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Home , Barbiton, Bucranium, Chelys, Cithara, Crater (constellation), Lyra

Classical images – Mesopotamian

Bull-headed from Royal grave of Ur Decoration of soundbox c. 1600 BC London, The British Museum

1 Classical images – early bucrania Lyra

Bucranium Eight-handled amphora with Egyptian (Dynasty 14-17) c. 1640-1550 BC Minoan Pseira amphora with 8 handles New York, Metropolitan Museum Heraklion Museum , 1600-1500 BC Ac. 16.2.43 Heraklion Museum

2 Classical images – Greek (tortoise shell with bull’s horns - ) Lyra

Red-figured on white ground kylix Red-figured pelike stamnos Red-figured cup and raven Death of Herakles and Lino from Delphi, c. 550 BC by Hermonax from Nola, c. 460 Attic, by Douris, c. 480 Delphi, Arch. Museum (ac. 8140) Paris, Musée du Louvre Munich, Antiken Sammlungen (2646) credit: Wikimedia (Fingalo)

Red-figured skyphos Red-figured white ground kylix Red-figured bell-krater Attic, by the Pistoxenos P., c. 470 Apollo and Calliope Apollo, Marsyas and the Herakles and his Thracian nurse Attic, (attr Karlsruhe P), c. 440 BC Athenian, c. 4th C BC (Geropso) Boston MFA London, The British Museum Schwerin Museum (inv. 708) source: www.Theoi.com source: www.Theoi.com 3 Classical images – Greek (tortoise shell with bull’s horns - chelys) Lyra

Red-figured lekanis Red-figured vase fragment Muse with Athenian, c. 4th C BC From Paestum, 4th C BC Athens, National Arch. Museum Paris, Musée du Louvre source: www.Theoi.com credit: Theoi.com

Terracotta plague with chelys Etruscan, c. 470 BC Boston, MFA

Lyre-playing musician From Thebes, 525-475 BC Paris, Musée du Louvre (CA 685) 4 Classical images – Greek (tortoise shell with bull’s horns - chelys) Lyra

Black-fugure Red-figured bell-krater Musicians Apollo, Marsyas and the Muses Etruria, c. 560-50 BC Athenian, c. 5th C BC Paris, Musée du Louvre London, The British Museum credit: Hervé Lewandowski source: www.Theoi.com

5 Classical images – Greek (tortoise/turtle shells) Lyra

AR stater with turtle AR stater (segmented shell) coin from Aegina, 550-530 BC coin from Aegina, 456-431 BC Cwww.coinweek source: Wildwinds.com

Coin with turtle/shield AR stater with sea turtle AR stater (dots) coin from Aegina, mid-6th C coin from Aegina, 550-530 BC coin from Aegina, 480-457 BC Boston, Fogg Museum Source: Wikimedia (cngcoins.com) source: Wildwinds.com cf: Oxford History of the Classical World, 1986

6 Classical images – Greek (lap ) Lyra

Red-figured pelike with woman holding harp (psalterion) and , youth with fawn S Apulia, attr. to the Tarrytown Group c. 320-310 BC. London, The British Museum (Gr 1836.2-24.142)

7 Classical images – Greek () Lyra

Red-figure calyx- with madness of Red-figured pelike Red-figure calyx-Krater Lycurgus Apollo and Muse (Calliope?) Apulian (attr. Black Fury Painter) Apulia, c. 350-340 BC (attr Lycurgus painter) Attic (attr P of Munich 2335), c. 430 BC Paris, Musée du Louvre London, The British Museum (Gr 1849.6-23.48) Munich, Antikensammlungen (2362) credit: Wikimedia (Maris-Lan source:www.theoi.com Nguyen -2011)

8 Classical images – Greek (cithara) Lyra

Red-figure calyx-Krater Red-figure krater Attic, from Vulci, c. 500 BC Lucanian, 415-400 BC Leto, Apollo and Los Angeles, Getty Museum London, The British Museum (E 256) (85.AE. 101

9 Classical images – Greek (cithara) Lyra

Red-figured white-ground Red-figured white-ground cup Red-figured white-ground lekythos Muse Woman tuning two kitharai Muse on Mt Helikon Attic (Hesiod Painter), c. 460-50 BC From , c. 470-80 BC Attic (attr Achilles P), c. 445 BC Boston, Museum of Fine Arts (98.887) Paris, Musée du Louvre (CA 482) Munich, Antikensammlungen (S 80) source:www.theoi.com source:www.theoi.com

10 Classical images – Greek (cithara) Lyra

Black-figure amphora Red-figure hydria Red-figured lekanis Apollo with female figures The Punishment of Muse with lyre From Naples, c. 530-500 BC Attic, c. 430 BC From Paestum, 4th C BC Madrid, Museo Arqueológico Oxford, Ashmolean Museum (G. 291) Paris, Musée du Louvre (inv. 10923) credit: Theoi.com credit: Wikimedia (Doreieo)

11 Classical images – Greek (cithara) Lyra

Red-figured lekythos Red-figured amphora Nike or Muse Attic (attr Oionokles P), c. 470 BC Attic (attr P), c. 460 BC Austin, Jack S Blanton Museum Austin, Jack S Blanton Museum (1980.63) (1980.63) source:www.theoi.com source:www.theoi.com

12 Classical images – Greek (cithara) Lyra

Apollo kitharoidos Apollo kitharoidos, Leto and Artemis scene with Apollo and Nike flanking omphalos Tanagra figure, c. 400 BC Limestone from Selinus, mid-6th C BC Paris, Musée du Louvre (Ma 965) Athens, Kerameikos Arch. Palermo, Mus archeologico credit: ipernity.com Museum credit: Wikimedia (Giovanni dell’Orto)

13 Classical images – Greek (barbitos-type) Lyra

Red-figured oinochoe with woman Red-figured lekythos playing barbitos lyre Poet reciting with a barbitos Attic, c. 490-480 BC Attic, c. 480-70 BC c. 320-310 BC. Boston, MFA (inv. 13.199) London, The British Museum (Gr 1960.354)

14 Classical images – Greek (barbitos-type ? ) Lyra

Red-figure bell krater Red-figure column-krater Orpheus and the Thracians Orpheus and the Thracians Attic, c. 440 BC Attic (from Gela), c. 440 BC New York, Metropolitan Museum Berlin, inv. 3172 Credit: Marie-Lan Nguyen (2011)

15 Classical images – Roman Lyra

Apollo Kitharoidos Roman from Cyrene), 2nd C AD From Monte Calvo (IT), 2nd C AD London, British Museum Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Gl;yptothek credit: Wikimedia (Carol Radaato)

16 Classical images – Roman Lyra

Apollo Musagetes (Barnerini) Apollo citharoedus Riman, 1-2nd C AD Roman copy of Greek original, Calliope Munich, Glyptothek (inv. 211) Vatican, Pio Clementino Mus (inv. 2274) Source: Wikimedia (Saiko)

17 Classical images – Roman Lyra

Terpsichore Vatican Museums Detail of lyre held by Apollo Terpsichore Vatican Museums Roman (from Hadrian’s Villa, Roman copy of a Greek Temple of Venus ), c. 150 AD original, 2nd C AD Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Leningrad, hermitage Glyptothek State Museum Credit: Wikimedia (Carole source: www.theoi.com Raddato)

18 Classical images – Roman Lyra

Apollo Musagetes/Kithariedos Apollo with Cithara Apollo with Cithara (with box tail-pieces) from Miletus, 2nd C AD , Capitoline Museums Roman, 2nd C AD Istanbul, Archaeological Museum (inv. 2000T , cat Mendel Vatican Museum (Museo Pio- 114) Clementino) credit: Wikimedia Commons

19 Classical images – Roman Lyra

Louvre Louvre Libya, Tripoli Museum

20 Classical images – Roman Lyra

Tanagra figure with Louvre Barbat 2nd C BC credit: Wikimedia (Galassi)

Etruscan Tomb 21 Rome, Capitoline Museums Classical images – Roman Lyra

Votive stele for Apollo Sarcophagus Cupid and Cithara, gilt bronze Lead statuette of a Muse Leonteios Romans, 210-220 AD mirror cover, 100-150 AD Roman, 2nd C AD from Suleymanie, 2nd-1st Los Angeles, Getty Museum Oxford, Ashmolan MuseumLos Los Angeles, Getty Museum C AD (83.AA.275.1) Angeles, Getty Museum (98.AI.85) Istanbul, Archaeological Museum (inv. 85.6.T)

22 Classical images – Roman Lyra

Aureus with Augustus and Apollo holding Lyre Symbols of the Nine Muses 27BC-14 AD From Elis, 1st C BC credit: www.cngcoins Elis, Archaeological Museum source: www. Theoi.com

23 Classical images – Roman Lyra

Chiron and Achilles British Museum 24 Naples, Museo Nazionale Classical images – Roman Lyra

Infancy of (with Mercury) from Casa dei Tirreni, Naples Naples, Museo nazionale

25 Classical images – Roman (Orpheus) Lyra

Orpheus and lyre Orpheus and lyre Roman, floor Tarsus, 3rd C AD Palermo, Museo arch. regionale

26 Classical images – Roman Lyra

Terpsichore floor mosaic from Vichten Roman, c. 3rd C AD Luxembourg, National Museum source: www. Theoi.com

27 Classical images – Late Roman Lyra

Plaque – book cover Orpheus Erato and two poets Byzantine Ivory, Italian, 5th C AD Athens, Byzantine and Christian Museum Paris, Bibl. De l’Arsenale credt: Ricardo André Frantz (for Ms late. 1169)

28 Classical images – Late Roman (turtles/tortoises) Lyra

Nimes Nimes Battle of the Turtle and the Rooster (light and darkness) floor mosaic, 4th C Aquileia

Nimes

29 Classical images – Late Roman Lyra

King David playing the lyre King David playing the lyre Apollo stele floor mosaic, from Gazasynagigue from the Paris Psalter, 900 AD Nancy, Musée Lorrain 6th- 8th C Paris, BnF (Ms gred. 139) Israel Museum (source: Pinterest)

30 Classical images – Late Roman Lyra

Louvre

31 Classical globes Lyra

Naples, Farnese Bentley’s Manilius © Petr Hadrava n.b. – tortoise shell, bull’s horns, 5 strings

Paris, Kugel Globe Mainz globe (drawing © Kunzl) n.b. – similar, but distant from circles n.b. – similar 32 Germanicus mss Lyra

I. = z stemma

Leiden, Univbibl Boulogne-sur-Mer, Bibl. Mun. Bern, Burgerbibl, Voss lat 4° 79 Ms 188 Ms 88 n.b. – small pinecone-like shell, long same, but spiral in horns now same horns, base and crossbeam, multiple decorative strings with elaborate tuning keys

missing from map missing from map

vs. planisphere vs. planisphere

33 Germanicus mss Lyra II and III. = O stemma (O1 or ν ) II. III.

missing from manuscript

Basle, OBU Aberystwyth, NLW vs. planisphere Ms AN.IV . 18 Ms 735 C n.b. – U-shaped harp n.b. – features simplified

vs. planisphere vs. schema vs. winter hemisphere n.b. – as a large ‘H’ U-shaped harp U-shaped harp 34 Germanicus mss Lyra

IV. = O stemma (O2 or μ ) Va. = O stemma (O2 or μ = Siciliensis)

Cologny, Bib Bodmer NY, Pierpont Morgan Libr Cod lat 7 Ms M 389 n.b. – simple U-shaped, no horns, same so sounding chamber Vb.

Madrid, Bib nac Ms 19 (16) Vatican, BAV n.b. – U-shaped, twisted horns, multiple strings, lumpy bottom part Barb lat 76 same 35 Germanicus mss = ‘Siciliensis’ Lyra

VI.

London BL Egerton 1050 same VII.

London BL Naples, Bib naz Add 15819 XIV D 37 36 same same Germanicus mss ( = ‘Siciliensis’) Lyra

VIIIa.

Madrid Bib Nac Vatican, BAV Vienna, Schottenstift Ms 8282 Barb lat 77 Ms 51 same same same

37 Germanicus mss ( = ‘Siciliensis’) Lyra

VIIIb. VIIIc. IX.

Vatican,BAV , Bibl Laurenziana Montpellier Urb lat 1358 Plut 89 sup 43 Ms H 452 same same n.b. – as a

38 Ps- Lyra

Planisphere similar, looks at Oph

Vatican BAV, Vat grec 1087 winter hemisphere n.b. – more classically-shaped rectangular cithara, busts in decorative note how drawing has become schematised, roundels more H-like 39 Cicero Lyra

image missing from manuscript

London, BL London, BL London, BL Harley 647 Harley 647 – planisphere Harley 2506 n.b. – wavy (= bucranium) similar, more boxy

40 Cicero Lyra

London, BL London, BL Gottweig, Cotton ms Tib B.V., pars 1 Cotton Ms Tib C. 1 Stiftsbibl Ms 7 n.b. – ‘wavy’ (= bucranium) similar similar

38 Revised Aratus Latinus Lyra

I.

Dresden, Landesbibl. Paris BN Prague, Univbibl Ms D C 183 – Lat 12957 Ms IX. C. 6 (1717) n.b. – curved ‘horns’, pentagonal box same n.b. – no box, bird’s head on crossbar

image missing from map image missing from map missing from ms

Dresden – winter hemisphere Paris – winter hemisphere Prague – winter hemisphere 42 Revised Aratus Latinus Lyra

Ia.

St Gallen, Stiftsbibl St Gallen, Stiftsbibl Ms 902 Ms 250 n.b. – curved ‘horns’, pentagonal box same

image missing from map image missing from map

winter hemisphere winter hemisphere 43 Revised Aratus Latinus Lyra

Ib.

missing in manuscript

Gottweig, Stiftsbibl. hemisphere Ms 7 (146) n.b. – box reduced/missing

missing in manuscript

Siena, Bib com hemisphere Ms L. IV. 25 same 44 Revised Aratus Latinus Lyra

I. (distant relative)

image missing from manuscript image missing from manuscript

Paris BN Munich, Staatsbibl. Vatican, BAV n.a. 1614 Clm 560 Reg lat 1324 n.b. – as a medieval harp

image missing from map image missing from manuscript image missing from map

winter hemisphere winter hemisphere winter hemisphere 45 Revised Aratus Latinus Lyra

II.

Cologne, Dombibliothek Ms 83.11 n.b. – U-shaped with flat base

46 ps-Bede, De signis caeli Lyra

I.

Oxford, Bodleian Library Padua, Bibl Antoniona Laud misc 644 Ms Anton 27 n.b. – decorative and lily-shaped n.b. – similar, but slightly closer to ‘bucranium’ style

Venice, Bib Marciana Paris BN Ms VIII, 22 lat. 14754 n.b. – like Oxford 644 n.b. – same 47 ps-Bede, De signis caeli Lyra

Ia.

Dijon Bib mun, Ms 488 n.b. – -shaped, attached

48 ps-Bede, De signis caeli Lyra

IIa.

Paris, BN Paris, BN Lat 5543 Lat 5239 n.b. – decorative, front vertical struts, curved supports n.b. – same, but simpler behind, box at bottom

49 ps-Bede, De signis caeli Lyra

IIb.

Klosterneuburg, Vatican, BAV Zwettl, Stiftskirche Stiftskirche, Ms 685 Vat lat 643 Ms 296 n.b. – n.b. – front vertical struts, n.b. – similar, but more structural n.b. – similar curved supports at sides, no box at bottom, decorative

50 ps-Bede, De signis caeli Lyra

III.

missing from manuscript

Laon Rouen, Bib mun, Ms 422 Bibl mun, 26 n.b. – vase-like structure on stepped base

51 ps-Bede, De signis caeli Lyra

Singletons

missing from manuscript

Amiens Durham, Cathedral Libr Freiburg-im-Bresgau Bibl mun, Ms 222 Hunter 100 Ms 35 n.b. – oval shape (sounding bowl?) n.b. – with curved arms

52 ps-Bede, De signis caeli Lyra

Singletons

Montecassino, Badia, Ms 3 n.b. – curved horns, pentagonal base (cf: RAL images}

53 De ordine ac positione Lyra

Ia.

Berlin, Staatsbibl Berlin planisphere Ms lat 130 (Phill 1832) n.b. – two ‘horns’ conflated with n.b. – lily/ lyre-shaped, curved side supports, on stepped base

Monza, Bib capit Ms F. 9/176 winter hemisphere (246) Ms F. 9/176 (246) n.b. -- same n.b. – urn-shaped 54 De ordine ac positione Lyra

Ia. Ib.

Madrid, Bib Nac Vatican BAV, Ms 3307 Vat lat 645 n.b. – U-shaped horns, on stepped base n.b. – similar, but more stylised

55 De ordine ac positione Lyra

II.

Munich, Staatsbibl. Ms clm 210 planisphere n.b. – U-shaped, on base U-shaped

Vienna, ONB Vindob 387 56 same De ordine ac positione Lyra

III.

image missing from map

Austin TX, Harry Ransom, Paris BN winter hemipshere Univ of Texas, Ms 29 lat n.a. 1614 n.b. – curved horns with cross-bar, base or n.b. – longer instrument supports below

St Petersburg, Nat Libr Ms Q v IX, no 2 n.b. – with horns, curved bottom and base 57 De ordine ac positione Lyra

IV.

Paris BN Vatican BAV, lat 12117 Reg lat 309 n.b.– lily/ U –shaped and small base n.b. – same

58 De ordine ac positione Lyra V.

Los Angeles, Getty Mus Paris BN, Ludwig XII, 5 lat 8663 n.b. – medieval harp n.b. – long body with holes rather than strings, with curled crossbar Singletons

missing from manuscript

Vienna, ONB Reykjavik Vindob 12600 Ms 1812 n.b. – lily-shaped; upside-down 59 Hyginus Lyra Ia.

S Paul im Lavantthal Florence, Bibl Laurenziana Leiden, Univ-blbl Ms 16/1 (XXV. 4. 20) Ms Plut 29.30 Voss 8°18 n.b. – long body with curved bottom and n.b. – same n.b. – lute flared top

60 Hyginus Lyra

Ib.

Wolfenbüttel, Herz Aug London BL Ms 18. 16. Aug 4° Arundel 339 n.b. – vase-shaped with round belly same

61 Hyginus Lyra

Ic. (singleton) II. (singleton)

Vienna ONB Leiden Univ-bibl Vindob 51 Voss lat 4° 92 n.b. – round belly n.b. – depicted twice: 1) A-shaped structure with animal heads on top crossbar; 2) medieval harp

54 Hyginus Lyra

III.

Leiden Univ-bibl Vatican BAV planisphere Voss lat 8° 15 Reg lat 123 n.b.. – as two-storied n.b. – decorative, front vertical struts, curved n.b.. – flat, with cross bar ending in structure supports behind, box at bottom; see ps-Bede Paris curve (see Paris lat 8663) lat 5543 and 5239

54 Hyginus Lyra IV.

Oxford, Bodleian Libr Oxford, Bodleian Libr Bodley 614 Digby 83 (SC 1684) n.b. – wavy body, curved horns, (cf. Cicero mss) n.b. – similar, but simpler

64 Hyginus Lyra

V. (singleton)

Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery Ms 734 n.b. – lyre-shaped, with animal heads at top supports, base at bottom (cf Berlin 8° 44)

65 Hyginus Lyra VI. (singleton)

Berlin, Staatsbibl. Ms 8° 44 (Rose 962) n.b. – lyre-shaped, animal supports (cf Baltimore) VI- related: German Books (‘secundum Hyginum’)

?

Lyon, Bib mun, Pal des Lyon, Bib mun Munich, Staatsbibl Arts 45 Ms 172 Germ 595 66 bellows-type instrument similar to Berlin 8° 44 Hyginus Lyra

VI- related: German Star Books (‘secundum Hyginum’)

not included in list

Munich, Staatsbibl Vatican BAV Vatican BAV Wolfenbüttel Herz Aug Clm 59 Pal.lat. 1369 Pal.lat. 1389 Guelf 81 24 Aug 2 n.b. – similar like Munich 595 similar

67 Hyginus Lyra

VII. (singleton) VIII. (singleton)

London BL, Munich, Staatsbibl. Roy Ms 13. A. Clm 10270 n.b. – two sets of supports – horns and straight n.b. – lyre-shaped, stepped base bars, rectangular base

68 Hyginus Lyra IXa.

Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Mus Florence, BN Milan, Bibl. Ambrosiana Oxford, Bodleian Libr Ms 260 Magl XI. 141 T. 47 sup Can. class lat 179 n.b. – low rectangular box, with same same same upright at back and curled top bar

Siena, Bib com Vatican, BAV Vatican, BAV Verona, Bibl capitolare Ms L. VI. 25 Vat lat 3109# Vat lat 3109 Ms CCLXI same, with animal head same same same 69 Hyginus Lyra

IXb. IXc.

Oxford, Bodleian Library Milan, Bibl Trivulziana Vatican, BAV Florence, BNC Can misc 46 N. 690 (E 83) Vat lat 3110 Magl XI. 114,1 same same same same

70 Hyginus Lyra

IXd. (distant singleton) IXe.

Florence, Bibl Laurenziana Pavia, Bibl Univ Vatican., BAV Ashburnam1148 Aldini 490 Urb lat 1358 n.b. – same n.b. – more upright and symmetrical same

71 Hyginus Lyra

IXf. IXg.

New York, Public Library Freiberg, Andreas-Möller-Bibl. Florence, Bib Laurenziana Spencer Ms 28 Cl XI 4o 9 Plut 89, sup 43 n.b. – round-bodied and same lyre-shaped symmetrical

72 Hyginus Lyra

X. (singleton) XI. (singleton)

missing from manuscript

Vatican, BAV Cortona, Lib del Comune Chigi H. IV. 20 Ms 184 (256) same

73 Lyra Hyginus - singletons

missing from manuscript missing from manuscript

Cambrai, Bibl Mun. Cambridge, Trinity College Leiden, Univ.-bibl. Ms 933 (832) Ms R 15 32 Gronovius 21 n.b. – lyre-shaped, with animal heads on uprights

74 Hyginus Lyra

Venice: Ratdolt, 1482

cf Michael Scot = horns, with crossbar, Vienna ÖNB lumpy bottom part Vindob 3111 same

75 Basinio da Parma Lyra

Ia. Ib.

Rimini, Cassa di Risparmio Cambridge, CUL (London Sotheby’s sale 1992) Dd IV 64 n.b. – same two-stepped instrument with n.b. – same bird’s head at crossbar (cf, Siena Ms L. VI. 25)

76 Basinio da Parma Lyra

IIa.

Oxford, Bodleian Libr Parma, Bib Palatina, Venice, Bibl Marciana Bodley 646 Parm 1008 XII, 194 (4148) n.b. – similar, but animal head peeking same as Oxford Bodley 646 same our from behind instrument

77 Basinio da Parma Lyra

IIb.

Parma, Bibl Palatina Rome Bibl Casanatense Munich, BSB Parm 27 Ms 4059 Clm 15743 n.b. – same same, with Greek text same, but not labelled

78 Basinio da Parma Lyra

III. IV.

Bologna, Bibl Com London, Wellcome Coll Ms 173 WMS 122 n.b. – without animal similar to Bologna

V. VI.

?

Ravenna, Bib Classense Florence, Bibl Marucelliana Ms 120 Ms C. CCLI cf. Hyginus editions 79 Basinio da Parma Lyra

? ?

Krakow, Padua, Bibl. Universitaria Rps BJ 3706 Cod 983

80