National 5 Geography Human Environments: Urban I will develop skills, knowledge and understanding in the context of urban areas: characteristics of land use zones in cities in the developed world. recent developments in the CBD, inner city, rural/urban fringe in developed world cities. What you are going to Learn: What is a Settlement? How we can categorise Settlements Site and Situation Low, Middle and High Order services Sphere of Influence Glasgow: Location and Growth Structure of Cities Recognising urban areas on maps Glasgow’s housing problems and solutions Traffic problems and solutions Out of Town Shopping Centres Urban Regeneration Projects Genrtification Urban Sprawl New Industry in Glasgow Developing World Cities: Case Study - Mumbai 2 TOPIC 1: WHAT IS A SETTLEMENT? A SETTLEMENT is a place where people live and work permanently. The size of a settlement can vary from single building (e.g. a farm) to a major city such as Glasgow or London. The most common settlements are:- HAMLETS VILLAGES TOWNS CITIES CONURBATION These examples are listed from the smallest to the largest and they differ in a number of ways: The population increases as you move along the list. The physical size of the settlement increases as you move along the list. There is a difference in the type and number of SERVICES which are found in these settlements. TOPIC 2 : SETTLEMENT SITE AND SITUATION The place where any settlement is located is influenced by its SITE. The site of a settlement is the area of land on which it is built. The best early sites had the following: Near water for transport, drinking and washing. On good farmland with fertile soil because most early settlements were farming villages. Near woodland because wood was a basic resource at the time, needed for things such as weapons, buildings, tools and firewood. A good defensive site, such as the top of a hill or within the meander of a river, avoiding marshland because it was difficult to farm. 3 TOPIC 3 : SETTLEMENTS AS SERVICE CENTRES Services are the things that people use to make their lives easier: Schools, hospitals and shops. Some services are used frequently, even every day and these are called LOW ORDER SERVICES, a good example being a newsagent. Some services are used quite often, e.g. shoe shops and chemists and these are called MIDDLE ORDER SERVICES. Finally there are services that are used infrequently and these are called HIGH ORDER SERVICES, e.g. a furniture store. There are very few settlements with HIGH ORDER SERVICES because these services need lots of people to keep them in business. On the other hand there are lots of settlements with LOW ORDER SERVICES as there are enough people in all villages/towns/cities to use these everyday services. As well as dividing up settlements according to their populations, they can also be divided up according to the type of services they provide. Task 3(b) Copy and complete the table below using the following words: Many low middle and high order quite rare low order common TYPE OF FREQUENCY NUMBER OF TYPE OF SETTLEMENT SERVICES SERVICE Hamlets Very Common Very Few Low Order Villages Few Towns Some Low and Middle Order Cities Rare 4 TOPIC 4: SPHERE OF INFLUENCE OF A SETTLEMENT The sphere of influence of a settlement is the area that is affected (or influenced) by the services of that settlement. a newsagent in a village will be used daily by the people who live in the villag but no one from outside the village would use that service, therefore the SPHERE OF INFLUENCE covers only a small area. Debenhams, in Centre West (East Kilbride) is a HIGH ORDER store and people use the excellent transport facilities serving the town to allow them to make use of this service. Therefore Debenhams has a very LARGE SPHERE OF INFLUENCE because people will travel from a wide area to use the shop. Figure 1.1 Sphere of Influence in Stirling 5 Topic 5: Glasgow: Location and Growth Glasgow is Scotland’s largest city with a population of around 580,000 people. It is located in west central Scotland, on the River Clyde (see Figure 1.2). Glasgow’s riverside location was vitally important in the city’s development, firstly as a trading port and then as major shipbuilding centre. Figure 1.2 The Location of Glasgow Loch Lomond Key Campsie Fells Greenock Land over 200m Clydebank Port GLASGOW 0 10 20km Glasgow Renfrew Heights Paisley River Hamilton Clyde Firth of Clyde The growth of Glasgow can be divided into a number of periods: Medieval Glasgow (before 1600) The city of Glasgow was founded in the 6th century when Saint Mungo established a church on the north side of the river, near to the present day Glasgow Cathedral. A ford across the shallow river allowed a north-south routeway to develop. The establishment of a market in the twelfth century encouraged trade, but growth remained quite slow until 1600. 17th and 18th Centuries During the 17th century the straightening and dredging of the River Clyde allowed bigger boats upstream, and the town became the west of Scotland’s main port. Prior to this, large boats could only unload further down the Clyde estuary which led to the development of the town of Port Glasgow. Glasgow’s trade was mainly with the Americas, especially in tobacco, cotton and sugar. Quaysides, such as the Broomielaw, were established along the river. 19th Century Glasgow The Industrial Revolution during the nineteenth century allowed Glasgow to grow rapidly. A former student of Glasgow University, James Watt, was responsible for improving the steam engine and this allowed factories to be powered cheaply using 6 coal from nearby Ayrshire and Lanarkshire. The manufacturing of iron, steel and textiles became common and these were soon followed by shipbuilding along the river. By the end of the nineteenth century Glasgow was the "Second City of the British Empire" and was producing most of the ships and locomotives in the world. 20th Century Although the city’s reputation for manufacturing and its population declined steadily through the twentieth century, Glasgow still continues to expand in size. Large housing estates such as Easterhouse and Drumchapel were built on the edge of the city during the 1950s and 1960s to house people moved from the inner city slums. New private housing areas continue to emerge at the city’s edge, including the suburbs of Bishopbriggs and Newton Mearns. Topic 6: The Structure of Cities Most cities in the developed world have distinctive areas or zones of land use. One way of illustrating this is the Concentric Ring Model. This is shown in Figure 1.3. Figure 1.3 Concentric Ring Model of Towns and Cities Key 1 Central Business District (CBD) 2 Factories 3 Workers Housing } Inner City 4 Inter-War Housing (1919-1938) 5 Modern Suburbs (since 1945) As the city expands, newer buildings are built further away from the city centre and oldest part of town. During the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, many cities in Britain such as Glasgow, London and Manchester began to expand rapidly as industries were set up, initially on the edge of the town. People were attracted into these settlements for work and zones of housing grew up near the factories and industrial areas. Through the twentieth century, cities across Britain continued to grow outwards. Improvements in public transport (trams, trains and buses) and the huge increase in car 7 ownership since the 1950s meant that people did not have to live right next to their workplace. They could choose to live in the suburbs, where the environment was cleaner, greener and quieter and they could commute to jobs in the city centre. The changes in land use can also be shown using an urban transect (see Figure 1.4) Figure 1.4 Urban Transect CBD Inner City Inter War Modern Suburbs Greenbelt offices & shops factories & tenements Housing (since 1945) (oldest area) (19th Century) (1919 -1938) The main urban zones found in Glasgow are shown in Figure 1.5. (page 13) Land Use in Glasgow Glasgow has a lot of similarities with the ring model. All the different zones shown in Figures 1.6 and 1.7 can be identified within Glasgow. There are also differences. Glasgow was a major industrial city and as a result has a very large inner city area where the factories and shipyards were located. Glasgow’s inner city does not form a nice ring around the CBD because much of the industry was based near the River Clyde. Workers in the docks and shipyards lived nearby in tenement housing; examples of these areas in Glasgow include the Gorbals, Govan and Partick which all border the river. Glasgow also has large areas of older, high quality housing built at the end of the nineteenth century, including Cathcart and Kelvinside. These areas were home to the wealthier classes who chose to live away from the deprivation and pollution of the inner city. Factory owners chose Kelvinside in Glasgow’s “West End” as a place to live as it was unlikely the prevailing winds from the west would blow the smoke from the factory chimneys towards their large mansions and townhouses. 8 1920) - 5km 1939) - N Easterhouse 0 Central Central Business District FactoriesCity Inner 1900) Tenements (pre & Housing Older (1880 Quality High War Inter (1919 Housing Council 1950) Housing Estates (since boundary city Housing areas Glasgow outside River Clyde River * Key Robroyston Parkhead Bishopbriggs* Rutherglen* Dennistoun Springburn Castlemilk CBD Gorbals King’s Park * Cathcart 1. Maryhill Giffnock Kelvinside Partick Govan Newton Mearns* Bearsden* Pollok Knightswood Cardonald Topic 7: Crookston Drumchapel 9 Recognising Different Urban Areas on Maps The Central Business District (CBD) The CBD is the oldest part of town and has many old buildings such as churches, cathedrals and museums.