A Text-Book of the History of Painting
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COLLEGE H ISTORIES OF ART EDITEDY B .JOHN C VAN DYKE, L.H.D. HISTORYF O PAINTING JOHN. C VAN DYKE COLLEGE H ISTORIES OF ART EDITEDY B JOHN. C VAN DYKE, L.H.D. PROFESSOR O F THE HISTORY OF ART IN RUTGERS COLLEGE FHISTORY O PAINTING By J OHN C. VAN DYKE, the Editor of the Series. With Frontispiece and 152 Illustrations, Bibliographies, and Index. Crown 8vo, net, $2.00. FHISTORY O ARCHITECTURE By ALFRED D. F. HAMLIN, A.M., Professor of the His tory of Architecture, Columbia University, New York. With Frontispiece and 235 Illustrations and Diagrams, Bibliographies, Glossary, Index of Architects, and a General Index. Crown 8vo, net, $2.00. HISTORYF O SCULPTURE By A LLAN MARQUAND, Ph.D., L.H.D., Professor of Art . and Archaeology in Princeton University, and ARTHUR L. Frothinghara, Jr., Ph.D. With Frontispiece and 113 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, net, Si. 60. TITIAN.A L BELLA. PITTI, FLORENCE. }' A T EXT-BOOK OF THE HISTORYF O PAINTING BY JOHN. C VAN DYKE, L.H.D. PROFESSOR O F THE HISTORY OF ART IN RUTGERS COLLEGE,ND A AUTHOR OF "ART FOR ART*S SAKE," "T#E M EANING OF PICTURES," "NEW GUIDES TO OLD M ASTERS," ETC. NEW E DITION NEW I MPRESSION LONGMANS, G REEN, AND CO. FOURTH A VENUE AND 30TH STREET, NEW YORK LONDON, BOMBAY, CALCUTTA AND MADRAS COPYRIGHT, 1 894, BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. COPYRIGHT, I 9IS, BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. ALL R IGHTS RESERVED First E dition, October, 1894. Reprinted, M arch, 1895. and November, 1896. Revised. November, 1 897, and November, 1898. November, 1 899, and October, 1901. December. 1 902, and April, 1904. September, 1905. August, 1907. February, 1909. July, 1910. Revised. May, 1 912. November, 1913. April, 1 915. New Edition. enlarged and rewritten, with many new Illustrations. November, 1919 PREFACEO T FIRST EDITION THE o bject of this series of text-books is to provide concise teachable histories of art for class-room use in schools and colleges. The limited time given to the study of art in the average educational institution has not only dictated the condensed style of the volumes, but has limited their scope of matter to the general features of art history. Archaeological discussions on special subjects and aesthetic theories have been avoided. The main facts of history as settled by the best authorities are given. If the reader choose to enter into particulars the bibliography cited at the head of each chapter will be found helpful. Illustrations have been introduced as sight-help to the text, and, to avoid repetition, abbreviations have been used wherever practicable. The enumeration of the principal works of a school, or period, and where they may be found, which follows each chapter, may be serviceable to trav elling students in Europe. This v olume on painting, the first of the series, omits mention of such work in Arabic, Indian, Chinese, and Per sian art as may come properly under the head of Ornament. In treating of individual painters it has been thought best to give a short critical estimate of the man and his rank among the painters of his time rather than the detailed facts of his life. Students who wish accounts of the lives of the painters should use Vasari and the various encyclo paedias and histories cited in the bibliography, in connection with this text-book. October, I 894 JOHN C. VAN DYKE 2646'4.1. PREFACEO T REVISED EDITION THE v ery favorable reception which this little text book has met with at the hands of the public en titles it to a new dress of type, new illustrations, and a thorough revision of the written matter. In giving these there has been an attempt to modernize the book without materially changing or expanding it. The original plan of making it merely an outline sketch of the history of painting — ' something that the student may fill in by the aid of the cited bibliography — has been retained. Addi tions to the text chiefly concern recently discovered ma terials, new matter modifying perhaps the history of a school, newly discovered artists in the old schools, or newly arrived painters in the present-day schools. There has been much questioning in recent years of the attribu tions of the old masters and this, too, has necessitated some modification of critical opinion in individual cases. Art history grows with the years and the books that record it are in need of frequent revision. The s tudy of the history of painting has received great help in modern tunes through photography. It is now possible with the countless good photographs and repro ductions to carry on the study at home. This is, of course, not so satisfactory as seeing the original pictures, but is, nevertheless, to be recommended as a substitute. In the General Bibliography will be found reference to x P REFACE TO REVISED EDITION books w holly made up of reproductions which can be bought at a low price and furnish excellent sight-help to the written text. Catalogues of some of the European galleries are also listed and should be used for their con cise biographies of painters. As for the pictures in the European galleries I do not hesitate, immodest though it be, to recommend my own critical notes upon them pub lished Acknowledgments under the general are title made of to New the Guides respective to Old publishers Masters. of Walters, Art of the Greeks, Isham, History of American Painting, Henderson, Constable, Flinders-Petrie, Arts and Crafts of Egypt, and the fine series of art histories by Perrot and Chipiez, for permission to reproduce a few illustrations from these publications. March, 1 915 J. C. V. D. TABLEF O CONTENTS PAGE LISTF O ILLUSTRATIONS xiii GENERAL B IBLIOGRAPHY xvii INTRODUCTION x xi CHAPTER I EGYPTIAN P AINTING CHAPTER I I BABYLONIAN-ASSYRIAN, P ERSIAN, PH(ENICIAN, CYPRIOTE, AND ASIA MINOR P AINTING 13 CHAPTER I II GREEK, E TRUSCAN, AND ROMAN PAINTING 27 CHAPTER I V ITALIAN P AINTING — EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MEDLEY AL PERIOD, 300-1250 4 3 CHAPTER V ITALIAN P AINTING — GOTHIC PERIOD, 1250-1400 55 CHAPTER V I ITALIAN P AINTING — EARLY RENAISSANCE, 1400-1500 70 CHAPTER V II ITALIAN P AINTING — EARLY CHAPTER RENAISSANCE, VIII 1400-1500, Continued . 87 ITALIAN P AINTING — HIGH RENAISSANCE, 1500-1600 102 CHAPTER D C ITALIAN P AINTING — HIGH RENAISSANCE, CHAPTER X 1500-1600, Continued . 115 ITALIAN P AINTING — HIGH RENAISSANCE, 1500-1600, Continued . 127 xii T ABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTERI X ITALIAN P AINTING — THE DECADENCE AND MODERN WORK, 1600- 1915 = 1 41 CHAPTER X II FRENCH P AINTING — FROM THE BEGINNING TO NINETEENTH CENTURY 1 53 CHAPTER X III FRENCH P AINTING — NINETEENTH CENTURY 167 CHAPTERIV X FRENCH P AINTING — NINETEENTH CENTURY, Continued 182 CHAPTERV X FRENCH P AINTING — NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES, Continued 1 91 CHAPTERVI X SPANISH P AINTING 204 CHAPTER X VII FLEMISH P AINTING — FROM THE BEGINNING TO SIXTEENTH CEN TURY 2 20 CHAPTER X VIII LATE F LEMISH AND BELGIAN PAINTING 235 CHAPTERIX X DUTCH P AINTING 250 CHAPTERX X GERMAN P AINTING 275 CHAPTERXI X BRITISH P AINTING 295 CHAPTER X XII AMERICAN P AINTING 319 POSTSCRIPT 3 36 INDEX 3 43 LISTF O ILLUSTRATIONS T itian, La Bella, Pitti • Frontispiece PAGE 1. G eese of Medun. Memphite Period 3 2. H unting Scene. Second Theban Period 5 3. A khenaten and Queen. Second Theban Period 7 4. M eneptah. Second Theban Period 9 5. B ulls in a Marsh. Late relief 11 6. W ild Goats. British Mus 15 7. E namelled Brick, Nimroud 17 8. E namelled Brick, Blue Ground. Nimroud 18 9. "" Y ellow and Blue. Nimroud 20 10. P ersian Archers. Paris 21 11. C ypriote Painted Vase 23 12. C ypriote Vase Decoration 25 13. C ervetri Wall Painting. London 29 14. V ase Painting. Paris 31 15. G reek and Amazon. Corneto 34 1. 6 Hercules Strangling the Serpents. Pompeii 36 17. A eneas wounded. Pompeii 39 18. G reek Portrait, Fayoum 40 19. A mphora. Lower Italy 41 20. C hamber in Catacombs 45 21. C hrist as Good Shepherd. Catacombs 47 22. C hrist and Saints. Catacombs 49 23. M adonna and Child. Byzantine Style 51 24. B yzantine Crucifix. Pistoia 53 25. G iotto, St. John at Patmos. Florence 57 26. A ndrea da Firenze, Resurrection. Florence 59 27. O rcagna, Paradise (detail). Florence 62 28. S pinello Aretino, St. Benedict and Totila. Florence 64 29. S imone Martini, Guido Riccio da Fogliano. Siena 66 30. L orenzetti, Peace (detail). Siena 67 XIV L IST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 31. M asaccio, The Tribute Money. Florence 71 32. P ollajuolo, Portrait. Milan 73 33. B otticelli, Spring (detail). Florence 75 34. G hirlandajo, Portrait (detail). Florence 77 35. M elozzo da Forli, Playing Angel. Rome 79 36. P erugino, St. Michael. Florence 81 37. P inturicchio, St. Catherine. Rome 83 38. C ossa, St. John. Milan . 85 39. M antegna, Holy Family. Dresden 89 40. L orenzo Veneziano, Annunciation. Venice 91 41. V ivarini, Altarpiece. Venice 93 42. C rivelli, Madonna and Child. Milan 95 43. C arpaccio, St. Ursula (detail). Venice 97 44. B ellini, St. Catherine (detail). Venice 99 45. B asaiti, Sons of Zebedee. Venice 1oo 46. F ra Bartolommeo, Deposition. Florence 103 47. F ra Paolino, Madonna and Saints. Florence 105 48. A ndrea del Sarto, Madonna dell' Arpie. Florence 107 49. M ichelangelo, Delphic Sibyl. Rome_ _ 109 50. R aphael, Disputa (deJailV" R"ome 1n 51.