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Mémoire De Magister En Biotechnologie Université d’Oran Es-senia Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie Département de Biotechnologie Mémoire de Magister en Biotechnologie Option: Intérêt des microorganismes en agriculture et en agroalimentaire Présenté et soutenu publiquement par : Fatima BOUAZZA Thème: Intérêt de la mycorhization contrôlée du Chêne vert (Quercus ilex L.) et du Pin d’Alep (Pinus halepensis Miller) par deux espèces de Terfez, en conditions gnotoxéniques et axéniques. Soutenu le 02 / 07 / 2013 devant le jury composé de: Pr Aoues. A., Univ. Oran Président Pr. Hadjadj Aoul S., Univ. Oran Examinateur Pr. Bellahcene M., C.U. Ain Témouchent Examinateur Pr Fortas. Z., Univ. Oran Rapporteur Dédicaces Je dédie ce modeste travail à : L’âme de mon très cher père. Ma très chère mère qui m’a toujours poussé et motivé dans mes études qui n’auraient pas été couronnés de succès sans elle. Je prie Allah, tout puissant de lui donner longue vie, santé et bonheur. Ma très chère grand-mère Kheira. Mon unique sœur Meriem. Mes frères Mohamed, Zakaria, Youcef. Ma très chère amie Nahla et sa famille (Mohammed, Khadidja, Abd El Rahman, Haithem, Anisse, Ilyas et Tata Aziza). Ma très chère amie Noudjoud. Aux membres du laboratoire LBMB: Smahene, Saleha, Fatima, Warda, Mokhtaria, Dahbia, Chahra, Fatima El Houaria, Samir, Mohammed. A mes amies: Sarah, Karima, Saida. Remerciements Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier Allah tout puissant, qui m’a donné la foi et la force et m’a illuminé le chemin pour mener à bien mon étude. Ma profonde gratitude au Pr. Fortas Zohra qui a encadré ce travail et m’a accueilli au Laboratoire de Biologie des Microorganismes et de Biotechnologie de l’Université d’Oran. Sachez combien, je vous suis reconnaissante pour la confiance et la patience que vous m'avez accordée. Merci pour la rigueur, la disponibilité et la simplicité, ainsi pour la bonne humeur que vous avez manifesté tout au long de ce travail. J’exprime mes vifs remerciements au Pr. Aoues A. de l’Université d’Oran pour l'honneur qu'il me fait en acceptant de présider ce jury. Je voudrais remercier Pr. Hadjaj Aoul S., responsable du Laboratoire d’Ecologie végétale (Université d’Oran) pour avoir accepté d’examiner mon mémoire de Magister. Mes vifs remerciements vont aussi au Pr. Bellahcène M. pour l’intérêt qu’il a porté à mon travail en acceptant de l’examiner. Je n’oublierai pas ses encouragements et sa sympathie tout au long de ce travail. J'adresse ma reconnaissance à Mme Dib-Belahouel S., pour sa disponibilité, sa gentillesse, ses critiques objectifs et suggestions qui ont été d'un grand apport dans ce travail. Je tiens à adresser mes plus sincères remerciements à tous les membres du Laboratoire pour leur accueil chaleureux et leur gentillesse. Je remercie tous ceux qui ont participé de près ou de loin à la réalisation de ce travail. Mes dernières pensées iront à ma famille, mes amis, pour m’avoir soutenu et supporté durant ces années d’étude. Table des matières Dédicace................................................................................................................................. i Remerciements...................................................................................................................... ii Liste des tableaux................................................................................................................. iv Liste des figures.................................................................................................................. vii Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1 Première partie: État des connaissances Chapitre I: Généralités sur les terfez 1. Rappel historique des terfez................................................................................................... 3 2. Aire de répartition des terfez................................................................................................ 4 2.1. Dans le monde..................................................................................................................... 4 2.2. En Algérie........................................................................................................................... 5 3. Ecologie des terfez .............................................................................................................. 9 3.1. Paramètres pédoclimatiques................................................................................................ 9 3.2. Plantes associées aux terfez.............................................................................................. 11 4. Cycle biologique des terfez.................................................................................................. 13 5. La période de récolte des terfez........................................................................................... 13 6. Position taxonomique des terfez.......................................................................................... 15 7. Description des deux espèces de terfez étudiées.................................................................. 17 8. Composition chimique et profil nutritionnel des terfez....................................................... 19 9. Autres propriétés des terfez.................................................................................................. 20 9.1. Propriétés thérapeutiques des terfez.................................................................................. 20 9.2. Activités enzymatiques des terfez..................................................................................... 23 9.3. Activités antimicrobiennes des terfez............................................................................... 24 Chapitre II: Notions sur les mycorhizes 1. Description de la symbiose mycorhizienne......................................................................... 26 2. Les différents types de mycorhizes...................................................................................... 26 2.1. Les ectomycorhizes........................................................................................................... 26 2.2. Les endomycorhizes.......................................................................................................... 28 2.2.1. Endomycorhizes arbusculaires....................................................................................... 29 2.2.2. Mycorhizes éricoïdes..................................................................................................... 29 2.2.3. Mycorhizes orchidoïdes................................................................................................. 29 2.3. Les ectendomycorhizes..................................................................................................... 30 2.3.1 Mycorhizes arbutoïdes.................................................................................................... 30 2.3.2 Mycorhizes monotropoïdes............................................................................................. 30 3. Les mycorhizes à terfez........................................................................................................ 30 4. Les avantages de l’association mycorhizienne.................................................................... 33 4.1. Bénéfices trophiques pour la plante.................................................................................. 33 4.1.1. Amélioration de la disponibilité du phosphatée............................................................. 34 4.1.2. Amélioration de la disponibilité de l’azotée.................................................................. 34 4.1.3. Amélioration du statut hydrique et résistance à la sécheresse....................................... 34 4.1.4. Autres éléments minéraux.............................................................................................. 35 4.2. Protection de la plante par le champignon........................................................................ 35 4.2.1. Protection contre les pathogènes.................................................................................... 35 4.2.2. Protection contre les xénobiotiques............................................................................... 36 4.3. La production de phytohormones...................................................................................... 36 4.4. Meilleure cohésion mécanique du sol.............................................................................. 36 4.5. Autres bénéfices des mycorhizes...................................................................................... 36 5. Bénéfices trophiques pour le champignon........................................................................... 37 6. La mycorhization des espèces végétales en conditions contrôlées...................................... 37 6.1. Production de plants.......................................................................................................... 37 a) A partir de semis............................................................................................................ 37 b) Par micropropagation..................................................................................................... 37 6.2. Production d’inoculum des terfez..................................................................................... 37 a) La suspension sporale...................................................................................................
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