ASSESSING THE DISTRIBUTION OF A PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN SPECIES TO NEW JERSEY: THE CLINGING JELLYFISH (GONIONEMUS VERTENS)

Joseph Bilinski and Gary Buchanan Division of Science, Research and Environmental Health COMMON GELATINOUS ZOOPLANKTON (“JELLYFISH”) IN NJ WATERS:

CNIDARIANS: LION’S MANE (CYANEA CAPILLATA) SEA NETTLES (CHRYSAORA QUINQUECIRRHA) MOON JELLIES (AURELIA AURITA)

CTENOPHORA: COMB JELLIES (MNEMIOPSIS LEIDYI)

Scars from C. Fleckeri (Box jelly) sting CNIDARIANS (3 CLASSES OF JELLYFISH SPECIES HARMFUL TO HUMANS):

1. HYDROZOA (EG. GONIONEMUS VERTENS, C. QUINQUECIRRHA, P. PHYSALIA)

2. SCYPHOZOA (EG. CYANEA SPP.)

3. CUBOZOA (EG. BOX JELLIES – CHIRONEX FLECKERI)

THE CLINGING JELLYFISH – GONIONEMUS VERTENS

FACTS: • Clinging jellyfish are small, the bell about dime to quarter-sized • They come out at night in shallow, low velocity waters (coastal embayments) • Daytime: hang onto vegetation and substrates like shells. The tentacles have adhesive pads that allow the jellyfish to ‘cling’ to various media • CJ’s do not have long tentacles, but have 60-90 that can extend out laterally to about 3 inches • The tentacles contain nematocysts (or stinging cells) that can cause significant pain if touched • CJ’s do NOT swim or migrate; MORE CJ populations are very localized. FACTS… Introduction to new habitats is often the result of accidental translocation

• Feed upside down

• Bioluminescent! CJ’s can be detected at night using UV light CJ’S – NON-NATIVE SPECIES

HABITAT: SHALLOW, BACKBAY AREAS WITH EELGRASS HOW DID THEY GET HERE?

• First observed in eastern Atlantic at Woods Hole, MA (1894). Likely introduction from pacific oysters containing polyps or ship ballast water. • Spread to other locations along MA and CT until 1920’s. • Almost was wiped out by the 1930’s due to SAV dieback (wasting disease), but made a recovery during late 1960’s. FIRST TIME IN NJ • June 2016: First observation in New Jersey (Manasquan River at Point Pleasant Canal). Likely source…from marine vessel that spent time in MA and contained attached polyps on surface, or potentially in ballast. • Since June, all subsequent sightings have occurred in the Shrewsbury River estuary. • Since July, almost no CJ medusae have been observed…likely due to high Sea Nettle presence and predation. CLINGING JELLYFISH DISTRIBUTION IN NJ:

FIELD ASSESSMENT AND STUDIES

Field Assessment: 1- DSREH and BMWM: Initial sweeps in areas where sightings first reported via plankton tows and off-bow observations 2 - Montclair State University: 30 day assessment of distribution and abundance in the Manasquan and Shrewsbury River Estuaries, along with Northern Barnegat Bay - Plankton tows, seine-pulls in SAV, “JAD’s”, dock swabs (DNA)

Study (PHASE I and II): 1- MSU: Along with field assessment of medusae, look at a. polyp settlement and population potential b. DNA analysis for genetic identifiers (is this a unique population or the same as from MA/CT) c. Reproductive potential: presence of larval DNA in areas where medusae not observed? OBJECTIVES:

• What is the extent of CJ distribution in the Shrewsbury and Manasquan Rivers? • Provide estimate of density per transect/area • Are adults (medusae) being transported to other waters? FIELD ASSESSMENT:

SHREWSBURY AND MANASQUAN RIVER ESTUARIES, NORTHERN BARNEGAT BAY

DNA ANALYSIS

1. Identification of CJ polyps vs. other species - Create DNA primers for specific CJ sequence (16S ribosomal DNA – gene locus CO1 - Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) use for phylogenetic studies 2. Presence vs. absence - Look for CJ larval/ephyra DNA in water column from various locations 3. Phylogentics: Ascertain similarities between NJ population vs. MA/CT populations, Sea of Japan? 4. Is the CJ presence the result of a single or multiple invasions RESULTS • Evidence that CJ’s in Shrewsbury and (TO DATE): Manasquan Rivers are the same population, most likely from a single invasion event.

• Sea Nettles have been observed to feed on CJ’s in the lab. – Coincidentally, CJ medusae ‘disappeared’ from the Shrewsbury following Sea Nettle bloom in July 2016.

• CJ polyps have been collected from the Shrewsbury, showing that CJ’s can successfully reproduce in NJ waters. – CJ’s may have become “resident”. MEDIA BLITZ! COMMUNICATION:

INTERACTIVE MAP, FACT SHEET, AND MEDIA COVERAGE

NJDEP – OIRM, BGIS (2016) SMALL BUT NASTY!

The CJ Sting: NOT Deadly, but CJ can pack a powerful sting CJ’s do not actively attack…firing of the nematocyst is purely mechanical (designed to fire when contacted) - CJ’s have been observed to “swarm” when physically disturbed from their substrate, but this is thought to be a flight response

Sting Symptoms: - Visible: swelling or a reddened whelt at point of contact, similar to “Irukandji Syndrome” - Systemic: intense pain at and around sting, other physiological and psychotic effects (eg. Feeling of “impending doom”). 3 mm ANATOMY OF THE CLINGING JELLYFISH

Gonionemus vertens (Agassiz, 1862) Ridge w/ nematocysts

Hickman et al. 1974 Tentacle w/ ridge structure THE NEMATOCYST

Nematocysts through stages of discharge…3 msec!

J. Rifkin, 1996 (a) Undischarged (b) Partially discharged (c) Fully discharged SYMPTOMS (SIMILAR TO “IRUKANDJI SYNDROME”):

…AFTER 30 MINUTES… 1. Severe lower back pain 2. Excruciating muscle cramps 3. Reduced control of extremities 4. Sweating 5. Anxiety 6. Restlessness 7. Nausea/Vomiting 8. Headache 9. Irregular heart beat 10.Hypertension 11. Pulmonary edema 12. Heart dilation

Pain and other symptonms can last for 3 -5 Caruki barnesi – “box jellyfish” days, hospitalization may be required WHAT TO DO IF STUNG?

• Apply white vinegar to the affected area to immobilize any remaining stinging cells. • Rinse the area with saltwater and remove any remaining tentacle materials using gloves, a plastic card or a thick towel. • Cold packs or ice can then be applied to alleviate pain. A hot compress may also be effective. • If symptoms persist or pain increases instead of subsiding, seek prompt medical attention. • 10-15% Lidocaine application has also been observed as effective to alleviate pain.

Warning sign for Box Jellies in North Queensland, Australia. FUTURE WORK

• MSU Report on 2016 Study • Field Investigation in Spring 2017 • Continued Outreach ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• Drs. Paul Bologna, Jack Gaynor, and Dena Restaino (Montclair State University)

• Bob Schuster, Lonnie LeVance, Ken Hayek, and Bruce Freidman (DEP, Div. of Water Monitoring and Standards, Bureau of Marine Water Monitoring)

• Bob Considine and Bob Bostock (DEP, Communications)

• Dave Glass (DEP, Deputy Commissioner)

• The residents of Monmouth Beach, NJ (Racoon Creek, Shrewsbury River)