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Changes in the Number of Slovaks in Vojvodina in the Last Half Century and the Impact on the Sustainability of Slovakia’S Architectural Heritage

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Changes in the Number of Slovaks in Vojvodina in the Last Half Century and the Impact on the Sustainability of Slovakia’S Architectural Heritage Researches Reviews of the Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management 48-1/2019 Original scientific paper UDC 314.17:719(=162.4)(497.113) CHANGES IN THE NUMBER OF SLOVAKS IN VOJVODINA IN THE LAST HALF CENTURY AND THE IMPACT ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF SLOVAKIA’S ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE Milka Bubalo ŽivkovićA, Bojan ĐerčanA, Tamara LukićA Received: March14, 2019 | Accepted: June 25, 2019 DOI: 10.5937/ZbDght1901029B ABSTRACT: Slovaks represent an ethnic group which is facing the problem of depopula- tion. This process is the result of low natural population growth, as well as emigration. In the last three decades, and especially in the last decade, there has been an intensive dis- placement of the inhabitants of certain ethnic groups who went back to their home coun- tries. The Slovaks began to emigrate in the 1980s, and this process has been intensified in the last ten years. Although the number of Slovaks in Vojvodina has been reduced, this eth- nic group manages to preserve its identity through cultural institutions, ethno houses, var- ious events, magazines, books, radio and television shows in their mother tongue. During this period, when the displacement of Slovaks, as well as members of other ethnic groups, became increasingly intensified the importance of the sustainability of the national identity of ethnic groups in these regions was emphasized. Although the economic situation in Ser- bia is far from ideal, members of national minorities manage to preserve their customs as well as material goods, i.e. the architectural heritage. The Slovaks collected items that had a different purpose and opened ethno houses, i.e. they renovated and protected the houses that were one, two, and more than two centuries old. It seems that today this custom is even more intensified, as the number of Slovaks in Vojvodina is falling at a high rate. Keywords: Slovaks, depopulation, architectural heritage. INTRODUCTION In Slovakia, the home country of Slovaks living in the area of Vojvodina,​​ there are about 5.5 million inhabitants. About 4.3 million of them are Slovaks. However, the Slo- vaks live around the world and it is estimated that there are around 2.8 million Slovaks worldwide. Forty years ago, the number of Slovaks in the diaspora was between 1.2 mil- A University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, TrgDositejaObradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia. Contact: [email protected] Researches Review DGTH | 48-1, 29–45 | 2019 29 lion and 1.5 million, which indicates a large emigration of the population from this Cen- tral European country. Certainly, the political events of the last decades of the twenti- eth century have influenced the emigration of the Slovaks from their home country. They mostly went overseas or to Western European and other Central European coun- tries (Germany and Austria). Emigration as well as economic development have led to the problem of labor shortage in Slovakia itself. According to experts in Slovakia, at the beginning of last year, there was a shortage of about 80,000 workers. In a short period of time, from the 1990s to this day, Slovakia received a great number of immigrants. A large number of Serbian citizens went to work in Slovakia. Slovaks are leaving Serbia, but Serbs are also leaving. Since 2015, the number of Serbs going to work in Slovakia has reached a number of about 10,000 (Internet 1). In 2005, the Act on the Slovaks Living Abroad was passed. This Act regulates the sta- tus of the emigrated Slovaks, their rights and duties in the territory of Slovakia, as well as the procedure for the recognition of the status of emigrated Slovaks and the func- tioning of central government bodies in relation to Slovaks living outside Slovakia. Im- migrated Slovaks are considered to be those people who are not citizens of the Slovak Republic, those who are Slovaks by citizenship or origin and those who have Slovak cul- tural and linguistic awareness. A Slovak cultural and linguistic awareness implies pas- sive knowledge of the Slovakian language or an active involvement in the Slovak eth- nic community. Slovaks abroad can be divided into those Slovaks and their descendants who ended up outside their home country due to political changes after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian state. At that time a large number of Slovaks were in the territo- ry of today’s Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Romania, Ukraine and Poland. The second group consists of Slovaks who emigrated in the late 19th century (from Hungary) after World War I and World War II, as well as in the following period, up until today (Internet 1). The Slovaks have the largest diaspora in the United States – 1,200,000. In Canada there are about 100,000. There are also Slovakians in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Vene- zuela, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, Austria, France, Great Britain, Serbia, and so on. According to the 2011 Census, there were 52,750 Slovaks in Serbia. THE MIGRATION OF SLOVAKS TO VOJVODINA The migration of the Slovaks to Serbia or Vojvodina is first of all related to the pe- riod of Austrian rule, the reign of Charles VI, then the reign of Maria Theresa, and the reign of Emperor Joseph. The first Slovak immigrants came from the Tatra region to Bačka, mostly due to the persecution of protesters, i.e. around 1720 during the reign of Charles VI. First, they set- tled in Bajša. In 1740, they emigrated to Petrovac. During the rule of Maria Theresa, in 1742, they came to Bezdan. Dissatisfied with the amount of land they received, one part of this population moved to Srem where they received vineyards. However, vineyards were most often converted into arable land, since they mostly did not have experience with wine growing in their home country. In 1740, Futog was settled by the Slovakian farmers of the Evangelical Faith who came from various parts of the northern Hungari- 30 Researches Review DGTH | 48-1, 29–45 | 2019 an and Pest County. Two decades later, the Archbishop of Kaloča, Adam Patačić, settled 120 Slovakian families of the of the Evangelical religion on his property in Bač-Selenča in Bačka, but he wanted to convert them into the Roman Catholic faith. However, he did not succeed because they moved out of the settlement and settled in Stara Pazova, where they named the village street Selenačka. Stara Pazova was an old village inhabited by the largest number of Licaners. In addition to these Slovaks, who settled in Jan Bon on the territory of Vojvodina, some other inhabitants from Pest, Zvolen, Lipovci and the Tur- kic counties came to settle in later years. The Slovaks settled in Petrovac in 1745. More intensive immigration took place in 1783 during the reign of Josef II. Those people were from Pest, Zvonen, Turkic and New Belgrade. In addition to Petrovac, they also migrated to Gložan, Veprovac (Kruščić), Kisač and Topola (Backa Topola). At the same time, a further number of Slovaks of the evangelical religion in Bajš came to settle. A number of Slovaks settled in Pivnice (1790- 1791) and Stara Pazova (1792). The Slovaks also came to live in Novi Slankamen during Josip II, 1793 (Gavrilović, 1971a). In Banat, the Slovaks were first settled near Modoš (Jaša Tomić). During the reign of Josef II, a thousand Slovaks from Northern Hungary (1784-1787) were settled. In search of better living conditions, these Slovaks moved to Aradac and Ečka in 1788. However, due to the Ottoman expansion up to the middle Banat, which occurred in 1788, these Slovaks were mostly displaced. Some went to Lalić, and many settled in the Military Border. In addition to the Ottoman expansion, their displacement was also affected by the bad position of workers on the Sipahi estate, but also the plague that many Slovaks succumbed to (Jankulov, 1961, Gavrilović 1971b). The Slovaks continued to settle on the territory of Vojvodina throughout the 19th century. Valuable, persistent, and satisfied with little food, the Slovaks were considered to be the best colonists by the Hungarian authorities. In addition, they were good immi- grants who fitted into the Hungarian colonization plan and also for cultural and polit- ical reasons. Their co-operation in the hungarianization, and their rapid merging with the Hungarians, were satisfactory to Pest. In the second half of the 19th century, the Slovaks were settled along with the Hun- garians, the Germans, the Bunjevci and the Šokci in the Silađi colony near Apatin. In that period, the Slovaks were settled in Srem, where they came mainly from Bačka. Then, about 20 families came to live in the settlement Grk (Višnjićevo). A significantly larger number of Slovaks was recorded in Banat in the 19th centu- ry. About 1800, the Slovaks settled in Kovačica, and in 1806 and 1809 in the neighbor- ing Padina. According to the decision brought on by the General Command, September 17, 1800, four new districts were to be established at Banat Military District, the first onein Nova Rabanda and Maksimova, the second one in Ilačinka, Patinka, Dobrinka, VelikaCre- paja and Zeldoš, the third one in Kovačicaand Nova Debeljača; and the fourth one in Poprešić and Mali Alibunar. Thus, Slovak settlements were built and named after Prince Anton - Antalfalva (now Kovačica), followed by Karlsdorf, Janosfalva (later called Lajos- falva, today Padina) and Francfeld. Researches Review DGTH | 48-1, 29–45 | 2019 31 The Slovaks who settled in Kovačica in the period from 1801 to 1802 came from Orava, Trenčín, Békés and Pest County and one part from Ečka. They came to Padina in 1806 from the Liptov, Gemer, Nógrádand Pest County.
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