Chapter 31 Organizer and

Refer to pages 4T-5T of the Teacher Guide for an explanation of the National Science Education Standards correlations. Teacher Classroom Resources Activities/FeaturesObjectivesSection MastersSection TransparenciesReproducible

Reinforcement and Study Guide, pp. 137-138 L2 Section Focus Transparency 75 L1 ELL Section 31.1 1. Compare the characteristics of different Inside Story: An Amniotic Egg, p. 844 Section 31.1 groups of reptiles. Careers in Biology: Wildlife Artist/ Content Mastery, pp. 153-154, 156 L1 Basic Concepts Transparency 54 L2 ELL Reptiles 2. Explain how make Photographer, p. 846 Reptiles Basic Concepts Transparency 55 L2 ELL National Science Education them suited to on land. Focus On , p. 850 Reteaching Skills Transparency 45 L1P ELL Standards UCP.1-5; C.3, C.5, P C.6; G.3 (11/ sessions, 1/ 2 2 Reinforcement and Study Guide, pp. 139-140 L2 Section Focus Transparency 76 L1 ELLP block) Section 31.2 Concept Mapping, p. 31 L3 ELL P Basic Concepts Transparency 56 L2 LSELLP Birds Critical Thinking/Problem Solving, p. 31 L3 Basic Concepts Transparency 57 L2P ELL P LS 3. Interpret the phylogeny of birds. MiniLab 31-1: Comparing , p. 853 BioLab and MiniLab Worksheets, pp. 139-142 L2 Reteaching Skills Transparency 46PL1P ELL Section 31.2 P LS 4. Explain how adaptations make Inside Story: Flight, p. 855 Laboratory Manual, pp. 219-228P L2 LS PLS Birds them suited to life on land. MiniLab 31-2: Feeding the Birds, p. 856 Content Mastery, pp. 153, 155-156 L1 P National Science Education 5. Relate bird adaptations to their ability Problem-Solving Lab 31-1, p. 857 P LS P Tech Prep Applications, pp. 39-40 L2 P LS P Standards UCP.1-5; A.1, A.2; to fly. Design Your Own BioLab: Which egg shape P LS LS 1 LS P C.3, C.5; F.4, F.5; G.1-3 (2 /2 is best? p. 860 LS P LS sessions, 1 block) Biology & Society: Illegal Wildlife Trade, Assessment Resources Additional Resources P LS p. 862 LS P LS Chapter Assessment, pp. 181-186 SpanishLS Resources ELL LS P LS MindJoggerAssessment Videoquizzes Resources AdditionalEnglish/Spanish AudiocassettesResources ELL P LSLS Performance Assessment in the Biology Classroom Cooperative Learning in the Science Classroom COOPLS LEARN Need Materials? Contact Carolina Biological Supply Company at 1-800-334-5551 KeyKey toto TeachingTeaching StrategiesStrategies P or at http://www.carolina.com Alternate Assessment in the Science Classroom P LessonLS Plans/Block SchedulingP L1 Level 1 activities should be appropriate Computer Test Bank LS P LS MATERIALS LIST for students with learning difficulties. BDOL Interactive CD-ROM, Chapter 31 quiz L2 Level 2 activities should be within the LS BioLab Alternative Lab LS ability range of all students. LS LS p. 860 modeling clay, cardboard, met- p. 842 thermometer, black paper, L3 Level 3 activities are designed for above- LS ric ruler, string, hard-boiled egg, Ping- white paper, transparent tape, lamp, average students. Pong ball, golf ball, balance, protractor metric ruler, modeling clay, small metal ELL ELL activities should be within the ability cans (2) Teacher’s MiniLabs range of English Language Learners. COOP LEARN Cooperative Learning activities Corner p. 853 contour , down feather, Quick Demos P are designed for small group work. The following multimedia resources are available from Glencoe. hand lens, paper, pencil p. 842 live or mounted reptile specimens P P These strategies represent student prod- Products Available From Products Available From Biology: The Dynamics of Life p. 856 1-gallon plastic milk bottles, p. 848 plastic models P ucts that can be placed into a best-work Glencoe National Geographic Society CD-ROM ELL wire, bird seed (assorted varieties) p. 854 recording of bird songs and calls P To order the following products, To order the following products, portfolio. Video: Feeding call Glencoe at 1-800-334-7344: call National Geographic Society LS These strategies are useful in a block Exploration: The Five Kingdoms LS CD-ROMs at 1-800-368-2728: LS scheduling format. BioQuest: Park NGS PictureShow: Structure of Video P Video: Sea LS 1 Reptiles and Exploration: Bird Adaptations NGS PictureShow: Structure of Video: Eagles Vertebrates 2 Index to National Video: Shorebirds Curriculum Kit Geographic Magazine LS Video: Bird CourtshipP GeoKit: Fish, Reptiles, and The following articles may be Amphibians used for research relating to this Videodisc Program Transparency Set chapter: Snake Feeding NGS PicturePack: Structure of “Ravens: Legendary Bird LS Vertebrates 1 Brains,” by Douglas H. The Infinite Voyage NGS PicturePack: Structure of Chadwick, January 1999. The Great Dinosaur Hunt Vertebrates 2 “Dinosaurs Take Wing,” by Jennifer Ackerman, July 1998.

840A 840B ChapterChapter 3131 ChapterChapter SECTION PREVIEW Section Objectives Section 31.1 Compare the character- istics of different groups 31.1 Reptiles of reptiles. ETTING TARTED EMO Reptiles and Birds GETTING STARTED DEMO 31 Explain how reptile Prepare adaptations make them Naturalist Display reptil- suited to life on land. Key Concepts ian skulls or skeletons. Vocabulary Have students compare and What You’ll Learn ou may remember seeing an amniotic egg Students will study the features adventure movie in which a Jacobson’s contrast them. Point out the You will compare and con- reptiles have in common and trast various reptiles and Yferocious devours a learn about the adaptations of locations of the appendages on birds. villain who is trying to swim across a the skeletons, or, if a snake is , , , You will identify reptile and jungle river. Moviemakers often use displayed, the absence of app- , and . Origins of bird adaptations that make crocodiles, alligators, lizards, and endages. Discuss the location of these groups successful. WORD Origin reptiles and their amniotic eggs P snakes in their films to convey a sense the appendages in relation to reptile are considered and discussed in of fear to the audience. However, only life on land. Why It’s Important From the Latin terms of the movement of Studying reptiles, the first ani- a few reptile species are capable of word repere, mean- to land. mals to become independent of killing humans. Of the approxi- ing “to creep.” A LS water, can help you understand mately 120 species of snakes reptile is an Theme Development the adaptations required for found in the United States, with dry skin, legs Planning life on land. Birds are endo- under the body, and For the Quick Demos, borrow is one theme woven therms and have feathers and the poisonous ones include amniotic eggs. throughout the chapter and is wings, adaptations that enable the rattlesnakes, moccasins, live or mounted reptiles and apparent in the discussions of the them to live anywhere on copperheads, and coral purchase small plastic dino- movement of animals to land and Earth. snakes. saurs. Nile crocodile and For the Alternative Lab, how dinosaurs may have evolved coral snake (inset) into birds. Unity within diver- GETTING STARTED gather thermometers, black and white paper, tape, lamps, sity is exemplified by the features Naming Reptiles rulers, empty frozen juice con- reptiles have in common and by a There are more than 7000 discussion of adaptations that led known species of reptiles. tainers, and clay. to the classification of reptiles How many species of reptiles can you name? into different orders. Similarly, reptiles from the need to return to birds have features in common What Is a Reptile? To find out swamps, lakes, rivers, ponds, or 1 Focus but also have adaptations that more about reptiles and birds, visit the At first glance, it may be difficult oceans for reproduction. make them suited for particular to determine how a legless snake is Bellringer habitats. Glencoe Science Web Site. www.glencoe.com/sec/science related to a tortoise. Snakes, turtles, Before presenting the lesson, alligators, and lizards are an extremely display Section Focus Trans- diverse group of animals, yet all share parency 75 on the overhead pro- certain traits that place them in the jector and have students answer Reptilia. If time does not permit teach- What does a legless, the accompanying questions. Early reptiles, such as the coty- ing the entire chapter, use the cold-blooded viper with L1 ELL losaur (kaht ul oh SOR) shown in BioDigest at the end of the poisonous fangs have in common with a bird? Figure 31.1, were the first animals to unit as an overview. Think about scales and become adapted to life on land. All Figure 31.1 shelled eggs. Scientists reptiles have adaptations that enable TransparencyP 75 Living on Land SECTION FOCUS hypothesize that reptiles Cotylosaurs, examples of early reptiles, Use with Chapter 31, Section 31.1 are the ancestors of birds. them to complete their life cycles were probably the ancestors of the long- entirely on land. These adaptations extinct dinosaurs as well as of today’s ResourceResource released the cotylosaurs and other living reptiles, birds, and . ManagerManager LS 840 REPTILES AND BIRDS 31.1 REPTILES 841 Section Focus Transparency 75 P and Master L1 ELL AssessmentAssessment PlannerPlanner Look for the following logos for strategies that emphasize different learning modalities. Portfolio Assessment Assessment, TWE, p. 859 P Multiple Kinesthetic Quick Demo, Linguistic Portfolio, p. 848; Alternative Lab, TWE, pp. 842-843 Knowledge Assessment LS p. 842; Meeting Individual Biology Journal, p. 854; Check Assessment, TWE, pp. 847, 849, 856 Section Assessment, SE, pp. 849, 859 Learning Needs, pp. 844, 851; Portfolio, p. 850 for Understanding, p. 858 Portfolio, TWE, pp. 847, 848, 850, 853, 856 Chapter Assessment, SE, pp. 863-865 Visual-Spatial Biology Journal, Logical-Mathematical Meet- 1 The both in and out of water. How does Styles MiniLab, TWE, p. 856 Assessment, TWE, p. 858 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. it differ from the frog? p. 844; Tech Prep, pp. 845, 858; ing Individual Needs, p. 855 2 What adaptations do the snake and tortoise have for LS Performance Assessment BioLab, TWE, pp. 860-861 life in the desert? Portfolio, pp. 847, 853, 856 Auditory-Musical Quick Demo, P BioLab, SE, pp. 860-861 Skill Assessment BIOLOGY: The Dynamics of Life SECTION FOCUS TRANSPARENCIES Interpersonal Project, p. 846; p. 854 MiniLab, SE, pp. 853, 856 Assessment, TWE, p. 853 Quick Demo, p. 848; Meeting Naturalist Check for Under- Alternative Lab, TWE, pp. 842-843 MiniLab, TWE, p. 853 840 Individual Needs, p. 857 standing, p. 848; Activity, p. 849 Problem-Solving Lab, TWE, p. 857 841 LS Enrichment Reptiles have scaly skin of catching prey or avoiding preda- ronment. The egg functions as the Figure 31.3 2 Teach Unlike the moist, thin skin of tors. Reptiles also have claws that embryo’s total life-support system. Different reptiles regulate their body Interpersonal Ask a group of amphibians, reptiles have a dry, thick help them obtain food and protect Read the Inside Story on the next page temperatures by a variety of behaviors. students to research the Discussion skin covered with scales. Scaly skin, themselves. Additional evolutionary to find out what the food supply is requirements for temperature, Ask students to share their experi- as shown in Figure 31.2, prevents changes in the structure of the jaws for a reptile embryo. A A chuckwalla keeps its light, and diet for a suited ences and feelings about reptiles, the loss of body moisture and pro- and teeth of early reptiles allowed All reptiles have internal fertiliza- temperature constant for terrarium life. Have them set by lying in the shade of especially snakes. If they express vides additional protection from them to exploit other resources and tion. The eggs are laid after fertiliza- a large rock. up a terrarium and care for the predators. Because gas exchange can- niches on land. tion, and embryos develop after eggs fear, ask why they think that they B A bearded lizard suns lizard. L2 COOP LEARN have this fear. Point out that most not occur through scaly skin, reptiles are laid. Most reptiles lay their eggs itself to get warm in Some reptiles have primates show an instinctive fear are entirely dependent on lungs as under rocks, bark, grasses, or other the morning. P four-chambered hearts of snakes. Ask students why they their primary organ of gas exchange. surface materials, but a few dig holes think this is so. Most reptiles, like amphibians, or collect materials for a nest. Most Skeletal changes in reptiles have three-chambered hearts. Some reptiles provide no care for hatch- Look again at the illustration of reptiles, notably the crocodilians, lings, but female crocodiles have VIDEODISCLS the cotylosaur. This reptile had legs have a four-chambered heart that been observed guarding their nests Quick Demo P GTV: Planetary that were placed more directly under completely separates the supply of from predators. Manager Kinesthetic Obtain live the body rather than at right angles blood with oxygen from blood with- Reptiles are Animal, Side 2 or mounted specimens to the body as in early amphibians. out oxygen. The separation enables of reptiles for students to This positioning of the legs provides more oxygen to reach body tissues. Even though reptiles are different greater body support and makes !7Ri$E"LS examine. Point out the scaly This separation is an that from amphibians in many ways, they walking and running on land easier supports the higher level of energy are similar in one way. Both amphib- skin. Make sure students have for reptiles. They have a good chance use required by land animals. ians and reptiles are ectotherms. an opportunity to touch the Their body temperatures depend on skin and see that it is not Reptiles reproduce on land P the temperatures of their environ- Internet Address Book slimy, a common misconcep- Reptiles reproduce by laying eggs ments. In the cool morning, a turtle How reptiles obtain food tion. Figure 31.2 on land. Unlike amphibians, reptiles might pull itself out of the pond or Like other animals, reptiles have Note Scales on a reptile’s have no aquatic larval stage, and thus swamp and bask on a log in the sun- adaptations that enable them to find Internet skin overlap like are not as vulnerable to water- light until noon. Then, when the food and to sense the world around LS tiles on a roof. addresses that you find useful dwelling predators as young amphib- temperature gets a little too warm, them. Most turtles and tortoises are in the space below for quick ians are. Reptile hatchlings look just the turtle may slip back into the cool too slow to be effective predators, reference. like adults, only smaller. water. This example shows that even but that doesn’t mean they go hun- A The scales of rep- Although all of the adaptations dis- though reptiles cannot control their gry. Most are herbivores, and those VIDEODISC tiles, unlike the cussed so far enabled reptiles to live body temperatures internally, they can that are predators prey on worms and The Secret of Life separate glossy successfully on land, the evolution of use behavioral adaptations to com- mollusks. Snapping turtles, however, Reptile/Bird Heart scales of fishes, the amniotic egg was the adaptation pensate for changes in environmental are extremely aggressive, attacking are part of the skin that liberated reptiles from a depen- temperature. Figure 31.3 shows fishes and amphibians, and even itself. The scales pulling ducklings under water. !7;H8E" are all connected dence on water for reproduction. An other examples of behavioral adjust- to one another by amniotic egg (am nee OHT ihk) pro- ment of body temperature in reptiles. Lizards primarily eat insects. The hinges of skin. vides nourishment to the embryo and Because reptiles are dependent on marine iguana of the Galapagos contains membranes that protect it the temperatures of their surround- Islands is one of the few herbivorous while it develops in a terrestrial envi- ings, they do not inhabit extremely lizards, feeding on marine algae. The ResourceResource cold regions. Reptiles are common in Komodo dragon, the largest lizard, is ManagerManager temperate and tropical regions, found on several islands in Indonesia, where climates are warm, and in hot north of Australia. It is an efficient B To grow, young reptiles molt. Basic Concepts Transparency Old scaly skin is replaced by desert climates. Many species of rep- predator, sometimes even of humans. 54 and Master L2 ELL new skin. Even the lenses of tiles become dormant during cold Although lizards such as the Komodo a reptile’s eyes are replaced periods in moderately cold environ- dragon may look slow, they are capa- during a molt. ments such as in the northern United ble of bursts of speed, which they use States. to catch their prey. P

842 31.1 REPTILES 843

P Alternative LabLS tape, lamp, metric ruler, empty frozen juice 3. Place a thermometer into the hole in 7. Turn on the lamp and allow it to shine being heated for 10 minutes? black Assessment containers with holes in one end, clay each can top and secure it with clay. on both cans for 10 minutes. 2. Which color absorbs light better and Portfolio The ability to change Make sure the hole is tightly sealed. 8. Record the final temperature of both warms up faster? black Body Color Adaptations Procedure skin color is an adaptation in many rep- P 4. Place both cans about 5 cm away from cans. Calculate the total change in tem- 3. Did your data support your hypothesis? Give students the following directions. tiles. Ask students to explain how this LS the bulb of a lamp. Do not turn on the perature for each can and record it in Explain. Yes, if students said that the Purpose 1. Make a data table for starting temper- adaptation may help reptiles survive. lamp. your data table. black can would absorb more heat. Students observe how color affects the rate ature, final temperature, and total They should include their explanation in 5. Record the starting temperature of 4. Which should absorb more light from at which organisms absorb heat. temperature change for a black can Expected Results their portfolios. Use the Performance LS and a white can. both cans in your data table. the sun, a dark animal or a light ani- Materials The black can will absorb more heat. Task Assessment List for Writing in 2. Cover one can with black paper and 6. Develop a hypothesis as to which can mal? Why? Dark; dark colors absorb thermometer, black paper, white paper, Analysis Science in PASC, p. 87. L2 P the other with white paper. Tape the will show a higher temperature at the 1. Which color, black or white, had the more light and heat up more quickly. 842 paper in place. end of 10 minutes. greater temperature change after 843 LS

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LS Figure 31.4 Visual Learning IINSIDENSIDE IINSIDENSIDE Many reptiles are skillful Figure 31.4 Ask students why the predators that obtain prey snapping turtle is such an effec- STORY STORY in a variety of ways. tive predator. It has a flexible neck P and a strong, horny . A The Komodo dragon Purpose An Amniotic Egg is a predator that can Students will study the amniotic kill animals as large Misconception egg and learnLS how this adaptation he evolution of the amniotic egg was a major step as a deer or even a Many people believe that the age Tin reptilian adaptations to land environments. water buffalo. Adult enabled reptiles to live out of Komodo dragons can of a rattlesnake can be determined Amniotic eggs enclose the embryo in amniotic fluid, by counting the number of rattles water. provide a source of food in the yolk, and surround both reach a length of more than 3 m. B The snapping turtle is common in North on its tail. However, because a Teaching Strategies embryo and food with membranes and a tough, leath- B ery shell. These structures in the egg help prevent injury America. It has strong claws and a new rattle forms each time the hooked beak that is sharp enough to snake molts, and molting can Ask students to carefully open and dehydration of the embryo as it develops on land. Hatchling turtle with egg tooth a raw chicken egg and note the bite through a person’s fingers. occur many times each year, there shell, albumen, yolk, and the Critical Thinking How is the leathery covering of a is no correlation between the tough membrane inside the shell. reptile egg more suited to being laid deep in the sand Snakes are also effective predators. heads of some snakes, as shown in number of rattles and the age of Ask what parts of the egg shown than a hard-shelled bird egg would be? Some, like the rattlesnake, have poi- Figure 31.5, have heat-sensitive the snake. in the Inside Story are missing 6 Egg tooth A reptile hatches by son fangs that they use to subdue or organs or pits that enable them to breaking its shell with the horny from their egg. L1 ELL kill their prey. A constrictor wraps its detect tiny variations in air tempera- 1 Amnion The amnion (AM nee ahn) is a tooth on its snout. This egg tooth body around its prey, tightening its ture brought about by the presence drops off shortly after hatching. Visual Learning membrane filled with fluid that surrounds grip each time the prey animal of warm-blooded animals. Snakes the developing embryo. The fluid-filled exhales. Two of these reptiles are and lizards are equipped with a keen Challenge students to describe amnion cushions the embryo and prevents P shown in Figure 31.4. sense of smell. Have you ever seen a the differences between frog dehydration. CD-ROM snake flick out its tongue? The Biology: The Dynamics eggs and turtle eggs. The frog 5 Chorion The How reptiles use their sense tongue is picking up chemical mole- eggs are surrounded by a jellylike chorion (KOR ee ahn) organs cules in the air. The snake draws its of Life is a membrane that substance that requires moisture. 2 Shell The reptile Reptiles have a variety of sense tongue back into its mouth and Video: Feeding Snake The reptile eggs areLS covered by a egg is encased in a forms around the Disc 4 yolk, allantois, organs that help them detect danger inserts it into a structure called shell. Ask how theseP differences leathery shell. Most reptiles lay their eggs amnion, and or potential prey. How does a rattle- Jacobson’s organ, described in VIDEODISC might reflect the environment in protected places embryo. It allows snake know you are nearby? The Figure 31.5. Biology: The Dynamics in which each of these animals beneath sand, earth, gas exchange dur- of Life live. Frogs must live near water gravel, or bark. ing respiration. Snake Feeding (Ch. 6) for reproduction;LS reptiles do not Figure 31.5 Snakes have sense organs that enable them to detect Disc 2, Side 1, 30 sec. depend upon water for reproduc- prey or identify chemicals in their environment. tion. B The long, flexible tongue of snakes and !7hÑ" Embryo lizards picks up molecules in the air and A Rattlesnakes have a pair of heat-sensitive transfers them to the Jacobson’s organ Critical Thinking pits below their eyes that enable them to in the roof of the animal’s mouth for Reptile eggs have a leathery, flex- detect prey in total darkness. chemical analysis. ible shell. Bird eggs have a hard, but breakable, shell. Reptile eggs Jacobson’s organ can withstand burial because they 3 Yolk The main 4 Allantois The embryo’s are flexible. food supply for the nitrogenous wastes are embryo is the yolk, which excreted into the allantois is enclosed in a sac that is also (uh LANT uh wus), a mem- attached to the embryo. The branous sac that is associ- ResourceResource clear part of the egg is albumen ated with the embryo’s ManagerManager (al BYEW mun), a source of addi- gut. When a reptile tional food and water for the hatches, it leaves behind Tongue Reteaching Skills Trans- developing embryo. the allantois with its collected wastes. parency 45 and Master L1 ELL 844 REPTILES AND BIRDS

BIOLOGYIOLOGY JOURNAL MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS P Protecting Local Reptiles Learning Disabled Visual-Spatial Ask students to con- Kinesthetic Have students make a Reptile Exhibits select the reptile and then research its needs tact their state or local division of cross-sectional model of an amniotic Visual-Spatial Tell students that they for space, food, and other care. They should LS wildlife to find out about programs egg. They can use materials such as clay, are herpetologists at a large zoo. They show a care schedule on the sketch they P P underway to protect locally endangered plastic food wrap, and aluminum foil to must prepare plans and sketches of an make of the exhibit. L2 COOP LEARN reptiles. Ask them to prepare an illus- represent membranes. L1 ELL exhibit for an unusual reptile. Have students trated report of their findings that identi- P P fies the endangered reptiles in their area. L2 LS 844 LS P 845 LS LS P LS P P LS

LS LS CAREERS IN BIOLOGY CAREERS IN BIOLOGY Turtles have shells Figure 31.7 Assessment Lizards have many Assessment Turtles are the only reptiles pro- adaptations that Portfolio Have students Career Path B Only the Gila monster Wildlife tected by a shell made up of two enable them to live of the southwestern prepare a public service announce- Courses in high school: parts. The dorsal part of the shell is in a variety of dif- Artist/Photographer United States and ment that would help people with art, photography, and biol- the carapace, and the ventral part of ferent habitats. f you are determined and Mexico (shown here) their fear of snakes. Students ogy. the shell is the plastron. The verte- I patient, you can combine and the beaded lizard should include information they College: courses in art, art histo- your love of and your brae and ribs of turtles are fused to of Mexico are A Geckos are small, artistic skills into a career as a A poisonous have learned about snakes. Have ry, photography, and zoology. the inside of the carapace. A turtle’s nocturnal lizards wildlife artist or photographer. lizards. them include their announce- Other education sources: com- muscles are attached to the shell. that live in warm munity art classes Skills for the Job Most turtles have a shell made out of climates, such as ments in their portfolios. L1 P Some wildlife artists/photographers spend weeks in the hard, bony plates. In a few species, those of the south- Career Issue wilderness to find subjects for their art. Others draw, paint, the shell is a covering made of tough, ern United States, Ask students if they think wildlife or photograph animals in zoos or nature preserves. Becoming leathery skin. West Africa, and Asia. benefits or suffers when artists or an artist or photographer depends more on your natural The toe pads of some Some turtles are aquatic, and some geckos enable them to LS photographers invade their habi- abilities than training, but art or photography courses can live on land. Turtles that live on land help strengthen your skills. Many wildlife artists also study walk across walls and tats. Have the students provide biology or zoology so they can better understand their are called tortoises. Most turtles can ceilings. CD-ROM examples to support their opin- subjects. It can take years before artists are able to support draw their limbs, tail, and head into Biology: The Dynamics ions. themselves by selling their work, so many have another their shells for protection against of Life job, such as teaching art in a high school or college or giving predators. Although turtles have no Exploration: The Five KingdomsP For More Information private lessons. teeth, they do have powerful jaws Disc 3 For more information on becom- with a beaklike structure that is used BioQuest: Biodiversity Park ing a wildlife artist or photogra- For more careers in related fields, be sure sharp teeth that can drag prey under- burrow; some live in trees; and some to check the Glencoe Science Web Site. to crush food. Disc 3, 4 pher, students can write to: water and hold it there until it are aquatic. Many are adapted to hot, www.glencoe.com/sec/science Tortoises live on land, foraging for Video: Sea Turtle LS Wildlife Artists Association drowns. The American alligator is dry climates. fruit, berries, and insects. The largest Disc 4 c/o Larry Waggoner tortoises in the world, shown in found throughout many of the fresh- Snakes, in contrast to most verte- VIDEODISC P.O. Box 33757 Figure 31.6, are found on the Gala- water habitats of the southeastern brates, have no limbs and lack the Granada Hills, CA 91394 Diversity of Reptiles pagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador. United States. The American croco- bones to support limbs. Exceptions Biology: The Dynamics Gracefully gliding snakes and Some adult marine turtles swim dile can be found only in saltwater are pythons and boas, which retain of Life Display quickly darting lizards are grouped enormously long distances to lay and estuarine habitats in southern bones of the pelvis. The many verte- Sea Turtle (Ch. 5) Visual-Spatial Assign groups together in the order . their eggs. Like salmon, these turtles Florida. The American alligator can brae of snakes permit fast undula- Disc 2, Side 1, 38 sec. Figure 31.6 of students orders of reptiles Turtles, slowly plodding and carrying return from their feeding grounds to reach a length of 5 m. Other croco- tions through grass and over rough In the past, sailors dilians, such as the Nile crocodile of terrain. Some snakes even swim and to research. Have them find out killed Galapagos heavy shells, belong to the order the place where they hatched. For !7^É" population distribution and pre- tortoises for food. As Chelonia. Basking crocodiles and example, green turtles travel from the Africa, can grow even longer. climb trees. pare a map showing this distribu- a result, their num- alligators, classified in the order coast of Brazil to Ascension Island in Both alligators and crocodiles lay Snakes usually kill their prey in tion. Display these maps on the bers declined rapidly. , may look clumsy but are the Atlantic, a distance of more than eggs in nests on the ground. Unlike one of three ways. Remember that bulletin board. L2 COOP LEARN surprisingly quick hunting 4000 km. other reptiles, these animals stay constrictors wrap themselves around machines that snap up close to their nests and guard them their prey. If you ever watch someone ResourceResource Crocodiles include the P fishes and lunge out at from predators. Several crocodilian handle a constrictor, you will notice Manager largest living reptiles Manager antelopes and other species have been observed holding that the handler never lets the snake large animals that In contrast to marine turtles, croc- their newly-hatched offspring gently start to wrap around his or her body. Basic Concepts Transparency come to the river odiles don’t migrate. They may in their mouths as they carried them The snake is always held carefully so 55 and Master L2 ELL LS to drink. spend their days alternately basking to the safety of the water. that its tail does not cross over its in the sun on a riverbank and floating own head to begin a coil. Common P like motionless logs. Only their eyes Snakes and lizards are found in constrictors include boas, pythons, and nostrils remain above water. many environments and anacondas. P Crocodiles can be identified by their Lizards, shown in Figure 31.7, are Venomous snakes use poison to kill long, slender snouts, whereas alliga- found in many types of habitats in their prey. These include rattle- LS tors have short, broad snouts. Both all but the polar regions of the world. snakes, cobras, and vipers, which P animals have powerful jaws with Some live on the ground; some inject poison from venom glands, LS

846 31.1 REPTILES 847 LS PROJECT PortfolioPortfolio

Protecting the Environment roles: teenage surfer, mayor, condominium Comparing Alligators and an alligator and a crocodile on the same Interpersonal Ask students to developer, beach home owner, turtle biolo- Crocodiles sheet of paper. Ask students to include cap- role play a citizen group debat- gist, president of the Turtle Protection Visual-Spatial Students often confuse tions for their drawings that explain how ing the protection of a beach where endan- Society, beach concession owner, state alligators and crocodiles. Have students alligators and crocodiles can be distinguished gered green sea turtles nest. Have them wildlife protection officer. Prior to role play- study pictures of alligators and crocodiles from one another based upon the shapes of work in groups of 3 to 4 and assume the role ing, students should prepare an outline of shown in magazines or reference books. Ask their heads. Have them include the habitat indicated on a card you have prepared. Have points that will be presented by the charac- P P them to study the features of the two ani- ranges of the American alligator and croco- them do some research on their assigned ter he or she assumes. L2 COOP LEARN mals, paying attention to the shapes of their dile. L2 P 846 roles. Cards should identify the following 847 P heads. Direct students to make a drawing of LS LS LS LS P P

LS LS Extension Quick Demo Origins of Reptiles Figure 31.10 The radiation of orders Linguistic Ask a group of Interpersonal Purchase You may have marveled at dino- of reptiles on the Geologic Snakes and Lizards students to find a children’s saurs ever since you were very young. Time shows their 6800 species a variety of plastic story, folktale, or nursery rhyme These animals were the most numer- relationships. dinosaurs from a toy store. that depicts reptiles in a negative ous land vertebrates during the Turtles way. Ask them to rewrite the Have students form coopera- Mesozoic Era. Some were the size of 250 species story so the reptile is depicted in tive groups and give each chickens, and others were the largest ANIMALS a positive way. Ask them to read group a different dinosaur. land dwellers that ever lived. Read Ask them to select one of the the Focus On at the end of this section the before and after versions of features of their dinosaur and to learn more about dinosaurs. the story to the class. L2 speculate about how it The ancestors of snakes and lizards evolved. Ask them to present are traced to a group of early reptiles, their explanations to the class. called scaly reptiles, that branched off Assessment Follow this exercise with a from the ancient cotylosaurs. The Portfolio Ask students to review of the basic ideas name “scaly reptiles” may be mislead- write a letter to the editor of their about evolution. Challenge ing because it implies that other rep- local newspaper to inform people Crocodiles and students to revise their expla- tiles lacked scales—which is not true. Alligators about endangered or threatenedP nations by including the terms Although the evolutionary history of 25 species reptiles that live in their area. variation and Figure 31.8 shown in Figure 31.8. Most snakes turtles is incomplete, scientists have Make sure students have Many poisonous are neither constrictors nor poisonous. suggested that they may also be Mammals in their explanations. Have snakes have hollow scaly researched the topic and include They get food by grabbing it with descendants of cotylosaurs. Dinosaurs reptiles students conclude their expla- fangs for injecting important facts in theirLS letters. their mouths and swallowing it whole. and crocodiles are the third group to nations with the idea that only venom supplied by a Have students include their let- Snakes eat rodents, amphibians, descend from cotylosaurs, as you can First turtles the dinosaurs best suited to venom gland. Venom ters in their portfolios. may either paralyze insects, fishes, eggs, and other reptiles. see in Figure 31.10. their environments survived to the prey so it cannot The fourth order of reptiles, Rhyn- Although scientists used to think produce offspring like them- P run away or kill the chocephalia, is represented by one liv- that birds arose as a separate group Dinosaurs selves. L2 COOP LEARN prey immediately. ing species, the , Figure 31.9. from this third branch, there is now The tuatara is the only survivor of a much evidence that leads biolo- 4 Close P primitive group of reptiles, most of gists to suggest that birds are the liv- which died out 100 million years ago. ing descendants of the dinosaurs. ruling Activity LS reptiles Naturalist Ask students in Early reptiles their groups to develop a 3 AssessLS Figure 31.9 The tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, Birds television commercial in which a Check forP Understanding is found only in New Zealand. It has nonpoisonous reptile speaks ancestral features, including teeth PRECAMBRIANPALEOZOIC MESOZOIC CENOZOIC PRESENT about how it wants to be treated Naturalist Have students fused to the edge of the jaws, and by people, what its habitat and brainstorm a list of concepts a skull structure similar to that of early reptiles. food requirements are, and why it they learnedLS about reptiles. Write should not be feared. L1 the list on the chalkboard and ask Section Assessment students to classify each concept Understanding Main Ideas Thinking Critically as being related to adaptations, 1. Choose one adaptation of early reptiles and 5. Explain how the development of a dry, thick skin characteristics, origins, or the explain how it enabled these animals to live was an adaptive advantage for reptiles. evolution of reptiles. L3 on land. 2. Describe two ways in which turtles protect SKILL REVIEWEVIEW themselves. 6. Classifying Set up a classification key that Reteach 3. How do snakes use the Jacobson’s organ for allows you to identify a reptile as a snake, lizard, Visual-Spatial For each rep- finding food? turtle, or crocodile. For more help, refer to 4. How are modern reptiles like dinosaurs? Organizing Information in the Skill Handbook. tile group, have students P develop a table with theP following heads: Representative organisms, Habitat, Food getting, Repro- 848 REPTILES AND BIRDS 31.1 REPTILES 849 duction, Locomotion, Respi- LS ration, and Protection.LS Have PortfolioPortfolio students complete their tables and Resource Manager Section Assessment then review them as a class. L2 Linguistic There are many miscon- 1. Reptile legs are located under the body 3. The tongue picks up chemicals in the 5. Dry, thick skin prevented reptiles from ceptions about reptiles. Ask students Content Mastery, p. 154 L1 rather than out to the sides, and they air. The snake then draws its tongue drying out on land. to look up and place in their portfolios P Reinforcement and Study Guide, have clawed toes. The body structure back into its mouth and inserts it into 6. Make sure that students start with information regarding misconceptions pp. 137-138 L2 and claws enhanced their movement the Jacobson’s organ for chemical general features of reptiles, such as about reptiles. L1 P on land. analysis. scaly dry skin, claws, amniotic eggs, 2. Turtles can draw limbs, heads, and tails 4. They have the same reptilian features and being ectothermic. Then, they P LS into their hard shells. Turtles may also as dinosaurs—dry, thick scaly skin, should use the main features for each use their powerful jaws to crush other clawed toes, and the amniotic egg. group. 848 LS animals. 849

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LS COMPSOGNATHUS Display Focus On SAURISCHIANS ORNITHISCHIANS Interpersonal Prepare a The ornithischians were the The “lizard-hipped” dinosaurs, or saurischians, had hip bones (shown Dinosaurs grazers of the Mesozoic. They below) like those of modern-day lizards, with the pubic bone projecting large outline map of the P are called “bird-hipped” forward. Two major groups of saurischians are the theropods, or three-toed world. Post the map on a class- carnivores, and the sauropods, or long-necked herbivores. EDMONTOSAURUS because their hip bones room wall or bulletin board. Purpose FOOT OF LARGE THEROPOD (shown at left) angled backwards like Provide students with the Students learn about dinosaurs, those of modern birds.The ornithischi- resources necessary to identify including how they are classified. ans had diverse adaptations for eating plants and for THE SMALLEST DINOSAUR LS defending themselves against their predatory relatives. where in the world different Less than a meter long, Compsognathus (above), which ALLOSAURUS They explore theories about how types of dinosaur have dinosaurs became extinct. means “pretty-jawed,” was the smallest of all HYPSILOPHODON dinosaurs. A delicate predator, this diminutive theropod been found. Have students work probably hunted lizards and small mammals. A double- together to create a key that Background FOCUS ON hinged jaw made it easy for Compsognathus to swallow its prey whole. identifies each location according Most students will be familiar PALEONTOLOGIST SERENO AND TEAM IN NIGER to dinosaur type on the map. L2 with dinosaurs such as Stego- THE GIANT MEAT-EATERS COOP LEARN saurus, Apatosaurus, Tyranosaurus, inosaurs Big predatory theropods and Diplodocus. However, they D came in every imaginable MisconceptionP Dinosaurs ruled the world for shape and size. Fearsome may not be aware of the different A FLEET-FOOTED HERBIVORE 130 million years, throughout Slender, graceful Hypsilophodon (above) was one of Allosaurus and infamous Explain to students that movies time periods during which each Tyrannosaurus belong to the Mesozoic era. Paleontol- the fastest-moving ornithischians. With long hind often lead people to believe that of the more familiar dinosaurs legs adapted for running, this 1.5-meter herbivore this group, as does a new 12-meter-long humans and dinosaurs existed at ogists have identified several probably was able to outdistance most predators dinosaur from the Sahara—Suchomimus LS P lived. Explain that some dinosaur the same time. Emphasize that species evolved, lived, and often hundred species of dinosaurs, with ease. Hysilophodon had a sharp beak and small tenerensis. Discovered in Niger in 1997 and about a dozen new types overlapping teeth suited for grinding leaves and by a team of paleontologists led by Paul dinosaurs became extinct at the went extinct as other dinosaur other plant material. Sereno (shown in lower right of large are unearthed each year. end of the period, 65 species became the dominant land photo), Suchomimus was a fish-eating million years ago. Explain that Descended from ancient rep- predator with huge but narrow croc- animals. When scientists discuss BODY ARMOR humans have existed on Earth LSfor the of the dinosaurs, tiles, dinosaurs are grouped Many slow-moving ornithischians had elaborate body odilelike jaws and powerful forelimbs with long thumb claws. fewer than 2 million years. Use they are talking about the species into two general categories— armor. Seven meters long and built like an armored SERENO AT THE NATIONAL tank, Euoplocephalus was a peaceful grazer that must Although Suchomimus, which GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY WITH CAST these facts to demonstrate that ornithischians and SKULL OFSUCHOMIMUS TENERENSIS that existed about 65 million years have frustrated many a hungry carnivore. Its body was means “crocodile mimic,” humans and dinosaurs did not saurischians— was adapted to eating large ago, not all the dinosaurs that completely encased in bony occupy Earth at the same time. lived and became extinct before based on the plates—even the eyelids were fish, it probably stalked ter- restrial prey as well. that time. structure of their hip bones. bone-reinforced. It had a tail tipped with a massive Answers to Expanding bone “club.” When threat- Your View Teaching Strategies PARASAUROLOPHUS ened, Euoplocephalus could BIG BROWSERS The largest dinosaurs ever to roam Earth’s surface were the 1. The ornithischians had adap- Arrange a class trip to a have hugged the ground and swung its club-studded tail from side to side long-tailed, long-necked, barrel-bodied sauropods such as tations, such as duckbills, that museum that has a dinosaur CORYTHOSAURUS to protect itself. Seismosaurus, Diplodocus, and enabled them to eat plants. exhibit. Ask students to examine EUOPLOCEPHALUS Apatosaurus. These enormous plant-eaters—Seismosaurus was EXPANDING Your View The saurischians were carni- the skulls and feet of the dino- THE DUCKBILLS 36 meters long and weighed vores with heavy jaws and There were many species of duck-billed dinosaurs. All had long saurs on display and hypothesize between 80 and 100 tons—could tails, oddly shaped “bills,” webbed fingers, and hooflike, three- 1 THINKING CRITICALLY sharp teeth. what their habitats and diets have browsed on leaves high in the toed hind feet. Despite the duckbills’ webbed fingers, most pale- Compare and contrast the feeding adaptations of a plant-eating 2. Dinosaurs became extinct at L1 treetops. Sauropods had small jaws might have been. ontologists now think that duckbills lived on land. Some species, ornithischian and a meat-eating saurischian. and teeth. Their leafy meals were the end of the Cretaceous Have interested students such as Parasaurolophus (left), had large, hollow crests on their heads ground up in their stomachs with the 2 JOURNAL WRITING period, 65 million years ago. that may have amplified whatever sounds these dinosaurs made. Fossil research and report on animals help of sharp-edged pebbles, called evidence indicates that duckbills were social animals that moved in Research the hypothesis that the dinosaurs disappeared as the This corresponds to the age that were not dinosaurs that lived gastroliths, that were probably herds and cared for their young. result of a mass extinction caused by a giant meteor or asteroid of a meteorite that hit Earth at the same time as the dinosaurs. swallowed along with their food. colliding with Earth. What evidence exists to support this near the Yucatan Peninsula in Suggestions include: the flying APATOSAURUS hypothesis? Share your findings with the class in an oral report. 851 Mexico. , fishlike plesiosaurs, and sailback reptiles such as Portfolio EETING NDIVIDUAL EEDS Dimetrodon. L2 Portfolio M I N Have students developP a time Modeling Dinosaur Bones Visually Impaired line that traces the development VIDEODISC VIDEODISC of animals from the earliest rep- Kinesthetic Have students obtain Kinesthetic Purchase scientifically information on the sizes and shapes The Infinite Voyage The Great accurate plastic dinosaur models The Infinite Voyage The Great tiles to the beginning of the Age Dinosaur Hunt, Newborns: Dinosaur Hunt, “The Great of Mammals. InstructLS students to of dinosaur bones. Ask them to work in from a toy store. Allow visually impaired small groups to use the information Examining Dinosaur Eggs (Ch. 7) students to handle the toys to develop an American Bone Rush” (Ch. 3), 2 min. include both plants and animals 8 min. 30 sec. on their time lines.P L2 obtained to build a life-sized model of a understanding of the shapes and features dinosaur bone using pâpier maché and of these animals. Help students estimate P P chicken wire. L2 P COOP LEARN !7itB" the true size of the actual organisms. L1 !7ALD" 850 ELL 851 LS P LS LS LS P P LS P LS LS P LS LS bird running its bill through its feathers while sitting on a tree Comparing and SECTION PREVIEW MiniLab 31-1 Contrasting Section 31.2 branch or on the shore of a pond. 2 Teach Objectives Section This process, called preening, keeps Interpret the phylo- Comparing Feathers Birds have geny of birds. 31.2 Birds the feathers in good condition for two kinds of feathers. Contour MiniLab 31-1 Prepare Explain how bird adap- flight. The bird also uses its beak to feathers used for flight are found P tations make them rub oil from a gland near the tail onto on a bird’s body, wings, and tail. suited to life on land. the feathers. This process is especially Down feathers lie under the con- Purpose Key Concepts Relate bird adaptations tour feathers and insulate the body. to their ability to fly. important for water birds as a way to Students will compare the struc- Students will study the adapta- ave you ever seen a robin waterproof the feathers. You can Procedure tures of downLS and contour feath- tions that make birds suited to life Vocabulary feather tug on a worm that is compare types of bird feathers in the ! Examine a contour feather with a ers and determine how each is on land and enable them to fly. sternum Hstruggling to stay in the MiniLab on this page. hand lens, and make a sketch of how Magnification: 120 adapted to a specific function. Bird classification will be present- soil? Maybe you have had a chance Even with good care, feathers wear the feather filaments are hooked together. incubate Process Skills ed and the origins of birds will be out and must be replaced. The shed- @ Examine a down feather with a hand lens. Draw a to see the amusing antics of a chick- observe and infer, compare and considered. adee hopping on a snow-covered ding of old feathers with the growth diagram of the filaments of the down feather. contrast branch in the forest. Almost every- of new ones is called molting. Most # Fan your face with each feather separately. Note how much birds molt in late summer. However, air is moved past your face by each type of feather. CAUTION: Planning one admires birds. The brilliant Wash your hands after handling animal material. Teaching Strategies most do not lose their feathers all at Purchase recordings of bird flash of a bluebird’s wings, the Use a binocular microscope or uplifting sound of a bird’s song once and are able to fly while they are Analysis a hand lens to observe feathers. calls for the Quick Demo. molting. Wing and tail feathers are that fills the woods on a spring 1. How does the structure of a contour feather help a bird fly? Purchase down and contour usually lost in pairs so that the bird Expected Results morning, and the effortless 2. How does the structure of a down feather keep a bird feathers and gather bird field Robin and can maintain its balance in flight. soaring of a redtail hawk have warm? Contour feathers consist of bar- guides for the MiniLabs. chickadee 3. How can you explain the differences you felt when fanning bules with hooks that connect the Gather clay, cardboard, rulers, always fascinated and delighted (inset) Birds have wings with each feather? people. barbs, forming a streamlined string, hard-boiled eggs, Ping- A second adaptation for flight in feather. Down feathers do not pong balls, golf balls, balances, birds is the modification of the front have hooks on their barbules. and protractors for the Bio- limbs into wings. Powerful flight mus- They are soft and do not take on Figure 31.12 Lab. cles are attached to a large breastbone a specific shape. More air can be shows that flight was a successful adap- called the sternum and to the upper Feathers streamline a bird’s body, What Is a Bird? moved with the contour feather. tation for survival. Except for domestic bone of each wing. The sternum making it possible for the bird to fly. After conquering the sea and land, animals and humans, the most com- looks like the keel of a sailing boat Analysis vertebrates took to the air, where there mon vertebrates you see in your daily and is important because it supports A Fluffy down feathers 1. Contour feathers are sleek 1 Focus have no hooks to hold the was a huge source of insect food and life are birds. Biologists sometimes the enormous thrust and power pro- B A large bird can have filaments together. Down B and streamlined and can a refuge from land-dwelling preda- refer to birds as feathered dinosaurs. 25 000 or more contour Bellringer duced by the muscles as they move to feathers act as insulators move a lot of air. feathers with a million tors. The existence of more than 8600 Fossil evidence seems to indicate that generate the lift needed for flight. to keep a bird warm. 2. Down feathers are irregular Before presenting the lesson, species of modern birds, class Aves, birds have evolved from small, two- tiny hooks that inter- in shape and, when piled display Section Focus Trans- legged dinosaurs called theropods, Flight requires energy lock and make the feathers hold together, form air spaces that parency 76 on the overhead pro- illustrated in Figure 31.11. Like rep- Flight requires high levels of together, making trap body heat. jector and have students answer tiles, birds have clawed toes and energy. Several factors are involved in a “fabric” suited 3. the accompanying questions. scales on their feet. Fertilization is maintaining these high energy levels. for flight. The contour feather barbules L1 ELL internal and shelled amniotic eggs First, a bird’s four-chambered, rapidly stay together and move air. are produced in both groups. beating heart moves oxygenated The down feather barbules blood quickly throughout the body. A cannot move air because they Figure 31.11 Birds have feathers chickadee’s heart, for example, beats do not stay together. TransparencyP 76 Into the Air SECTION FOCUS Use with Chapter 31, Most scientists agree that Section 31.2 Birds can be defined simply as the 1000 times a minute. Compare this to birds evolved from a group only living organisms with feathers. a human heart, which beats 70 times Bald eagle of reptiles called theropod dinosaurs, as shown in this A feather is a lightweight, modi- a minute. This efficient circulation Assessment fied scale that provides insulation LS artist’s rendition. The supplies cells with the oxygen needed Skill Explain that some skeletons of birds and and enables flight, illustrated in to produce energy. birds have feathers called powder- P theropods are similar. Figure 31.12. You may have seen a down feathers. The tips of these Mallard duck 31.2 BIRDS 853 feathers disintegrate into powder 852 REPTILES AND BIRDS that has waterproofing character- istics and luster. Have students LS BIOLOGYIOLOGY JOURNAL PortfolioPortfolio hypothesize how this type of Hummingbird Resource Manager feather may help some birds sur- Purple finch Resource Manager Observing Birds Simulating Flight vive. Use the Performance Task 1 What structures of these birds are adaptations for flight? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. CD-ROM Assessment List for Formulating a 2 How is each of these birds adapted for obtaining food? Linguistic Have a live canary, para- Visual-Spatial Ask students to make Section Focus Transparency 76 and Hypothesis in PASC, p. 21. L2 keet, or parrot in class. Have students Biology: The Dynamics of Life a “flip book” of a flying bird. Have Master L1 ELL BIOLOGY: The Dynamics of Life SECTION FOCUS TRANSPARENCIES observe behavior such as how it uses its Exploration: Bird Adaptations them cut eight 3 5 index cards in half Reteaching Skills Transparency 46 and beak in feeding and drinking. Have them Disc 4 and draw a sequence of a bird in flight on Master L1 ELL Basic Concepts Transparency 56 and also observe perching and reactions to the 16 cards. Have them arrange the cards P objects in its cage, such as mirrors and bells. in sequence, and then flip through the Master L2 ELL P P BioLab and MiniLab Worksheets, Ask students to write their observations in cards quickly to observe the sequence of a P p. 139 L2 852 their journals. L1 ELL bird flying. L2 ELL P 853P LSP LS LS P P P LS LS P LS P LS PLS LS P LS P LS LS LS LS Quick Demo Second, a bird’s respiratory system much of the air that a bird inhales is supplies oxygenated air to the lungs passed into the posterior air sacs? IINSIDENSIDE IINSIDENSIDE Auditory-Musical Play when it inhales as well as when it Find out in the Inside Story. TORY exhales. A bird’s respiratory system STORY S selections from a record- P ing of bird songs that includes consists of lungs and anterior and Birds are courtship, territorial, and dis- posterior air sacs. During inhalation, Birds are able to maintain the high Purpose oxygenated air passes through the energy levels needed for flight Flight tress calls, as well as calls Students will gain an understand- trachea and into the lungs, where gas because they are endotherms. An made to the young. Ask stu- umans have always dreamed of being able to fly. ing of the LSadaptations that enable dents to list the stimuli that exchange occurs. Most of the air, endotherm is an animal that main- HThe popularity of hang gliding and parachute jump- P birds to fly. might cause birds to sing each however, moves through the lungs tains a constant body temperature ing may reflect these dreams. For birds, the ability to fly and passes directly into the posterior that is not dependent on the environ- of these songs. L2 is the result of complex selective pressures that led to the Teaching Strategies air sacs. When a bird exhales deoxy- mental temperature. evolution of many adaptations. genated air from the lungs, oxy- Birds have a variety of ways to save Ask students to bring Critical Thinking Wing shapes reflect how birds fly. beef and chicken bones to LS genated air returns to the lungs from or give off their body heat in order to Male cardinal Enrichment the posterior air sacs. At the next maintain a constant body tempera- Describe as many ways as you can remember seeing class. Have them compare the inhalation, deoxygenated air in the ture. Feathers reduce heat loss in birds fly. density of the two types of bones Visual-Spatial Ask students lungs passes into the anterior air sacs. cold temperatures. The feathers fluff by finding the mass of each bone to photograph native birds Finally, at the next exhalation, air up to trap a layer of air that limits the and dividing it by the volume of and prepare a slideP presentation passes from the anterior air sacs out amount of heat lost. Responses to 1 Wings Birds have a variety of wing shapes and 2 Hollow bones Birds’ bones sizes. Some birds have longer, narrower wings are thin and hollow, thereby each bone as determined by wa- for the class. Challenge students of the trachea. Thus, air follows a high temperatures include flattening ter displacement in a graduated to use field guides to identify adapted for soaring on updrafts, whereas others maintaining low weight one-way path in a bird. You can see the feathers and holding the wings have shorter, broader wings adapted for quick, and making flight easier. cylinder. Students will find that the each bird, its habitat, food the path air follows in a bird’s respi- away from the body. Birds also pant short flights among forest trees. The hollow bones of birds density of chicken bones is less than sources, and unusual habits. L2 LS ratory system in Figure 31.13. How to increase respiratory heat loss. are strengthened by bony the density of beef bones. L2 crosspieces. The sternum is ELL A major advantage of being Obtain a turkey gizzard from a endothermic is that birds can live in the large breastbone to Figure 31.13 which powerful flight meat market. Use the gizzard to all environments, from the hot trop- Birds require a great deal of oxygen because muscles are attached. point out its thick muscles. Elicit their large flight muscles expend huge amounts ics to the frigid Antarctic. However, P of ATP. Follow the arrows to see how air passes birds and other endotherms must eat reasons why the gizzard has such through a bird’s respiratory system. Notice that large amounts of food to sustain thick muscles. when a bird inhales, inhalation cycles 1 and 2 P these higher levels of energy. Find VIDEODISC occur simultaneously. Visual Learning P out what kinds of food local birds 6 Air sacs About 75 per- 3 Birds have The Secret of Life 6 LS prefer by doing the MiniLab that fol- cent of the air inhaled by beaks made out of Obtain or borrow a mounted Bird-Air Exchange a protein called ker- Trachea Key: Breathing cycles lows the Inside Story. a bird passes directly into the skeleton of a bird. Point out Cycle 1 atin, but they do not Anterior air sacs rather than into the Crop how the bones are thin and Inhalation 1 have teeth. The lack LS air sacs Reproduction in birds lungs. When a bird exhales, !7;JVJ" Exhalation 2 oxygenated air in the air sacs Lung of teeth or a heavy lightweight. Point outLS the size Lung Cycle 2 Birds, like reptiles, reproduce by passes into the lungs. Birds Sternum bony jaw reduces a of the sternum and ask stu- Inhalation 1 internal fertilization and lay amniotic receive oxygenated air when bird’s weight even dents to compare the sternum Exhalation 2 eggs inside a nest. Bird eggs are they breathe in and when further. of a bird with their own ster- they breathe out. Resource encased in a hard shell, unlike the num. Resource leathery shell of a reptile. Bird nests Obtain slides of birds in flight. ManagerManager may be made out of bits of straw and GizzardIntestine Ask students to examine the Anterior twigs, or they may consist of just a wing shapes and determine the Critical Thinking/Problem air sacs depression scratched into the sand. type of flight unique to each Solving, p. 31 L3 Some nests are elaborate structures bird. Explain that elliptical Concept Mapping, p. 31 that are added to yearly. Whatever the 5 Digestion The digestive system of a bird is adapted for dealing with large quantities of 4 Legs The legs of birds are made up wings are adapted for quick L3 ELL Posterior type of nest, birds do not leave the food that must be eaten to maintain the level of mostly skin, bone, and tendons. movements. Wings that sweep Laboratory Manual, air sacs eggs to hatch on their own. Instead, of energy necessary for flight. Because birds The feet are adapted to perching, back and taper to a slender tip pp. 219-228 L2 birds incubate or sit on their eggs to have no teeth, many swallow small stones swimming, walking, or catching prey. keep them warm, turning the eggs that help to grind up food in the gizzard. promote high speed. Soaring P P birds have broad wings. P 854 REPTILES AND BIRDS 31.2 BIRDS 855 Critical Thinking soaring, diving, flapping, hover- LS LS BIOLOGYIOLOGY JOURNAL MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS ing, quick turning P Raising an Issue LS lead-shot poisoning of waterfowl, illegal Gifted seconds—crow 20, robin 23, pigeon 30, star- Linguistic Have students write letters trade in pet birds, and poisoning through Logical-Mathematical Ask stu- ling 45, chickadee 270, hummingbird 700. to elected officials about national and pesticides, oil spills, and chemical dumping. P dents who have an interest in An example of a problem may be: If a crow, LS local issues regarding birds and ways to pro- Students should place their letters in their mathematics to make up a series of math robin, pigeon, and starling each flew in the tect habitat in your area. Students should journals. L3 problems dealing with wing beats for other same direction at a starting speed of 48 km P address such issues as habitat destruction, students to solve. Provide students with the per hour, how many times would each flap LS following data: number of wing beats per 10 its wings if they flew 24 km? L3

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P LS LS The BioLab at the DESIGN end of the chapter periodically so that they develop Large eyes, an acute sense of hearing, Problem-Solving Lab 31-1 OUR OWN Comparing and properly. In some species of birds, and sharp claws make owls well- Analyzing Y O N can be used at this MiniLab 31-2 Contrasting Problem-Solving Lab 31-1 Information P both parents take turns incubating adapted, nocturnal predators able to point in the lesson. eggs; in others, only one parent does swoop with absolute precision onto Purpose Feeding the Birds In the winter, it Where are the most endangered bird species? More than may be difficult for some birds to so. Bird eggs are distinctive, and their prey. However, many bird species 100 bird species have become extinct in the last 400 years. Students will determine find food, especially if you live in often the species of bird can be iden- are now threatened with extinction that bird species decline is Analysis LS an environment often blanketed tified just by the color, size, and due to changes in their habitats. Read most apparent on islands because MiniLab 31-2 with snow. Making a bird feeder shape of the eggs the bird lays. You the Problem-Solving Lab to see in Examine the world map. The key at the bottom right P shows the number of bird species that are currently threat- of habitat destruction. and watching birds feed can be an can find out more about the adapta- which countries birds are endangered. ened with extinction.The numbers appearing on the map enjoyable activity for you that may tive value of bird egg shape in the Then read the Biology & Society fea- Purpose save some birds from starvation. If you indicate the actual number of threatened bird species in spe- Process Skills BioLab at the end of this chapter. ture at the end of this chapter to Students will construct bird feed- do begin feeding birds in the winter, cific countries. think critically, recognize cause learn how illegal trade in wildlife ers and learnLS what types of foods continue to feed them until natural food and effect, analyze information, birds prefer. again becomes available in the spring. threatens birds and other animals. Diversity of Birds The shape of a bird’s beak gives apply concepts, use numbers, Procedure define operationally, predict Process Skills Unlike reptiles, which take on a clues to the kind of food the bird 50 90 compare and contrast, recognize ! Obtain several large, plastic milk bottles. Cut two holes wide variety of forms from legless eats, as you can see in Figure 31.15. 73 47 86 5 cm from the base on opposite sides of each bottle, each Philippines Teaching Strategies snakes to shelled turtles, birds are all Hummingbirds have long beaks that Hawaii 64 cause and effect, interpret data, about 8 cm2. These are the openings birds will use to find 53 103 104 classify the food inside. very much alike in their basic form are used for dipping into flowers to 64 Review the mathematics Mauritius needed to calculate the total @ Place small drainage holes in the bottom of each bottle. and structure. You have no difficulty obtain nectar. Hawks have large, Madagascar Teaching Strategies Hang the bottles from wires strung through small holes in recognizing a bird. curved beaks that are adapted for New Zealand number of species if students Show photos or slides of com- the neck of each one. In spite of the basic uniformity of tearing apart their prey. Pelicans have Percent of threatened know the number threatened and mon local birds. # Place a different kind of seed (sunflower seeds, hulled bird species birds, they do exhibit specific adapta- huge beaks with pouches that they Fewer than 5% that this number is close to 2.5%. Have students use binoculars oats, cracked corn, wheat, thistle, millet) in different tions, depending on the environment use as nets for capturing fish. The Thinking Critically 5 to 9.9% Give them a sample problem to bottles. Add new seed when needed. More than 10% to observe the birds that visit in which they live and the food they short, stout beak of a goldfinch is 1. If 50 species are threatened, work, such as: 50 species: 2.5% = $ their feeders. Using a bird guide, make a list of numbers and kinds of eat. As shown in Figure 31.14, adapted to cracking seeds. what is the approximate number birds that frequent each feeder, noting the type of food total U.S. species: 100%. ptarmigans have feathered legs and of bird species in the United States? (Hint: 2.5 percent of Review the mathematics Expected Results offered. the bird species in the U.S. are threatened.) feet that serve as snowshoes in the needed to calculate the total Depending on region, students Analysis winter, making it easier for the birds to Figure 31.15 2. It is estimated that about 11 percent or 1107 of the The beaks of different world’s bird species are threatened. About how many bird number of bird species. Give may find cardinals, jays, wood- 1. What type of seed attracted the largest variety of bird types? walk in the snow. Penguins are flight- species of birds are species are there in the world? them a sample problem to work, peckers, nuthatches, juncos, chick- 2. Did any birds visit more than one feeder? less birds with wings and feet modified adapted to eating differ- 3. Hawaii, the Philippines, New Zealand, and Madagascar all such as: 1107 species: 11% = total adees, sparrows, finches, tufted tit- 3. What do you think an ideal bird food would be? for swimming and a body surrounded ent kinds of food. show the highest percent of threatened species. What world species: 100%. mouse, mourning doves, and many with a thick layer of insulating fat. common geographical feature do these four areas share? Provide students with refer- other local and migrating bird 4. Use the map to support the fact that many areas have a species. lower number of threatened species and offer an explana- ences or dictionaries to look up Figure 31.14 Adélie penguins Hummingbird tion as to why this is so. the definitions asked for. Analysis Examine these birds and 1. Sunflower seeds will attract a infer where they live and Thinking Critically how they are adapted to large variety of birds. their environments. 1. close to 2000 2. It is likely that birds will visit 2. close to 10 000 the same feeder over and over Ptarmigan 3. all are islands again, unless the feeder runs Hawk out of food. 4. Europe and Africa have very 3. Ideal bird food would have a Goldfinch low numbers of threatened mixture of a variety of seeds species. Both parts of the that would appeal to many world involve large areas that different birds. still provide enough new space for species to move to when their natural habitat is Screech owls Pelican Assessment destroyed. Portfolio Ask students to 856 857 summarize data collected by Assessment watching birds. They should Performance Ask students record not only the types of birds PortfolioPortfolio MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS to research the success of capture, seen and the foods preferred, but Resource Manager breeding, and release programs other interactions of birds, such Making a Flyway Map Learning Disabled for certain bird species in the as aggressive behavior and feed- Visual-Spatial Provide students CD-ROM Interpersonal Bring to class a variety BioLab and MiniLab Worksheets, United States, such as the whoop- ing methods. Use the Perform- with a blank map of the world. Ask Biology: The Dynamics of Life of tools such as a nutcracker, large p. 140 L2 ing crane, and write a newspaper ance Task Assessment List for them to use a field guide to find the bird Video: Penguins, Disc 4 net, chisel, hammer, tweezers, toothpicks, article describing these programs. Making Observations and Infer- migration routes for the migrating birds Video: Eagles, Disc 4 and a spatula. Have students imagine that Use the Performance Task ences in PASC, p. 17. L2 P of your area. Ask students to plot these Video: Shorebirds, Disc 4 each tool represents a bird’s beak. Ask Assessment List for Newspaper data on their maps using a different color them to identify the type of wild food a Article in PASC, p. 69. L2 P P of pencil for each route. L1 ELL P bird would eat if it had a beak similar to 856 each tool. L1 ELL COOP LEARN 857 LS P P LS P LS P LS P LS P LS LS LS P LS P LS

LS LS Extension Origins of Birds line of dinosaurs that did not become Figure 31.17 extinct. Figure 31.17 shows the ear- The fossil bones of show Kinesthetic Have students Caudipteryx zoui Current thoughts about bird evo- liest known bird in the fossil record, that it was definitely a bird, whereas those obtain small birds such as Photographing Birds of Caudipteryx zoui indicate that it was a lution are illustrated in Figure 31.16. Archaeopteryx. At first, scientists feathered theropod dinosaur. Cornish game hens, chickens, or Visual-Spatial Provide Scientists hypothesize that today’s thought that Archaeopteryx was a direct quail from a meat market or gro- students with equipment birds are derived from an evolutionary ancestor of modern birds; however, cery store. The birds should be to photograph or videotape boiled and all meat removed local birds in their habitats. Figure 31.16 from the bones. Have students Have students display their The radiation of orders assemble the skeleton using of birds on the Geologic sturdy glue and thin wire. L2 work and discuss in groups the Time Scale shows their habitat of each bird, the type relationships. ELL of food it eats, and adaptations P Parrots, lories, it has for its way of life. L2 and cockatoos 300 species Assessment COOP LEARN Perching birds P Assessment ANIMALS 5400 species Archaeopteryx Performance Have stu- P Owls dents sketch a scale map of the LS 136 species school grounds or a spot near theP Assessment schoolLS on a sheet of butcher Knowledge Have each paper. Have students indicate student writeLS two questionsP about how the area could be made a some paleontologists now think that birds. Scientists hypothesize that more suitable bird habitat. HaveLS birds. Divide the class into pairs Herons, bitterns, it most likely did not give rise to any these early feathers helped insulate them work in groups to add fea- of students, and have them quiz and ibises other bird groups. Archaeopteryx was the animal, or perhaps were adapted 127 species tures to their maps that would each other. L1 about the size of a crow and had for camouflage or courtship behavior. LS Woodpeckers, feathers and wings like a modern bird. Most scientists studying the origins make their areas more attractive toucans, and to birds. Books about attracting honey guides But it also had teeth, a long tail, and of birds hypothesize that feathers 370 species clawed front toes, much like a reptile. came first, and flight evolved later. birds in all types of environments 3 Assess Fossil finds in China support the But feathers aren’t the only fea- from the inner city to the suburbs idea that birds evolved from dino- tures shared by modern birds and are available at libraries. L2 Check for Understanding saurs. The fossil theropod shown some theropod dinosaurs. Both also ELL COOP LEARN Linguistic Ask students to in Figure 31.17 was a two-legged, have a sternum, a wishbone, shoulder write a letter that begins, meat-eating, running dinosaur. It had blades, flexible wrists, and three fin- P P feathers similar to those of modern gers on each hand. “This is everything I know about Hawks, eagles, and falcons P birds….” Have them summarize 268 species 4 Close what they have learned about birds in this letter. Have students Section Assessment ActivityLS P then write aLS second paragraph Swans, geese, and ducks Ask students to develop a 161 species Understanding Main Ideas in areas that did not have large, carnivorous LS that begins, “What I still don’t 1. Why is the lack of teeth in birds an adaptation predators. Many of these birds are now hypothesis and experimental plan understand about birds is….” Archaeopteryx for flight? extinct. What hypothesis can you suggest for to determine why flamingos Have them exchange letters with 2. Explain how air sacs improve a bird’s ability to the evolution and extinction of large, stand on one leg. L2 LS another student. Each student obtain the energy necessary for flight. flightless birds? 3. How does being an endotherm have adaptive should write a response to the value for birds that live in polar regions? SKILL REVIEWEVIEW other in which they try to explain Penguins 4. What features of birds enable them to live on 6. Making and Using Tables Make a table ResourceResource what their partner doesn’t under- Therapod dinosaur 18 species land? that summarizes the adaptations birds ManagerManager stand. If they both have the same have that enable them to fly. For more help, Thinking Critically refer to Organizing Information in the Content Mastery, pp. 153, area of weaknesses, they should 5. Large, flightless birds once were common Skill Handbook. exchange information with some- 155-156 L1P PRECAMBRIANPALEOZOIC MESOZOIC CENOZOIC PRESENT Reinforcement and Study one else. L2 Guide, pp. 139-140 L2 858 859 Reteach REPTILES AND BIRDS 31.2 BIRDS Basic Concepts Transparency 57 and Master L2 ELL Visual-Spatial Give students LS field guides to birds of your Cultural Diversity area. Ask them to observe birds Section Assessment for several days, identify them, P P Sankar Chatterjee and Bird Chatterjee is best known for his 1986 1. Without teeth, birds are lighter for flight. can keep warm even in cold areas. and explain how each is adapted P Evolution discovery of Protoavis, a 225 million-year- 2. When a bird exhales, oxygenated air in 4. lungs, wings, legs, beaks, internal fertil- P to its way of life. L1 The evolutionary history of birds is currently old fossil that may turn out to be the earli- the air sacs passes into the lungs, thereby ization, shelled, amniotic eggs under debate by scientists. In your discus- est known bird. Have students research the increasing the amount of oxygen avail- 5. They filled a niche not otherwise occu- P LS LS sions of bird evolution, introduce students to various hypotheses of bird evolution and able to the bird to generate energy pied (large ground feeder). Wings the research and hypotheses of Indian- initiate a discussion about the evidence needed for flight. became unimportant to survival, becom- LS LS American paleontologist, Sankar Chatterjee. used in each hypothesis. L3 3. Endotherms can regulate their body tem- ing vestigial over time. perature regardless of what the environ- 6. Make sure students’ tables include all the LS 858 mental temperature is, and therefore, features listed on pages 852 through 854. 859

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LS LS DESIGN DESIGN D DESIGN D YOUR OWN D YOUR OWN YOUR OWN Which egg shape is best? PPLANLAN THETHE EEXPERIMENTXPERIMENT 1. Decide on a way to test your Check the Plan P group’s hypothesis. Keep the Discuss the following points with list of available materials in other group members to decide the Time Allotment ot all bird eggs have the same shape. An ostrich egg is almost mind as you plan your proce- final procedure for each of your AANALYZENALYZE ANDAND CCONCLUDEONCLUDE One class period Ntotally round. Chicken eggs are almost a perfect oval on one end. dure. experiments. 2. There are a number of ques- 1. What is your independent and 1. Student answers will vary. LS Cliff-dwelling birds such as the common guillemot (Uria aalge) have Process Skills tions to be asked before start- dependent variable? Example: Egg shape will not collect data, compare and con- eggs that come almost to a point on one end. Why the variety of shapes? ing. Here are some sugges- 2. How will you eliminate all influence path that the egg trast, identify and control vari- Is there any adaptive benefit to this variety of shapes? Could egg shape tions. How will you incorpo- other variables? follows. ables, design an experiment, draw be related to where the bird nests? rate a control? How many egg 3. What data will you collect? 2. Student answers will vary. How many trials will you run? a conclusion, experiment, formu- shapes will you test? How will Example: Round eggs roll in you model your egg shapes? 4. Will you need a data table and late models, hypothesize, inter- straight lines whereas oval or How many trials will you per- how might it be organized? pret data, measure in SI, organize PPREPARATIONREPARATION form? How might you keep 5. Make sure your teacher has pointed eggs roll in a circular data pattern. Problem Objectives egg models identical in mass? approved your experimental How will you measure the plan before you proceed further. 3. Student answers will vary. PREPARATIONREPARATION What shape would be best for an In this BioLab you will: P 6. Carry out your experiments. Example: Heavy round eggs egg to reduce the distance it could Design an experiment to test your angle of the cardboard ramp? Where will you start to rolled farther (26 cm) than Possible Hypotheses roll if pushed from a nest? hypotheses. Model different egg shapes and egg measure distance lighter round eggs (22 cm). If shape controls rolling, then dif- Hypotheses masses. rolled? 4. Student answers will vary. ferent shapes will roll different There are several hypotheses that Experiment to test your hypotheses. Example: independent vari- distances and different shapes will you can test. Your hypothesis might Draw conclusions based on your able, egg shape; dependent form different patterns. be that egg shape influences the dis- experimental data. variable, distance rolled. tance an egg rolls, or that shape 5. A greater mass results in a determines the tightness of circular Possible Materials longer distance rolled. Oval rolling patterns. clay AANALYZENALYZE ANDAND CCONCLUDEONCLUDE cardboard ramp or pointed eggs roll a shorter ruler 1. Hypothesizing Record your when it rolls? distance and form a circular path; the more pointed the CD-ROM string hypothesis. 6. Predicting Predict why egg end, the tighter the circular Biology: The Dynamics hard-boiled egg 2. Interpreting Data Describe your shape or mass may be helpful path. of Life Ping-Pong ball results after testing your hypoth- adaptations when considering Video: Bird Courtship golf ball esis. the variety of habitats where 6. Round shapes aid birds that balance 3. Concluding Do your data sup- birds live. Disc 4 nest on flat ground. Oval or protractor port your hypothesis? Explain pointed eggs aid birds that using both quantitative and quali- Safety Precautions Going Further nest on slanted ground or on tative observations. cliffs. Always wear goggles in the lab. 4. Identifying Variables What were Knowledge Find out the chemical and your independent and dependent physical nature of bird shells. Find out how ResourceResource Skill Handbook variables? and where birds produce a shell. ManagerManager Use the Skill Handbook if you need Assessment 5. Concluding In general, how does To find out more about additional help with this lab. BioLab and MiniLab Work- mass influence the distance an birds and bird eggs, visit Knowledge Ask students sheets, pp. 141-142 L2 egg will roll? How does egg the Glencoe Science Web Site. to write a short report on their shape influence the distance an www.glencoe.com/sec/science experimental findings and to egg will roll or the pattern taken emphasize how egg shape has for birds. Use the

860 REPTILES AND BIRDS 31.2 BIRDS 861 Performance Task Assessment List for Lab Report in PASC, p. 47. L2 P PPLANLAN THETHE EEXPERIMENTXPERIMENT Going Further Teaching Strategies Possible Procedures higher mass will roll farther than lighter Students should work in groups of three To make egg models, students could eggs. Pointed eggs or oval (normal egg Have students research the LS or four with specific duties being assigned to mold clay around golf or ping pong balls shape) eggs will roll in a circular pattern and variety in egg shell coloration. each student within the group. or real eggs. total distance will be less than total distance Have them correlate this vari- Balances may be shared among groups. The mass of the models can be kept fairly rolled for round eggs. ety inP coloration with natural Class discussion at the conclusion would constant by adding or removing clay. selection and species survival. be meaningful to see the variety of hypothe- L3 ses tested and conclusions reached. Data and Observations 860 Round eggs will roll the farthest. Eggs of LS 861

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LS Chapter 31 Assessment Chapter 31 Assessment Illegal Wildlife Trade SUMMARYUMMARY In May 1998, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service broke up an interna- S Main Ideas tional smuggling ring. Their three-year investigation—code-named Section 31.1 Main Ideas Vocabulary Summary statements can be used by amniotic egg (p.842) P Operation Jungle Trade—ended in the arrest of smugglers operating in a Reptiles are ectotherms that have dry, scaly skin; students to review the major con- dozen countries. In what illegal products were these criminals trafficking? Reptiles legs under the body; internal fertilization; and Jacobson’s organ (p.845) cepts of the chapter. Purpose Not diamonds or drugs, but rare birds. amniotic eggs. Most reptiles have three-cham- bered hearts. Some reptiles have four-cham- Using the Vocabulary Encourage students to become bered hearts. aware of theLS illegal wildlife trade, Present-day reptiles belong to one of four To reinforce chapter vocabulary, use and how consumer demand for n international treaty called CITES (the Different Viewpoints the Content Mastery Booklet and Convention on International Trade in groups. Turtles have shells and no teeth. wildlife and wildlife products A For some people, owning an unusual pet or the activities in the Interactive Tutor Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) wearing clothing or jewelry made from endan- Crocodiles and alligators have streamlined bod- drives the market for products makes it illegal to buy or sell many of the world’s gered species is a status symbol. They feel if ies and powerful, toothed jaws. Lizards have for Biology: The Dynamics of Life on made from threatened and endan- threatened and endangered animals and plants, they have the money, they should be able to buy a variety of adaptations, including long bodies, the Glencoe Science Web Site. gered species. or products made from them. Despite this global whatever they want. Far more people support the tails, and short limbs. Snakes have no limbs. www.glencoe.com/sec/science agreement, the illegal wildlife trade is a multi- illegal wildlife trade without realizing it by buy- The ancestors of present-day reptiles arose Background billion-dollar-a-year business. ing sea shells, coral jewelry, ivory trinkets, and from ancient cotylosaurs, which were also It may come as a surprise to stu- animal skin accessories sold as souvenirs in many the ancestors of the dinosaurs. All Chapter dents that the United States is Species for sale Some people pay large sums of countries. Some users of traditional remedies Assessment money for parrots, tropical fish, monkeys, snakes, believe strongly in the power of parts of certain questions and answers have been probably the largest single con- and lizards to add to animal collections or keep Section 31.2 Main Ideas Vocabulary endangered animals or plants to enhance physical validated for accuracy and suitabil- sumer of wildlife in the world. as exotic pets. Worldwide, millions of illegal attractiveness or treat physical conditions and Birds have adaptations for flight including endotherm (p.854) Wildlife trade in the U.S. repre- wildlife products—from jewelry made from sea don’t think about protecting endangered wildlife. Birds feathers; a keel-shaped sternum; a four-cham- feather (p.852) ity by The Princeton Review. incubate (p.854) sents roughly one-fifth of the turtle shells to snow leopard coats and lizard bered heart; endothermy; thin, hollow bones; a sternum (p.853) global wildlife market. Many ani- skin belts—are bought and sold annually on the The ethics of wildlife trade The illegal beak; and air sacs. NDERSTANDINGNDERSTANDING AINAIN DEASDEAS mals and wildlife products are wildlife black market. Many traditional remedies wildlife trade is pushing many species to the Birds may be derived from a line of dinosaurs UU MM II bought and sold legally in the manufactured in certain countries are made brink of extinction. With every extinction, that did not become extinct. with body parts from rare U.S., but many others are not. In Earth’s already dwindling biodiversity shrinks a 1. c species, including endan- little more. Once a given species is gone, wildlife 2. c a recent survey conducted by gered tigers and rhinos. traders will turn to a different one to try to meet TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade 3. d the demands of consumers. Education, stricter 4. d monitoring organization support- laws regulating wildlife trade, and better law ed by the World Wildlife Fund Confiscated products enforcement are needed to bring the boom- 5. b from endangered species ing illegal wildlife trade under control. and the World Conservation and a jaguar skin (inset) Union (IUCN), traditional pack- UUNDERSTANDINGNDERSTANDING MMAINAIN IIDEASDEAS 4. Which of the following is NOT a character- aged medicines containing (or INVESTIGATING THE ISSUE istic of reptiles? purporting to contain) tiger or 1. Scientists hypothesize that ______were the a. has three- or four-chambered heart Analyzing the Issue In the United States rhino body parts were easy to find ancestors of birds. b. lays amniotic eggs alone, hundreds of different kinds of plants are a. fishes c. reptiles c. has legs flexed under the body for sale in many large cities, even collected and sold for use in the medicinal plant b. amphibians d. mammals d. has external fertilization though the trade of such products trade. In small groups, discuss how the increasing 2. Of the following, which is NOT an example is illegal. Fewer than 6000 tigers popularity of herbal medicines—many of which 5. Why don’t reptiles inhabit extremely cold of a reptile? and 12 000 rhinos remain in the are made from plants that grow in the wild— regions on Earth? a. snake c. salamander wild. could endanger numerous plant species. a. They have moist skin that would freeze in b. turtle d. lizard the cold. Teaching Strategies To find out more about the 3. For gas exchange, reptiles are dependent on b. They are ectotherms. illegal wildlife trade, visit the ______. c. They lay eggs in water and water would As a class project, contact the Glencoe Science Web Site. a. gills c. skin and lungs freeze in the cold. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service www.glencoe.com/sec/science b. skin d. lungs d. They are endotherms. for information about the illegal wildlife trade. Have students cre- 862 REPTILES AND BIRDS CHAPTER 31 ASSESSMENT 863 ate posters showing ways in which people can help reduce the worldwide demand for products Investigating the Issue Going Further made from threatened and Students should understand that using plant Resource Manager endangered animals and plants. and animal resources wisely and sustainably Linguistic Have students write an Visit a zoo that participates in will help ensure a continuing supply of med- essay on the following question: VIDEOTAPE Chapter Assessment, pp. 181-186 a nationally accredited captive icines. Would you buy a product if you were MindJogger Videoquizzes MindJogger Videoquizzes breeding program for threatened aware that it was made from the body Chapter 30: Reptiles and Birds Computer Test Bank or endangered species. parts of an endangered species? L2 Have students work in groups as they play BDOL Interactive CD-ROM, Chapter 31 the videoquiz game to review key chapter quiz concepts.

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LS Chapter 31 Assessment Chapter 31 Assessment Chapter 31 Assessment Chapter 31 Assessment

6. a 6. Eggs that cushion the embryo in fluid 14. ______move faster than all other reptiles THINKINGHINKING CRITICALLYRITICALLY AASSESSINGSSESSING KKNOWLEDGENOWLEDGE && SSKILLSKILLS THINKINGHINKING CRITICALLYRITICALLY 7. b and protect it with membranes and a shell because their cells get more oxygen through T C T C 8. b developed first in ______. their hearts. 25. Interpreting Data A biologist counts the A biologist is comparing yearly censuses of 25. Bird species 1 probably lives in a 9. a a. reptiles c. amphibians 15. The large breastbone of a bird is an adapta- feathers on the bodies of two different species owls and mice found in one area. The data colder environment than does 10. c b. birds d. mammals tion that aids in ______. of birds. The data are represented in the graph obtained are represented in the graph below. bird species 2. 11. endotherm 7. When a snake flicks out its tongue, it is using 16. What function does the structure labeled A below. What might be inferred about the 26. The shelled eggs of the reptile 12. heat-sensitive its sense of ______. in the diagram below perform in the amni- type of environments in which the birds live? Yearly Populations of Owls and Mice a. vision c. hearing are more protected than the 13. nesting in trees otic egg? b. smell d. touch Comparison of Types of Feathers Mice eggs, so they have a 14. Crocodilians 8. From what group of reptiles do most scien- Down feathers Owls greater chance of producing 15. flight tists agree birds evolved? Contour feathers live young. Also, energy is con- 16. removes waste (allantois) a. cotylosaurs c. served when fewer eggs are 17. scales, claws, amniotic eggs b. theropods d. turtles produced. 18. membranes 9. The function of down feathers is ______. 27. 1. Endotherms; 2. Sternum; 3. 19. feathers a. insulation c. preening Numbers of animals Feathers

A Numbers of feathers 20. Jacobson’s b. flight d. molting 10. The earliest known fossil bird with feathers is Bird species #1 Bird species #2 ______. 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 AAPPLYINGPPLYING MMAINAIN IIDEASDEAS a. Caudipteryx c. Archaeopteryx b. an ostrich d. a pigeon 26. Comparing and Contrasting Most reptiles lay between one and 200 eggs at a time. 1. a 21. Birds are endotherms and 11. A penguin can live in Antarctica because it is Interpreting Data Study the graph and Amphibians lay thousands of eggs at a time. 2. a maintain a constant body tem- a(n) ______. 17. What are three features that modern-day answer the following questions. Is there an adaptive advantage to laying fewer 3. There are more eagles perature regardless of the tem- 12. reptiles and birds share? 1. In most years, there are ______. Some snakes can find their prey even in the eggs on land? Explain. than rabbits in any one perature of their environment. dark because they have ______pits along 18. In the amniotic egg, the chorion and the a. more mice than owls 27. Concept Mapping Complete the concept year, except 1997. Eagles 22. Sea turtles might not recognize their upper jaws. amnion are ______that permit gas b. more owls than mice map by using the following vocabulary terms: c. the same number of owls as mice exert pressure on the their nesting beaches and they 13. In the cladogram below, you can see that a exchange and protect the developing embryo. sternum, feathers, endotherms. d. twice as many owls as mice rabbit population, but may not lay eggs. Sea turtles shorter beak and ______19. Birds can be distinguished from all other liv- migrate back to the beaches evolved after skeletal Fossil Bird C ing animals because they have ______. Birds can live in any environment 2. The best explanation for the fluctuations because eagles also eat because they are in owl populations is that the owl popu- where they hatched to lay eggs. fusion. 20. A snake’s sense of smell is located in its many other animals, they Fossil Bird B lation increases and decreases in ______organ. 1. do not completely deci- The release of chemicals into response to ______. the water may alter the water mate the rabbit popula- Fossil Bird A Nesting and they have adaptations for a. the size of the mouse population tion in any one year. In chemistry in such a way that in trees PPLYING AIN DEAS b. the decrease in the mouse population AAPPLYING MMAIN IIDEAS flight years with fewer eagles, turtles may not be able to rec- Shorter beak c. the increase in the mouse population more rabbits survive. ognize the area. 21. Why are birds able to inhabit more diverse such as d. the 4-year cycle of the mouse 23. The allantois collects nitroge- More skeletal environments than reptiles? population a keeled two types of nous wastes. The embryo inside fusion 22. Newly developed industries that locate on 3. Formulating Hypotheses Examine the an amniotic egg gets food from shorelines often release chemicals into the 2. 3. graph again and assume that the key is the yolk. The chorion permits TTESTEST––TTAKINGAKING TTIPIP ocean. How might this development affect sea changed to the following: purple repre- gas exchange. The shell, fluids, turtles that use these areas to breed? Explain. CD-ROM sents a certain type of eagle and yellow and membranes cushion and Your Answers Are Better Than the Test’s 23. Explain how the amniotic egg maintains For additional review, use the assessment represents rabbits. Make a hypothesis When you know the answer, answer the question homeostasis. options for this chapter found on the Biology: The about the relationship between eagles protect the developing embryo. in your own words before looking at the answer 24. Discuss why the fossils of Archaeopteryx and Dynamics of Life Interactive CD-ROM and on the and rabbits. 24. Caudipteryx is a fossil dinosaur choices. Often, more than one answer choice will look Glencoe Science Web Site. with feathers similar to those of good, so arm yourself with yours before looking. Caudipteryx are significant in explaining the www.glencoe.com/sec/science modern birds. Archaeopteryx is evolutionary history of birds. the earliest fossil bird with feathers and wings. 864 CHAPTER 31 ASSESSMENT CHAPTER 31 ASSESSMENT 865

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