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ABSTRACT CORBETT, BRET TAYLOR. the Biology And ABSTRACT CORBETT, BRET TAYLOR. The Biology and Distribution of Listronotus maculicollis in Western North Carolina to Manage Turfgrass in the Southeastern U.S. (Under the direction of Rick Brandenburg). Annual bluegrass weevil (ABW), Listronotus maculicollis Kirby (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a major insect pest of highly maintained turfgrass in the northeastern United States and in some provinces of Canada. It was first observed in North Carolina in 2006 (B.T Corbett personal communication) and has spread throughout golf courses located the mountains of North Carolina. The objectives of this research were to 1) determine the distribution of L. maculicollis in western NC and 2) to compare adult population densities between two host plants, annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass. The first objective sampled 46 golf courses to determine ABW presence during the summer of 2016 and 2017. Sampling was conducted in western NC where cool-season turfgrasses are the dominant turf species on golf courses. Presence of ABW in turfgrass was determined using a soap water flush (14.7ml Joy Lemon dish liquid to 3.7L water), within a one square meter area, on fairways, tees and greens. Golf courses were selected based on availability of courses with damage or previous knowledge of ABW presence. ABW was detected on 31of 46 golf courses in 2016 and 2017. The second objective of this research project was examined utilizing field experiments conducted during the summer of 2016 and 2017, and consisted of golf courses sampled for adult ABW in mixed stands of annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass. The percentage of turfgrass species composition was determined using a weed grid and adult’s presence in the turfgrass areas was confirmed using a soap water flush. Data from five golf courses in 2016 and three golf courses in 2017 indicate adult ABW populations were not significantly different among areas with different concentrations of annual bluegrass encroachment into the creeping bentgrass. ABW host preference, antibiosis and antixenosis was observed in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.), annual bluegrass (Poa annua) and hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.). There were no differences in ABW survival and resistance to feeding found with any of the different turfgrasses. No eggs or larvae were found during the experiment indicating there was no oviposition or egg survival in this study. Confirmation of pest species found in North Carolina was compared to turfgrass weevils feeding on annual bluegrass in other states. Insect samples collected were subjected to further investigation by Dr. Lourdes Chamorro, (Research Entomologist/Curator of Curculionidae c/o Smithsonian Institution - National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C.), Dr. Matt Bertone (Taxonomist North Carolina State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic, Raleigh, NC), Dr. Terri Billeisen (Extension Specialist, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC). Adult ABW were collected from North Carolina, New Jersey, Virginia, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Michigan, Delaware, New Hampshire, and Canada (Toronto) for subsequent genome evaluation. Genetic sequencing (DNA) was conducted and all specimens appear genetically identical and appear to be L. maculicollis. Copyright 2018 Bret Taylor Corbett All Rights Reserved The Biology and Distribution of Listronotus maculicollis in Western North Carolina to Manage Turfgrass in the Southeastern U.S. by Bret Taylor Corbett A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Entomology Raleigh, North Carolina 2018 APPROVED BY: _______________________________ _______________________________ Rick Brandenburg Travis Gannon Chair of Advisory Committee _______________________________ James Kerns DEDICATION To my friends and family for their constant support. To my father and mother who showed immense guidance and confidence when I needed it the most. I desire to make my loved ones proud. ii BIOGRAPHY Bret Taylor Corbett was born on 9 March 1993 and is the son of Jerry and Antonette Corbett. Bret was raised in Selma, North Carolina along with his older brother Dustin Corbett. Located in rural Johnston County, his love for the outdoors was instilled in him at an early age through his work on his family’s farm. Growing up, he played baseball competitively and golf leisurely for many years. During high school, he managed home lawns and golf courses where he developed a passion for turfgrass management. Bret graduated from North Johnston High School in 2011. He attended Lenior Community College leading him to transfer to North Carolina State University where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Crop Science with a concentration in Turfgrass Science in 2015. In January 2016, Bret began his Masters research at North Carolina State University Department of Entomology graduate program under the direction of Dr. Rick Brandenburg, with a focus on insect control in turfgrass. His research aimed to determine the location and biology of the annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis, in western North Carolina golf courses. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would not have been possible without the funding from the Center for Turfgrass Environmental Research and Education (CENTERE). I would like to first acknowledge my advisor, Dr. Rick Brandenburg, for the continuous support of my Masters research, insightful comments, for his immense patience, and for steering me in the right direction whenever I needed it. I would also like to acknowledge my committee members, Dr. Jim Kerns and Dr. Travis Gannon whose guidance and knowledge helped me complete this research. I would like to thank our laboratory technician, Brian Royals, and extension associate, Dr. Terri Billeisen for your insight and assistance in the lab as well as the field throughout this project. To my family, thank you for your unconditional love and support throughout my academic career. Thank you to my parents, Jerry and Antonette, for always believing in me to follow my dreams. Thank you to my brother, Dustin for your help whenever I needed an extra hand making something for research. Thank you, Nicole and Luke, for always putting a smile on my face when I was able to come home. I hope I have made you proud. Finally, thank you to my friends and fellow graduate students for the good times and memories shared throughout the years. Thank you to Hunter Williams and Caleb Kearney for your constant help on my project and for being great roommates. I would also like to thank Shawnee Gundry. Graduate school would have been so boring and much more difficult without her love, support and encouragement. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... viii A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE............................................................................................. 1 History, Origin, And Identification ............................................................................................. 1 Current Distribution .................................................................................................................... 5 General Biology and Seasonality ................................................................................................ 5 Host Plants .................................................................................................................................. 8 Management .............................................................................................................................. 10 THE PURPOSE AND FOCUS OF THIS RESEARCH ........................................................... 14 Literature Cited ......................................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................. 18 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 19 Materials and Methods .............................................................................................................. 21 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................. 24 Literature Cited ......................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................. 33 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 34 Materials and Method ............................................................................................................... 36 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................. 38 APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................. 61 APPENDIX A ..............................................................................................................................
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