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Believing the News: Exploring How Young Canadians Make Decisions About Their News Consumption

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Believing the News: Exploring How Young Canadians Make Decisions About Their News Consumption Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 10-31-2016 12:00 AM Believing the News: Exploring How Young Canadians Make Decisions About Their News Consumption Jessica Thom The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Jacquelyn Burkell The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Media Studies A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Jessica Thom 2016 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Journalism Studies Commons, Mass Communication Commons, and the Social Media Commons Recommended Citation Thom, Jessica, "Believing the News: Exploring How Young Canadians Make Decisions About Their News Consumption" (2016). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 4269. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/4269 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract In the last two decades, the adoption of online and mobile news applications has drastically altered the practice of news consumption. Young news consumers, the first generation of digital natives, have seemingly unlimited options in news sources, styles, modalities, and stories; but with so many choices, it is unclear how these young people make decisions about what news to consume. It is also unclear how these consumers are coming to believe the news when it is being disseminated from so many platforms and sources. This study seeks to fill a gap in scholarship by exploring how young Canadians are making decisions about what news to consume and what news to believe. Through a series of focus groups, interviews, and diaries, the participants in this study report that they use factors like interest, source, and experience to decide if they will read or follow a story. Participants also identified reasons that they believe the news including factors like source, completeness, corroboration, quality, and personal logic (if it sounds or “feels” true). However, these study participants indicated that they use these factors in subjective sophisticated strategies based on learned methods, news beat, and experience to make further decisions about the news. This study resolves that though many young people identify social media as a “source” of news, it acts more as a gateway to mainstream news that is considered more trustworthy and believable. Key Words: News; journalism; news consumption; believability; credibility; filter bubble; news habits. Acknowledgements My eternal gratitude to Jacquelyn Burkell for her support, guidance, and supervision – I would not have been able to make it through the last five years without her direction and encouragement. Thank you to the rest of my committee for your thoughtful insights and suggestions. Many thanks to the members of the Lab (#jaqlab) for being excellent sounding boards and making the experience of doing this research fun to share at our meetings. Thank you also to my friends and family—especially to my parents and partner who have stood by me through the whole process and offered reassurance and inspiration every step of the way. ii Table of Contents Abstract i Acknowledgements ii Table of Contents iii List of Tables vi List of Figures vii List of Appendices ix Chapter 1 1 1 Introduction 1 Works Cited 7 Chapter 2 13 2 The Current News Landscape: A Literature Review 13 2.1 What is news? 13 2.2 How News has Changed 15 2.3 Changes to the role of the consumer 19 2.4 Changes to the role of the journalist 28 2.5 Changes to news 36 2.6 Conclusion 42 Works Cited 43 Chapter 3 51 3 Credibility, Believability, Heuristics, and Habits 51 3.1 What is news credibility? 51 3.2 How have credibility judgements been tested? 52 3.3 How are consumers supposed to judge credibility? 56 3.4 How is credibility judged? 60 3.5 How might contemporary news credibility be judged? 63 3.6 Conclusion 64 Works Cited 65 iii Chapter 4 73 4 The Problem 73 Chapter 5 76 5 Believing the News: Using Information Evaluation Criteria When Encountering News 76 5.1 Introduction 76 5.1.1 Information Quality Assessments ............................................................................. 77 5.1.2 Changes to News Consumption................................................................................ 79 5.1.3 News Habits ............................................................................................................. 80 5.2 Research Question 81 5.3 Method 81 5.4 Results 85 5.4.1 Participants ............................................................................................................... 85 5.4.2 Focus Groups: News Stories .................................................................................... 89 5.4.3 Interest ...................................................................................................................... 90 5.4.4 Time/Opportunity ..................................................................................................... 92 5.4.5 Belief ........................................................................................................................ 93 5.4.5.1 Source 94 5.4.5.2 Corroboration 100 5.4.5.3 Completeness 104 5.4.5.4 Quality and Persuasion 105 5.4.5.5 Experience/Logic 111 5.5 Discussion 112 5.6 Limitations/Future Research 114 5.7 Conclusion 115 Works Cited 116 Chapter 6 120 6 Believing the News: Multi-faceted Approaches 120 6.1 Introduction 120 6.1.1 Digital Natives and Millennials .............................................................................. 121 6.1.2 News Beat and Interest ........................................................................................... 123 6.1.3 Research Question .................................................................................................. 125 iv 6.2 Method 126 6.2.1 Why Diaries? .......................................................................................................... 126 6.2.2 Sample and Screening Survey ................................................................................ 128 6.2.3 Interviews and Diaries ............................................................................................ 128 6.3 Results 130 6.3.1 Participants ............................................................................................................. 130 6.3.2 Encountering and Following Breaking News - Media Diaries ............................... 135 6.3.2.1 Selecting Breaking News Stories 138 6.3.3 Encountering and Following Breaking News - Interviews .................................... 143 6.3.4 Believing the News at First Encounter – Media Diaries ........................................ 146 6.3.4.1 Source 150 6.3.4.2 Corroboration 150 6.3.4.3 Completeness 152 6.3.4.4 Quality 152 6.3.4.5 Experience/Logic 153 6.3.5 Believing the News at First Encounter - Interviews ............................................... 154 6.3.5.1 Source 156 6.3.5.2 Corroboration 158 6.3.5.3 Completeness 161 6.3.5.4 Quality 163 6.3.5.5 Experience/Logic 163 6.3.6 Differences Between Reports in Diaries and Interviews ........................................ 165 6.4 Discussion 168 6.4.1 Encountering and Following Breaking News ......................................................... 168 6.4.2 Believing the News at First Encounter ................................................................... 169 6.5 Limitations/Future Research 172 6.6 Conclusion 173 Works Cited 174 Chapter 7 177 7 Conclusion 177 7.1 Discussion 177 7.2 Limitations and Future Research 179 7.3 Implications 180 Works Cited 182 v List of Tables Table 1: Changes in News ................................................................................................ 18 Table 2: Education level of Screening survey Participants - Focus Groups ..................... 85 Table 3: Education level of Survey Screener respondents - Interviews and Diaries ...... 131 Table 4: Media diary responses regarding encountering and following news ................ 139 Table 5: Media diary responses regarding believing the news story on first encounter . 147 Table 6: Media Diary Responses- Explanation of Story and Reasons for Believability 208 vi List of Figures Figure 1: Elements of a dual processing model of website credibility assessment (Metzger, 2007, p. 2088)........................................................................................... 59 Figure 2: Responses to the question "Generally, how interested would you say that you are in the news?" by percent of responses ................................................................ 86 Figure 3: Responses to the question "How often do you get news from the following sources?" by percent of responses ............................................................................ 87 Figure 4: Responses to "How often do you do the following?" by percent of responses . 88 Figure 5: Responses to "Which of the following types of news do you follow? (check all that apply)" Reported by percentage of participants who identified following that type of news. ............................................................................................................. 89 Figure 6: Responses to the question "Generally, how interest would you say you are in the news?" by percent of responses (From Screening survey for Interviews and Diaries) ...................................................................................................................
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