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Giant Titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia

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Giant Titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s. 7(1): 37-41, 2005 Buenos Aires, ISSN 1514-5158 Giant titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia Fernando E. NOVAS1,2, Leonardo SALGADO3, Jorge CALVO4 & Federico AGNOLIN2 1CONICET- 2Laboratorio de Anatomía Comparada, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales «Bernardino Rivadavia», Av. Angel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires (1405), Argentina-3Museo de Geología y Paleontología, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, (8300) Neuquén, Argentina-4Centro Paleontológico Lago Barreales, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Ruta Prov. 51, km 65. Neuquén. Abstract: We report the discovery of a new titanosaurian taxon, Puertasaurus reuili gen. et sp. nov., from Maastrichtian beds of SW Patagonia. Four vertebrae were recovered (i.e., cervical 9, dorsal 2, and two mid- caudals). The new form is diagnosed on the basis of an inflated neural spine on cervical vertebra, and extremely short second dorsal vertebra, among other features. Puertasaurus is one of the largest known sauropod dino-saurs, with dorsal vertebra 2 measuring 168 cm in transverse width. This is the first time that a cervical verte-bra is reported for a giant titanosaur, giving a new insight on neck anatomy of neosauropod dinosaurs. Key words: Sauropoda, Titanosauria, Cretaceous, Patagonia. ____________ The Titanosauria is a diverse and geographi- Holotype. MPM (Museo Padre Molina, Río cally widespread clade of Cretaceous neosauro- Gallegos, Santa Cruz) collection number 10002, pods, abundant in Upper Cretaceous rocks of South consisting of four disarticulated vertebrae, in- America (Salgado et al., 1997; Powell, 2003; Wilson cluding most of a cervical vertebra, a complete & Upchurch, 2003). Many titano-saurs were large, dorsal 2, and the centra of two caudal vertebrae. but just a few (e.g., the Ceno-manian Locality and Horizon. Cerro Los Hornos, La Leona, Argentinosaurus huinculensis and the Turonian Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. Pari Aike Formation, «Antarctosaurus» giganteus; Huene, 1929; early Maastrichtian (Kraemer & Riccardi, 1997; Novas Bonaparte & Coria, 1993) are known to have et al., 2004a). Vertebrae were found in situ in a fine, attained truly gigantic sizes (up to 35 meters long gray sandstone lens, containing highly carbonized plant and around 80 tons). Because known specimens of remains classified as cycads and conifers on the basis these giant sauropods are incomplete, many aspects of cuticular morphology (L. Villar de Seoane, pers of their anatomy and systematics remain obscure. comm.). Dinosaurs recorded in the Pari Aike Formation Here we report the discovery of a new Patagonian are the basal iguanodontian sauropod, Puertasaurus reuilli gen et sp. nov., one Talenkauen santacrucensis (Novas et al., 2004a) of the largest of these giant tetrapods. This is the and a large, yet undescribed, derived tetanuran first time in which a cervical vertebra is reported for a theropod (Novas et al., 2004b). giant titanosaur, making it possible to compare it Diagnosis. Puertasaurus reuili is diagnosed with smaller members of the clade. on the basis of the following combination of char- We follow the taxonomy proposed by Salgado acters: gigantic size; cervical neural spine con- (2003). siderably inflated, being transversally wider than the vertebral centrum and bearing strong dorso- SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY lateral ridges; caudal cervicals with spinoprezy- gapophyseal laminae transversely thick and dor- Sauropoda Huene, 1932 soventrally deep; cranial dorsal vertebrae ex- Titanosauriformes Salgado, Coria & Calvo, 1997 tremely short, more so than in other sauropods Titanosauria Bonaparte & Coria, 1993 (e.g., centrum width/centrum length:1; in all other Titanosauridae Lydekker, 1893 titanosauriforms, this ratio is less than 1). Description. For the first time a cervical ver- Puertasaurus reuili gen et sp. nov. tebra of a giant titanosaur is documented (Fig. 1). Etymology. In honor to Pablo Puerta and The neck vertebra (presumably cervical 9) is 118 Santiago Reuil, remarkable fossil-hunters who cm long (between pre- and postzygapophyses) discovered and prepared the specimen. and although mid-cervicals of the Early Creta- 38 Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, n. s. 7 (1), 2005 Fig. 1. A-D, Puertasaurus reuili gen. et sp. nov. (MPM-10002, Río Gallegos), cervical 9 in cranial (A), lateral (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D) views. Scale bar 50 cm. ceous brachiosaurid Sauroposeidon (Wedel et al., new specimen, the zygapophyseal articulations 2000) are longer than the cervical of the new are positioned low on the neural arch, and the titanosaur, the latter one is exceptionally wide with a centrum is even more depressed than in other transverse width of 140 cm (including fused ribs). titanosaurids (e.g., Saltasaurus). Consequently, The neural spine bears deep and wide pre- and the system of bony struts on the sides of the ver- postspinal fossae for cradling well-de-veloped tebra (and the pneumatic fossae they define) are interspinous ligaments, as well as a con-siderably dorsoventrally flattened. The cervical vertebra is inflated distal end, suggesting a pow-erful neck poorly pneumatized and lacks pleurocoels. ligament and cervical muscles. Such characters are The available dorsal (dorsal 2) vertebra is insinuated in smaller titanosaurs, but they reach an craniocaudally short, in sharp contrast with the extreme development in the new form. The dorsal cervical described above (Fig. 2) . The centrum is enlargement of the neural spine is derived with strongly opisthocoelous and proportionally shorter respect to the transversely narrower neural spine of than in other Titanosauridae. Hypos-phene- all other titanosau-riforms (e.g., Brachiosaurus, hypantrum articulations are absent. Al-though the Euhelopus, Neu-quensaurus ; Fig. 3), and sharply lack of these structures is diagnostic of differs from the bifid spines of diplodocoids. This Titanosauridae (Salgado et al., 1997; Bonaparte, peculiar neural spine is associated with a set of 1999), their absence in Puertasaurus may be due to titanosaurian features (e.g., Upchurch, 1999), such the cranial position of this vertebra. as laterally projecting diapophyses and Dorsal 2 of Puertasaurus is 106 cm in height parapophyses, and a low neural arch with a high but 168 cm from the ends of the wing-like trans- neural spine. In the verse processes, thus exceeding by nearly 45 cm Novas et al.: Giant titanosaur from Patagonia. 39 Fig. 2. A-D, Puertasaurus reuili gen. et sp. nov. (MPM-10002, Río Gallegos), dorsal 2 in cranial (A), left lateral (B), caudal (C), and dorsal (D) views. Scale bar 50 cm. dorsal 4? of Argentinosaurus huinculensis, con- indet. «Series B»; Powell, 2003). The neural spine is sidered to be one of the biggest dinosaurs dorsoventrally low but transversely expanded, as (Bonaparte & Coria, 1993; Paul, 1994). This dor- usually found among Titanosauridae (Powell, 2003) . sal is considerably wider (in absolute terms) than The neural spine is vertically oriented, being in other known sauropod. Transverse processes perpendicular in respect to the craniocaudal axis of are dorsoventrally deep at their bases, resulting centrum, thus resembling Argenti-nosaurus, for in a wing-like appearance in cranial view (Fig. 2), example. The system of laminae in the neural arch is as in the basal titanosauriform Euhelopus reduced but robust, and it shows pre- and postspinal (Wiman, 1929). In Puertasaurus the transverse laminae diagnostic of titanosaurs (Upchurch, 1999). processes of dorsal 2 are perpendicular to the The pre- and postspinal fossae of Puertasaurus are axial plane (Fig. 2D), as is the case in Argenti- wider and deeper than in more derived titanosaurids nosaurus and Euhelopus, instead of being (e.g., laterocranially oriented as in more derived Saltasaurus, Opisthocoelicaudia; Powell, 2003; titanosaurids (e.g., Saltasaurus, Titanosauridae Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1977), resembling in this fea- 40 Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, n. s. 7 (1), 2005 Fig. 3. Comparison among cervical and dorsal vertebrae of some selected sauropods. A, B, D, Puertasaurus reuili gen. et sp. nov., cervical 9 in lateral (A), cranial (B), and dorsal (D) views. C, Puertasaurus reuili gen. et sp. nov., dorsal 2 in cranial view; E, Brachiosaurus brancai, cervical vertebra in cranial view (Janensch, 1950); F, Argentinosaurus huinculensis, dorsal 4? in cranial view (modified from Bonaparte & Coria, 1993). Scale 50 cm. ture basal titanosauriforms such as Euhelopus oriented, and neural arches that lack the com- and Brachiosaurus (Bonaparte, 1999). plex system of laminae and pneumatic depres- Two mid-caudal centra are preserved. They sions characteristic of derived titanosaurids. In are procoelous, a common feature among Tita- conclusion, Puertasaurus is interpreted as a pos- nosauridae (Salgado et al., 1997). sible basal titanosaurid. Discussion. Puertasaurus reuili exhibits the Puertasaurus and Argentinosaurus are the following synapomorphic features of Titanosau- largest known sauropods. However, Puertasaurus riforms: 1) deep and wide pre- and postspinal differs from the latter one in having dorsal ver-tebrae fossae in cervical and dorsal vertebrae; 2) very with large, wing-like transverse processes, lower elongated cervical centra (Wilson, 2002); 3) re- neural spine, thick postspinal laminae, and cranial duced cervical neural arch lamination; and 4) dorsals craniocaudally shorter. We con-sider such presence of prespinal laminae in dorsal vertebrae distinctions enough to distinguish
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