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Fully Mediated the Effect of Hippocampal Atrophy on Episodic Memory ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Neopterin is associated with hippocampal subfield volumes and cognition in HIV Debra A. Fleischman, PhD, Konstantinos Arfanakis, PhD, Sue Leurgans, PhD, Sheila M. Keating, PhD, Correspondence Melissa Lamar, PhD, David A. Bennett, MD, Oluwatoyin M. Adeyemi, MD, and Lisa L. Barnes, PhD Dr. Fleischman [email protected] Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2018;5:e467. doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000467 Abstract Objective HIV infection sets off an immediate immune response and inflammatory cascade that can lead to neuronal injury and cognitive impairment, but the relationship between immune markers, regional brain volumes, and cognition remains understudied in HIV-infected adults. Methods Cross-sectional associations were examined between serum immune markers of activation (neopterin) and inflammation (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and C-reactive protein) with regional brain volumes (cortical, subcortical, total gray matter, hippocampus, and subfields) and cognition in 66 HIV-infected, virally suppressed, adults who underwent 3.0-T MRI as part of the Research Core of the Rush Center of Excellence on Disparities in HIV and Aging. Immune markers were assayed from frozen plasma, values were entered into linear regression models as predictors of regional brain volumes, and interactive effects of immune response and regional brain volumes on cognition were examined. Results No inflammatory marker was associated with any regional brain volume. Higher neopterin level was associated with lower total hippocampal, presubiculum, and cornu ammonis (CA) subfield volumes. Higher neopterin level and lower total hippocampal volume were independently associated with lower episodic memory, and neopterin level fully mediated the effect of hippocampal atrophy on episodic memory. Higher neopterin levels were associated with lower presubiculum, CA1, and CA4/dentate volumes and lower semantic memory, working memory, and global cognition. Conclusion Immune activation in response to HIV infection, measured by neopterin, has a deleterious and targeted effect on regional brain structure, which can be visualized with clinically available MRI measures of hippocampus and its subfields, and this effect is associated with lower cognitive function. From the Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center (D.A.F., K.A., S.L., M.L., D.A.B., L.L.B.), Rush University Medical Center; the Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.F., S.L., M.L., D.A.B., L.L.B.), the Department of Behavioral Sciences (D.A.F., M.L., L.L.B.), the Department of Preventive Medicine (S.L.), the Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (K.A.), Rush University Medical Center; Ruth M. Rothstein CORE Center (O.M.A.); the Biomedical Engineering (K.A.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; the Blood Systems Research Institute (S.M.K.), San Francisco, CA; and the University of California at San Francisco (S.M.K.), Laboratory Medicine. Funding information and disclosures are provided at the end of the article. Full disclosure form information provided by the authors is available with the full text of this article at Neurology.org/NN. The Article Processing Charge was funded by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. 1 Glossary CA = cornu ammonis; CEDHA = Center of Excellence on Disparities in HIV and Aging; CRP = C-reactive protein; CV = coefficient of variation; FDR = false discovery rate; HAART = highly active antiretroviral therapy; IL = interleukin; INF = interferon; TNFα = tumor necrosis factor alpha. It has long been known that HIV infection produces an almost Methods immediate immune activation and inflammatory cascade that can persist in the face of effective highly active antiretroviral Participants therapy (HAART) treatment1 and can lead to neuronal in- The study was conducted among participants in the Research jury2 and cognitive impairment.3 The earliest phase of the Core of the Rush Center of Excellence on Disparities in HIV HIV immune response occurs when interferon-stimulated and Aging (CEDHA), a longitudinal study of older adults (IFN-γ) T-lymphocytes activate monocytes, macrophages, with HIV infection. HIV+ participants (n = 175) were recruited from an urban infectious disease clinic. Eligibility and dendritic cells to produce pteridines, a class of chemicals fl requirements included documented HIV infection, African that stimulate the in ammatory cascade through the release of + ≥ 3 β American, or white, age 50 and older, CD4 200 cells/mm cytokines (e.g., interleukin [IL]-1 , IL-6, and tumor necrosis + ≥ α on HAART or CD4 500 HAART naive, and viral loads factor alpha [TNF ]) and acute phase reactants (e.g., ranging from undetectable up to 50,000 copies. All partic- C-reactive protein [CRP]). ipants underwent annual structured clinical evaluations that included an assessment of risk factors for cognitive decline, Neopterin, a pteridine produced in monocyte-derived mac- a battery of cognitive function tests, and a blood draw. rophages4 and dendritic cells,5 is a well-established early 6 marker of HIV-associated cellular immune activation. The HIV+ participants who were willing to undergo MRI were neopterin level correlates with measures of viral load and approached if they were nondemented and able to give in- ffi CD4 count, is a sensitive measure of treatment e cacy and formed consent. Participants were excluded if there was any 7–9 10 HIV disease course, and predicts HIV-related mortality. contraindication for MRI, history of head injury with loss of Neopterin level is associated with compromise of blood- consciousness over 30 minutes, known large lesions, MS or brain barrier integrity and generalized brain atrophy in HIV11 hydrocephalus, seizure disorder, schizophrenia, current use of and HIV-associated cognitive impairment.2 Thus, neopterin neuroleptic, narcotic medication, or anti-inflammatory med- level may signal activation of HIV-related immune mecha- ications. Seventy-eight of the 175 participants recruited into nisms that can lead to neuronal injury, perhaps in regions the research core were ineligible based on the above criteria. most susceptible to metabolic disturbance, neurologic dis- Of those 78 remaining, 11 participants were eligible but could ease and alterations in cognitive function, but no study of the not be contacted, 11 participants were reluctant to scan, 5 had finer associations of the neopterin level with MRI-derived unsuccessful scans, and 4 did not have blood available for fi regional brain volumes and cognition in HIV has been assay, making the nal sample 66 participants. reported. Standard protocol approvals, registrations, Here, we examined relationships between immune activa- and patient consents tion measured by serum neopterin, inflammation measured The study was approved by the Rush Institutional Review by serum markers (IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α,andCRP)known Board, and all participants signed study consent. to be present in the HIV immune response, even with Cognitive testing successful HAART treatment, and associated with brain – Each participant underwent cognitive function testing that abnormalities and cognitive impairment and decline,12 143T- included 18 tests of episodic memory, semantic memory, MRI-derived regional brain structure, and cognition in HIV- working memory, perceptual speed, and visuospatial ability.17 infected adults. Given the evidence that HIV is associated See supplementary materials for details, links.lww.com/ with increased levels of immune activation and chronic in- NXI/A47. flammation, we tested the hypothesis that higher level of immune activation, measured by neopterin, and higher in- Serum immune activation and fl fl ammation, measured by these 4 in ammatory markers, inflammatory markers fi would be speci cally associated with volume loss in the Neopterin was measured in undiluted plasma by ELISA hippocampus, a brain region known to be highly susceptible (Alpco, Salem, NH; standard curve measuring 0.5–63 ng/mL 15 to metabolic stress and neurologic disease and HIV in- with 3% intraplate and 7% interplate coefficient of variation fection.16 Furthermore, we hypothesized that this volume [CV]%). ELISA results were acquired using Molecular reduction would be associated with lower episodic memory, Devices E-Max plate reader with Softmax Pro v5.4. MILLI- which depends critically on hippocampal integrity. PLEX MAP Human High Sensitivity T Cell Panel was used to 2 Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation | Volume 5, Number 4 | July 2018 Neurology.org/NN measure IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in undiluted plasma (Milli- First, we examined correlations between the demographic, pore, Billerica, MA; standard curve measuring 0.18–2,000 pg/ disease, and immune marker variables No immune marker or mL with 7% intra- and inter-plate CV). MILLIPLEX MAP disease variable was associated with race or age (ps > 0.05), Cardiovascular Disease Panel 3 was used to measure CRP in and females had higher CRP level (female: mean [log10] 4.17, diluted plasma (1: 40,000) (standard curve measuring SD = 0.55; male: mean = 3.81, SD = 0.52, t = 2.33, p = 0.023). 0.01–50 ng/mL with 1% intraplate CV% and 8% interplate CV%). See
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