National 5 Geography

Human Environments: Urban

I will develop skills, knowledge and understanding in the context of urban areas:

 characteristics of land use zones in cities in the developed world.  recent developments in the CBD, inner city, rural/urban fringe in developed world cities.

What you are going to Learn:

 What is a Settlement?

 How we can categorise Settlements

 Site and Situation

 Low, Middle and High Order services

 Sphere of Influence

: Location and Growth

 Structure of Cities

 Recognising urban areas on maps

 Glasgow’s housing problems and solutions

 Traffic problems and solutions

 Out of Town Shopping Centres

 Urban Regeneration Projects

 Genrtification

 Urban Sprawl

 New Industry in Glasgow

 Developing World Cities: Case Study - Mumbai

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TOPIC 1: WHAT IS A SETTLEMENT?

A SETTLEMENT is a place where people live and work permanently. The size of a settlement can vary from single building (e.g. a farm) to a major city such as Glasgow or London. The most common settlements are:-

HAMLETS VILLAGES TOWNS CITIES CONURBATION

These examples are listed from the smallest to the largest and they differ in a number of ways:

 The population increases as you move along the list.

 The physical size of the settlement increases as you move along the list.

 There is a difference in the type and number of SERVICES which are found in these settlements.

TOPIC 2 : SETTLEMENT SITE AND SITUATION

The place where any settlement is located is influenced by its SITE. The site of a settlement is the area of land on which it is built. The best early sites had the following:

 Near water for transport, drinking and washing.

 On good farmland with fertile soil because most early settlements were farming villages.

 Near woodland because wood was a basic resource at the time, needed for things such as weapons, buildings, tools and firewood.

 A good defensive site, such as the top of a hill or within the meander of a river, avoiding marshland because it was difficult to farm.

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TOPIC 3 : SETTLEMENTS AS SERVICE CENTRES

Services are the things that people use to make their lives easier: Schools, hospitals and shops. Some services are used frequently, even every day and these are called LOW ORDER SERVICES, a good example being a newsagent. Some services are used quite often, e.g. shoe shops and chemists and these are called MIDDLE ORDER SERVICES. Finally there are services that are used infrequently and these are called HIGH ORDER SERVICES, e.g. a furniture store.

There are very few settlements with HIGH ORDER SERVICES because these services need lots of people to keep them in business. On the other hand there are lots of settlements with LOW ORDER SERVICES as there are enough people in all villages/towns/cities to use these everyday services.

As well as dividing up settlements according to their populations, they can also be divided up according to the type of services they provide.

Task 3(b) Copy and complete the table below using the following words:

Many low middle and high order quite rare low order common

TYPE OF FREQUENCY NUMBER OF TYPE OF SETTLEMENT SERVICES SERVICE Hamlets Very Common Very Few Low Order Villages Few Towns Some Low and Middle Order Cities Rare

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TOPIC 4: SPHERE OF INFLUENCE OF A SETTLEMENT

The sphere of influence of a settlement is the area that is affected (or influenced) by the services of that settlement.

 a newsagent in a village will be used daily by the people who live in the villag but no one from outside the village would use that service, therefore the SPHERE OF INFLUENCE covers only a small area.  Debenhams, in Centre West (East Kilbride) is a HIGH ORDER store and people use the excellent transport facilities serving the town to allow them to make use of this service. Therefore Debenhams has a very LARGE SPHERE OF INFLUENCE because people will travel from a wide area to use the shop.

Figure 1.1 Sphere of Influence in Stirling

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Topic 5: Glasgow: Location and Growth

Glasgow is ’s largest city with a population of around 580,000 people. It is located in west central Scotland, on the (see Figure 1.2). Glasgow’s riverside location was vitally important in the city’s development, firstly as a trading port and then as major shipbuilding centre.

Figure 1.2 The Location of Glasgow

Loch

Lomond Key Campsie Fells

Greenock

Land over 200m

Clydebank

Port GLASGOW 0 10 20km Glasgow

Heights Paisley River

Hamilton Clyde

of

Clyde

The growth of Glasgow can be divided into a number of periods:

Medieval Glasgow (before 1600) The city of Glasgow was founded in the 6th century when Saint Mungo established a church on the north side of the river, near to the present day Glasgow Cathedral. A ford across the shallow river allowed a north-south routeway to develop. The establishment of a market in the twelfth century encouraged trade, but growth remained quite slow until 1600.

17th and 18th Centuries

During the 17th century the straightening and dredging of the River Clyde allowed bigger boats upstream, and the town became the west of Scotland’s main port. Prior to this, large boats could only unload further down the Clyde estuary which led to the development of the town of . Glasgow’s trade was mainly with the Americas, especially in tobacco, cotton and sugar. Quaysides, such as the Broomielaw, were established along the river.

19th Century Glasgow

The Industrial Revolution during the nineteenth century allowed Glasgow to grow rapidly. A former student of Glasgow University, James Watt, was responsible for improving the steam engine and this allowed factories to be powered cheaply using

6 coal from nearby Ayrshire and . The manufacturing of iron, steel and textiles became common and these were soon followed by shipbuilding along the river. By the end of the nineteenth century Glasgow was the "Second City of the British Empire" and was producing most of the ships and locomotives in the world.

20th Century

Although the city’s reputation for manufacturing and its population declined steadily through the twentieth century, Glasgow still continues to expand in size. Large housing estates such as and were built on the edge of the city during the 1950s and 1960s to house people moved from the inner city slums.

New private housing areas continue to emerge at the city’s edge, including the suburbs of Bishopbriggs and Newton Mearns.

Topic 6: The Structure of Cities

Most cities in the developed world have distinctive areas or zones of land use. One way of illustrating this is the Concentric Ring Model. This is shown in Figure 1.3.

Figure 1.3 Concentric Ring Model of Towns and Cities

Key

1 Central Business District (CBD) 2 Factories 3 Workers Housing } Inner City

4 Inter-War Housing (1919-1938) 5 Modern Suburbs (since 1945)

As the city expands, newer buildings are built further away from the city centre and oldest part of town. During the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, many cities in Britain such as Glasgow, London and Manchester began to expand rapidly as industries were set up, initially on the edge of the town. People were attracted into these settlements for work and zones of housing grew up near the factories and industrial areas.

Through the twentieth century, cities across Britain continued to grow outwards. Improvements in public transport (trams, trains and buses) and the huge increase in car

7 ownership since the 1950s meant that people did not have to live right next to their workplace. They could choose to live in the suburbs, where the environment was cleaner, greener and quieter and they could commute to jobs in the city centre.

The changes in land use can also be shown using an urban transect (see Figure 1.4)

Figure 1.4 Urban Transect

CBD Inner City Inter War Modern Suburbs Greenbelt offices & shops factories & Housing (since 1945) (oldest area) (19th Century) (1919 -1938)

The main urban zones found in Glasgow are shown in Figure 1.5. (page 13) Land Use in Glasgow

Glasgow has a lot of similarities with the ring model. All the different zones shown in Figures 1.6 and 1.7 can be identified within Glasgow.

There are also differences. Glasgow was a major industrial city and as a result has a very large inner city area where the factories and were located. Glasgow’s inner city does not form a nice ring around the CBD because much of the industry was based near the River Clyde. Workers in the docks and shipyards lived nearby in housing; examples of these areas in Glasgow include the , and which all border the river.

Glasgow also has large areas of older, high quality housing built at the end of the nineteenth century, including and . These areas were home to the wealthier classes who chose to live away from the deprivation and pollution of the inner city. Factory owners chose Kelvinside in Glasgow’s “West End” as a place to live as it was unlikely the prevailing winds from the west would blow the smoke from the factory chimneys towards their large mansions and townhouses.

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1920) -

5km 1939) - N

Easterhouse

0 Central Central Business District FactoriesCity Inner 1900) Tenements (pre & Housing Older (1880 Quality High War Inter (1919 Housing Council 1950) Housing Estates (since boundary city Housing areas Glasgow outside Clyde River

* Key

Robroyston

Bishopbriggs* *

Dennistoun

Springburn CBD

Gorbals

King’s Park *

Cathcart

1. Giffnock Kelvinside

Partick

Govan

Newton Mearns*

Bearsden*

Knightswood Topic 7: Crookston

Drumchapel

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Recognising Different Urban Areas on Maps

The Central Business District (CBD)

The CBD is the oldest part of town and has many old buildings such as churches, cathedrals and museums. It is also the most accessible part of town; many roads meet here and the main bus and railway stations are found here. Public buildings such as the town hall and tourist information centre are also located in the CBD.

As the CBD is very accessible and has a large number of people passing through, it has many services, including shops, offices, bars and restaurants. Property prices are expensive, so buildings are tightly packed and built upwards to make up for the lack of space. Only businesses like large retail chains and major banks can afford the high property prices and rent. As a result few people live in the CBD.

Figure 1.6 Recognising the CBD on OS Maps

railway station

tourist many information churches

bus station town hall

many roads 2. The Inner City converge

Inner city areas include a mixture of industry, warehousing and housing built for workers during the nineteenth century. They are high density areas, often with grid iron street patterns. Some areas, such as the Gorbals in Glasgow, have undergone urban renewal and redevelopment.

Figure 1.7 Recognising the Inner City on OS Maps Very large buildings Long rows of tenements (factories) (terraced housing in England) Housing next to factories as there was Grid-iron street pattern no public transport in the 19th century High density, few

Often adjacent to open spaces railways and canals

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3. Old 20th Century Housing

During the 1920s and 30s, Glasgow’s rail and tram network allowed people to live further away from the polluted city centre, in more pleasant surroundings. Housing estates were carefully planned and the houses built were detached or semi-detached with large gardens, with parks and schools nearby. Examples of these estates in Glasgow include , and Cardonald.

Figure 1.8 Recognising Older 20th Century Areas on OS Maps “Curvilinear” (geometric) street Open spaces patterns with straight and parks avenues and long crescents

Lower density Detached and semi- detached housing, with large gardens Cul-de-sacs

4. Suburbs: New 20th century Housing

Housing estates built since 1945 have been built to cater for people with cars. Street layouts include cul-de-sacs (dead end streets) and twisting crescents to force drivers to slow down or avoid these areas altogether, making it safer and quieter for families who live there.

Figure 1.9 Recognising Suburbs on OS Maps

Housing type likely to Pleasant be detached and semi- environment, near detached villas the edge of the city

Modern suburbs Many Crescents and usually have good cul-de sacs to reduce road and rail access to through traffic the city centre

Many of these areas are low density private estates and contain expensive detached villas with gardens and driveways. Examples of post war suburb areas around Glasgow include to the north and Newton Mearns to the south.

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Topic 8: Glasgow’s housing Problem

By 1945, it was clear Glasgow had a major housing problem. The tenements, which had been built to house most of the industrial workers during the late nineteenth century, were in a dreadful state and were not suitable for life in the late twentieth century.

Figure 2.1 Tenement Block in

The tenements flats were very small and overcrowded; often families of 7 or 8 lived cramped in one or two rooms. These houses lacked electricity, running water, central heating, inside toilets or gardens. Inside the houses, the rooms were usually dark and damp and respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis and bronchitis were very common due to the overcrowding. The unhealthy conditions were made worse by the smoke and chemical pollutants which came from nearby factories. As a result life expectancy in tenement areas like the Gorbals was often no more than 50. In addition the tenement closes were often infested with rats.

Comprehensive Redevelopment took place in Glasgow between 1957 and 1975 and was responsible for enormous changes to the inner city. For instance, not one single Victorian tenement was left standing in the Gorbals.

The areas of , , and were demolished to make way for the new which would run straight through the city centre.

The process of massive demolition meant that there was an urgent need for a massive amount of new housing for those moved out of the inner city areas.

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Housing Solutions

Glasgow used four different solutions to house those who had been displaced. These strategies are shown in Figure 2.2

Figure 2.2 Solutions to Glasgow’s Housing Problems

Solutions to Glasgow’s Housing Problem

A B C D

Build large Build new Build complete Renovate the council estates housing (high New Towns for tenements on the edge of flats) within the the overspill which remain the city e.g. redeveloped population e.g. Castlemik, areas (CDAs) East Kilbride, Easterhouse, e.g. The Gorbals, , Drumchapel Irvine

Topic 9: Traffic Problems in Glasgow

As with most major cities in the developed world, Glasgow suffers major problems from traffic congestion. This is caused by:

1. Increasing Car Numbers There are more cars on the road today. In 1991 the residents of Glasgow owned 107,000 cars. By 2005 it had risen to 160,000, an increase of 50%. Therefore more road journeys are made by car as people prefer to use them instead of public transport, as it is more convenient.

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2. Commuters 25% of people who work in Glasgow do not live in the city. Each day commuters converge on the city centre at the morning and evening rush hours causing congestion.

3. Few Bridging Points Glasgow only has a limited number of bridging points across the River Clyde. Vehicles are funneled into a number of “bottlenecks”, which increases congestion. The Kingston Bridge alone has to cope with 170,000 vehicles per day.

4. Narrow Streets The Victorian grid iron streets in Glasgow’s CBD were built before the age of the car. Streets are narrow, and this is often made worse by cars parking at the side of the road.

Vibrations from traffic can damage Increasing buildings journey times More accidents

Problems of Increased Traffic

Increased noise from traffic Road rage

Increased pollution from

vehicle exhausts

Solutions to Glasgow’s Traffic Problems:

1. Construction of New Roads During the 1960s and 1970s, the three lane M8 motorway was built right through the centre of Glasgow through areas including Anderston, Kingston and Townhead. The Kingston Bridge (opened 1970, see figure 2.4) carries the M8 across the River Clyde.

New expressways (dual carriageways with two lanes instead of three) such the Clydeside Expressway (see Figure 2.5) and the Springburn Expressway have improved access into the city centre. In recent years both the M80 (north) and the M77 (south) have also improved access into Glasgow for commuters.

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The Clyde (opened 1963) and the Bridge (1971) allowed vehicles to cross the Clyde further downstream and ease the pressure on the city centre.

Figure 2.4 The Kingston Bridge Figure 2.5 The Clydeside Expressway

The M74 Extension

A controversial scheme to extend the M74 into the centre of Glasgow was announced in 2003 at a cost of £500 million. The motorway presently stops 5 miles south-east of the city centre. The City Council argues it will ease congestion and take traffic away from the M8, one of the busiest motorways in Britain. This was finally opened in July 2011.

However local communities are upset as homes and businesses will have to be demolished to make way for the road. There are also concerns the road will increase noise and pollution from exhausts. Environmentalists argue that any new roads will simply fill up with more cars. Investments need to be made in alternatives, including public transport.

Figure 2.6 New M74 Extensiony

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2. Improvements to Public Transport

Glasgow’s local rail network is the second largest in any British city after London. Over 70 stations connect the suburbs with Queen Street and Glasgow Central Stations. The busiest stations have been modernised and platforms extended to cope with longer trains. New lines will be opened up, including:

 Reopening the Larkhall to Milngavie service  A new rail link to from Paisley costing £200 million schemes have been introduced across the city, where commuters can park their car for free next to a station in the suburbs and complete their journey into the city centre by train.

Glasgow’s Subway

During the late 1970s Glasgow’s subway (underground railway) was modernised, electrified and the stations were enlarged. It provides a fast, efficient service; trains call every four minutes at the 15 stations at peak times. Over 14 million people use the subway each year and plans have recently been announced to look into the possibility of extending the system to and the East End.

3. Improving Traffic Flow in the CBD

The methods which have been put in place in the city centre include:

 Introducing a one way system to help traffic flow.  Traffic wardens, parking meters, and yellow lines prevent parking on kerb sides.  Building more multi-storey car parks, especially near shopping centres.  Bus lanes have been created to allow public transport move more quickly.  Pedestrianisation of major shopping streets (Sauchiehall St, Buchanan St and Argyle St) to improve safety for shoppers.

Glasgow has so far chosen not to use congestion charging, which is used in London. Drivers are charged £8 for travelling into the CBD each day in a bid to encourage the use of public transport instead. Although expensive to set up (the system is monitored by hundreds of cameras), there has been a noticeable decrease in traffic and exhaust pollution in London’s city centre. However drivers find it expensive and unpopular and see it as another tax on motorists.

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Figure 2.7 Solutions to Traffic Congestion

Improved public

transport (buses, Ring roads and trains, trams) Multi-storey car by-passes parks Solutions to Traffic

Congestion Pedestrianised One-way streets Streets ‘Park and Ride’ Schemes

Topic 10: Out of Town Shopping Centres

Out of Town Shopping Centres

The main change in shopping in Glasgow has been the rise in the number of out of town shopping centres during the 1980s and 1990s. The location of these in Glasgow is shown on Figure 2.8. They are very popular with shoppers and retailers as:

Note: Copy  they are very accessible as they locate near motorways and main roads  they have plenty of free car parking spaces  they open until late in the evening which suits people who work  land on the outskirts of town also tends to be much cheaper allowing very large stores and car parks to be built  other leisure services such as hotels, cinemas, ten-pin bowling alleys and fast food outlets such as McDonalds and Pizza Hut also locate in them.

*The main drawback of these is that shoppers usually require a car to get there.

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Figure 2.8 Out of Town Shopping Centres in Glasgow

Key CBD 1. Great Western Road 1 3 2. Springburn 3. 11 2 4. 4 5. Parkhead Forge 5 6. 10 7. 8. 9 7 9. Pollok 6 10. Govan 11. 8

Impact on the City Centre

With so many shoppers being attracted out of the CBD, parts of Glasgow’s CBD, such as the and High Street areas have lost business and become run down. To stop this decline:

 City centre streets such as Buchan Street, Argyle Street and have been pedestrianised (See Figure 2.9).

 Large shopping malls, including the St Enoch Centre (see Figure 3.1) and Buchanan Galleries (Figure 3.2) were opened. John Lewis is the anchor store of the Buchanan Galleries. People can shop in a wide variety of stores, unaffected by the weather with the main bus and railway stations nearby.  More specialist high order shopping areas have been opened such as Princes Square and the Italian Centre (Figure 3.3), where expensive designer boutiques including Armani and Versace are found.

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Figure 2.9 Pedestrianised Figure 3.1 St Enoch Centre

Figure 3.2 Buchanan Galleries Figure 3.3 The Italian Centre

One final project is currently under construction, the £250 million Pollok Shopping Centre next to the in Glasgow’s south side. This will include the largest Tesco in Scotland, and the mall will have Debenhams as its main anchor store. It will open in late 2006. However it is likely this will be the last of its kind in Glasgow and future projects of this size will not get planning permission unless they have a city centre location, to prevent further decline of the CBD.

Topic 11: Urban Regeneration Projects

Two large projects are underway to redevelop both the north and south banks of the River Clyde:

1. Glasgow Harbour

This project has focused on redeveloping a 3km stretch of quayside in and Partick. The areas include the site of the former Granary, redundant shipyards, docklands, warehouses and the disused Glasgow to railway.

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Figure 3.4 Location of Glasgow Harbour

120 acres of land in total will be redeveloped, and the project will be funded mainly by private developers, although contributions will come from , the European Union Redevelopment Fund and the National Lottery. It will include:

 2,500 new flats for 5,000 people  200,000m2 of office space.  50,000m2 of retail and leisure developments.  Glasgow’s new Transport Museum. (Figure 3.6)  The Hydro Arena beside the SECC to be open in 2013 at a cost of £15 million.(Figure 3.5)  A light tramway linking the area with the city centre.  40% of the site will be public space; this will include walkways and cycle paths in the form of a “linear park”.

Redevelopment of the area will take around 10 years and it is estimated the whole project will cost £500 million. Phase 1 started in 2002, with the demolition of the Granary and the construction of new private flats on the site.

Figure 3.5 New Hydro Arena Figure 3.6 Transport Museum

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2.

Across the river form Glasgow Harbour, the Pacific Quay development is a mixture of business, housing and leisure. It is found on the site of Glasgow’s Princes Dock which closed during the 1970s. It will include:

 A media village where BBC Scotland, Scottish Television, The Glasgow Herald newspaper and XFM Radio will be based.  Leisure developments including the , IMAX Cinema and Millennium Tower. A marina will occupy part of the Princes Dock which remains.  50,000m2 of office space.  A 150 bed hotel.  300 new houses.

In order to provide better access to the development, the new £20 million Bridge will connect the area with the north side of the river (see Figure 3.8). It is the first low level traffic bridge across the Clyde for a century. It distinctive arch will also provide Glasgow with an instantly recognisable landmark.

Figure 3.7 New BBC Headquarters Figure 3.8 Finnieston Bridge

3. Commonwealth Games 2014

The Commonwealth Games in 2014 was the largest multi-sport even ever held in Scotland. It involved numerous venues across the area including Ibrox Park, Hampden

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Park, Strathclyde Park, the SECC and Kelvingrove. However the biggest changes have been in the East end of the City. Several billion pounds have been spent on:

 Improved transport infrastructure (including the previously mentioned M74)  A refurbished railway station at .  A new National Indoor Sports Arena and Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome. (figure 4.1)  Tollcross Aquacentre is being upgraded to have an Olympic sized pool and seating for 1000 people.  Around 2,500 houses were built in the Athletes Village. (figure 3.9) Some of these houses will then be sold to locals as well as given over for rental. This will improve the housing and make the place more desirable.

Figure 3.9 Athletes Village Figure 4.1 Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome

Glasgow aimed not to just host the Commonwealth Games but to improve the East End of the city. They also aimed to encourage more people to get involved in sport, recreation and healthy living by providing excellent sporting facilities either free of charge or at a reduced rate well beyond 2014. As well as this the cityoffered hundreds of apprenticeships and jobs in the preparation of the Games which is helped to boost the local economy.

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Topic 12: Gentrification

Gentrification occurs when run down areas of the inner city or CBD are restored and renovated by wealthy groups moving back into these areas to live. Property prices increase in value.

Several parts of the centre of Glasgow have been “gentrified”. These include:

1. The

Glasgow’s Merchant City is found at the eastern edge of the CBD. During the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, this was the main trading area, where tobacco and cotton merchants met and sold their products. However, Glasgow’s CBD moved westwards when the main railway stations (Central, St Enoch and Queen Street) opened in the late nineteenth century

Until the 1980s this was an area that was run down and many buildings and warehouses lay derelict. However significant amounts of money have been spent restoring traditional buildings and converting them into flats, offices, hotels bars and restaurants. Examples of gentrification in the Merchant City include the Italian Centre; the complete renovation of Candleriggs and Brunswick Street (see Figure 4.1) and the conversion of the City halls into bars and restaurants, which is known as Merchant Square.

Construction projects are common in this area such as the conversion of the former Evening Times Newspaper offices into luxury flats (Figure 4.3)

Figure 4.2 Brunswick Street Figure 4.3 Conversion of the Herald Offices

The area has become much more desirable and many professionals (accountants, lawyers) chose to live here, not very far from the city centre workplace.

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2. The “New” Gorbals

Across the river from the Merchant City is the Gorbals, traditionally one of Glasgow’s roughest and most deprived neighbourhoods. With the demolition of some of the high rise flats, there was plenty of land available for development. Some of this has been sold to private house builders who have built luxury private flats. The Gorbals area is going through a revival and is becoming a much more desirable and pleasant place to live as Figures 4.4 and 4.5 illustrate

Figure 4.4 and 4.5 New Housing on Ballater Street, Gorbals

Advantages and Disadvantages

Although the buildings in the area are restored to their original states, new housing is created and crime is reduced, gentrification can cause problems. The huge rises in property prices often force out the traditional working class people who previously lived in these areas, as they simply cannot afford to buy or rent property in these areas. People who remain may also be unhappy at these changes and resent “outsiders” moving in.

Topic 13: Urban Sprawl

During the 20th century Glasgow has grown considerably in size. It has spread out such that smaller towns and villages have been swallowed up into a large urban conurbation, including Clydebank, Bishopbriggs, Newton Mearns and Rutherglen.

This growth of cities into their surrounding area is known as urban sprawl and is shown in Figure 4.6.

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Figure 4.6 Reasons for Urban Sprawl

high quality, private housing estates

retail parks and supermarkets with car parks

New by- passes and outer ring roads modern industrial estates

Preventing Urban Sprawl

The uncontrolled growth of cities into the countryside can lead to the loss of valuable farmland and the loss of habitats for wildlife. New roads and construction projects can also cause environmental damage. Town planners are keen to prevent urban sprawl and there are a number of ways in which they can do this:

Note: Copy the following under “Preventing Urban Sprawl”

1. Establish Greenbelts These are areas in which no urban development is permitted, allowing an area of countryside or open space to remain around a city. Glasgow’s greenbelt was established in the 1950s.

2. Brownfield Sites Local authorities can encourage developers to re-use land within the city boundaries which may have had another purpose, through loans and incentives. Glasgow Harbour is an example of a brownfield site being redeveloped.

3. Prevent Retail Parks Planning permission for out of town shopping centres

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now requires the permission of Scotland’s First Minister. Very often this is refused. Impact of the Greenbelt: Commuter Villages

With no housing developments being permitted in the greenbelt, those who wish to live in a quieter, greener and more pleasant environment often relocate to commuter villages. These are settlements just outside the greenbelt where the strict planning rules do not apply. Examples around Glasgow include Bishopton and Kilbarchan (to the west); Torrance and (north) and Eaglesham (south).

These villages have good road or rail links with Glasgow, enabling people to commute. They often have new private housing estates have grown up with cul-de- sacs and detached houses similar to the suburbs.

Some problems have evolved in these commuter developments. Often the original residents cannot afford the increased property prices or rent and are forced to move away. Locals may resent outsiders coming into the village who don’t contribute to the local community. In addition to this, traffic congestion increases at the morning and evening rush hour.

Developments in Glasgow’s Greenbelt

Despite the strict rules which allow development in the greenbelt, sometimes planning permission will be given for a project if in an area’s best interests. Two examples of these around Glasgow include:

 Building of the M77 motorway and the Southern Orbital Road near Newton Mearns. These should ease traffic pressures in the south of the city.

 Controversially, private house builders have also been allowed to build several hundred homes on the greenbelt near Newton Mearns due to the shortage of family housing within the city.

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Topic 14: Industrial Location

Companies need to consider many factors before deciding where to build a factory. One factor is a SUITABLE SITE. The other factors are;

1. Power supply - Used to be coal/water, now electricity is used

2. Labour supply nearby - People are needed to work, specialised workers may be needed

3. Near raw materials - These are the products needed before the factory can produce anything

4. Communications - Transport facilities for importing and exporting e.g.

roads, railway, ports and out ports.

5. Site - Needs to be flat and large enough to allow for expansion and car parks

6. Government aid - Government may award grants to set up in a certain area.

7. Market - A factory needs to be able to send its finished product to somewhere it will be bought.

Modern Industry is located on either Industrial Estates, Business Parks or Science Parks. They all have similar Location Factors as seen above. In Glasgow, Hillington Industrial Estate has flat land with room for expansion and is beside the M8 motorway minutes away from Glasgow Airport (Figure 4.7 and 4.8)

Figure 4.7 Ariel view of Hillington Industrial Estate Figure 4.8 OS map of Hillington Industrial Estate

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Strathclyde Business Park (established in 1990) is located on the outskirts of Glasgow near Bellshill (Figure 4.9). It mainly has offices, employing over 6000 people but it also has a Hilton hotel, Fitness centre, 2 restaurants as well as some shops. This makes it different from industrial estates such as Hillington as it is designed with the workers in mind.

Figure 4.9 Strathclyde Business Park

In a similar way, West of Scotland Science Park (Figure 5.1) in the northwest of the city has been located with several important location factors in mind. It is 3 miles from the city centre and in close proximity with Glasgow University, but also has strong links with Strathclyde University. It has conference facilities, free parking, a sports complex as well as a nursery. The area is landscaped and the buildings are attractive with lots of windows. This is very much designed to attract a highly skilled workforce.

Figure 5.1 West of Scotland Science Park

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Figure 5.2 New Industrial Landscape

 Factories on the outskirts of town.  Housing is far from factories.  Factories are well spread out.  Single storey factories.  Factories are light and bright with many windows  Area around factory is landscaped and pleasant.  Good communications, mainly roads with good access to airports.  Large car parks.  Clean air and cleaner rivers.  Produces mainly lightweight goods.  Always used electric power.

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Glossary

Anchor store A department store or supermarket found usually at one end of a shopping centre to attract customers. Other smaller stores around benefit.

Bottleneck A narrow street or bridge where traffic jams are commonly found.

Bridging Point A settlement site where a river is narrow or shallow enough to be bridged. The bridge becomes a route centre and trading centre, the natural location for a market.

Brownfield Site A derelict, inner-city site which can be cleared and reused for new housing.

Bus lane A lane in a road which can be used only by buses to help the traffic flow.

By-pass A road built around a busy urban area to avoid traffic jams.

CBD Central Business District or city centre; the commercial and business centre of a town or city where land values are at the highest. This is the most accessible part of the town or city.

Commuter A person who lives in one place and travels to work in another.

Comparison Services Where high-order (usually expensive) goods such as antiques, jewellery, and some clothing and electrical equipment are sold. They are called comparison goods because people like to compare prices and quality before buying them. These services have large market areas.

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Comprehensive An area, usually in the inner city, where the whole Redevelopment urban landscape was demolished before being rebuilt on a planned basis by the council or city government.

Congestion Overcrowding on roads causing traffic jams.

Congestion Charging where drivers are charged to enter the city centre to reduce traffic flows e.g. London.

Conurbation a large urban settlement which is the result of towns and cities spreading out and merging together e.g. The Clydeside conurbation.

Convenience Services where low order goods - inexpensive things that vary little in price, quality or other features that we need to buy regularly e.g. newspapers, cigarettes and bread - are sold. Convenience shops are found on most street corners where they have a small market area of people who visit the shop on most days.

Counter urbanisation The movement of people from the cities to the countryside to live, usually for a better quality of life. Many may still commute into the city to work.

Cul-de-sac A dead end street, deliberately designed to reduce traffic flow and improve safety.

Dormitory Settlement A place where many commuters 'sleep' overnight but travel to work elsewhere during the day.

Function of a what the settlement does to 'earn its living' e.g. market Settlement town, mining town, administrative centre, tourist resort etc.

Gentrification The process by which run-down houses in an inner city or other neglected area are improved by better off people who move there in order to have easier access to the jobs and services of the city centre. This often means that run down and derelict buildings are restored and upgraded.

Green Belt An area around a city composed mostly of parkland and farmland, in which development is not allowed, to

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prevent the city from merging with neighbouring towns. Grid Iron The criss cross street pattern found in many city centre and inner city areas.

High-order services A service, usually expensive, that people buy or use only occasionally e.g. furniture, computers, jewellery or an airport. High-order services are usually located in large towns and cities with a large market area - accessible to large numbers of people. Industrial Revolution The growth and development of manufacturing industry which began in the UK in the eighteenth century.

Inner City The part of the town surrounding the CBD; it often contains older housing and industry, and can be in a state of poor repair and dereliction, often requiring urban renewal.

Low-order Services Good or services, usually inexpensive, that people buy on a regular, often daily basis - for example, newspapers, bread and milk. Low-order goods and services are usually purchased from shops located in suburban or neighbourhood centres close to where people live.

New Town A well-planned, self-contained settlement complete with housing, employment and services e.g. East Kilbride, Cumbernauld.

Out-of-town Shopping A large group of shops built either on a site on the edge Centre of the urban area or on the site of a former large industrial area. Such centres usually have large car parks, a pedestrianised, air-conditioned environment and over 100 shops e.g. Braehead, Parkhead Forge.

Overspill Town a town that expanded by taking people who were forced to move out of cities as a result of slum clearance and redevelopment schemes.

Park and ride scheme Where people are encouraged to leave their car at a bus or railways station and to use public transport to get into the CBD to ease congestion.

Pedestrian precinct Part of the CBD in which cars are not allowed, to make

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it safer for shoppers and pedestrians.

Redevelopment The rebuilding of parts of a city. Sometimes large areas are completely demolished before being rebuilt; sometimes all or some of the old buildings are retained and modernised to combine the best features of the old and the new.

Retail Park An out-of-town shopping centre with a few large warehouse-type stores, selling electrical goods, carpets, D.I.Y. goods, building supplies etc.

Ring-road A by-pass that provides a route around the CBD.

Semi-detached house A house joined to one other. These are common in the suburbs.

Shopping Mall A modern and very large shopping centre that provides a family day 'experience'. It offers a range of entertainments besides a large number of shops, in an air-conditioned indoor area protected form the weather e.g. St Enoch Centre, Buchanan Galleries.

Site The actual place where a settlement is located.

Suburbs The outer zone of towns and cities.

Tenement Blocks Large residential blocks built in the Scottish inner cities during the Industrial Revolution to house workers. They were very high density, cramped, and unhygienic and located right next to the factories or shipyards.

Terraced House A house within a (usually) long line of joined housing. Terraced housing is typical of the inner city zone in the England.

Urban Renewal The improvement of old houses and the addition of (Regeneration) services in an attempt to bring new life to old inner city areas.

Urban Sprawl: The spread of towns into the surrounding countryside.

Urbanisation: The process by which an increasing percentage of a country's population comes to live in towns and cities.

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This happened in Britain during the 19th century.

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