The Early Territorial Force in Glasgow, 1908-1914
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AMATEUR SOLDIERING IN INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN: THE EARLY TERRITORIAL FORCE IN GLASGOW, 1908-1914 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by KRISTOPHERK. GIES In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September, 2010 © Kristopher K. 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M Canada ABSTRACT AMATEUR SOLDIERING IN INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN: THE EARLY TERRITORIAL FORCE IN GLASGOW, 1908-1914 Kristopher K. Gies Advisor: University of Guelph, 2010 Professor Graeme Morton This thesis is an investigation of the Territorial Force from its inception in 1908 to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Through using the industrial centre of Glasgow, Scotland as an example, this study details the multifaceted social and institutional links that welded local society to the amateur soldiering movement. Particular attention is directed towards to the experience of part-time soldiers in the Anglo-Boer War and subsequent reform efforts, Territorial terms of service, the role of local government and civic groups, labour/employer relations, public health considerations, and the place of uniformed youth movements. This builds upon and complements the substantial body of knowledge produced by scholars such as Cunningham, Spiers, and Beckett, who have adopted a wider British-based perspective in their works. In particular, through a local approach it is argued that despite the expectations of wholesale reform following the Anglo-Boer War, strong continuities existed between the early Territorial Force and its predecessor, the Victorian-era Volunteer Force. Through an examination of how the early Territorial Force operated on a local level, this notion can largely be attributed to the practical limitations of part-time soldiering on a voluntary basis, but also in that many aspects of the Territorial scheme were co-opted from preexisting Volunteer relationships and institutions. In explaining this continuity, this study explores the ideological foundations for army reform in the early-twentieth century. The architect of the Territorial Force, Richard Burdon Haldane envisioned a 'nation-in-arms'—the preserved British tradition of voluntary military service sustained through an intersecting of military and civilian interests. Although previous historians have argued that Haldane was unsuccessful in promoting this concept, study argues otherwise— that although never achieving his ideal, a nation-in-arms was already in existence prior to the concept's articulation, and was only enhanced by the continued ties with the amateur soldiering movement. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank a host of individuals and organizations, without their respective contributions this study would not have been possible. My family and loved ones for their encouragement and undying support over the years. My advisor Professor Graeme Morton for his timely wisdom and patient guidance throughout the evolution of this project. In addition, thanks to my committee members Dr. Kevin James and Dr. Linda Mahood of the University of Guelph and Dr. John Laband of Wilfrid Laurier University for offering their particular insights and expertise. Additional thanks to Dr. Catriona Macdonald of Glasgow Caledonian University for her rigorous, constructive critique as my external examiner. A debt of gratitude goes to Mr. Raymond O'Brien also of Glasgow Caledonian University for his retrieving key documents when they were lost an ocean away, and to Mr. Douglas Stewart and the Ritchie family for their hospitality. Special thanks to the University of Guelph History Department, the Centre for Scottish Studies, the Scottish Studies Foundation, the St. Andrews Society of Montreal, the Watson family, and the Strathmartine Trust for their various financial support throughout my doctoral programme. Lastly, the innumerable individuals who through their friendship and advice have had a positive impact on me, both as a scholar and as a person. i TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES iii LIST OF FIGURES iv INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 - The Volunteer Force and the Crisis of the Anglo-Boer War 25 The Volunteer Experience in South Africa: A Necessary Experiment An Effective Home Defence? Postwar Scrutiny and Early Efforts at Reform CHAPTER 2 - Glasgow and Haldane's Reforms 77 The Formulation of Reform Criticisms & Compromise Immediate Peril? Advocates for British Conscription Launching the Territorial Scheme CHAPTER 3 - The Territorial Experience 130 The Social Foundations of the Amateur Soldiering Movement in Glasgow Terms of Service - Training and Drill Obligations Annual Camps - Old & New Income and Efficiency - A Balancing Act Part-time Soldiering as Conduit to Health CHAPTER 4 - The Elites 184 The Territorial Force and Glasgow Civic Government The Labour Aristocracy - the Glasgow Trades Council and Scottish Trades Union Congress Private Employers - the Gatekeepers to Reform CHAPTER 5 - Youth and the Nation-in-Arms 232 Schools & Universities: The Officer Training Corps The Boys' Brigade CONCLUSION - The Challenge of War 282 Glasgow's Territorials and the Great War The Early Territorial Force in Glasgow - A 'Nation-in-Arms'? BIBLIOGRAPHY 298 APPENDICES 327 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1 - Percentage of Establishment (Other Ranks, October 1) 12 Table 2 - Percentage of Territorial Infantry attending at least 8 days camp training 146 (other ranks) Table 3 - Absent Camp with Leave (Other Ranks- Infantry) as Percentage of Total 153 Strength (last day of camp training) Table 4 - Absent Camp without Leave (Other Ranks - Infantry) as Percentage of Total 153 Strength (last day of camp training) Table 5 - Survey of physical soundness of Glasgow Rifle Volunteer Corps (1905) 164 Table 6 - Officer Statement of Strength (percentage of establishment, October 1) 250 \ iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure l-"Support the Territorial Force" 14 Figure 2 - Historic Location of Glasgow TF Infantry Battalion Headquarters 124 iv Introduction It is for the City of Glasgow to allow each company to strike its roots into some part of the community. The Glasgow Territorial Force Association, 19131 This thesis is an examination of the early Territorial Force in Scotland from its inception in 1908 up to the outbreak of war in 1914. Using the population and industrial centre of Glasgow as its example, this study provides a detailed analysis of the social, economic and ideological influences that affected the articulation of military reforms, their implementation, and the day-to-day operations of the Territorial scheme in the city. It argues that the early years of the Territorial Force can be best described in terms of commonalities with the Volunteers it replaced. This was the product of not only practical constraints, but also a limited militarism that was expressed in various ways throughout local society. The decade preceding the First World War was a time that promised great transformation within the British Army. In these years, politicians and military leaders wrangled with the matter of establishing a defence structure that would not only protect Britain's imperial possessions, but also ensure the integrity of her shores. Security concerns in these years were sparked by both heightened international tensions—in particular rising German power—and uncertainties stemming from the army's 1 The Territorial Force Association of the County of the City of Glasgow [hereafter Glasgow County Association], Voluntary Service: The Case for the Territorial Force (Glasgow: The Territorial Force Association of the County of the City of Glasgow, 1913), 12. 1 Introduction performance in the Anglo-Boer War. Unavoidably,