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Class, Geography, and the Changing Values of Conservation Discourse in Maine Adam R Bates College SCARAB Honors Theses Capstone Projects Spring 5-2016 A Century of National Park Conflict: Class, Geography, and the Changing Values of Conservation Discourse in Maine Adam R. Auerbach Bates College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scarab.bates.edu/honorstheses Recommended Citation Auerbach, Adam R., "A Century of National Park Conflict: Class, Geography, and the Changing Values of Conservation Discourse in Maine" (2016). Honors Theses. 181. http://scarab.bates.edu/honorstheses/181 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Capstone Projects at SCARAB. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of SCARAB. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Century of National Park Conflict: Class, Geography, and the Changing Values of Conservation Discourse in Maine An Honors Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Program in Environmental Studies Bates College In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts By Adam Auerbach Lewiston, Maine March 28, 2016 Acknowledgements Above all, I would like to thank my thesis adviser, Ethan Miller, for his insight and support of my thesis project. I am grateful to you for piquing my interest in the controversy surrounding a proposed national park in northern Maine during your Environment and Society class in 2015. I have appreciated not only the countless hours you have spent reading and discussing my thesis work, but also the privilege of participating in your classes these last two years. I am truly grateful that my time at Bates overlapped with yours; I consider your courses to be the best I have taken in my years in college, and they have been truly transformative to my thinking and outlook on the world. I extend my gratitude to my parents as well for fostering my love of the outdoors at a young age. Family hiking and kayaking trips I’m sure inspired me to pursue my major in Environmental Studies. Similarly, I have no doubt that summer vacations to some of our country’s national parks led me down the path to complete this thesis specifically about national parks. I thank you for your support of all my endeavors, both academic and otherwise. I am appreciative as well of all the people I interviewed for this project. I thank Lucas St. Clair, Eliza Donoghue, Jym St. Pierre, Matt Polstein, Kirk Francis, Pat Strauch, Bob Meyers, and Anne Mitchell for their time and thoughts. I am grateful for your willingness to participate in this thesis work, and I am hopeful that in return this, the final product of our conversations, may prove helpful to each of you. Similarly, I am in debt to everyone who helped me in my research process. I thank Melanie Mohney of the Maine State Library for her assistance in helping me navigate the Baxter and Avery archival collections. Likewise, I thank Elaine Ardia of the Bates College Muskie Archives and Special Collections Library. I am grateful as well to Jym St. Pierre who opened his 2 office and the RESTORE: The North Woods archives to me for this thesis project. Thank you to Maureen Fornier for taking the time to share source suggestions with me and Ronald Epp for sharing advance copies of several chapters of his soon to be published work on George Dorr and the history of Acadia National Park. Lastly, I would like to thank the institution that is Bates College. As a transfer student, I have had only two short years here; I have been writing this thesis for half of my time at Bates. Having attended a different college for my freshman and sophomore years I have a unique understanding of how special a place Bates is as well as a particularly strong appreciation for the happiness, friendships, and opportunities Bates has provided me. In two years I have made close friends, found a major I am passionate about, been challenged intellectually (thanks again Ethan), and enjoyed my involvement in extracurricular activities like club soccer, the outing club, and ultimate frisbee. Bates has been a uniquely wonderful place in bringing out the best in me, and I thank all for their part in making this place what it is. I would like particularly to highlight my friends Will Koller and Evan Nece for taking me in at the beginning of my junior year when I did not yet know anyone at Bates and my suitemates this year Chris Ward, Graham Leathers, and Emmet Shipway for their friendship throughout my time at Bates. I have cherished my memories with you this year and last, and I look forward to the next adventure with the three of you; Colorado, here we come. 3 Abstract Conservation interests have been promoting national park creation in Maine ever since the early 1900s. The only successful push for a national park in the state culminated one hundred years ago in the creation of today’s Acadia National Park in 1916. In the last century, Maine’s North Woods have been the site of four distinct national park debates. Mt. Katahdin was the subject of a hotly contested park proposal in the 1930s, as was the Allagash River in the 1950s and 60s. In 1994 a group called RESTORE: The North Woods began promoting a widely opposed 3.2 million acre national park in the North Woods region. Today, fervent debate surrounds a proposal by Elliotsville Plantation Inc. for a much smaller national park in the area. This thesis will demonstrate that today’s public park debate is unique in that both park supporters and opponents appeal primarily to economic development arguments to justify their positions. Why is this and what are the repercussions of this particular public framing of the debate? This thesis will answer these questions through a combination of historical archival research into past park debates and contemporary interviews concerning today’s debate, allowing me to trace the various value systems that have been a part of each of Maine’s historical and contemporary park debates. As it turns out, the particular class and geographic dynamics of conservation in Maine are critical to understanding the focus on economic development in today’s debate, and this framing has serious negative consequences. Key Words: Maine; national parks; values; conservation; discourse; class 4 Table of Contents Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………..2 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………4 List of Figures...…………………………………………………………………………………...6 List of Tables………………….…………………………………………………………………..7 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………8 Chapter 1: Maine, National Parks, and Values………………………………………………18 Chapter 2: Maine’s Historical Park Debates…………………………………………………49 Chapter 3: The Modern Park Debates……………………………………………………...…93 Chapter 4: The Causes and Implications of Today’s Framing…………………….………126 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………..166 Appendix A: Informed Consent Form for Interviews…………………………………………..173 Appendix B: Interview Questions………………………………………………………………174 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………....178 5 List of Figures Figure 1: Photographs of Elliotsville Plantation Inc.’s proposed park lands……………………10 Figure 2: The original border of the Sieur de Monts National Monument and Mount Desert Island, 1916………………………………………………………………………………………24 Figure 3: The proposed border of the Allagash National Riverway, 1963………………………25 Figure 4: RESTORE’s proposed national park and preserve…………………………………....26 Figure 5: Elliotsville Plantation Inc.’s land east of Baxter State Park, 2015……………………27 6 List of Tables Table 1: Park debate value systems……………………………………………………………46 7 Introduction In 2001 Millinocket, Maine Town Council Chairwoman Gail Fanjoy unveiled the contents of a 1937 time capsule originally buried in the town post office. Inside the capsule was a statement from the Millinocket Chamber of Commerce supporting the creation of a national park at Mt. Katahdin.1 In 1937, Millinocket was in the midst of the first in a series of national park proposals to confront the region. That the Millinocket Chamber of Commerce supported a national park in 1937 is ironic, given that local resistance to national park creation has been a staple of all of the park debates in Maine’s North Woods that have transpired since then. National park controversy would strike the North Woods again in the 1950s and 60s pertaining the Allagash River, in the 1990s to present concerning a 3.2 million acre park proposal from a group called RESTORE: The North Woods, and in the last roughly five years regarding a much smaller national park proposal stemming from a group called Elliotsville Plantation Inc. (EPI). Despite this sequence of North Woods park proposals, the only national park in the state remains coastal Maine’s Acadia National Park, the first form of which was Sieur de Monts National Monument, created in 1916. I first became exposed to the ongoing national park controversy in northern Maine by reading Billy Baker’s November 2013 Boston Globe article “A Feud as Big as the Great Outdoors.”2 Through Baker, I learned of EPI’s plan to create a 150,000 acre national park and national recreation area, called Katahdin Woods and Waters, on donated land east of Maine’s Baxter State Park. Northern Mainers, I read, vehemently opposed the proposed park, which was promoted by Roxanne Quimby, the co-founder of the personal care products company Burt’s 1 Mary Anne Lagasse, "Millinocket Time Capsule Yields Glimpse of Past," Bangor Daily News, July 30 2001. 2 Billy Baker, "A Feud as Big as the Great Outdoors," The Boston Globe, November 17, 2013 2013. 8 Bees, and her son Lucas St. Clair.3 As a lifelong traveler to America’s national parks, I was immediately drawn to the issue. However, as I read on, I was shocked by how little Baker’s coverage of the park issue addressed the things I associate with national parks: hiking, wildlife, scenery, history, mountains, rivers, and lakes.
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