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Laboratory Diagnostic Value of Neopterin Measurements in Patients Pteridines 2021; 32: 1–4 Short Communication Open Access Dietmar Fuchs*, Magnus Gisslen Laboratory diagnostic value of neopterin measurements in patients with COVID-19 infection https://doi.org/10.1515/pteridines-2021-0001 received December 4, 2020; accepted December 23, 2020. be of prognostic value in patients with SARS-CoV-1 [3] and first studies provide hints that serum neopterin could be Abstract: The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was identified helpful in stratifying SARS-CoV-2 patients [4-6]. The aim to be responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. There are of this commentary was to investigate whether neopterin striking differences in the response to infection, some measurements are of clinical value in COVID-19 patients. people develop no or mild symptoms, while other outcomes are severe of even fatal. For those COVID-19 patients who require hospitalization, prognostic markers could help clinicians to identify patients with a poor outcome Neopterin early. The serum levels of the immune activation marker Neopterin, the pyrazino-pyrimidine compound neopterin have already been shown to be of prognostic 6-D-erythro-trihydroxypropyl pterin (Fig.1) derives value in patients with SARS-CoV-1 and a similar pattern from guanosine triphosphate (GTP) when enzyme can be observed for SARS-CoV-2. This comment discusses GTP-cyclohydrolase-1 (GCH-1) in a first step produces the biochemical circuits that support the clinical value of 7,8-dihdroneopterin triphosphate and this intermediate neopterin measurements in COVID-19 patients. product is oxidized and dephosphorylates to neopterin [7]. In various human cells and cells from other species Keywords: COVID-19; Neopterin; Laboratory diagnostic. GCH-1 is stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines preferentially upon stimulation with cytokine interferon-g, which is characteristic for Th1-type immune Introduction response. Thereby neopterin and its less stable sister compound 7,8-dihdroneopterin (NH ) are produced in At the end of 2019 the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was 2 parallel. Depending on the environmental condition the identified to be responsible for the new COVID-19 compounds can act as a pro- or antioxidant, and both pandemic [1]. From its starting point in south-east China do interfere with oxidizing chemicals such as hydrogen it was rapidly spreading worldwide. Now at the begin of peroxide, neopterin enhancing the oxidizing capacity November 2020, there have been more than 45 million whereas NH usually does the opposite [8]. confirmed cases of COVID-19, 1.2 million of deaths were 2 Increased amounts of neopterin are produced by reported to WHO [2]. There are striking differences in the human monocyte-derived cells like macrophages and response to infection, some people develop no or mild dendritic cells upon stimulation with pro-inflammatory symptoms, while other outcomes are severe of even fatal. stimuli like lipopolysaccharide and cytokines, most There is limited information about prognostic markers potently by interferon-(IFN)-g [9]. Other cells and cells that could help clinicians to identify COVID-19 patients that are likely to develop a poor outcome. The serum levels of the immune activation marker neopterin have shown to *Corresponding author: Dietmar Fuchs , Institute of Biological Chemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria, E-mail: [email protected] Magnus Gisslen, Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Figure 1: Neopterin (D-erythro-1‘2‘3‘-trihydroxypropylpterin). Open Access. © 2021 Dietmar Fuchs, Magnus Gisslen, published byFig. De 1Gruyter.. Neopterin (D-e Thisrythro work-1‘2‘3‘ is licensed-trihydroxypropylpterin under the Creative ) Commons Attribution alone 4.0 License. 2 Dietmar Fuchs, Magnus Gisslen of other species are less able of doing so. In patients, symptoms, and the levels gradually decreased during increased neopterin concentrations were documented the course of COVID-19, but severe cases maintained in body fluids like serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid elevated levels for a longer period [6]. Serum neopterin (CSF), e.g., during cytokine therapies but also in diseases concentrations correlated with IFN-g levels (r = 0.8, p that are associated with activation of the Th1-type immune <0.001; [6]). system such as mycobacterial infections, autoimmune pathologies and various forms of cancer and with viral infections including HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-1 [3,10,11] and recently also with SARS-CoV-2 [4-6]. Tryptophan breakdown In general, higher serum neopterin concentrations When stimulated monocyte-derived cells produce have been found to be associated with disease progression neopterin upon stimulation with IFN-g also enzyme and reduced survival expectation and thus predict worse indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) is activated at the prognosis. In virus infections like HIV-1 but also in, same time. Accordingly, patients with elevated neopterin e.g., cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, neopterin levels concentrations present with an increased kynurenine/ raise during the acute phase of infection very early and tryptophan ratio (Kyn/Trp), an index of tryptophan decline as early as specific antibody production becomes breakdown [12,13]. The measurement of tryptophan detectable. Usually neopterin levels become normal, breakdown is done by chromatographic methods like but HIV-1 infection is different because the vast majority HPLC with monitoring of tryptophan and kynurenine of individuals remains with neopterin levels outside concentrations in parallel [12]. normal range of healthy controls. Moreover, neopterin The activation of IDO-1 during immune response is concentrations usually correlate with virus load. directed against cell proliferation as a host defense strategy. Similar to HIV-1 infection, elevated neopterin Thereby unwanted proliferation of, e.g., malignant cells concentrations in serum and CSF are common also in is suppressed. However, there are side effects caused by patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, and are predictive tryptophan starvation such as parallel inhibition of T-cell for the course of the infection [4-6]. However, in SARS- proliferation and diminished production of tryptophan CoV-2 infection, an unusual pattern of CSF inflammation metabolites like neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamin is commonly present with increased soluble markers (serotonin). In addition, several compounds of the like neopterin and beta2-microglobulin while white cell so-called kynurenine pathway are likely to accumulate, response and other immunologic features typical of CNS among them the neurotoxin quinolinic acid. viral infections are absent [5]. Increased Kyn/Trp levels are common in SARS- In cell culture experiments oxidizing effects of CoV-2 infection and correlate closely with enhanced neopterin were found to enhance the production of other neopterin concentrations, and like neopterin also Kyn/ pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the chemical Trp is associated with unfavorable outcomes [6]. Similar effects of ROS were further enhanced in the presence of observations have been made in patients with HIV-1 neopterin [8]. Neopterin might represent another pro- infection [13,14]. oxidant in the mixture of redox-active compounds in the microenvironment of activated monocytic cells and play a role in the development of the so-called cytokine storm. The pro-inflammatory response is involved in accelerating Biochemistry related to increased cell metabolism and thereby most probably also virus neopterin production replication. In this study [6], neopterin concentrations were Cytokine IFN-g induces high level output of reactive measured in sera obtained from patients with acute oxygen species, (ROS) in cells [15]. This represents another COVID19 infection applying a commercially available aspect of the anti-proliferative activity of this particular ELISA kit (BRAHMS, Hennigsdorf, Germany). The cytokine, the denomination of interferons like IFN-g detection limit is 2 nmol/L and the upper limit of the reflecting their property to induce pathways that interfere normal is set at 10 nmol/L. with cell proliferation. Overwhelming ROS production At the begin all patients with acute COVID-19 infection will wipe out the pool of antioxidants including vitamins presented with elevated neopterin levels. More than two- and deficiencies of antioxidant vitamins, e.g. vitamin-E, fold higher average neopterin concentrations were found -B and -D may develop [16, 17]. As a consequence of a in severely ill patients compared to patients with mild developing B-vitamin deficiency, increased amounts of Laboratory diagnostic value of neopterin measurements in patients with COVID-19 infection 3 homocysteine are common in patients. Supplementation whereas a low or normal neopterin is indicative for silent of deficient vitamins may become necessary for normal infection without or with less active virus production. cellular functioning. Thereby, homocysteine levels However, further studies are still needed to be performed often correlate with neopterin concentrations [17,18], to confirm this conclusion which is still preliminary. but unlike homocysteine, neopterin concentrations are much less influenced by nutrition and are more closely Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest associated with immune activation. Pro-inflammatory effects of neopterin have also been observed in stimulated Data Availability Statement: Data sharing is not polymorphnuclear cells (PMNs) [19]. IFN-g
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