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Environment, Development and Change in Rural Asia-Pacific

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Environment, Development and Change in Rural Asia-Pacific Environment, Development and Change in Rural Asia-Pacific examines the economic, political, social and environmental challenges facing rural communities in the Asia- Pacific region, as global issues intersect with local contexts. Such challenges, from climatic change and volcanic eruption to population growth and violent civil unrest, have stimulated local resilience amongst communities and led to evolving regional institutions and environment management practices, changing social relationships and producing new forms of stratification. Bringing together case studies from across mainland Southeast Asia and the Island Pacific, an expert team of international contributors reveal how communi- ties at the periphery seek to take charge of their lives, champion the virtues of their own local systems of production and consumption, and engage in the complexities of new structures of development that demand a response to the vacillations of global politics, economy and society. Inherent in this is the recognition that ‘development’ as we have come to know it is far from over. Each chapter empha- sises the growing recognition that ecological and environmental issues are key to any understanding and analysis of structures of sustainable development. Providing diverse multidisciplinary theoretical and empirical perspectives, this authoritative and stimulating book makes an important contribution to the revital- isation of development studies and as such will be essential reading for scholars in the field, as well as those with an interest in Asia-Pacific studies, economic geo- graphy and political economy. John Connell is Professor of Geography at the School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Australia. Eric Waddell is Professor of Geography at Laval University, Canada. Routledge Pacific Rim Geographies Series editors: John Connell, Lily Kong and John Lea 1. Landscapes of Globalization Human geographies of economic change in the Philippines Philip Kelly 2. Sex Work in Southeast Asia The place of desire in a time of AIDS Lisa Law 3. Urbanisation in the Island Pacific Towards sustainable development John Connell and John Lea 4. Malaysia, Modernity and the Multimedia Super Corridor A critical geography of intelligent landscapes Tim Bunnell 5. Made in the Philippines Gendered discourses and the making of migrants James A. Tyner 6. Environment, Development and Change in Rural Asia-Pacific Between local and global Edited by John Connell and Eric Waddell Environment, Development and Change in Rural Asia-Pacific Between local and global Edited by John Connell and Eric Waddell I~ ~?io~!!~n~~:up LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2007 by Routledge Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2007 Editorial selection, © John Connell and Eric Waddell, © the contributors Typeset in Baskerville by Book Now Ltd The Open Access version of this book, available at www.tandfebooks.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Environment, development and change in rural Asia-Pacific: between local and global / edited by John Connell and Eric Waddell. p. cm. – (Routledge Pacific Rim geographies; 6) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Sustainable development–East Asia. 2. East Asia–Economic conditions–21st century. 3. East Asia–Rural conditions. I. Connell, John, 1946– II. Waddell, Eric. III. Series. HC460.5.Z9E544 2006 338.95–dc22 2006015970 ISBN13: 978–0–415–40414–3 (hbk) For Harold Brookfield This collection is directly inspired by and dedicated to the scholarship of Harold Brookfield, a man who never ceased to walk the fields and forests of the tropical realm and listen attentively to the words of its small farmers. Contents List of illustrations ix List of contributors xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Between global and local: the contest for development 1 ERIC WADDELL AND JOHN CONNELL 2 Volcanic eruption as metaphor of social integration: a political ecological study of Mount Merapi, Central Java 16 MICHAEL R. DOVE 3 Pacific island rural development: challenges and prospects in Kiribati 38 FRANK R. THOMAS AND KAUTOA TONGANIBEIA 4 Agricultural landscapes of Kadavu: persistence and change on the Fijian periphery 56 ROBERT KUHLKEN 5 Tree crops and the cultivated landscapes of the southwest Pacific 76 JEAN KENNEDY AND WILLIAM CLARKE 6 Land reform and the state in Vietnam’s northwestern mountains 91 THOMAS SIKOR 7 Seeds of discontent: oil palm and the changing production strategies among smallholders in Papua New Guinea 108 GEORGE N. CURRY AND GINA KOCZBERSKI viii Contents 8 Holding on to modernity? Siwai, Bougainville, Papua New Guinea 127 JOHN CONNELL 9 Oil palm expansion in Sarawak: lessons learned by a latecomer? 147 NIELS FOLD AND TINA SVAN HANSEN 10 Can Indonesia’s complex agroforests survive globalisation and decentralisation? Sanggau District, West Kalimantan 167 LESLEY POTTER AND SIMON BADCOCK 11 Seeing ‘water blindness’: water control in agricultural intensification and environmental change in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam 186 FIONA MILLER 12 Rethinking watershed science: lessons from Thailand 208 TIM FORSYTH 13 Civil society and interdependencies: towards a regional political ecology of Mekong development 226 PHILIP HIRSCH Index 247 Illustrations Figures 2.1 Location of Mount Merapi within Indonesia 18 2.2 Mount Merapi, Java 19 2.3 Villagers gathering grasses on the high slopes of Mount Merapi, Java 21 3.1 Kiribati 40 3.2 Drying fish, South Tarawa 45 4.1 Kadavu, Fiji 58 4.2 Yaqona garden on the slopes of Nabukelevu volcano, Kadavu 63 4.3 Raised fields (vuevue) with interplanting at Ravitaki, Kadavu 67 4.4 Village-owned taro terraces at Ravitaki 68 4.5 Terraced taro garden at Solodamu, Kadavu 69 6.1 Chieng Dong in northwestern Vietnam 93 6.2 Son La’s model for agriculture and forestry, Vietnam 97 7.1 Papua New Guinea 109 7.2 Company oil palm harvest pickup, West New Britain 113 7.3 Woman’s oil palm ‘lus frut’ harvest, West New Britain 114 7.4 Fresh oil palm fruit bunch harvest, West New Britain 115 8.1 Siwai, Bougainville, Papua New Guinea 128 8.2 Large cocoa fermentaries, such as this one at Hukuha (1975), used enormous amounts of high quality timber 135 8.3 Mounding in a sweet potato garden, Siroi (2001) 139 8.4 Vanilla drying on an appropriated AusAID signboard, Siroi (2001) 140 9.1 Total land area under oil palm, Malaysia 150 9.2 Land areas under oil palm and rice production, Malaysia 153 9.3 Sarawak 155 9.4 Land use in Niah catchment area, Sarawak 158 9.5 Actual and projected areas of oil palm plantation in Niah catchment area, 2002 160 10.1 Sanggau District, Kalimantan, Indonesia 171 11.1 Irrigated rice area, Vietnam and the Mekong Delta, 1980–94 198 11.2 Land use in the Mekong Delta 200 11.3 Winter–spring crop areas, 1985–98 201 x Illustrations 11.4 Planned water resource development in the Mekong Delta 202 12.1 Northern Thailand 215 12.2 Yao woman farmer on steep, cultivated slopes, northern Thailand 218 12.3 Pha Dua village agriculture, northern Thailand 218 12.4 Categories of predicted soil erosion 219 12.5 Categories of slope steepness 220 13.1 Mekong Basin and Region 228 13.2 Greater Mekong Subregion infrastructure 235 13.3 Se San Basin, Cambodia 242 Tables 3.1 Crops planted by 20 households, South Tarawa 44 4.1 Cultivars of main food crops grown in Nabukulevu District, western Kadavu 65 5.1 Tree crops commonly eaten in Papua New Guinea 82 7.1 Mean number of persons per LSS block, Hoskins, 1972–2000 112 7.2 Percentages of LSS blocks employing different harvesting strategies at Hoskins, Bialla and Popondetta 116 7.3 Mean population per LSS block by harvesting strategy at Bialla and Hoskins 119 7.4 Mean numbers of households per LSS block by harvesting strategy at Bialla and Hoskins 119 10.1 The hamlets and the company 177 11.1 Summary of water and agricultural transformations in the Mekong Delta 191 11.2 Changes in land use in the Mekong Delta, 1990–2000 200 12.1 ‘Mother statements’ about watershed degradation and suggested amendments 211 12.2 Areas of historic cold-dry season land uses in the Chiang Rai mountain village 221 Contributors Simon Badcock Independent Consultant, Bali, Indonesia William Clarke Resource Management in Asia-Pacific Program, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra John Connell School of Geosciences, University of Sydney George N. Curry Department of Social Sciences, Curtin University of Tech- nology, Perth Michael R. Dove Department of Anthropology, and School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University Niels Fold Institute of Geography, University of Copenhagen Tim Forsyth Development Studies Institute, London School of Economics Tina Svan Hansen Institute of Geography, University of Copenhagen Philip Hirsch School of Geosciences, University of Sydney Jean Kennedy Division of Archaeology and Natural History, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra Gina Koczberski Department of Social Sciences, Curtin University of Tech- nology, Perth Robert Kuhlken Department of Geography and Land Studies, Central Washington University, Ellensburg Fiona Miller Risk and Vulnerability Programme, Stockholm Environment Institute Lesley Potter Department of Human Geography, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra Thomas Sikor Institute for Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences, Humboldt University, Berlin Frank R. Thomas Historic Preservation Office, Majuro, Marshall Islands xii Contributors Kautoa Tonganibeia Environment and Conservation Division, Ministry of Environment and Social Development, Kiribati Eric Waddell Département de géographie, Université Laval, Quebec Acknowledgements We are particularly grateful, of course, to the various contributors from several different countries, who met ever-fluctuating deadlines.
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