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Proquest Dissertations University of Alberta Experimental and Numerical Study of Plunging Flow in Vertical Dropshafts By Aqeel Jalil A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial of fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Water Resources Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Edmonton, Alberta Spring 2009 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0IM4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-55362-6 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-55362-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduce, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. •+• Canada *$k*k^sJ^^> We raise to degrees (of wisdom) whom we please: but over all endued with knowledge is one, the All-Knowing (Chapter 14: verse 76) Abstract Dropshafts are part of the collection system for conveying stormwater or wastewater from surface to lower level in cities that have noticeable differences in topography or to carry the flow from the surface sewer system to an underground storage or intercepting tunnel. The hydraulics of plunge flow and air-water flow in dropshafts is still poorly understood due to the complexity of flow in dropshaft. The amount of air entrained and transported along the dropshaft, and the energy dissipation due to free falling water are major concerns for urban system drainage designers. This thesis presents an experimental study on the hydraulic performance of plunge flow dropshafts. The main purpose of this study is to understand the hydraulic performance in terms of the nature of the flow, air entrainment and energy dissipation in dropshafts of different configurations. This involves the study of the effect of inlet entrance shape, dropshaft height, outlet to vertical shaft diameter ratio, tailwater depth at outlet pipe, providing sump in plunge pool, junction connection type between vertical shaft and outlet pipe, and outlet pipe direction. The experimental results were generalized including the criteria for the transition between flow regimes in a vertical shaft, energy dissipation, and air entrainment as well as the water depth in the plunge pool and in inlet and outflow pipes. The generalized results anticipated providing a basis for improving the current guidelines for optimizing the plunge flow design and construction. The experimental study also investigated the effect of air vent size on the air entrainment. The results of air entrainment revealed that the air vent is limiting the air supply entering the dropshaft for small vent size (air supply limit), so the airflow depends on air vent configuration. For larger vent size, the air supply becomes unlimited, and the air entertainment is controlled by the water flow (air entrainment limit). The thesis examined the capability of using computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulations for the flow in plunge dropshafts. The numerical simulations were based on the two-phase flow (inhomogeneous) Euler-Euler approach (both air and water treated as continuous flow) with traditional K — e turbulence model. The momentum transfer through the air/water interface was used based on the free surface momentum transfer model. The computed flow parameters from the numerical simulations for air and water were validated and evaluated by comparisons with the experimental measurements. The CFD simulations were used also to study the scale effect on the hydraulic modeling in the plunge flow dropshaft by testing different scale models. The study confirmed the suitability of using the CFD for modeling plunge flow in vertical dropshafts. Acknowledgements To begin with, I am truly grateful to Almighty God for everything; all the blessings I have are due to him alone. This thesis is dedicated to my children Yasmeen, Tamara, and Jaffer who were all born during my research. I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Peter Steffler and Dr. Nallamuthu Rajaratnam for their invaluable guidance and advice. Their encouragement and enthusiasm during my research helped me overcome many obstacles. It was a privilege to work under their supervision. Special thanks also go to Mr. Perry Fedun for his proactive technical support during the installation of the experimental setup. I also wish to express sincere thanks to the water resources engineering professors who offered very useful insight for my thesis. I also deeply appreciate the financial support that was given from the University of Alberta and the City of Edmonton and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). Special appreciation goes to former colleagues Hesham Fouli, Yasser Shammaa, Stephen Edwini-Bonsu, Iran Lima Neto, Adriana Camino, and others too numerous to mention. It was my pleasure to work with all of them and share knowledge and experience. Finally, I owe a special thanks to my wife for her support, understanding, and patience. I would like to thank all of my sisters for their love and encouragement. In loving memory of my parents who always believed in me and gave me confidence. Table of Contents Chapter 1 General Introduction 1 1.1 Dropshaft Components 2 1.2 Dropshafts Types 4 1.2.1 Vortex flow type 5 1.2.2 Plunge flow type 7 1.3 Value of the Study 8 1.4 Objectives of the Study 9 1.5 Thesis Organization 10 References 13 Chapter 2 A Preliminary Study of Plunging Flow in Vertical Dropshafts 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Experimental Setup 17 2.3 Experimental Results 18 2.3.1 Flow patterns of plunge flow dropshaft 18 2.3.2 Air entrainment 20 2.3.3 Energy dissipation 22 2.4 Summary and Conclusions 23 References 30 Chapter 3 Comparison between Elbow and Straight Inlet Entrance for Plunge-Flow Dropshafts 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Experimental Apparatus 34 3.3 Flow Description 36 3.4 Hydraulic Properties 38 3.4.1 Inlet water depth 38 3.4.2 Plunge pool water depth 39 3.4.3 Water depth in outlet pipe 40 3.4.4 Average outlet velocity 40 3.5 Energy Dissipation 41 3.6 Air Entrainment 42 3.6 Summary and Conclusions 43 References 56 Chapter 4 The Effect of Plunge Pool Configuration on the Performance of Dropshafts 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Experimental setup 59 4.3 Experimental Flow Conditions 60 4.3.1 Inlet flow depth 60 4.3.2 Outlet pipe flow condition 61 Baffle series 61 Sump series 62 Junction series 63 4.3.3 Hydraulic jump in outlet pipe 63 4.4 Energy Dissipation 65 4.5 Air Entrainment 67 4.6 Summary and Conclusions 68 References 79 Chapter 5 The Effect of the Size of Air Vents and Outflow Direction on the Performance of Plunge-Flow Dropshafts 5.1 Introduction 81 5.2 Experimental Setup 83 5.3 Flow Characteristics 85 5.3.1 Specific energy in inlet pipe 85 5.3.2 Flow description in vertical shaft 87 5.3.3 Flow in outlet pipe 89 5.4 Energy Dissipation 90 5.5 Air Entrainment 91 5.6 Estimation of the Pressure Drop in Vertical Shaft 94 5.7 Summary and Conclusions 95 References 112 Chapter 6 CFD Modeling of Plunge-Flow in Vertical Dropshafts 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 Governing Equations 115 6.2.1 Continuity Equation 116 6.2.2 Momentum Equation 116 6.2.3 Interphase momentum transfer models 117 6.2.4 Turbulence model 118 6.3 Computational Model Parameters 119 6.3.1 Flow geometry 119 6.3.2 Boundary conditions 120 6.3.3 Grid size analysis 121 6.4 Results and Discussion 122 6.4.1 Comparison between momentum transfer models 122 6.4.2 Water depth in inlet pipe of simulation results 124 6.4.3 Flow pattern simulations in plunge flow dropshaft 124 6.4.3 The effect of air vent size on airflow rate 125 6.4.5 Maximum pressure at the bottom of the vertical shaft 126 6.4.6 Air entrainment 127 6.4.7 Energy dissipation 128 6.5 Scale Effects on Hydraulic Modeling of Air Entrainment 129 6.6 Summary and Conclusions 131 References 146 Chapter 7 Conclusions 148 Appendix A Oblique Impingement of Circular Water Jets on Plane Boundaries A.l Introduction 153 A.2 Experimental Arrangement and Experiments 155 A.3 Experimental Results and Analysis 157 A.3.1 Water depth profiles 157 A.3.2 Velocity profiles 159 A.3.3 Bed shear stress 160 A.4 Conclusions 160 References 173 Appendix B CFD Modelling of Oblique Water Circular Jet Impingement on a Flat Surface B.l Introduction 175 B.2 Homogeneous model 177 B.3 Computational geometry 178 B.4 Boundary Conditions 180 B.5 Gird Generation and Mesh Refinement 181 B.6 Numerical Simulation Results and Quality Assurance 182 B.6.1 Simulation error 182 B.6.2 Water depth and velocity profiles 184 B.6.3 Pressure field 188 B.6.4 Shear stress 190 B.7 Summary and Conclusions 192 References 214 List of Tables Table 5.1 The range of the velocity measurements and percentage error 98 Table A.
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