 86 90 91 86 86 89 Muntele Băisorii 76 73 73 42 35 26 33 41 37 37 14 20 30 43 22 127 Area Suior - Baia Sprie , 64 51 42 43 48 47 52 53 52 75 48 53 53 59 60 59 56 Area General decrease General growth trend Relatively constant trend trend

Table3 illustrates the variation of the ranks held by the turnover from tourism sector, which shows a predominance of the resorts that have a relatively constant trend throughout the analyzed period, with a share of 57.1% of the total number of resorts. The second category is that of the resorts with a general downward trend, with a share of 27.6%. These are resorts where tourism is not a major activity, but a complementary one. As examples of downward trending resorts, we can mention Horezu, Lipova, Săcelul, Câmpulung Moldovenesc, Borsec, and Pucioasa. With a share of only 15.3%, there are resorts that registered a general growth trend during the period 2000–2016: Dâmbovicioara,

Moneasa, Sinaia, Zona Pes, tera-Padina, Albes, tii de Muscel, Crivaia/Semenic etc. Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27 Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27 not show large fluctuations in the occupied rank and they have maintained their position throughout thenot periodshow large (Azuga, fluctuations Covasna, in Sinaia, the occupied Bran, Breaza, rank an etc.).d they The have second maintained category their is occupied position bythroughout the ones withthe period a general (Azuga, trend Covasna, of decrease, Sinaia, where Bran, tourism Breaza, is etc.).not their The mainsecond activity, category and is naturaloccupied resources by the ones can notwith support a general their trend development. of decrease, Theywhere stand tourism out is wi notth theira fairly main high activity, share and of aboutnatural 29.6% resources (Amara, can Mangalia,not support Eforie, their Geoagiu-B development.ăi, Techirghiol, They stand Stâna out dewi Vale,th a fairlyLacul highSărat, share Săcelu, of etc.).about The 29.6% last category(Amara, identifiedMangalia, is Eforie, that of Geoagiu-B the resortsă i,with Techirghiol, a general Stâna trend deof growthVale, Lacul where Să rat,tourism Săcelu, has etc.). led toThe local last economic category development:identified is that Bă ileof theHerculane, resorts with Dâmbovicioara, a general trend Slă ofnic growth Moldova, where Arie tourismșeni, Crivaia/Semenic, has led to local economic Moieciu, Ocnadevelopment: Șugatag, Betc.ăile The Herculane, share held Dâmbovicioara, by these resorts Slă isnic only Moldova, 17.3%. Arieșeni, Crivaia/Semenic, Moieciu, Sustainability 2019, 11, 7155 Ocna Șugatag, etc. The share held by these resorts is only 17.3%. 12 of 21 Table 1. Variation of the rankings for the share of number of companies from the tourism sector in theTable total 1. numberVariation of ofcompanies. the rankings for the share of number of companies from the tourism sector in Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27 the total number of companies. Table 3. Variation of the rankings for the share of turnover from the tourism sector in the total turnover. not show large fluctuations in the occupied rank and they have maintained their position throughout 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 the period (Azuga, Covasna, Sinaia, Bran, Breaza, etc.). The second category is occupied by the ones

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20052000 20062001 20072002 2003 20082004 20092005 20102006 2007 20112008 20122009 2010 20132011 20142012 2013 20152014 20162015 2016 withAmara a general trend62 of62 decrease, 68 73 where 80 tourism84 87 is 78not their81 main84 85 activity, 84 and76 natural85 85 resources82 86 can Amara 35 30 35 33not AzugasupportAmara34 their30 3262 development. 243662 346833 3473 They 303980 stand518433 38out87 34 wi3678 th 42a8145 fairly 4584 40high44 85 share413584 3876of 31 about 3385 29 348529.6% 3782 30 (Amara,3686 Azuga 67 61 76 74Mangalia, BuAzugaș76teni Eforie, 64 1332 Geoagiu-B 611436 153451ă i, Techirghiol,1534 631439 165155 Stâna 1838 49 de2136 Vale, 234234 Lacul2645 26 S27 44ărat, 23 5141Să celu,2338 56 etc.). 2133 The612034 last2337 66 category 2436 Bus, teni 12 14 16 15identified BuBuzia18șteni șis that18 of4313 the 194714 resorts 441526 with6215 28a55 14general 601631 trend6518 42 of7421 growth 712333 7626where 2874 27 tourism 773023 8123 has 37 led7921 to318720 local 7723 economic33 7824 BăileBuzia Govoraș 2843 2647 2444 3262 3255 2960 3965 4074 5071 6076 5874 5877 5981 6079 5787 9477 9578 Buzias, 17 19 19 29development: 35 39 Bă ile Herculane,40 44 Dâmbovicioara,44 46 Sl37ănic Moldova,39 37 Arie șeni,41 Crivaia/Semenic,45 47 44Moieciu, BăileB ăGovoraile 28 26 24 32 32 29 39 40 50 60 58 58 59 60 57 94 95 Băile Govora45657569 17 13 12Ocna Ș12ugatag, 10 5etc.439 The4093 share 39 held9344 by37 these 30 resorts27 is31 only 31 17.3%.29 31 31 32 32 37 38 41 Felix/1MaiBăile Băile Felix/1Mai 10 11 11 11 Bă10ile 12 39 1140 3911 44 1037 3011 27 1531 3114 29 32 31 1531 3218 32 1637 3815 41 Felix/1MaiTable 1. Variation 25 23of the26 rankings 30 21for the19 share 23 of 22number 18 of18 companies 22 20 from 16 the 16tourism 14 sector14 in14 Băile Herculane6754529 10 14 26 HerculanetheB21ă iletotal number24 19of companies.14 21 14 11 25 23 26 30 21 19 23 22 18 18 22 20 16 16 14 14 14 Băile Olănesti 15 169966778667478 Bă19ile 20 , Herculane 10 9 7 8 9 13 12 13 13 12 12 11 14 13 15 22 22 Băile Tusnad12121112358633331 OlBăăneileș ti , 10 9 7 8 9 13 12 13 13 12 12 11 14 13 15 22 22 Băile Tușnad 3 2000 4 2001 4 2002 3 2003 2 2004 3 2005 3 2006 4 2007 5 2008 6 2009 7 2010 6 2011 4 2012 5 2013 6 2014 3 2015 2 2016 Bors, a 29 29 34 34 Olă32ne ști 31 29 32 32 32 39 41 36 46 55 34 43 BăileBor Tușaș nad 453 384 384 333 332 343 293 284 325 346 357 356 374 415 496 493 522 Borsec 33 33 30 38 Amara36 26 62 3162 6836 73 8180 8489 87 8678 8186 84 8885 8486 76 86 85 8385 8287 86 BorsecBorșa 2045 1538 1138 1633 1633 1734 1629 1928 2632 1934 2435 1735 2137 2441 2249 1949 1852 Câmpulung Azuga 32 36 34 34 39 51 38 36 42 45 44 41 38 33 34 37 36 44 44 46 46Câmpulung 42 45 46 52 50 51 50 52 51 59 63 54 62 Moldovenesc BuBorsecșteni 441320 441415 471511 521516 531416 541617 551816 522119 582326 552619 502724 542317 572321 572124 602022 542319 562418 MoldovenescCâmpulung Mangalia 21 21 23 24 Buzia21 ș 24 4344 264744 444731 6252 355553 605434 6555 407452 715837 7655 3374 50 773154 8157 32 7957 368760 775434 7856 BMoldovenescăMangaliaile Govora 2728 2526 2324 2732 2532 3329 4039 3940 4450 4460 4158 4258 4159 4060 4457 4694 4595 Călimănes, ti-Căciulata5473345667 11856543 CăMangalialimBăăilene ști- 27 25 23 27 25 33 40 39 44 44 41 42 41 40 44 46 45 Costines, ti79888 10 10 14 11 10 182339 334016 2839 182944 293721 2830 243227 353126 3631 28 3829 4331 4031 4732 4732 4637 4438 4441 CFelix/1MaiCălimăciulataănești- Covasna 22 22 24 22 26 28 23 2833 2828 29 2329 2827 32 2635 3625 38 24 43 2440 4726 47 2546 4427 44 CostineCăBciulataăile ști 5 6 10 7 8 9 8 12 14 11 14 15 17 19 18 15 15 25 23 26 30 21 19 23 22 18 18 22 20 16 16 14 14 14 Dâmbovicioara 79 77 81 81 HerculaneCostineCovasna86 ști 87 735 8971 6 78 1067 72 7 71618 61 969 64 8 4667 12 661436 7011 3570 14 701915 6617 25 668198 6618 6715 6815 Eforie 11 12 14 12Dâmbovicioa CovasnaBă16ile 23 73 2171 7822 72 2561 6121 64 2867 6628 70 30 70 2670 6615 68 1266 6716 68 8110 80 9 85 7 86 8 89 9 91 13 9312 3313 139 124 124 113 145 136 157 226 225 Geoagiu-Băi88 10 10 12 13Dâmbovicioa Olă16rane ști 139 12 17 15 20 20 17 18 19 Eforie 816 80 8 85 8 86 9 1289 1191 1493 1533 179 164 184 163 155 186 177 176 175 Gura Humorului 36 34 32 26B ăile Tu27ra șnad35 3 374 437 3 362 344 3 41 4 544 6 56 7 536 4 54 5 496 3 50 2 Geoagiu-BEforie ăi 196 20 8 21 8 22 9 24 12 2411 2514 3215 2917 2816 3018 2816 3115 3018 3117 3117 3417 Mamaia 48 46 51 47 Bor50ș a 50 45 5438 3864 33 6433 3467 29 5528 3256 34 5435 3558 37 53 41 5549 4958 52 Geoagiu-BBorsecGura ăi 2019 1520 1121 1622 1624 1724 1625 1932 2629 1928 2430 1728 2131 2430 2231 1931 1834 Moneasa 166264 11 18543558 12655 41 38 36 42 49 50 50 53 52 54 54 55 58 53 56 52 53 CâmpulungHumoruluiGura 4441 4438 4736 5242 5349 5450 5550 5253 5852 5554 5054 5455 5758 5753 6056 5452 5653 Poiana Bras, ov 50 51 53 52Moldovenesc HumoruluiMamaia56 57 52 5152 5759 57 5765 6960 70 5771 7466 75 6473 7863 74 67 76 6773 7269 71 Predeal/Pâraul Moneasa 9 3 3 4 5 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 9 10 15 14 MangaliaMamaia14 16 2752 122552 235712 2757 122565 336914 4070 143971 447410 7944775 417315 4278 224174 4076 4473 4672 4571 Rece/Timis, ul de Sus Poiana CăMoneasalimănești- 599 583 643 594 665 664 664 682 732 743 723 724 693 733 713 714 694 Pucioasa 39 39 54 57 BraPoiana61șov 56 23 5633 2868 29 6529 2858 32 5935 3663 38 6743 4072 47 74 47 9046 4476 44 Căciulata 59 58 64 59 66 66 66 68 73 74 72 72 69 73 71 71 69 Râs, nov 58 60 58 49Predeal/Pâra CostineBra51șov ști 52 5 65 6 1053 7 45 8 956 8 58 12 1443 11 4314 1537 17 61 19 5818 1560 15 Slănic Prahova23312344222111222 ul Predeal/PâraCovasna 732 715 785 725 617 616 646 676 666 709 7010 707 669 6810 6610 679 6813 Sinaia 24 23 22 20DâmbovicioaRece/Timi 22ul șul19 17 15 16 20 20 17 12 13 119 10 de Sus 812 805 855 865 897 916 936 336 96 49 104 37 59 106 107 69 135 Sângeorz-Băi 13 13 13 13Rece/Timi ra19 șul14 13 18 26 38 56 62 78 40 41 32 32 Pucioasade Sus 74 66 71 79 70 74 80 83 84 90 88 88 91 94 93 93 92 Slănic Moldova 27 24 12 25 Eforie1198 3 7 616 92 8 8 11 9 23 12 1119 14 2415 1713 16 18 16 15 18 17 17 17 Râșnov 46 46 35 45 41 46 47 46 48 47 46 43 39 37 42 47 50 Sovata 19 20 21 23Geoagiu-B Pucioasa20 ă i22 1974 202066 217120 2279 202470 247419 2580 193283 298418 2890 1730 88 281688 3191 16 3094 133193 319318 3492 RâGurașnov 46 46 35 45 41 46 47 46 48 47 46 43 39 37 42 47 50 Sucevit,a 49 40 38 39 31 29 41 3338 3627 42 1349 5018 50 2753 5227 54 1354 5529 58 27 53 4856 5247 53 Târgu-Ocna 25 26 42 40 Humorului45 41 42 41 37 36 32 29 31 34 35 33 31

Târgu-Neamt, 72 63 70 66 Mamaia73 69 52 7152 5775 57 5565 6965 70 7771 7469 75 6873 7883 74 85 76 7673 7280 71 Techirghiol 43 35 44 37 Moneasa41 40 9 413 334 4 335 437 4 76 2 279 3 72 3 424 3 44 3 443 4 40 4 Poiana Vatra Dornei 30 27 26 30 28 32 59 3558 6429 59 2966 6630 66 3168 7331 74 2972 7233 69 40 73 3771 7137 69 Voineasa 63 77 81 81 Bra71șov 74 43 47 41 42 52 49 71 71 49 40 46 Mamaia North Predeal/Pâra 76 73 78 77 83 80 83 85 88 95 93 92 87 77 70 87 86 Area ul Pestera-Padina 2 5 5 5 7 6 6 6 6 9 10 7 9 10 10 9 13 , 52 52 60 58Rece/Timi 49 șul63 66 72 70 53 48 50 34 36 33 28 23 Area de Sus Parâng-Petrosani , 60 47 52 50 65 73 75 81 78 87 85 80 83 79 77 71 67 Area Pucioasa 74 66 71 79 70 74 80 83 84 90 88 88 91 94 93 93 92 Tourist Area of Râșnov 46 46 35 45 41 46 47 46 48 47 46 43 39 37 42 47 50 55 56 63 63 64 65 67 73 69 70 69 67 57 56 62 56 54 Piatra-Neamt, Albac 53 77 81 81 39 34 23 19 21 29 30 38 44 50 43 46 45

Albes, tii de Muscel 79 77 81 81 86 66 39 54 31949 14 11 10 119

Aries, eni 79 74 18 17 23 21 32 16 19 227468 12 21 21 Balvanyos 34 32 41 81 33 87 89 38 95 35 35 40 42 49 46 38 38 Baia de Fier 59 59 61 64 69 36 30 35 40 43 43 35 39 28 39 51 56 Bazna 79 77 81 81 86 77 81 70 56 62 71 64 60 67 29 23 24

Bălt,ătes, ti 79 77 81 81 86 82 89 88 79 84 87 72 70 76 81 84 88 Băile Homorod 73 55 59 60 53 51 59 58 59 54 60 70 69 74 57 65 64 Băile Turda 42 43 47 43 40 42 44 48 53 66 53 55 52 52 52 50 52

Băile Băit,a 66 65 66 65 63 53 62 56 49 71 68 68 74 73 73 72 72

Boghis, 79 77 81 81 86 87 89 93 92 77 74 81 49 27 23 35 36 Bran 46 37 36 28 37 27 25 23 188 10 119 10986 Breaza 28 28 45 42 46 47 52 66 67 68 72 71 75 68 78 93 93 Cacica 79 77 81 81 86 87 89 93 95 93 88 85 86 64 72 70 71 Calacea 79 77 81 81 86 87 89 93 90 94 94 94 94 95 95 92 90 Cheia 71 49 50 51 47 59 58 69 51 45 29 20 22 17 14 41 41 Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27

not show large fluctuations in the occupied rank and they have maintained their position throughout the period (Azuga, Covasna, Sinaia, Bran, Breaza, etc.). The second category is occupied by the ones with a general trend of decrease, where tourism is not their main activity, and natural resources can not support their development. They stand out with a fairly high share of about 29.6% (Amara, Mangalia, Eforie, Geoagiu-Băi, Techirghiol, Stâna de Vale, Lacul Sărat, Săcelu, etc.). The last category identified is that of the resorts with a general trend of growth where tourism has led to local economic development: Băile Herculane, Dâmbovicioara, Slănic Moldova, Arieșeni, Crivaia/Semenic, Moieciu,

OcnaSustainability Șugatag, 2019, etc.11, x TheFOR sharePEER REVIEW held by these resorts is only 17.3%. 8 of 27

Table 1. Variation of the rankings for the share of number of companies from the tourism sector in notSustainability show large 2019, fluctuations11, x FOR PEER in REVIEW the occupied rank and they have maintained their position throughout8 of 27 the periodthe total (Azuga, number Covasna, of companies. Sinaia, Bran, Breaza, etc.). The second category is occupied by the ones withnot show a general large trend fluctuations of decrease, in the where occupied tourism rank anis notd they their have main maintained activity, and their natural position resources throughout can notthe periodsupport (Azuga, their development. Covasna, Sinaia, They Bran, stand Breaza, out wi etc.).th aThe fairly second high category share of is about occupied 29.6% by (Amara,the ones 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Mangalia,with a general Eforie, trend Geoagiu-B of decrease,ăi, Techirghiol, where tourism Stâna is de not Vale, their Lacul main S ăactivity,rat, Săcelu, and etc.). natural The resources last category can Sustainability 2019, 11, 7155 identifiednot Amarasupport is that their of62 development. the62 resorts 68 with73 They a80 general stand84 trend 87out wiof78 growthth 81a fairly 84where high85 tourism share84 76 hasof about led85 to85 29.6%local 82 economic (Amara,1386 of 21 development:Mangalia,Azuga Eforie, Bă32ile Geoagiu-B Herculane,36 34ă i, 34Dâmbovicioara,Techirghiol, 39 51 Stâna38 Sl ăde36nic Vale, Moldova,42 Lacul45 ArieS44ărat, șeni,41 Să celu, Crivaia/Semenic,38 etc.).33 The34 last37 Moieciu,category36 OcnaidentifiedBu Șșugatag,teni is that etc. 13of Thethe14 resortsshare 15 held with15 by a14 general these 16 resorts trend18 is21of onlygrowth23 17.3%.26 where 27 tourism23 23 has 21led to20 local 23 economic 24 development:Buziaș Bă43ile Herculane,47 44 62Dâmbovicioara, 55 60 65 Slă74nic Moldova,71 76 Arie74 ș77eni, Crivaia/Semenic,81 79 87 77 Moieciu,78 OcnaBăileTable ȘGovoraugatag, 1. Variation etc.28 Table The 26of share the24 3.rankings heldCont32 by 32for. these the29 share resorts39 of 40isnumber only50 17.3%. of60 companies 58 58 from 59 the 60tourism 57 sector94 in95 theBăile total number of companies. 39 40 39 44 37 30 27 31 31 29 31 31 32 32 37 38 41 2000 2001 2002 2003Felix/1MaiTable 2004 1. 2005Variation 2006 of the 2007 rankings 2008 for the 2009 share 2010of number 2011 of companies 2012 2013 from 2014the tourism 2015 sector 2016 in Băile the total number of companies.

25 2000 23 2001 26 2002 30 2003 21 2004 19 2005 23 2006 22 2007 18 2008 18 2009 22 2010 20 2011 16 2012 16 2013 14 2014 14 2015 14 2016 Colibit,a 79 77 81 81 Herculane86 87 87 91 82 73 75 77 73 69 69 57 49 Crivaia/Semenic 79 77 33 21 AmaraBă17ile82 8 54332624 6228 68 2773 8026 84 87 78 81 84 85 84 76 85 85 82 86 10 9 7 8 9 13 12 13 13 12 12 11 14 13 15 22 22 Dorna Candrenilor 79 77 81 81 OlAzugaă81ne ști 85 32 2000 8936 2001 3490 2002 34 2003 8439 2004 5178 2005 38 2006 8136 2007 4284 2008 45 2009 7944 2010 4189 2011 38 762012 33 2013 6634 2014 3770 2015 36 2016 Durău 20 50 20 18B ăileBuAmara Tuș13teni șnad 15 13623 1514624 1568424 15733 1514802 1684315 18873 132178 4 2381519 26846 1527 857 2318846 23764 13 21855 1020856 23823 14 24862 Harghita-Băi 65 58 57 59 BuziaAzugaBor67ș aș 71 454332 74384736 38443478 336234 74335539 34605179 296538 83287436 32714283 347645 813574 44 35778241 378138 79 417933 77498734 49773778 527836 Horezu 31 31 37 35B ăileBuBorsec Govora38șteni 43 202813 45152614 11241550 163215 47163214 17291649 163918 44194021 26502351 196026 482458 27 17585723 215923 66 246021 62225720 19942363 189524 CâmpulungBuziaBăile ș 43 47 44 62 55 60 65 74 71 76 74 77 81 79 87 77 78 Izvorul Mures, ului 79 77 81 75 80 81 4439 854440 473986 5244 915337 543086 5527 825231 583174 5529 615031 543192 5732 84 5732 796037 543881 5641 Moldovenesc Lacul Ros, u 54 67 64 62B Felix/1Maiăile 70Govora 60 28 6326 2462 32 6832 2959 39 7040 5061 60 58 58 6658 5964 60 5957 9461 95 MangaliaBăăileile 27 25 23 27 25 33 40 39 44 44 41 42 41 40 44 46 45 Lacul Sărat 74 70 73 73 79 78 2539 762340 263979 3044 832137 193075 2327 802231 183182 1829 8022 31 208031 1632 82 1632 821437 143883 1441 CHerculaneFelix/1Maiălimănești- Lipova 51 53 56 53 54 54 23 4833 2860 29 6029 2857 32 6435 3675 38 7643 4078 47 80 47 7546 4482 44 CăBciulataăăileile 1025 23 9 26 7 30 8 21 9 1319 1223 1322 1318 1218 1222 1120 1416 1316 1514 2214 2214 Moieciu 62 48 43 32 CostineHerculaneOlă25ne șștiti 38 5 34 6 1030 7 34 8 925 8 23 12 1421 11 2314 1525 17 22 19 1718 1525 15 Moisei 79 77 81 81B ăCovasnaileB Tu86ăile șnad 87 733 89714 78492 723 94612 61390 643 5467 4 66559 706 7770 7 70816 664 94 685 91666 673 92 682 10 9 7 8 9 13 12 13 13 12 12 11 14 13 15 22 22 Negresti-Oas 78 75 80 80Dâmbovicioa Bor82ș a 83 45 8638 3887 33 8733 3496 29 9528 3296 34 9535 3594 37 93 41 8949 4991 52 , Olănești 81 80 85 86 89 91 93 33 9 4 4 3 5 6 7 6 5 Ocna Sibiului 37 41 48 48B ăileBorsec ra43Tu șnad 61 203 80154 11471 163 62162 17323 163 1619 4 26325 196 4724 7 17456 214 48 245 43226 193 48 182 Ocna Sugatag 79 77 75 67Câmpulung EforieBor68ș a 49 456 2738 8 38 825 33 9 27 1233 113428 1429 331528 173230 1634 2518 35 162235 1537 20 1841 201749 174917 1752 , 44 44 47 52 53 54 55 52 58 55 50 54 57 57 60 54 56 MoldovenescGeoagiu-Băi 19 20 21 22 24 24 25 32 29 28 30 28 31 30 31 31 34 Onces, ti 79 77 81 81 Borsec86 87 20 8415 1193 16 9516 1792 16 9119 2691 19 92 24 9117 2191 24 8822 1975 18 CâmpulungMangaliaGura 27 25 23 27 25 33 40 39 44 44 41 42 41 40 44 46 45 Păltinis, 40 38 29 27 29 37 4144 533844 364739 4252 424953 505441 5055 365352 525842 5455 4154 50 554754 5857 50 5357 535660 525451 5356 MoldovenescCHumoruluiălimănești- Poiana Stampei 79 77 81 81 86 87 23 3833 2842 29 4329 2848 32 5135 3653 38 9643 4070 47 95 47 9346 4493 44 CMamaiaăciulata 52 52 57 57 65 69 70 71 74 75 73 78 74 76 73 72 71 Pojorâta 68 68 62 61 Mangalia60 48 27 5025 2357 27 5225 3364 40 6239 4458 44 59 41 6542 4171 40 6344 4665 45 CCostineăMoneasalimăneșștiti- 59 63 103 74 85 94 84 122 142 113 143 154 173 193 183 154 154 Praid 18 17 17 16 15 17 23 1433 2817 29 2229 2824 32 2535 3623 38 27 43 3240 4734 47 3046 4429 44 CovasnaPoiana 73 71 78 72 61 61 64 67 66 70 70 70 66 68 66 67 68 Căciulata 59 58 64 59 66 66 66 68 73 74 72 72 69 73 71 71 69 Săcelu 14 15 25 19Dâmbovicioa CostineBra24șov ș ti 25 5 64 6 1055 7 768 982 8 67 12 1487 11 84 14 9615 1730 19 9318 1593 15 81 80 85 86 89 91 93 33 9 4 4 3 5 6 7 6 5 Sărata-Monteoru 38 36 39 41Predeal/Pâra Covasnara55 46 73 4971 7849 72 4661 6152 64 6367 6660 70 53 70 3870 6638 68 3966 6739 68 Secu 69 69 68 69Dâmbovicioa Eforieul77 76 6 79 8 880 9 86 12 1185 14 8915 1789 16 8918 1685 15 83 18 7417 1774 17 812 805 855 865 897 916 936 336 69 94 104 73 95 106 107 96 135 Snagov 45 45 77 79Rece/TimiGeoagiu-B 85ra șăuli84 19 7020 2143 22 3924 2474 25 6532 2965 28 6230 2861 31 60 30 5231 3157 34 Solca 79 77 81 81 deEforieGura66 Sus 44 6 55 8 845 9 66 12 1181 14 6615 1776 16 63 18 8816 1536 7187 17 17 17 41 38 36 42 49 50 50 53 52 54 54 55 58 53 56 52 53 Sângeorgiu de Geoagiu-BHumoruluiPucioasa ă i 7419 6620 7121 7922 7024 7424 8025 8332 8429 9028 8830 8828 9131 9430 9331 9331 9234 56 62 71 72 74 68 68 63 48 47 45 46 46 48 47 45 42 Mures, MamaiaRâGurașnov 5246 5246 5735 5745 6541 6946 7047 7146 7448 7547 7346 7843 7439 7637 7342 7247 7150 41 38 36 42 49 50 50 53 52 54 54 55 58 53 56 52 53 Stâna de Vale3 18 28 36 57 HumoruluiMoneasa55 60 9 76 3 583 4 76 5 244 4 22 2 212 3 44 3 884 368 3 593 4 4 Straja 70 71 72 70 MamaiaPoiana78 72 52 6952 5777 57 7765 6983 70 7371 7457 75 66 73 7578 7475 76 8173 7277 71 59 58 64 59 66 66 66 68 73 74 72 72 69 73 71 71 69 Soveja 79 77 49 55 MoneasaBra59șov 87 9 473 393 4 895 463 4 84 2 902 3 82 3 434 3 59 3 733 4 53 4 Tăsnad 32 25 27 31Predeal/Pâra Poiana30 33 36 40 38 40 38 47 50 60 68 64 68 , 59 58 64 59 66 66 66 68 73 74 72 72 69 73 71 71 69 Braulș ov Tinca 79 77 81 81 86 87 2 895 593 5 957 698 6 97 6 697 9 9610 967 9 95 10 9310 9 93 13 Trei Ape 231479731111 13 Rece/TimiPredeal/Pâra162114 șul Vălenii de Munte 77 76 79 78 de84 ulSus 86 88 89 93 97 96 95 93 93 92 86 84 2 5 5 5 7 6 6 6 6 9 10 7 9 10 10 9 13 Pucioasa 74 66 71 79 70 74 80 83 84 90 88 88 91 94 93 93 92 Vat,a de Jos 64 64 67 68Rece/Timi 72 șul75 82 84 73 72 79 78 65 62 58 69 89 Vis, eu de Sus 41 42 40 45 Râdeș48 novSus 62 46 5746 3561 45 6141 4661 47 6146 4854 47 5546 4354 39 51 37 42 4735 50 Băile Banffy Area 47 57 69 71 Pucioasa75 79 74 7866 7182 79 8070 7488 80 9283 8493 90 90 88 8488 9187 94 8093 9373 92 Băile Ocna Dej Area 61 54 55 56 Râ52șnov 58 46 7746 3583 45 8541 4691 47 9046 4888 47 91 46 8743 3989 37 7842 4779 50 Fântanele Area 79 77 81 81 86 87 89 46 75 39 97 97 96 96 95 93 93

Moines, ti Băi Area 57 66 74 76 62 70 72 74 72 80 78 73 85 90 90 85 85 Muntele Băisorii 26 77 31 54 44 20 22 21 24 17 22 26 38 39 42 22 12 Area Suior-Baia Sprie , 75 72 65 44 58 67 73 65 54 50 47 48 45 55 65 60 55 Area General growth trend Relatively constant trend General decrease trend

The next variation of the ranks analyzed is the share of the profit from tourism in the total profit of tourist resorts from Romania (Table4). Most of the resorts, namely 43.9% of the total number of resorts have an evolution where tourism in their local economy is constant, is not the main sector, 36.7% show decreases in rank, being those resorts where the economic crisis has put most of its mark and only 19.4% of the total number of resorts have a growth trend. Examples of growth-trend resorts for the period 2000–2016: Dâmbovicioara, Moneasa, Slănic Prahova, Slănic Moldova (the resort that holds the

first place in 2016 in terms of the profit in the tourism sector), Aries, eni, Bran (2nd place in 2016), Trei Ape (3rd place in 2016), Solca, etc. Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27 Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27 not show large fluctuations in the occupied rank and they have maintained their position throughout thenot periodshow large (Azuga, fluctuations Covasna, in Sinaia, the occupied Bran, Breaza, rank an etc.).d they The have second maintained category their is occupied position bythroughout the ones withthe period a general (Azuga, trend Covasna, of decrease, Sinaia, where Bran, tourism Breaza, is etc.).not their The mainsecond activity, category and is naturaloccupied resources by the ones can notwith support a general their trend development. of decrease, Theywhere stand tourism out is wi notth theira fairly main high activity, share and of aboutnatural 29.6% resources (Amara, can Mangalia,not support Eforie, their Geoagiu-B development.ăi, Techirghiol, They stand Stâna out dewi Vale,th a fairlyLacul highSărat, share Săcelu, of etc.).about The 29.6% last category(Amara, identifiedMangalia, is Eforie, that of Geoagiu-B the resortsă i,with Techirghiol, a general Stâna trend deof growthVale, Lacul where Să rat,tourism Săcelu, has etc.). led toThe local last economic category development:identified is that Bă ileof theHerculane, resorts with Dâmbovicioara, a general trend Slă ofnic growth Moldova, where Arie tourismșeni, Crivaia/Semenic, has led to local economic Moieciu, Ocnadevelopment: Șugatag, Betc.ăile The Herculane, share held Dâmbovicioara, by these resorts Slă isnic only Moldova, 17.3%. Arieșeni, Crivaia/Semenic, Moieciu, Sustainability 2019, 11, 7155 Ocna Șugatag, etc. The share held by these resorts is only 17.3%. 14 of 21 Table 1. Variation of the rankings for the share of number of companies from the tourism sector in the total number of companies. SustainabilityTable 20191. Variation, 11, x FOR of PEER the rankingsREVIEW for the share of number of companies from the tourism sector in8 of 27 the total number of companies. Table 4. Variation of the rankings for the share of profit from the tourism sector in the total profit. not show large fluctuations in the occupied rank and they have maintained their position throughout 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 the period (Azuga, Covasna, Sinaia, Bran, Breaza, etc.). The second category is occupied by the ones

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20052000 20062001 2002 20072003 20082004 2005 20092006 20102007 20112008 2009 20122010 20132011 2012 20142013 20152014 20162015 2016 withAmara a general trend62 of62 decrease, 68 73 where 80 tourism84 87 is 78not their81 main84 85 activity, 84 and76 natural85 85 resources82 86 can Amara 33 69 60 not AzugasupportAmara51 49 their 3262 50development. 3662 263468 346473 They 398043 stand 5184 17 38out87 wi367880th 42a81 fairly 3845 84 high374485 share418429 3876of 39about3385 34852529.6% 3782 34(Amara,3686 Azuga 38 56 71 Mangalia,BuAzuga58ș teni Eforie,78 1332 Geoagiu-B42 1436 781534 ă i, Techirghiol,153934 143934 1651 Stâna731838 de213687 Vale, 2342 32Lacul26 45 S152744ărat, 23 41S69ă celu, 2338 etc.).832133 The203448 last2337 category 612436

Bus, teni 16 16 12 identifiedBuBuzia16 șteni șis 18 that of431320 the 4714 resorts 214415 with621115 a55 14general25 6016 trend396518 of742150 growth 7123 4476 26where 327427 tourism 772332 8123 has 27 led7921 to872017 local 7723 economic 337824 development:BăileBuzia Govoraș Bă28ile43 Herculane,2647 2444 32Dâmbovicioara,62 3255 2960 3965 Sl ă40nic74 Moldova,5071 6076 Arie5874 șeni,5877 Crivaia/Semenic,5981 6079 5787 9477 Moieciu, 9578 Buzias, 11 19 25 43 38 41 44 41 44 34 45 34 88 88 92 89 92 OcnaBăileB Ș ăGovoraugatag,ile etc.28 The 26 share 24 held32 by32 these 29 resorts 39 is40 only 50 17.3%. 60 58 58 59 60 57 94 95 Băile Govora 13 2121 29 16 22539 4010 7 39 1444 3748 30 4827 4031 3137 29 8931 3192 32 32 37 38 41 Felix/1MaiBăile Băile Felix/1Mai78 16 17757869 Table11Bă ile 1.11 Variation 3938 40of the1539 rankings 4422 37for20 the 30 share 2527 of 31number 31 of29 companies 31 31 from 32 the 32tourism 37 sector38 in41 Felix/1Mai 25 23 26 30 21 19 23 22 18 18 22 20 16 16 14 14 14 Băile Herculane 22 2447 15Herculane8 theBă iletotal19 number16 of37 companies. 61 659 20 21 291 13 25 23 26 30 21 19 23 22 18 18 22 20 16 16 14 14 14 Băile Olănes, ti 17 309 102459B7ă3ile344 24 29 27 Herculane 10 9 7 8 9 13 12 13 13 12 12 11 14 13 15 22 22 Băile Tus, nad2213113426 12256 18Ol75Băăne ile ș ti

102000 9 2001 7 2002 8 2003 9 2004 132005 122006 132007 132008 122009 122010 112011 142012 132013 152014 222015 222016 Bors, a 24 37 32 BăileOl33 ăTu neșșnadti33 331 4 23 4 383 2 45 3 473 452 5 57 6 547 672 4 535 627 3 66 2 Borsec 27 446 68B ăileAmaraBor68 Tu șaș nad 38 45623 333862 4 5138684 3373335 33802 2834843 2987683 28784 28 32815 2934846 3585734 35846 493776 4 4185805 49856 88 49823 52862 Câmpulung AzugaBorsecBorșa 203245 153638 113438 163433 163933 175134 163829 193628 264232 194534 244435 174135 213837 243341 223449 193749 183652 37 43 35 CâmpulungBu70ș teni48 1362 14 4215 1546 1457 16 5818 2147 23 6326 4927 2348 23 5721 2054 23 6324 Moldovenesc Borsec 4420 4415 4711 5216 5316 5417 5516 5219 5826 5519 5024 5417 5721 5724 6022 5419 5618 Mangalia 20 14 13 MoldovenescCâmpulungBuzia29 ș 17 4312 47 1544 62128 55 2460 6522 74 22 71 2176 7418 77 2081 7923 8723 77 78 44 44 47 52 53 54 55 52 58 55 50 54 57 57 60 54 56 Călimănes, ti-Căciulata47 14869 12 BMoldovenescăMangaliaile14 Govora 16 272827 2526 152324 273214 253233 3329 1940399 26 3940 4450 4460 4158 4258 4159 4060 4457 4694 4595 Costines, ti5675 21 30 31 CăMangalialim13B ăăilene ș24ti- 2718 25 25 23 2027 2534 33 2040 3934 4428 44 1741 42 41 40 44 46 45 2339 3340 2839 2944 2937 2830 3227 3531 3631 3829 4331 4031 4732 4732 4637 4438 4441 CFelix/1MaiCălimăciulataănești- Covasna 14 28 30 19 14 2323 33 1128 1729 2911 28 3032 3523 36 31 38 3943 4031 47 3247 4635 44 38 44 CostineCăBciulataăile ști 5 6 10 7 8 9 8 12 14 11 14 15 17 19 18 15 15 Dâmbovicioara 68 69 71 74 81 2584 23 8426 30 2181 19 4923 2213 18 41183 2212 20 1716 1611 1426 14 14 HerculaneCostineCovasnaști 735 71 6 78 10 72 7 61 8 61 9 64 8 67 12 6614 7011 7014 7015 6617 6819 6618 6715 6815 Eforie6589 12 15 17 Dâmbovicioa20Covasna Băile12 1673 7119 78 18 72 2861 6116 64 2167 6612 7011 70 70 66 68 66 67 68 8110 80 9 85 7 86 8 89 9 91 13 9312 3313 139 124 124 113 145 136 157 226 225 Geoagiu-Băi33 19 26 34 Dâmbovicioa18Ol ărane ș16ti 27 22 23 24 33 52 50 86 26 41 81 80 85 86 89 91 93 33 9 4 4 3 5 6 7 6 5 Gura Humorului 18 20 21 Băile20Eforie Tu ra șnad 27 6343 84 34 84 32 93 122 42 113 40143 15429 175 3516 6 47187 16667 154 45185 17644 173 52172 Mamaia 26 29 29 Geoagiu-B32BorEforie șa 41 ăi 1945649 2038 8 452138 8 223350 9 2433 1256 243411 63252914 32281557 293217 582834 16 53303518 28351652 313715 59304118 31491760 314917 56345217 BorsecGura 20 15 11 16 16 17 16 19 26 19 24 17 21 24 22 19 18 Moneasa 46 27 62 Geoagiu-B39 20ă i 411921 3820 35362164 4222 2249 24 1850246 5025 105332 522923 7 545428 5430 5528 5831 5330 5631 5231 5334 CâmpulungHumoruluiGura Poiana Bras, ov 35 35 40 45 57 4454 44 5447 5263 5358 54 7655 5256 58 6955 6350 5462 57 6657 6057 54 6256 Mamaia 5241 5238 5736 5742 6549 6950 7050 7153 7452 7554 7354 7855 7458 7653 7356 7252 7153 Predeal/Pâraul MoldovenescHumorului 895 11 10 13 13 19 19 19 16 178 11 13 13 21 Rece/Timis, ul de Sus MangaliaMoneasaMamaia 27529 25523 23573 27574 25655 33694 40704 39712 44742 44753 41733 42784 41743 40763 44733 46724 45714 CăMoneasalimPoianaăneș ti- 9 3 3 4 5 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 Pucioasa 42 47 69 74 72 235944 3358 472864 295944 296654 2866 513266 356864 3673 713874 764372 407257 4769 564773 467189 4471 804469 CBraPoianaăciulatașov Râs, nov 43 61 34 31 37 5945 58 5064 5259 6659 66 5466 6838 73 52 74 4672 7254 69 5173 7162 71 70 69 Predeal/PâraCostineBrașovști 5 6 10 7 8 9 8 12 14 11 14 15 17 19 18 15 15 Slănic Prahova 48 45 42 22836332652338 15 Predeal/PâraCovasnaul 73 71 78 72 61 61 64 67 66 70 70 70 66 68 66 67 68 Sinaia 12 23 17 13 11 210 9 5 185 517 7 386 621 6 19 6 189 1014 897 910 10 10 9 13 DâmbovicioaRece/Timiul șul Sângeorz-Băi 25 15 156 22 24 812 2780 5 25855 86529 897 35916 93696 336 25 96 1449 10455 37 31 59 10316 107 39 69 135 Rece/Timidera Sus șul Slănic Moldova 15 69 57 Pucioasa36deEforie9 Sus 14877456 66 841 9 71 8 7910 9 127026 1174 281480 158315 1784 1616901 1888 1688 1591 1894 1793 1793 1792 Sovata9 12 22 37 26Geoagiu-B PucioasaRâ27șnov ă 10i 194674 232046966 21357113 224579 1024417086 244674 10254780 32461183 29488410 9284790 304688 284388 313991 303794 314293 314793 345092 RâGurașnov 46 46 35 45 41 46 47 46 48 47 46 43 39 37 42 47 50 Sucevit,a 234 26 18 136 25 41 2638 3627 42 2049 5058 5040 53 1952 5446 54 1955 4058 5347 56 52 53 Târgu-Ocna 10 18 18 Humorului27 25 25 24 21 32 1087785 15 12 Mamaia 52 52 57 57 65 69 70 71 74 75 73 78 74 76 73 72 71 Târgu-Neamt, 57 57 66 57 69 73 66 70 52 33 28 47 35 80 79 67 79 Techirghiol 52 38 37 Moneasa25 36 934 3 37 3 484 5 21 4 314 233 2 26 3 273 424 3 283 338 4 42 4 Poiana Vatra Dornei 29 32 39 49 30 5933 58 3264 5931 6638 66 5266 6843 73 2374 2272 7227 69 3073 7147 71 5969 Brașov Voineasa 68 69 71 74 47 47 20 22 13 25 88 50 51 71 23 36 28 Predeal/Pâra Mamaia North Area 56 33 71 74 80 75 81 47 76 86 71 61 55 78 71 70 60 ul 2 5 5 5 7 6 6 6 6 9 10 7 9 10 10 9 13 Pes, tera-Padina Area 68 53 41 Rece/Timi74 ș32ul 84 84 34 47 56 39 56 45 36 35 37 19 Parâng-Petrosani , 28 31 38 de34 Sus 45 46 53 62 65 65 62 62 50 53 52 58 55 Area Tourist Area of Pucioasa 74 66 71 79 70 74 80 83 84 90 88 88 91 94 93 93 92 53 39 53 60 61 69 68 84 73 83 73 81 77 63 70 63 76 Piatra-Neamt, Râșnov 46 46 35 45 41 46 47 46 48 47 46 43 39 37 42 47 50 Albac 60 69 71 744 52 552 14 21 17 21 23 39 69 84 54

Albes, tii de Muscel 68 69 71 74 81 402 28 15 122 12 369 61 43 18

Aries, eni 68 5134 24 22 49 10 31 427 13 12 13 26 247 Balvanyos 30 46 50 74 43 84 84 71 86 96 79 37 78 65 62 49 40 Baia de Fier 68 69 71 50 40 28 18 40 33 26 41 16 13 25 24 41 36 Bazna 68 69 71 74 81 84 84 15 23 36 84 36 74 85 73 59 48

Bălt,ătes, ti 68 69 71 74 81 84 82 89 86 69 46 65 17 38 58 89 87 Băile Homorod 55 49 48 69 62 72 74 76 82 68 72 83 81 75 48 78 69 Băile Turda 41 36 47 48 59 51 63 65 69 84 30 46 41 49 50 39 43

Băile Băit,a 45 50 54 59 73 68 57 55 49 75 60 64 73 74 80 64 78

Boghis, 68 69 71 74 81 84 84 92 86 82 92 91 88 88 46 69 50 Bran 21 17 24 14 31 32 30 24 2644315242 Breaza 40 64 55 44 77 63 67 91 77 94 85 84 62 83 82 89 92 Cacica 68 69 71 74 81 84 84 92 86 90 92 86 88 51 85 85 82 Calacea 68 69 71 74 81 84 84 92 86 91 78 82 88 88 92 88 89 Cheia 68 41 56 56 60 55 36 37 74 70 61 39 66 45 33 19 32

Colibit,a 68 69 71 74 81 84 76 87 60 48 42 68 56 44 41 53 35 Crivaia/Semenic 68 69 49 66 6721 29 2081 15946 22 16 Dorna Candrenilor 68 69 71 74 76 83 83 90 36 57 26 66 82 88 76 33 31 Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27 Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27 not show large fluctuations in the occupied rank and they have maintained their position throughout thenot periodshow large (Azuga, fluctuations Covasna, in Sinaia, the occupied Bran, Breaza, rank an etc.).d they The have second maintained category their is occupied position bythroughout the ones

withtheSustainability period a general (Azuga,2019 ,trend 11, x Covasna,FOR of decrease,PEER REVIEW Sinaia, where Bran, tourism Breaza, is etc.).not their The mainsecond activity, category and is naturaloccupied resources by the8 ones ofcan 27 notwith support a general their trend development. of decrease, whereThey stand tourism out is wi notth theira fairly main high activity, share and of aboutnatural 29.6% resources (Amara, can notMangalia, showsupport large Eforie, their fluctuations Geoagiu-B development. inăi, the Techirghiol, They occupied stand rankStâna out an dewid thVale,they a fairly haveLacul maintained highSărat, share Săcelu, theirof etc.).about position The 29.6% last throughout category(Amara, identifiedMangalia,the period isEforie, (Azuga, that of Geoagiu-B the Covasna, resortsă i, Sinaia,with Techirghiol, a generalBran, Breaza, Stâna trend de ofetc.). Vale,growth The Lacul secondwhere Sărat, tourismcategory Săcelu, has is etc.). occupiedled toThe local last by economic categorythe ones development:identifiedwith a general is that B trendă ofile the Herculane, of resorts decrease, with Dâmbovicioara, where a general tourism trend Sl isă of nicnot growth Moldova, their mainwhere Arie activity, tourismșeni, Crivaia/Semenic, and has naturalled to local resources economic Moieciu, can Ocnadevelopment:not support Șugatag, their B etc.ăile development.The Herculane, share held Dâmbovicioara, They by these stand resorts out Sl ă wiisnic onlyth Moldova, a 17.3%.fairly highArie șshareeni, Crivaia/Semenic, of about 29.6% Moieciu,(Amara, Sustainability 2019, 11, 7155 OcnaMangalia, Șugatag, Eforie, etc. Geoagiu-B The shareă heldi, Techirghiol, by these resorts Stâna deis onlyVale, 17.3%. Lacul Sărat, Săcelu, etc.). The last category15 of 21 identifiedTable is1. thatVariation of the of resorts the rankings with a forgeneral the share trend of ofnumber growth of wherecompanies tourism from has the ledtourism to local sector economic in development:theTable total 1. numberVariation Băile Herculane,of of companies. the rankings Dâmbovicioara, for the share Slofă nicnumber Moldova, of companies Arieșeni, from Crivaia/Semenic, the tourism sector Moieciu, in Ocnathe Șugatag, total number etc. The of companies. share held by these resorts is only 17.3%. Table 4. Cont.

Table 1. Variation2000 of2001 the rankings2002 2003 for2004 the 2005 share2006 of number2007 2008 of companies2009 2010 from2011 the2012 tourism2013 2014 sector2015 in 2016

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20052000 2001 20062002 20072003 20082004 2005 20092006 20102007 20112008 2009 20122010 20132011 2012 20142013 20152014 20162015 2016 Amarathe total number62 of62 companies. 68 73 80 84 87 78 81 84 85 84 76 85 85 82 86 Durău 68 60 71 AmaraAzuga41 23 623229 6236 406834 733453 803928 8451 158738 783649 8142 518445 408544 844137 7638 168533 853421 8237 538636 Harghita-Băi 51 48 58 BuAzuga55ș teni 66 133271 1436 641534 153478 143967 1651 771838 213675 2342 762645 602744 234173 2338 722133 203466 2337 572436 Horezu 68 62 51 BuBuzia65ș teniș 52 431348 2000 4714 2001 694415 2002 621560 2003 551462 2004 6016 2005 326518 2006 742176 2007 7123 2008 537626 2009 837427 2010 772386 2011 8123 2012 677921 2013 872072 2014 7723 722015 7824 2016 Izvorul Mures, ului 68 69 71 BăileBuziaAmara53 Govora ș 50 28436253 264762 84244468 32628173 32558086 296084 71396587 40747890 507181 886076 84 87587485 58778470 598176 54607985 57878552 947782 73957886 Lacul Ros, u 34 55 46 BăileAzuga46B ăGovora ile 51 283265 2636 512434 325634 323964 2951 553938 403666 5042 4260 45 305844 584160 5938 686033 573465 9437 589536 39 40 39 44 37 30 27 31 31 29 31 31 32 32 37 38 41 Lacul Sărat 59 54 59 Felix/1MaiBu35Bă șileteni 44 1358 14 4815 4915 1461 16 6018 2144 23 55 26 8027 2377 23 7421 2086 23 71 24 39 40 39 44 37 30 27 31 31 29 31 31 32 32 37 38 41 Felix/1MaiBuziaBăile ș 43 47 44 62 55 60 65 74 71 76 74 77 81 79 87 77 78 Lipova 39 40 52 63 55 2561 23 3926 3061 2155 19 5023 2254 18 8018 7922 2087 16 9016 1473 14 9014 BHerculaneăileB ăGovoraile 28 26 24 32 32 29 39 40 50 60 58 58 59 60 57 94 95 Moieciu 62 25 28 245 17 25 1423 4526 3030 21 4319 2334 22 27 18 2418 2226 20 1216 1614 1424 14 14 HerculaneBăăileile 1039 40 9 39 7 44 8 37 9 1330 1227 1331 1331 1229 1231 1131 1432 1332 1537 2238 2241 Moisei 68 69 71 Felix/1MaiOl74Băă neileș ti81 84 84 92 86 78 59 75 85 68 92 87 85 10 9 7 8 9 13 12 13 13 12 12 11 14 13 15 22 22 Negresti-Oas, 68 69 71 BăOlile74Bă Tu ăneileșnad ti74 376 4 72 4 863 2 75 3 953 492 5 93 6 867 688 4 915 683 3 86 2 25 23 26 30 21 19 23 22 18 18 22 20 16 16 14 14 14 Ocna Sibiului 68 69 71 BăHerculaneile23Bor Tu șașnad 16 45326 384 7938 4 33833 332 85 343 46293 28477 325 6734 6 88357 35641 374 77415 49651 493 45522 Ocna S, ugatag 68 69 67 Borsec74BorB ăileșa 81 204564 1538 461138 163342 163341 1734 451629 192832 2632 451934 312435 173517 2137 142441 224932 1949 221852 10 9 7 8 9 13 12 13 13 12 12 11 14 13 15 22 22 Onces, ti 68 69 71 CâmpulungOlBorsec74ă nești 81 2084 15 7711 1692 1686 17 9616 1937 26 5919 7024 1758 21 6024 2289 19 3018 44 44 47 52 53 54 55 52 58 55 50 54 57 57 60 54 56 MoldovenescBCâmpulungăile Tușnad 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 6 4 5 6 3 2 Păltinis, 19 26 20 15 28 4436 44 5947 5254 5346 54 4455 5231 58 4955 5750 5442 57 4757 6055 54 6456 MoldovenescMangalia 27 25 23 27 25 33 40 39 44 44 41 42 41 40 44 46 45 Poiana Stampei 68 69 71 74Bor șa 81 4584 38 6538 7733 3353 34 6629 2870 32 85 34 8835 3588 37 9241 4989 49 92 52 CăMangalialimBorsecăneș ti- 2720 2515 2311 2716 2516 3317 4016 3919 4426 4419 4124 4217 4121 4024 4422 4619 4518 Pojorâta 50 69 45 47 58 2367 33 6028 2958 2966 28 9232 3567 36 7838 4343 4076 47 8847 4675 44 7744 CCâmpulungăClimăciulataănești- 2344 3344 2847 2952 2953 2854 3255 3552 3658 3855 4350 4054 4757 4757 4660 4454 4456 Praid 54 13 27 MoldovenescCostineCă28ciulata ști39 537 6 28 10 35 7 8 39 9 37 8 1236 14 2911 4414 1543 17 3619 1834 15 2015 Săcelu 68 10 1023 CostineMangaliaCovasna11 ști 84 73275 437125 6 10782386 7227 7 6261 25 8 536133 9 6440 893 126739 88146644 11704488 147041 10 157042 89176641 19684092 186644 156746 156845 Sărata-Monteoru 36 22 36 DâmbovicioaCăCovasnalim30 ăneș35 ti- 7339 71 4178 7236 6148 61 6464 6727 66 2470 2570 7033 66 4268 6646 67 5168 8123 8033 8528 8629 8929 9128 9332 3335 369 384 434 403 475 476 467 446 445 DâmbovicioaCăciulatara Secu 58 52 33 40 54 8166 80 6285 8672 8980 91 7293 3382 9 89 4 844 379 5 846 761 6 74 5 CostineEforiera ș ti 65 8 6 10 8 9 7 12 8 11 9 14 8 15 12 1714 1611 1814 1615 1517 1819 1718 1715 1715 Snagov 65 63 65 72 63 79 58 66 79 59 35 43 61 81 55 68 67 Geoagiu-BCovasnaEforie ă i 19736 2071 8 2178 8 2272 9 122461 112461 142564 153267 172966 162870 183070 162870 153166 183068 173166 173167 173468 Solca 68 69 71 74 81 59 71 67 86 85 40 93 88 88 4038 DâmbovicioaGeoagiu-BGura ăi 19 20 21 22 24 24 25 32 29 28 30 28 31 30 31 31 34 4181 3880 3685 4286 4989 5091 5093 5333 529 544 544 553 585 536 567 526 535 Sângeorgiu de Mures, 63 67 64 Humorului54Gura ra 53 56 73 85 70 79 48 74 67 22 38 56 46 41 38 36 42 49 50 50 53 52 54 54 55 58 53 56 52 53 Stâna de Vale1 11 11 21 Humorului81Mamaia Eforie57 84526 52 857 57 8 51575 9 65 1220 1 6911 701614 711559 7417 757516 731830 7816 377415 7618 7317 7217 7117 Straja 68 69 44 Geoagiu-BMoneasaMamaia64 71 ă i 5219970 52203 615721 3 5769224 65245 68 69244 8070254 7132263 74292 5475 283 6473303 7828461 74313 6576303 7331371 72314 4971344 Soveja 68 69 71 MoneasaPoiana71Gura 75 984 3 56 3 924 5 86 4 294 292 2 70 3 713 7 4 43 3 503 3 29 4 4 5941 5838 6436 5942 6649 6650 6650 6853 7352 7454 7254 7255 6958 7353 7156 7152 6953 HumoruluiBraPoianașov Tăs, nad 32 34 31 42 46 5935 58 5264 5979 6663 66 8966 6881 73 7974 6972 7284 69 6473 7182 71 7569 Predeal/PâraMamaiaBrașov 52 52 57 57 65 69 70 71 74 75 73 78 74 76 73 72 71 Tinca 68 69 71 Predeal/PâraMoneasa74ul 81 984 3 84 3 924 5 86 4 964 292 2 93 3 883 488 3 923 893 4 92 4 2 5 5 5 7 6 6 6 6 9 10 7 9 10 10 9 13 Trei Ape 311 23 12Rece/Timi Poiana19ul7 41ș 1ul15 30 111163 592 585 645 595 667 666 666 686 736 749 1072 727 699 1073 1071 719 1369 Vălenii de Munte 66 69 63 Rece/TimideBra74 Susșov ș81 ul 81 84 75 72 81 89 93 88 88 89 76 81

Vat,a de Jos 68 42 71 Predeal/PâraPucioasade74 Sus 81 7477 66 8471 7974 7086 74 6780 8392 84 9090 4288 8830 91 9294 9342 93 9192 PucioasaRâșulnov 4674 4666 3571 4579 4170 4674 4780 4683 4884 4790 4688 4388 3991 3794 4293 4793 5092 Vis, eu de Sus 64 65 43 62 65 274 5 43 5 735 7 83 6 746 674 6 60 9 5910 747 9 4410 1045 9 44 13 Rece/TimiRâșnov șul 46 46 35 45 41 46 47 46 48 47 46 43 39 37 42 47 50 Băile Banffy Area 49 59 71 67 64 82 70 82 71 93 86 92 75 66 78 77 65 de Sus Băile Ocna Dej Area 61 58 61 52 56 60 38 80 78 88 83 87 68 82 87 79 83 Pucioasa 74 66 71 79 70 74 80 83 84 90 88 88 91 94 93 93 92 Fântanele Area 68 69 71 Râ74 șnov81 4684 46 8435 5945 4150 46 1447 4692 48 93 47 8846 4388 39 9237 4289 47 92 50 Moines, ti Băi Area 47 66 70 73 79 78 75 88 84 87 91 72 65 64 63 74 68 Muntele Băisorii Area 44 69 71 38 42 19 29 33 18 11 55 73 72 35 25 18 14 Suior - Baia Sprie , 67 68 68 61 70 80 80 68 40 53 51 77 58 56 81 81 84 Area Relatively constant General growth trend General decrease trend trend

An analysis of the ranks on the arithmetic mean of the four economic indicators was done for each tourist resort from Romania (Table5), which shows a predominance of the resorts that, over the course of 17 years, had a relatively constant trend, did not show large fluctuations, and which, out of the total number of resorts, account for 51% (Băile Herculane, Borsec, Vatra Dornei, Slănic Prahova, Băile Turda, Trei Ape-this being the resort which holds the first place in the last 4 years, whose economic activity is mainly focused on tourism-in 2001, the total number of employees and the profit were 100% in the tourism sector). With a smaller share of 28.6%, are the resorts whose economic indicators have led to their decline over the whole period under review, this category being represented by resorts whose economic base is not tourist activity, but is supported by economic areas such as trade and industry (examples of resorts with drastic decreases in rank: Băile Govora, where all economic indicators in the tourism sector in the last two years of analysis had values equal to 0, Săcelu, Poiana Stampei, Tăs, nad, Stâna de Vale, Breaza). Last, is the category of resorts whose natural resources lay the foundations of their local economies where most of the revenue comes from tourism. Compared to the other two categories, it has the lowest number of resorts, the percentage being 19% (Dâmbovicioara, which has shown a relatively constant trend in recent years in terms of tourism, Moneasa, Slănic Moldova, Aries, eni, Bran,

Solca, Zona Muntele Băis, orii, etc.) Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27 Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27 not show large fluctuations in the occupied rank and they have maintained their position throughout thenot periodshow large (Azuga, fluctuations Covasna, in Sinaia, the occupied Bran, Breaza, rank an etc.).d they The have second maintained category their is occupied position bythroughout the ones withthe period a general (Azuga, trend Covasna, of decrease, Sinaia, where Bran, tourism Breaza, is etc.).not their The mainsecond activity, category and is naturaloccupied resources by the ones can notwith support a general their trend development. of decrease, Theywhere stand tourism out is wi notth theira fairly main high activity, share and of aboutnatural 29.6% resources (Amara, can Mangalia,not support Eforie, their Geoagiu-B development.ăi, Techirghiol, They stand Stâna out dewi Vale,th a fairlyLacul highSărat, share Săcelu, of etc.).about The 29.6% last category(Amara, identifiedMangalia, is Eforie, that of Geoagiu-B the resortsă i,with Techirghiol, a general Stâna trend deof growthVale, Lacul where Să rat,tourism Săcelu, has etc.). led toThe local last economic category development: Băile Herculane, Dâmbovicioara, Slănic Moldova, Arieșeni, Crivaia/Semenic, Moieciu, Sustainability 2019, 11, 7155 identified is that of the resorts with a general trend of growth where tourism has led to local economic16 of 21 Ocnadevelopment: Șugatag, Betc.ăile The Herculane, share held Dâmbovicioara, by these resorts Slă isnic only Moldova, 17.3%. Arieșeni, Crivaia/Semenic, Moieciu, Ocna Șugatag, etc. The share held by these resorts is only 17.3%. Table 1. Variation of the rankings for the share of number of companies from the tourism sector in the total number of companies. Table 5. Variation of the rankingsSustainabilityTable for 20191. the Variation, 11 arithmetic, x FOR of PEER the rankingsREVIEW mean for the of share the of four number economic of companies indicators from the tourism from sector the in8 of 27 the total number of companies. tourism sector. not show large fluctuations in the occupied rank and they have maintained their position throughout 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 the period (Azuga, Covasna, Sinaia, Bran, Breaza, etc.). The second category is occupied by the ones

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20052000 20062001 20072002 2003 20082004 20092005 20102006 2007 20112008 20122009 2010 20132011 20142012 2013 20152014 20162015 2016 withAmara a general trend62 of62 decrease, 68 73 where 80 tourism84 87 is 78not their81 main84 85 activity, 84 and76 natural85 85 resources82 86 can Amara 33 39 46 48not AzugasupportAmara49 their47 3262 development. 363662 346851 3473 They 493980 stand518433 38out87 53 wi3678 th 42a8159 fairly 4584 56high44 85 share414484 3876of 47 about 3385 35 348529.6% 3782 41 (Amara,3686 Azuga 55 57 57 54Mangalia, BuAzugaș57teni Eforie, 51 1332 Geoagiu-B 511436 153448ă i, Techirghiol,1534 401439 165168 Stâna 1838 51 de2136 Vale, 234244 Lacul2645 29 S27 44ărat, 23 4641Să celu,2338 48 etc.). 2133 The482034 last2337 55 category 2436

Bus, teni 13 16 14 16identified BuBuzia20șteni șis that20 of4313 the 214714 resorts 441517 with6215 28a55 14general9 6016 33 trend 6518 of347421 growth 712328 7626where 297427 tourism 772328 8123 has 24 led7921 to8720 local29 7723 economic 7824 development:BăileBuzia Govoraș Bă28ile43 Herculane,2647 2444 32Dâmbovicioara,62 3255 2960 3965 Sl ă40nic74 Moldova,5071 6076 Arie5874 șeni,5877 Crivaia/Semenic,5981 6079 5787 9477 Moieciu, 9578 Buzias, 17 23 24 32 37 41 38 45 44 42 47 45 52 50 82 55 58 OcnaBăileB Ș ăGovoraugatag,ile etc.28 The 26 share 24 held32 by32 these 29 resorts 39 is40 only 50 17.3%. 60 58 58 59 60 57 94 95 Băile Govora4 1122876598 13 18 14 12939 4094 39 9544 37 30 27 31 31 29 31 31 32 32 37 38 41 Felix/1MaiBăile Băile Felix/1Mai9 12 12 1399997 TableB10ăile 1. 10Variation 39 13 40 of the3936 rankings 44 14 37for the1730 share 2717 of 31number 1831 of29 companies 31 31 from 32 the 32tourism 37 sector38 in41 Felix/1Mai 25 23 26 30 21 19 23 22 18 18 22 20 16 16 14 14 14 Băile Herculane 11 133463 10 Herculane11theB ă iletotal 16 number 27 of companies.28 15 19 18 267 14 25 23 26 30 21 19 23 22 18 18 22 20 16 16 14 14 14 Băile Olănesti 16 198 10244754543B4ă7ile 25 27 , Herculane 10 9 7 8 9 13 12 13 13 12 12 11 14 13 15 22 22 Băile Tus, nad12111122239363322 OlBăăne ile ș ti Băile Tușnad 103 2000 4 9 2001 4 7 2002 3 8 2003 2 9 2004 133 2005 123 2006 134 2007 135 2008 126 2009 127 2010 116 2011 144 2012 135 2013 156 2014 223 2015 222 2016 Bors, a 32 35 37 35 Olă34ne ști 30 29 36 37 46 48 48 48 54 55 40 57 AmaraBorșa 4562 3862 3868 3373 3380 3484 2987 2878 3281 3484 3585 3584 3776 4185 4985 4982 5286 Borsec 31 36 16 34B ăile 39Tu șnad32 3 344 447 3 422 341 3 54 4 425 6 45 7 486 4 49 5 496 3 48 2 Câmpulung AzugaBorsecBorșa 203245 153638 113438 163433 163933 175134 163829 193628 264232 194534 244435 174135 213837 243341 223449 193749 183652 40 43 44 57Câmpulung Buș50teni 54 13 4914 1553 15 5714 1659 18 5521 2361 26 5927 2361 23 65 21 5620 2365 24 Moldovenesc Borsec 4420 4415 4711 5216 5316 5417 5516 5219 5826 5519 5024 5417 5721 5724 6022 5419 5618 Mangalia 20 20 19 27Moldovenesc CâmpulungBuzia22 ș 23 43 2547 4421 62 2255 6032 65 3474 7133 76 3374 7730 81 30 79 3487 7732 78 44 44 47 52 53 54 55 52 58 55 50 54 57 57 60 54 56 BăMangaliaile Govora 2728 2526 2324 2732 2532 3329 4039 3940 4450 4460 4158 4258 4159 4060 4457 4694 4595 Călimănes, ti-Căciulata3565588 10 11 Moldovenesc19 14 16 12 10534 CăMangalialimBăăilene ști- 27 25 23 27 25 33 40 39 44 44 41 42 41 40 44 46 45 Costines, ti5477 10 14 14 15 13 13 2339 183340 283919 2944 232937 283023 3227 313531 363126 3829 254331 4031 4732 4732 4637 4438 4441 CFelix/1MaiCălimăciulataănești- Covasna 23 24 28 26 27 29 23 2733 2828 29 2629 2837 32 3235 3636 38 37 43 3440 4738 47 3246 4434 44 CostineCăBciulataăile ști 5 6 10 7 8 9 8 12 14 11 14 15 17 19 18 15 15 Dâmbovicioara 81 80 85 86 89 91 25 9323 2649 30 3621 1934 23 1722 1826 18 1022 2013 16 18916 1411 14 14 HerculaneCostineCovasnaști 735 71 6 78 10 72 7 61 8 61 9 64 8 67 12 6614 7011 7014 7015 6617 6819 6618 6715 6815 Eforie 106 10 11 Dâmbovicioa15 CovasnaBăile18 1773 7118 78 1872 6120 61 24 64 2567 6627 70 2270 7021 66 1468 6615 67 68 8110 80 9 85 7 86 8 89 9 91 13 9312 3313 139 124 124 113 145 136 157 226 225 Geoagiu-Băi89 17 18 25 19Dâmbovicioa Olă22rane ști 26 14 17 20 24 24 24 24 22 23 81 80 85 86 89 91 93 33 9 4 4 3 5 6 7 6 5 Gura Humorului 30 29 30 29B ăileEforie Tu30ra șnad 37 63 40 84 8439 93 41 122 11348 143 4215 4 17549 166 5718 7 16606 154 56 185 53176 173 56 172 Geoagiu-BBorșa ăi 1945 2038 2138 2233 2433 2434 2529 3228 2932 2834 3035 2835 3137 3041 3149 3149 3452 Mamaia 44 38 45 50 Eforie54 57 6 62 8 866 9 67 12 1181 14 7315 1773 16 72 18 7016 1569 18 6917 1770 17 Geoagiu-BBorsecGura ăi 2019 1520 1121 1622 1624 1724 1625 1932 2629 1928 2430 1728 2131 2430 2231 1931 1834 Moneasa 228497 10 13336618 11443 41 38 36 42 49 50 50 53 52 54 54 55 58 53 56 52 53 CâmpulungHumoruluiGura 4441 4438 4736 5242 5349 5450 5550 5253 5852 5554 5054 5455 5758 5753 6056 5452 5653 Poiana Bras, ov 53 51 56 62Moldovenesc HumoruluiMamaia64 58 52 6352 5767 57 6865 6978 70 7271 7475 75 7573 7875 74 74 76 7273 7273 71 Predeal/Pâraul MangaliaMoneasa 279 253 233 274 255 334 404 392 442 443 413 424 413 403 443 464 454 679 12 11 11Mamaia 12 1252 5210 57 1457 6512 69 127078 8 71 1374 7520 73 78 74 76 73 72 71 Rece/Timis, ul de Sus CăMoneasalimPoianaăneș ti- 9 3 3 4 5 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 2359 3358 2864 2959 2966 2866 3266 3568 3673 3874 4372 4072 4769 4773 4671 4471 4469 Pucioasa 51 50 68 77 CBraPoianaăciulata79șov 64 68 68 77 77 83 81 86 83 80 93 83 59 58 64 59 66 66 66 68 73 74 72 72 69 73 71 71 69 Râs, nov 60 61 50 44Predeal/Pâra CostineBra45șov ști 52 5 54 6 1055 7 52 8 957 8 50 12 1451 11 4714 1547 17 50 19 5218 1550 15 Slănic Prahova7 10564554423212257 Covasnaul 73 71 78 72 61 61 64 67 66 70 70 70 66 68 66 67 68 Predeal/Pâra 2 5 5 5 7 6 6 6 6 9 10 7 9 10 10 9 13 Sinaia 18 22 21 19DâmbovicioaRece/Timi 21ul șul17 15 19 20 28 23 23 15 15 12 10 13 812 805 855 865 897 916 936 336 96 49 104 37 59 106 107 69 135 dera Sus Sângeorz-Băi 19 21 18 15Rece/Timi 28 șul26 28 29 32 44 59 41 34 51 44 42 44 PucioasadeEforie Sus 746 66 8 71 8 79 9 1270 1174 1480 1583 1784 1690 1888 1688 1591 1894 1793 1793 1792 Slănic Moldova 25 32 25 33 13 12766 26 119 21 27 23 236 Geoagiu-BPucioasaRâșnov ă i 194674 204666 213571 224579 244170 244674 254780 324683 294884 284790 304688 284388 313991 303794 314293 314793 345092 Sovata 14 18 27 28 RâGura26șnov 28 46 2046 3523 45 1541 4618 47 1646 4814 47 13 46 1743 3920 37 1842 4716 50 41 38 36 42 49 50 50 53 52 54 54 55 58 53 56 52 53 Sucevit,a 263 20 21 19Humorului 13 16 16 12 11 15 17 11 16 10 31 33 Târgu-Ocna 24 30 29 39 Mamaia40 35 52 4152 5735 57 4765 6925 70 2271 7420 75 2273 7825 74 25 76 3373 7230 71

Târgu-Neamt, 69 71 76 65 Moneasa71 71 9 783 375 4 665 453 4 56 2 271 3 60 3 844 3 83 3 773 4 80 4 Poiana Techirghiol 39 34 35 31 44 40 59 4258 6446 59 3166 6640 66 4668 7346 74 4672 7242 69 46 73 5071 7151 69 Vatra Dornei 35 37 36 38 Bra31șov 33 33 34 34 39 35 32 30 31 37 38 39 Predeal/Pâra Voineasa 48 60 64 74 55 55 35 33 29 36 45 47 51 52 41 41 36 ul Mamaia North 2 5 5 5 7 6 6 6 6 9 10 7 9 10 10 9 13 78 68 79 82 85 87 90 78 89 91 89 86 78 76 77 75 72 Area Rece/Timișul Pestera-Padina de Sus , 50 44 47 43 35 48 52 44 48 47 39 40 38 32 34 29 24 Area Pucioasa 74 66 71 79 70 74 80 83 84 90 88 88 91 94 93 93 92 Parâng-Petrosani , 54 49 61 61 Râș67nov 69 46 8146 3584 45 8541 4686 47 8446 4880 47 8146 4377 39 75 37 7442 4774 50 Area Tourist Area of 68 64 74 75 77 79 82 85 83 87 87 87 83 80 79 76 77 Piatra-Neamt, Albac 38 45 49 42 23 34 308 21 22 26 27 31 40 43 43 38

Albes, tii de Muscel 81 80 85 86 89 36 11 27 25 124 11 179 15 15 12

Aries, eni 81 33 13 14 16 16 23 14 23 238 1097 13 198 Balvanyos 28 27 31 76 33 83 87 42 96 45 38 35 44 39 42 36 35 Baia de Fier 57 55 53 51 51 31 31 43 39 38 43 29 26 33 36 46 43 Bazna 81 80 85 86 56 59 56 30 35 51 67 50 50 59 40 28 28

Bălt,ătes, ti 81 80 85 86 81 84 69 72 76 79 64 67 41 53 73 78 91 Băile Homorod 71 67 58 64 61 56 65 63 63 60 61 65 63 65 54 65 69 Băile Turda 61 56 69 63 66 61 74 71 80 85 57 66 65 72 66 60 63

Băile Băit,a 76 77 80 81 83 81 83 76 71 90 88 89 89 90 89 84 87

Boghis, 81 80 85 86 89 91 93 96 70 63 41 38 32 28 22 27 31 Bran 29 26 32 22 29 27 26 20 1777546665 Breaza 45 46 55 56 65 66 72 77 79 82 85 82 79 81 84 94 88 Cacica 81 80 85 86 89 91 93 96 73 76 77 83 84 63 67 71 67 Calacea 81 80 85 86 89 91 93 94 95 96 95 94 95 94 97 91 93 Cheia 74 48 52 52 53 53 45 50 54 55 44 39 42 36 32 39 46 Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 27

not show large fluctuations in the occupied rank and they have maintained their position throughout the period (Azuga, Covasna, Sinaia, Bran, Breaza, etc.). The second category is occupied by the ones with a general trend of decrease, where tourism is not their main activity, and natural resources can not support their development. They stand out with a fairly high share of about 29.6% (Amara, Mangalia, Eforie, Geoagiu-Băi, Techirghiol, Stâna de Vale, Lacul Sărat, Săcelu, etc.). The last category identified is that of the resorts with a general trend of growth where tourism has led to local economic development: Băile Herculane, Dâmbovicioara, Slănic Moldova, Arieșeni, Crivaia/Semenic, Moieciu, Ocna Șugatag, etc. The share held by these resorts is only 17.3%.

SustainabilityTable 1.2019 Variation, 11, x FOR of PEER the rankings REVIEW for the share of number of companies from the tourism sector in8 of 27 Sustainabilitythe total 2019 number, 11, x FOR of companies. PEER REVIEW 8 of 27 not show large fluctuations in the occupied rank and they have maintained their position throughout thenot periodshow large (Azuga, fluctuations Covasna, in Sinaia, the occupied Bran, Breaza, rank an etc.).d they The have second maintained category their is occupied position bythroughout the ones

withthe period a general (Azuga, trend2000 Covasna, of decrease,2001 2002 Sinaia, where2003 Bran,2004 tourism Breaza,2005 2006 is etc.).not2007 their The2008 mainsecond2009 activity,2010 category2011 and is2012 naturaloccupied2013 2014 resources by 2015 the ones2016 can notwith support a general their trend development. of decrease, Theywhere stand tourism out is wi notth theira fairly main high activity, share and of aboutnatural 29.6% resources (Amara, can Amara 62 62 68 73 80 84 87 78 81 84 85 84 76 85 85 82 86 Sustainability 2019, 11, 7155 Mangalia,not support Eforie, their Geoagiu-B development.ăi, Techirghiol, They stand Stâna out dewi Vale,th a fairlyLacul highSărat, share Săcelu, of etc.).about The 29.6% last category(Amara,17 of 21 Azuga 32 36 34 34 39 51 38 36 42 45 44 41 38 33 34 37 36 identifiedMangalia, is Eforie, that of Geoagiu-B the resortsă i,with Techirghiol, a general Stâna trend deof growthVale, Lacul where Să rat,tourism Săcelu, has etc.). led toThe local last economic category Bușteni 13 14 15 15 14 16 18 21 23 26 27 23 23 21 20 23 24 development:identified is that Bă ileof theHerculane, resorts with Dâmbovicioara, a general trend Slă ofnic growth Moldova, where Arie tourismșeni, Crivaia/Semenic, has led to local economic Moieciu, Buziaș 43 47 44 62 55 60 65 74 71 76 74 77 81 79 87 77 78 Ocnadevelopment: Șugatag, Betc.ăile The Herculane, share held Dâmbovicioara, by these resorts Slă isnic only Moldova, 17.3%. Arieșeni, Crivaia/Semenic, Moieciu, Băile Govora 28Table 26 24 5. Cont32 32. 29 39 40 50 60 58 58 59 60 57 94 95 Ocna Șugatag, etc. The share held by these resorts is only 17.3%. Băile Table 1. Variation39 40of the39 rankings 44 37for the30 share 27 of 31number 31 of29 companies 31 31 from 32 the 32tourism 37 sector38 in41 2000 2001 2002 2003Felix/1Mai 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 theTable total 1. numberVariation of ofcompanies. the rankings for the share of number of companies from the tourism sector in Băile the total number25 of23 companies. 26 30 21 19 23 22 18 18 22 20 16 16 14 14 14 Colibit,a 81 80 85 86 Herculane89 91 86 92 82 67 70 77 62 55 58 63 47

Crivaia/Semenic 81 80 39 20 Bă18ile63 1382000 526252001 2002 14 2003 162004 2005 21 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 10 9 7 8 9 13 12 13 13 12 12 11 14 13 15 22 22

Olănești 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Dorna Candrenilor 81 80 85 86 Amara70 75 62 6662 6883 73 4380 8454 87 4078 8154 84 5585 8474 76 53 85 4585 8240 86 Băile Tușnad 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 6 4 5 6 3 2 Durău 15 25 26 17 AzugaAmara14 15 3262 193662 346822 3473 193980 518415 3887 193678 428122 4584 2044 85 412684 3876 16 3385 123485 378222 3686 Borșa 45 38 38 33 33 34 29 28 32 34 35 35 37 41 49 49 52 Harghita-Băi 72 65 70 67 BuAzugaș75teni 77 1332 761436 153482 1534 811439 165184 1838 862136 234284 2645 8027 44 238541 2338 81 2133 802034 233776 2436 Borsec 20 15 11 16 16 17 16 19 26 19 24 17 21 24 22 19 18 Horezu 36 42 48 46 BuBuzia52șteni ș 50 4313 594714 441559 6215 605514 601649 6518 657421 712358 7626 6874 27 776823 8123 72 7921 708720 772368 7824 Câmpulung BăileBuzia Govoraș 442843 442647 472444 523262 533255 542960 553965 524074 585071 556076 505874 545877 575981 576079 605787 549477 569578 Izvorul Mures, ului 81 80 85 55Moldovenesc 59 67 79 81 72 73 78 60 61 66 70 62 62 BăileB ăGovoraile 28 26 24 32 32 29 39 40 50 60 58 58 59 60 57 94 95 Lacul Ros, u 49 69 59 58 Mangalia63 63 2739 582540 233961 2744 652537 333064 4027 713931 443156 4429 534131 423169 4132 68 4032 664437 463866 4541 Lacul Sărat 73 72 77 66 Felix/1MaiB72ăile 80 80 79 86 83 82 85 88 88 85 87 82 Călimănești- 39 40 39 44 37 30 27 31 31 29 31 31 32 32 37 38 41 Felix/1MaiBăile 23 33 28 29 29 28 32 35 36 38 43 40 47 47 46 44 44 Lipova 58 58 67 70 Căciulata73 68 25 6023 2673 30 7421 1970 23 8022 1888 18 8522 2087 16 86 16 8114 1484 14 HerculaneBăile Moieciu 43 28 34 25 Costine17 ști 22 255 1823 6 102624 30 7 2421 8 19 924 23 8 21 1222 141821 1118 1614 22 1520 1716 11 1916 111814 151419 1514 HerculaneBăile Moisei 81 80 85 86 Covasna86 85 7310 8971 9 78 786 72 8 8461 9 61 1365 6412 586713 661364 7012 737012 701189 6614 94 6813 906615 672289 6822 OlBăăneileș ti Negresti-Oas 80 79 84 85Dâmbovicioa 87 89 10 91 9 795 8 949 1397 12 9613 1396 12 96 12 9611 1495 13 8915 2292 22 , BăileOl ăTuneșșnadti 813 804 854 863 892 913 933 334 95 46 47 36 54 65 76 63 52 Ocna Sibiului 46 47 51 37 ra32 43 64 65 62 30 27 52 70 57 63 61 59 BăileBor Tușaș nad 453 384 384 333 332 343 293 284 325 346 357 356 374 415 496 493 522 Eforie 6 8 8 9 12 11 14 15 17 16 18 16 15 18 17 17 17 Ocna S, ugatag 56 59 43 47 BorsecBor43ș a 38 2045 371538 113832 1633 331633 173435 1629 301928 263230 1934 2524 35 171935 2137 19 2441 212249 194917 1852 Geoagiu-Băi 19 20 21 22 24 24 25 32 29 28 30 28 31 30 31 31 34 Onces, ti 81 80 85 86Câmpulung Borsec89 70 20 7315 1180 16 9616 1789 16 7519 2679 19 82 24 8217 2178 24 8322 1953 18 Gura 44 44 47 52 53 54 55 52 58 55 50 54 57 57 60 54 56 Păltinis 34 41 33 30Moldovenesc Câmpulung41 46 41 7138 3657 42 5349 5056 50 4953 5255 54 5854 5556 58 61 53 6456 5271 53 , Humorului 44 44 47 52 53 54 55 52 58 55 50 54 57 57 60 54 56 MoldovenescMangalia 27 25 23 27 25 33 40 39 44 44 41 42 41 40 44 46 45 Poiana Stampei 81 80 75 79 Mamaia89 91 52 4852 5760 57 5065 6962 70 7671 7476 75 9373 7867 74 90 76 9473 7295 71 CăMangalialimănești- 27 25 23 27 25 33 40 39 44 44 41 42 41 40 44 46 45 Pojorâta 52 52 40 41 Moneasa48 44 239 39333 28337 294 38295 28443 324 3635 2 36243 383 4343 3 40414 473 45 473 44463 444 45 444 CCălimăciulataănești- Praid 21 15 22 23 Poiana24 25 23 2433 2825 29 3029 2831 32 2935 3628 38 35 43 3540 4735 47 3046 4426 44 CostineCăciulataști 595 58 6 1064 59 7 66 8 66 9 66 8 1268 1473 1174 1472 1572 1769 1973 1871 1571 1569 Săcelu 27 17 238 12 Braș21ov 46 40 58 72 69 78 77 78 27 94 95 CostineCovasnaști 735 71 6 78 10 72 7 61 8 61 9 64 8 67 12 6614 7011 7014 7015 6617 6819 6618 6715 6815 Sărata-Monteoru 42 31 41 36Predeal/Pâra 42 39 43 38 45 52 37 37 40 38 39 37 37 DâmbovicioaCovasna 73 71 78 72 61 61 64 67 66 70 70 70 66 68 66 67 68 Secu 70 70 60 68 ul80 82 81 8480 8587 86 9089 9188 93 9033 992 4 91 4 913 5 88 6 797 6 81 5 Dâmbovicioara 2 5 5 5 7 6 6 6 6 9 10 7 9 10 10 9 13 Snagov 47 53 71 72Rece/Timi 74 șul76 81 6780 8562 86 6189 9166 93 6033 579 4 74 4 733 5 71 6 597 6 60 5 Eforiera 6 8 8 9 12 11 14 15 17 16 18 16 15 18 17 17 17 de Sus Solca 64 80 64 49Geoagiu-B Eforie62 ăi49 196 4720 8 21 854 22 9 7524 12 241180 2514 663215 291769 2816 7630 18 287916 3115 33 830189 3117 3117 3417 Sângeorgiu de Pucioasa 74 66 71 79 70 74 80 83 84 90 88 88 91 94 93 93 92 62 63 73 73Geoagiu-B Gura76 ăi72 19 7720 2174 22 6924 2469 25 6232 2970 28 64 30 4328 3152 30 5831 3154 34 Mures Râșnov 4146 3846 3635 4245 4941 5046 5047 5346 5248 5447 5446 5543 5839 5337 5642 5247 5350 , HumoruluiGura Stâna de Vale2 14 15 24 36 42 44 41 5238 3646 42 21 49 31508 50 1853 5245 54 5154 5547 58 5253 56 52 53 HumoruluiMamaia 52 52 57 57 65 69 70 71 74 75 73 78 74 76 73 72 71 Straja 67 66 62 60 MoneasaMamaia60 62 529 57523 57364 574 64655 69471 704 6871 2 74262 753 67 733 58784 743 64 763 68733 724 64 714 Soveja 81 80 63 53 Poiana46 60 55 88 88 50 81 68 69 21 62 67 42 Moneasa 599 583 643 594 665 664 664 682 732 743 723 724 693 733 713 714 694 Brașov Tăs, nad 41 40 38 45 Poiana47 45 50 56 51 58 52 53 54 62 57 57 61 Predeal/Pâra 59 58 64 59 66 66 66 68 73 74 72 72 69 73 71 71 69 Tinca 81 80 85 86 Bra89șov 91 93 96 96 98 97 97 97 97 96 92 94 ul Trei Ape 121 11332111117511Predeal/Pâra11 2 5 5 5 7 6 6 6 6 9 10 7 9 10 10 9 13 Vălenii de Munte 79 78 83 84Rece/Timi 88ul șul90 92 93 93 95 94 95 94 95 93 85 85 de Sus 2 5 5 5 7 6 6 6 6 9 10 7 9 10 10 9 13 Vat,a de Jos 59 54 66 71Rece/Timi 58 șul65 53 58 56 61 74 63 49 49 59 51 78 Pucioasade Sus 74 66 71 79 70 74 80 83 84 90 88 88 91 94 93 93 92 Vis, eu de Sus 63 62 54 69 69 74 61 70 78 75 79 74 71 64 60 54 49 PucioasaRâșnov 4674 4666 3571 4579 4170 4674 4780 4683 4884 4790 4688 4388 3991 3794 4293 4793 5092 Băile Banffy Area 66 75 81 80 82 86 85 90 87 92 91 91 87 86 87 82 79 Râșnov 46 46 35 45 41 46 47 46 48 47 46 43 39 37 42 47 50 Băile Ocna Dej Area 77 76 78 78 78 78 70 91 92 93 92 93 90 92 92 86 86 Fântanele Area 81 80 85 86 89 91 93 41 59 29 97 97 97 97 97 94 95

Moines, ti Băi Area 65 73 82 83 84 88 88 89 91 94 93 90 92 93 91 88 90 Muntele Băisorii 37 80 42 40 38 24 32 31 27 16 25 31 39 37 29 20 10 Area Suior - Baia Sprie , 75 74 72 59 68 73 75 69 55 74 63 72 66 71 76 73 75 Area General growth trend Relatively constant trend General decrease trend

Environmental conflicts can be defined by several characteristics, whose knowledge is essential for their management to reduce the negative impacts on society, the environment, and the economy [35]. The development of tourist resorts produces a series of negative effects on the environment. In Table6, we analyzed the number of environmental conflicts that occurred in these tourist destinations in Romania, which are closely correlated with the development of tourism. Most conflicts occur in those resorts where tourism develops and represents its main economic sector (between 20 and 41 environmental conflicts: Moieciu resort, 41). At the opposite pole, with the fewest environmental conflicts, are the poorly developed tourist resorts (between zero and nine conflicts: Bors, a, Buzias, ,

Lipova, Păltinis, , 0). Sustainability 2019, 11, 7155 18 of 21

Table 6. The number of environmental conflicts in the tourist resorts from Romania.

Environmental Environmental Environmental Resort Resort Resort Conflict Conflict Conflict

Amara 10T ârgu-Neamt, 18 Lipova0 Azuga 11 Techirghiol3 Moieciu 41 Bus, teni6 Vatra Dornei 17 Moisei 18 Buzias, 0 Voineasa 31 Negresti-Oas, 19 Mamaia North Băile Govora1 14 Ocna Sibiului 19 Area Pestera-Padina Băile Felix/1Mai1 , 33 Ocna Sugatag 29 Area , Parâng-Petrosani Băile Herculane 13 , 5 Oncesti 11 Area , Tourist Area of Băile Olănes, ti3 11P ăltinis, 0 Piatra-Neamt, Băile Tus, nad 16 Albac 16 Poiana Stampei1 Bors, a0 Albes , tii de Muscel 23 Pojorâta8 Borsec 19 Aries, eni 24 Praid 12 Câmpulung 9 Balvanyos 19S ăcelu1 Moldovenesc Mangalia8 Baia de Fier 12S ărata-Monteoru8 Călimănes, ti-Căciulata 16 Bazna 21 Secu7 Costines, ti1B ălt,ătes, ti1 Snagov8 Covasna 13B ăile Homorod9 Solca 26 Dâmbovicioara 21B ăile Turda 12S ângeorgiu de Mures, 14 Eforie 18B ăile Băit,a 13 Stâna de Vale5 Geoagiu-Băi4 Boghis , 19 Straja 21 Gura Humorului8 Bran 36 Soveja 18 Mamaia9 Breaza3T ăs, nad3 Moneasa 24 Cacica9 Tinca 11 Poiana Bras, ov8 Calacea 10 Trei Ape 19 Predeal/Pâraul 11 Cheia9V ălenii de Munte 11 Rece/Timis, ul de Sus Pucioasa 10 Colibit,a 34 Vat,a de Jos 11 Râs, nov 12 Crivaia/Semenic 37 Vis, eu de Sus 36 Slănic Prahova 14 Dorna Candrenilor 28B ăile Banffy Area 13 Sinaia 28 Durău 16B ăile Ocna Dej Area9 Sângeorz-Băi4 Harghita-B ăi 17F ântanele Area8 Slănic Moldova 25 Horezu1 Moines , ti Băi Area9 Sovata 12 Izvorul Mures, ului 17 Muntele Băisorii Area 21 Sucevit,a3 Lacul Ros , u 19S , uior - Baia Sprie Area 11 Târgu-Ocna 16 Lacul Sărat 19 Between 0 and 9 environmental conflicts Between 10 and 19 environmental conflicts Between 20 and 41 environmental conflicts

4. Discussion and Conclusions The results obtained from the analyzes at the level of administrative-territorial unit, show the oscillating dynamics of the analyzed indicators and for the tourist resorts in Romania. A significant number of resorts in Romania have a paradoxical dynamic. Although, they are declared tourist resorts, the specific values of tourism have a low share, tourism being a complementary economic activity, whose dynamics are in a strong relationship with the general economic profile or almost do not interfere with the economic system, its contribution being reduced in their local economy, having other main fields of activity that support the revenues of these systems (Băile Herculane, retail). Thus, out of the total number of Romanian resorts, only 20% of them have as a predominant economic activity tourism, where the main income profile comes from the tourist activities (Trei Ape, Băile Tus, nad, Costines, ti, Bran–resorts where the share of tourism in the main economic indicators is between 20% and 50%). The obtained results confirm the relevance of the methodology used, because we obtained new elements regarding the specific dynamics of the local economies from the local economies with basic tourist function. The analyzes showed that the status of the tourist resort is not necessarily conditioned by the high share of tourist activities, but by a combination of factors, among them, the presence of tourist activities and the desire of the local authorities certified by the central authorities [36]. Detailed analyses of the relationship between tourism and the other economic activities of the local economy have highlighted a number of particular aspects in the resorts that have seen spectacular increases in the hierarchy. The most important aspect is the pressure on the environment to expand the accommodation spaces and, in particular, the leisure activities that require the availability of important land areas. This increasing pressure on the environment has been observed in numerous studies on Sustainability 2019, 11, 7155 19 of 21 deforestation in Romania [37,38], as well as in research on the impact of deforestation on the occurrence and development of imbalances in natural ecosystems [39–41]. Thus, it is necessary in future studies to carry out a detailed analysis of the deforestation areas for increasing the complexity of the tourist function in the tourist resorts in Romania. The results obtained can contribute to the development of methodologies dedicated to the analysis of the role of tourism in the development of local economies, contributing to increasing the relevance of design models that measure the contribution of tourism to sustainable development at the local and regional level.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.G., C.C.D., and R.C.D; methodology, A.G., A.K.G., and M.M.; software, C.O. and I.C.; validation, A.G. and C.T.; formal analysis, M.B. and M.G.; investigation, M.M.; resources, C.C.D. and M.M.; data curation, C.C.D.; writing—Original draft preparation, A.G., A.K.G., and M.M.; writing—Review and editing, A.G., M.M., C.C.D., and R.C.D.; visualization, A.G., C.O., M.G., and M.B.; supervision, M.M.; project administration C.C.D.; All authors have equal contribution to the preparation of this scientific paper. Funding: This research received no external funding. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

1. Kapera, I. Tourism in Poland following EU entry. Bull. Geogr. Socio-Econ. Ser. 2013, 22, 55–63. [CrossRef] 2. Eagles, P.F.J.; McCool, S.F.; Haynes, C.D. Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas: Guidelines for Planning and Management; IUCN Gland: Gland, Switzerland; Cambridge, UK, 2002; p. 183. 3. Briedenhann, J.; Wickens, E. Tourism routes as a tool for the economic development of rural areas: Vibrant hope or impossible dream? Tour. Manag. 2004, 25, 71–79. [CrossRef] 4. Chen, C.F.; Chiou-Wei, S. Tourism expansion, tourism uncertainty and economic growth: New evidence from Taiwan and Korea. Tour. Manag. 2009, 30, 812–818. [CrossRef] 5. Croes, R.; Venegas, M. Cointegration and causality between tourism and poverty reduction. J. Travel Res. 2008, 47, 94–103. [CrossRef] 6. Holzner, M. Tourism and economic development: The beach disease? Tour. Manag. 2011, 32, 922–993. [CrossRef] 7. Ma, M.; Hassink, R. An evolutionary perspective on tourism area development. Ann. Tour. Res. 2013, 41, 89–109. [CrossRef] 8. Matarrita-Cascante, D. Changing communities, community satisfaction, and quality of life: A view of multiple perceived indicators. Soc. Indic. Res. 2010, 98, 105–127. [CrossRef] 9. Tang, C.; Tan, E. Does tourism effectively stimulate Malaysia’s economic growth? Tour. Manag. 2015, 46, 158–163. [CrossRef] 10. Tugcu, C.T. Tourism and economic growth nexus revisited: A panel causality analysis for the case of the Mediterranean region. Tour. Manag. 2014, 42, 207–212. [CrossRef] 11. Garau-Vadell, J.B.; Gutierrez-Taño, D.; Diaz-Armas, R. Economic crisis and residents’ perception of the impacts of tourism in mass tourism destinations. J. Destin. Mark. Manag. 2018, 7, 68–75. [CrossRef] 12. World Travel & Tourism Council. Available online: https://www.wttc.org/ (accessed on 2 April 2019). 13. Buckley, R. Sustainable tourism: Research and reality. Ann. Tour. Res. 2012, 39, 528–546. [CrossRef] 14. Ruhanen, L.; Weiler, B.; Moyle, B.D.; McLennan, C.J. Trends and patterns in sustainable tourism research: A 25-year bibliometric analysis. J. Sustain. Tour. 2015, 23, 517–535. [CrossRef] 15. Molina-Azorín, J.F.; Font, X. Mixed methods in sustainable tourism research: an analysis of prevalence, designs and application in JOST (2005–2014). J. Sustain. Tour. 2016, 24, 549–573. [CrossRef] 16. Higgins-Desbiolles, F. Sustainable tourism: Sustaining tourism or something more? Tour. Manag. Perspect. 2018, 25, 157–160. [CrossRef] 17. Lee, T.H.; Jan, F.H. Can community-based tourism contribute to sustainable development? Evidence from residents’ perceptions of the sustainability. Tour. Manag. 2019, 70, 368–380. [CrossRef] 18. Amado, R.; Picininik, M.; Jasmim, M. Sustainability and hotel business: criteria for holistic, integrated and participative development. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 142, 217–224. Sustainability 2019, 11, 7155 20 of 21

19. Pulido-Fernández, J.I.; Andrades-Caldito, L.; Sánchez-Rivero, M. Is sustainable tourism an obstacle to the economic performance of the tourism industry? Evidence from an international empirical study. J. Sustain. Tour. 2015, 23, 47–64. [CrossRef] 20. Farsari, Y.; Butler, R.; Prastacos, P. Sustainable tourism policy for Mediterranean destinations: Issues and interrelationships. IJTP 2007, 1, 58–78. [CrossRef] 21. Hall, C.M. A typology of governance and its implications for tourism policy analysis. J. Sustain. Tour. 2011, 19, 437–457. [CrossRef] 22. Gkoumas, A. Evaluating a standard for sustainable tourism through the lenses of local industry. Heliyon 2019, 5, e02707. [CrossRef] 23. Council, Global Sustainable Tourism. Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria. 2013. Available online: https://www.gstcouncil.org/gstc-criteria/ (accessed on 25 June 2019). 24. Fernandez, J.I.P.; Rivero, M.S. Measuring tourism sustainability: proposal for a composite index. Tour. Econ. 2009, 15, 277–296. [CrossRef] 25. Schianetz, K.; Kavanagh, L. Sustainability indicators for tourism destinations: a complex adaptive systems approach using systemic indicator systems. J. Sustain. Tour. 2008, 16, 601–628. [CrossRef] 26. Rogerson, M.C.; Rogerson, J.M. Agritourism and local economic development in South Africa. Bull. Geogr. Socio-Econ. Ser. 2014, 26, 93–106. [CrossRef] 27. Faith, L.; Rogerson, C.M. Local economic development agencies and place-based development: Evidence from South Africa. Bull. Geogr. Socio-Econ. Ser. 2018, 41, 29–43. 28. Hall, C.M.; Campos, M.J.Z. Public Administration and Tourism—International and Nordic Perspectives. Scand. J. Public Adm. 2014, 18, 3–17.

29. Ianos, , I.; Peptenatu, D.; Pintilii, R.D.; Drăghici, C.C. About sustainable development of the territorial emergent structures from the metropolitan area of Bucharest. Environ. Eng. Manag. J. 2012, 11, 1535–1545. [CrossRef] 30. Peptenatu, D.; Merciu, C.; Drăghici, C. Characteristics of entrepreneurial profile in some emergent territorial structures in Romania. Actual Probl. Econ. 2012, 12, 448–458. 31. Peptenatu, D.; Pintilii, R.; Drăghici, C.; Saghin, I.; Stoian, D.R. Management of Environment Risk within Emergency Territorial Systems. Case Study–the Influence Area of the Bucharest City. J. Environ. Prot. Ecol. 2012, 4, 2360–2370. 32. Rodríguez-Pose, A.; Palavicini-Corona, E.I. Does local economic development really work? Assessing LED across Mexican municipalities. Geoforum 2013, 44, 303–315. [CrossRef] 33. Christian, M.; Rogerson, C.M. Reframing place-based economic development in South Africa: The example of local economic development. Bull. Geogr. Socio-Econ. Ser. 2014, 24, 203–218. 34. Mueller, H.; Kaufmann, E.L. Wellness tourism: Market analysis of a special health tourism segment and implications for the hotel industry. J. Vacat. Mark. 2001, 7, 15–17. [CrossRef]

35. Iojă, C.I.; Nit, ă, M.R.; Vânău, G.O.; Onose, D.A.; Gavrilidis, A.A.; Hossu, C.A. Managementul Conflictelor de Mediu, 1st ed.; University Publishing House: Bucharest, Romania, 2015; p. 14. 36. Drăghici, C.C.; Pintilii, R.D.; Peptenatu, D.; Comănescu, L.G.; Sirodoev, I. The Role of SPA Tourism in the Development of Local Economies from Romania. In Proceedings of the 2nd Global Conference on Business, Economics, Management and Tourism, Prague, Czech Republic, 30–31 October 2014; pp. 1573–1577. 37. Pintilii, R.D.; Peptenatu, D.; Grecu, A.; Ilie, A.M.; Simion, A.G. Tourism, basic functionality versus complementary component of the territorial systems in Romania. In Proceedings of the International Conference—Environment at a Crossroads: SMART Approches for a Sustainable Future, Bucharest, Romania, 12–15 November 2015; pp. 364–372. 38. Drăghici, C.C.; Andronache, I.; Ahammer, H.; Peptenatu, D.; Pintilii, R.D.; Ciobotaru, A.M.; Simion, A.G.;

Dobrea, R.C.; Diaconu, D.C.; Vis, an, M.C. Spatial evolution of forest areas in the northern Carpathian Mountains of Romania. Acta Montan. Slovaca 2017, 22, 95–106. 39. Diaconu, D.C.; Andronache, I.; Pintilii, R.D.; Bre¸tcan,P.; Simion, A.G.; Drăghici, C.C.; Gruia, A.K.; Grecu, A.; Marin, M.; Peptenatu, D. Using fractal fragmentation and compaction index in analysis of the deforestation process in Bucegi Mountains Group, Romania. Carpathian J. Earth Environ. 2019, 14, 431–438. Sustainability 2019, 11, 7155 21 of 21

40. Pintilii, R.D.; Andronache, I.; Diaconu, D.C.; Dobrea, R.C.; Zelenakova, M.; Fensholt, R.; Peptenatu, D.; Drăghici, C.C.; Ciobotaru, A.M. Using Fractal Analysis in Modeling the Dynamics of Forest Areas and

Economic Impact Assessment: Maramures, County, Romania as a Case Study. Forests 2017, 8, 25. [CrossRef] 41. Andronache, I.; Fensholt, R.; Ahammer, H.; Ciobotaru, A.M.; Pintilii, R.D.; Peptenatu, D.; Drăghici, C.C.; Diaconu, D.C.; Radulovic, M.; Pulighe, G.; et al. Assessment of Textural Differentiations in Forest Resources in Romania Using Fractal Analysis. Forests 2017, 8, 54. [CrossRef]

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).