Controlling Annual Bluegrass Weevil

Spring 2013 VOL. 28 ISSUE 1

Controlling Annual Bluegrass Weevil: Optimal Insecticide Timing and Rates Many insecticides are effective against annual bluegrass weevils susceptible to pyrethroids, but nearly all insecticides are less effective against pyrethroid-resistant weevils. A.M. KOPPENHÖFER, PH.D., STEVEN R. ALM, PH.D., RICHARD S. COWLES, PH.D., BENJAMIN A. MCGRAW, PH.D., STANLEY SWIER, PH.D., PATRICIA J. VITTUM, PH.D.

he annual bluegrass weevil riod, females start depositing eggs and will even just the perimeters, at the time that (Listronotus maculicollis, formerly continue to do so for several weeks. By the forsythia (Forsythia species) reached the Hyperodes maculicollis) is a highly time hybrid rhododendron (Rhododendron half-gold, half-green late stage of bloom, destructive pest of short-mowed catawbiense) is in full bloom, larvae will or when downy serviceberry (Amelanchier golfT course turf in the northeastern United start to emerge from the plants and feed arborea) was in bloom. At this time, the States and eastern Canada. Damage externally. The resulting turf damage typi- vast majority of adult weevils are already caused by larval feeding is particularly ap- cally appears between late May-early June on the short-mowed areas but have not yet parent on tees, fairways, collars and and mid-June. After reaching full size, the started laying eggs. In recent years, many greens with high percentages of annual larvae stop feeding, pupate near the soil courses have observed a decrease in the bluegrass (Poa annua), which is preferred surface, transform into adults, and appear efficacy of this strategy when using tradi- over bentgrasses for egg-laying and is also on the turf surface around late June. tional products such as pyrethroids. less tolerant of larval feeding. Females place eggs between the leaf sheaths or in- These spring-generation adults mate and Because of the low tolerance for annual side the stem of the turfgrass plant. The lay eggs. The resulting second annual bluegrass weevil damage, superintend- first through third larval instars feed within bluegrass weevil generation is present ents may make several applications the grass stem. Third instars eventually exit predominantly as large larvae around late against emerging adults and their off- the stem, and the fourth and fifth instars July-early August, when additional dam- spring and additional applications against feed externally at the soil/thatch surface, age — usually less severe than spring the summer generations. Overreliance on each killing up to a dozen plants when they damage — may occur. The second gen- and overuse of insecticides, particularly feed on the crowns. eration pupates in August and starts of the pyrethroid class, has led to the de- emerging as adults around mid-August. A velopment of pesticide-resistant popula- Life Cycle third generation may develop between tions on an increasing number of golf Around the New York metropolitan area, the mid-August and mid to late September, courses (1,2). Current management prac- annual bluegrass weevil has two to three but is usually lower in density, rarely caus- tices are not sustainable and new ap- generations per year. A partial fourth gen- ing damage. proaches are needed. continued page 10 eration may occur some years in the Mid- Atlantic states. A majority of adults Pest Management overwinter in protected areas along the The annual bluegrass weevil has become IN THIS ISSUE edge of woods or in the rough. In spring, one of the most difficult-to-manage insect President’s Message 2 between full bloom of forsythia (Forsythia pests on golf courses. Until the early GPGCSA Meeting Schedule 3 species) and full bloom of flowering dog- 2000s, superintendents could be assured Dollar Spot Research 4 wood (Cornus florida) and eastern redbud that a well-timed pyrethroid spray in the Darrin Batisky Sales Manager (Cercis canadensis), these adults migrate spring would prevent damage for the re- of the Year 6 onto the golf course to feed on grass mainder of the season. The strategy was blades and mate. Toward the end of this pe- to apply an adulticide to the fairways, or GPGCSA News 7 et another mild winter is in the past, offerings that are well received by the vast Don’t forget to like us on facebook and follow and spring is slowly creeping in. Flow- majority. us on twitter, as we issue timely reminders, ers are blooming, seed heads too, and current information on those media sites. Y the smell of fresh cut grass fills the Our first event was a change from the norm. It is about the time when we all will become air, and aerification plugs are flying. Oh yeah, We held a miniature golf tournament inside engrossed in the goings on of our own facili- and hopefully we are starting to see some Shannopin Country Club, on Wednesday, ties. I would encourage you to reach out to golf being played. Most golfers have been March 6th, and it was truly a first class set other peers and vendors alike to keep a itching to get out and the gradual spring up. The course was complete with many chal- broad perspective on the environment around seems to temper the mad rush to the tee. As lenging hills, a bridge, a windmill, and a plinko the Pittsburgh area. The events we have we continue preparations for the season, and board, yeah that’s right, PLINKO. Eric Wygant scheduled throughout the season provide an rounds increase, it’s good to see the course and the entire staff at Shannopin is to be excellent opportunity to do just that. back in use again. Not sure I like the cart traf- commended for their efforts, and a special fic damage but I guess you have to take the thanks goes out to the two assistant super- As always, I welcome your comments and good with the bad. intendents, Terry and Jeff, for their help in suggestions for improvement, and if you running the event, as Eric was in Florida at have any questions, please do not hesitate I want to thank all of our vendor sponsors for the time. to contact me. I look forward to another their continued support of our local associa- great year, and wish you all the best for the tion. The package programs in place for The schedule of events is published in this upcoming season. sponsorship seem to still be beneficial. We newsletter, the directory, and on the website challenge ourselves to add value to each cat- for your reference. Please add these events egory, and continue to request your input in to your calendars and plan on attending. As Toby Kiggins developing value added benefits. The organ- I have said before, your support of these Golf Course Superintendent ization serves all the members, be it individ- functions is what makes them successful, so Green Oaks Country Club ual or commercial and we take pride in our you can contribute to your own success.

ATTENTION ADVERTISERS - Please let us know if you have any changes or corrections to your ad or information in the back of the newsletter - [email protected] or [email protected]

PRESIDENT SECRETARY/TREASURER Toby Kiggins Jason Batchelor New Members Green Oaks Country Club Grand View Golf Club MAXWELL BLOOMQUIST VICE PRESIDENT PAST-PRESIDENT Class C Ian Hoffmann Eric Wygant CGCS Longue Vue Club Rolling Rock Club Shannopin Country Club Directors DAVID HUSAR Class C Brian Anderson, CGCS W. Eric Pockl, CGCS Nemacolin Woodlands Resort The Club at Blackthorne Westmoreland Country Club Jeff Gregos Bill Schweitzer Linden Hall Clover Hill Golf Course JOSH SAUNDERS Class SM Mark Wesolosky Dale Kuehner Longue Vue Club Seven Springs Golf Course 3 Lakes Golf Course Eric Materkowski NATHAN SZYMKOWIAK Wildwood Golf Club Class C Industrial Representatives The Club at Nevillewood

Keith Perl Darrin Batisky Walker Supply Inc. Jacobsen Welcome to the GPGCSA

THREE RIVERS GREEN - PAGE 2 March 6th Shannopin Country Club August TBD ERIC WYGANT, CGCS Sponsor Appreciation Outing

April 23rd The Madison Club August 31st Family Outing JOHN MCCLAREN PNC Park Skyblast Night

May 21st Valley Brook Country Club September 19th Hillcrest Country Club JOHN SHAW, CGCS WILLIAM COOK

June 17th Westmoreland Country Club October 7th Rolling Rock Club Joint Meeting with MVGCSA GPGCSA Annual Meeting BILL STOWERS IAN HOFFMANN

July 8th Allegheny Country Club Scholarship & Research Tournament DAVID DICKSON

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THREE RIVERS GREEN - PAGE 3 Dollar Spot Control on a Creeping Bentgrass / Poa Annua Fairway, 2012

Dr. Wakar Uddin and Brian Aynardi, Professor and Research Technician Department of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University

INTRODUCTION management conditions, and mowed three times per week at a height of 0.5-inch. The soil was Hagerstown silt loam with a Dollar spot caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa causes seri- pH of 6.9. Treatment plots, 3 ft x 6 ft, were arranged in a ran- ous damages to turf in golf courses in almost all regions of domized complete block design with four replications. Appli- the United States, except for certain areas in the arid regions cations were made with a CO2-powered sprayer, using a of southwestern United States. Most species of turfgrass are TeeJet 11008E nozzle, at 40 psi, in water equivalent to 2 gal susceptibe to dollar spot, and the disease is particularly dev- per 1000 sq ft unless otherwise listed in the treatment column. astating to low-cut turf, such as tees, fairways, and greens. The treatments were applied on 12 and 31 May, 21 Jun, 11 Fungicides are the main method of control of dollar spot. This Jul, and 2 Aug on a 21-day interval. Dollar spot incidence (in- study was conducted at the Joseph Valentine Turfgrass Re- fection centers per plot) was assessed on 25 May, 1, 8, 19, search Center, University Park, PA, on a stand of creeping and 28 Jun, and 3, 14, and 20 Jul. Data were subjected to bentgrass (Agrostis Palustris, ‘Penneagle’) and annual blue- analysis of variance and multiple comparisons of the mean val- grass (Poa annua). The experiment included various fungi- ues were made using the Waller-Duncan k-ratio test(k=100). cides, rates, mixtures, application timing, and intervals to determine the efficacy of fungicides. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

MATERIALS AND METHODS Dollar spot symptoms initiated earlier than usual in 2012 in Central Pennsylvania, but disease incidence did not distribute The experiment was conducted on a creeping bentgrass and evenly over the trial area until the beginning of June. Though annual bluegrass fairway maintained under golf course fairway continued on page 5

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THREE RIVERS GREEN - PAGE 4 Continued from page 4 several of the tank-mix combinations worked well and offered Iprodione Pro and Urea tank-mix. Good control was observed very good control, other treatments offered curative contol in plots treated with a tank-mix of Iprodione Pro, Daconil Ultrex, roughly 10 days post-treatment, and therefore, the 21-day in- and Urea, the tank-mix of Banner MAXX, Daconil Ultrex, and terval proved to be inconsistent throughout the duration of the Urea, Daconil Ultrex at the full rate, and Iprodione Pro at the trial. However, several tank-mixes did provide very good control full rate, although the tank-mixes and treatments noted were throughout, including the tank-mix of Iprodione Pro and Daconil very consistent with the exception of the data collected on 14 Ultrex, the Banner MAXX and Iprodione Pro tank-mix, and the Jul during intense disease pressure.

DISEASE INCIDENCEZ

Trt No.y Treatmentx Rate 6/8/2012 6/19/2012 6/28/2012 7/3/2012 7/14/2012 7/20/2012

2 Emerald 0.18 oz/1000 ft2 3.7w b 0.7 b 1.7 a 0.3 d 0.3 f 0.0 c 11 Iprodione Pro 3.0 fl oz/1000 ft2 1.0 b 1.7 b 2.3 a 3.0 d 13.3 def 0.0 c Daconil Ultrex 1.8 oz/1000 ft2 14 Banner MAXX 1.0 fl oz/1000 ft2 0.7 b 1.0 b 0.0 a 0.3 d 3.3 ef 0.0 c Iprodione Pro 3.0 fl oz/1000 ft2 0.7 b 1.0 b 0.0 a 0.3 d 3.3 ef 0.0 c 13 Iprodione Pro 3.0 fl oz/1000 ft2 6.7 b 0.0 b 2.0 a 1.3 d 7.0 def 0.7 c Urea 46-0-0 0.20 lb ai/1000 ft2 12 Iprodione Pro 3.0 fl oz/1000 ft2 3.3 b 2.0 b 7.3 a 7.0 cd 25.3 c-f 1.0 c Daconil Ultrex 1.8 oz/1000 ft2 Urea 46-0-0 0.20 lb ai/1000 ft2 6 Banner MAXX 1.0 fl oz/1000 ft2 0.7 b 0.3 b 2.0 a 1.0 d 18.0 def 1.3 c Daconil Ultrex 1.8 oz/1000 ft2 Urea 46-0-0 0.20 lb ai/1000 ft2 7 Daconil Ultrex 3.6 oz/1000 ft2 0.3 b 0.3 b 1.3 a 0.7 d 14.7 def 3.7 c 10 Iprodione Pro 3.0 fl oz/1000 ft2 2.3 b 0.0 b 1.3 a 3.0 d 14.3 def 4.3 c 5 Banner MAXX 1.0 fl oz/1000 ft2 6.0 b 1.0 b 7.7 a 5.7 cd 29.0 bcd 8.3 c Daconil Ultrex 1.8 oz/1000 ft2 3 Banner MAXX 1.0 fl oz/1000 ft2 10.3 b 1.7 b 9.3 a 7.3 cd 27.3 b-e 11.3 c 4 Banner MAXX 1.0 fl oz/1000 ft2 14.7 b 2.3 b 3.0 a 2.3 d 28.0 b-e 12.7 c Urea 46-0-0 0.20 lb ai/1000 ft2 8 Daconil Ultrex 1.8 oz/1000 ft2 14.7 b 9.0 ab 18.0 a 21.7 bc 51.7 ab 50.0 b Urea 46-0-0 0.20 lb ai/1000 ft2 9 Urea 46-0-0 0.20 lb ai/1000 ft2 54.0 a 13.3 a 25.0 a 33.0 ab 48.3 abc 88.3 a 1 Untreated control 58.7 a 8.7 ab 39.0 a 44.7 a 64.3 a 90.7 a

z Dollar Incidence Assessment: Number of necrotic spot per 18 sq ft plot. Means of three replications. y Tank-mix shown as single treatment number. x Application made on 21-day interval for all treatments. Dates of applications: 12 and 31 May, 21 Jun, 11 Jul, 2 Aug w Means followed by same letter do not significantly differ (P=0.05, Waller-Duncan k=100). Ranking of treatments in the table is based on the disease severity assessment on 20 Jul.

THREE RIVERS GREEN - PAGE 5 Jacobsen Names Darrin Batisky Sales Manager of the Year Batisky takes top sales award during Golf Industry Show in San Diego

acobsen, a Textron Inc. (NYSE: TXT) a class during the Golf Industry Show in of Sales for Jacobsen. “We will continue to company, recognized its top-perform- San Diego. add resources and build relationships in the J ing dealers and salespeople during last Northeast both in 2013 and beyond.” week’s Golf Industry Show in San Diego. One of Batisky’s dealers was named Ja- cobsen’s Dealer of the Year; O.J. Compag- Darrin has been an active member of the Darrin Batisky, Territory Sales Manager for nie, a Canadian-based dealer with more Greater Pittsburgh Golf Course Superin- Jacobsen in the Northeast, was awarded than 60 years in the industry. The top tendents Association for over 10 years. Sales Manager of the Year. The honor is honor is based on a dealer’s sales growth, Currently he serves as one of the Industrial based on a sales manager’s forecast ac- market penetration and market share. representatives on the board and is an ac- curacy, number of customers touched and “The Northeast continues to be a strong tive member of multiple committees on the the percentage of sales from activities. and growing region for us and these board. Please take time to congratulate awards bear that out,” said Ric Stone, VP Darrin for receiving this prestigious award. Darrin supports Jacobsen dealers: MTE Turf Equipment in New York, During the 2013 Golf Industry Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine Show in San Diego, Jacobsen and Massachusetts; Krigger and held its annual dealer awards Company in Ohio, West Virginia and ceremony. Darrin Batisky was awarded Sales Manager of the Pennsylvania; and O.J. Compagnie Year during the ceremony. in Quebec, Canada. Pictured here (from left) are David Withers, President of Prior to his tenure at Jacobsen, Dar- Jacobsen, Darrin Batisky, rin served as a golf course superin- Territory Sales Manager for tendent for 15 years, managing Jacobsen, Ric Stone, VP of courses in Pennsylvania and New Sales for Jacobsen and Chuck Greif, Director of Sales, East- York. Batisky is still an active mem- ern Division for Jacobsen.) ber of the GCSAA, recently teaching

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THREE RIVERS GREEN - PAGE 6 he GPGCSA will continue efforts to lo- includes access to continuing education cally promote the golf course super- and networking resources.” T intendent profession and for the game of golf. We will be continuing our partner- This year’s program will include several ship with ESPN 970 am. The GPGCSA has show sponsorships and appearances. Ba- been fortunate to receive additional funding sically, during any ESPN 970 golf broad- from the GCSAA to assist in this type of ef- cast or programming the GPGCSA will have fort in the past and will again be applying commercials aired promoting golf course for co-funding for this year’s program. superintendent’s efforts and respect for the courses we care for. “Although GCSAA dedicates considerable resources to national outreach, those ef- Individuals representing the interests of forts alone are not enough to achieve de- both the GPGCSA and the GCSAA are ten- sired results. For this reason, GCSAA has tatively scheduled to appear as guests for established a fund to help chapters en- 10 minute segments on the Golf Show gage in activities that complement its ef- with Gerry Dulac Thursdays, 7:00 pm – forts to communicate the value of 8:30 pm (exact times during the shows membership to key constituents, primarily may vary): golfers and employers. May 2nd June 6th July 18th By creating awareness, the goal is to build greater understanding that leads to action. Anyone who has ideas for show topics or That action is manifested in increasing would like to volunteer as an association salaries, growing opportunities for career representative during a live broadcast success/advancement and support of should contact Michelle Shaw at (412) membership in GCSAA and its chapters. 714-8707 or, by email, at GPGCSA@com- The support, in addition to providing dues, cast.net for details.

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THREE RIVERS GREEN - PAGE 8 Controlling Bluegrass Weevil cont’d from page 1 tion relative to untreated check plots) are followed by a letter in Insecticide efficacy summary parentheses (A, B or C) indicating the application interval. This article summarizes and discusses the results of field tests of synthetic in- Susceptible and resistant secticides for annual bluegrass weevil populations AB management conducted between 1992 We separately discuss the findings and 2011 in more detail and with four for trials conducted against pyre- years of additional data that were not pre- throid-susceptible populations, which viously reported (1). The goal is to pro- probably still constitute the vast ma- vide a better understanding of the jority of populations, and pyrethroid- optimal use of presently available insecti- resistant populations, which appear C D cides and to delineate effective alterna- to be common in the New York met- tives to the overused pyrethroids. The Some stages of annual bluegrass weevil: ropolitan/southwestern Connecticut A - adult; B - eggs inserted in the grass stem; data in the summary are only from appli- area. If data for different formulations C - second-stage larva within stem; cations in spring against the overwintered of a compound were similar, they D - fourth-stage larva in thatch. adults and the spring-generation larvae; were combined; if they seemed to and 0.1 pound a.i./acre (56 and 112 data from applications against the sum- differ, formulations with data sets too grams/hectare) rates did not differ in ef- mer generations are very limited. In addi- small for meaningful interpretation were ficacy and were combined, averaging tion, the spring generation is generally not included in the summary. 90% (A), 86% (B), and 72% (C) control. the most damaging, and optimizing con- Our data suggest that bifenthrin is only trol of this generation will generally re- Pyrethroid-susceptible slightly less effective as a larvicide than duce the need for control measures populations: single- the typical larvicides (for example, Dylox, against subsequent generations. ingredient products Conserve, Provaunt). Data for other pyrethroids are more limited. Tempo A list of representative formulations of ac- Pyrethroids (cyfluthrin, Bayer) (data mostly from the tive ingredients available for annual blue- For Talstar (bifenthrin, FMC Corp.) (only dry formulation) averaged 85% (A) and grass weevil control, the names of their liquid formulations included), the 0.05 manufacturers, and information on their continued page 10 mode of action, labeled rates and restric- tions are given in Table 1.

Application intervals We have sorted the data into three application periods or intervals (Figure 1). Ap- plication interval A is the traditional adulticide application interval extending from full-bloom forsythia until late-bloom forsythia/start of full-bloom dogwood or “I’ll make dollar spot pay.” redbud (typically until early May in the New York metropolitan area). However, systemic insecticides applied during this period will target the young larvae inside the plants. Application interval B extends from late-bloom forsythia/full-bloom dogwood until full-bloom hybrid rhododendron (typically early through mid-May in the New York metropolitan area) and typically targets early stages of the larvae, still within the plant. Application interval C ex- “Even the best turf can fall victim to disease. But with Honor® Intrinsic™ brand fungicide, tends from full bloom through late-bloom I won’t go down easily. On top of unsurpassed disease control, research shows that Honor Intrinsic’s plant health benefits give me a better root system so I can stand up to hybrid rhododendron or until damage ap- stresses like drought and moisture events, extreme temperatures, and aerification— pears (typically mid-May through early better than ever.” June in the New York metropolitan area) and targets the mid-sized to large larvae. Intrinsic brand fungicides don’t just fight disease; they give turf the resilience to endure stress. Find out more by contacting Dave Schell at [email protected], 410-800-8762. In the data presented below, average Always read and follow label directions. © 2012 BASF Corporation. All rights reserved. control rates (percent population reduc-

THREE RIVERS GREEN - PAGE 9 Controlling Bluegrass Weevil cont’d from page 9 75% (B) control. DeltaGard (deltamethrin, Table 1. Synthetic insecticides and representative formulations available for annual blue- Bayer) (liquid and granular formulations) grass weevil management. ABW rate Max. rate/ Max. rate/ averaged 90% (A) and 82% (B) control. application year Scimitar (lambda-cyhalothrin, Syngenta) Active ingredient IRAC No.† Formulation Company Pounds a.i./acre averaged 98.7% (A) control. Chlorpyrifos 1B various various 1.0 1.0 --- Dylox 80 8.2 ---‡ 24.5 Pyrethroids are known to “stick where they Trichlorfon 1B Dylox 420 SLBayer 7.3 ---‡ 24.5 hit” and therefore are not recommended Dylox 6.2 G 8.1 ---‡ 24.5 Talstar S 0.05-0.1 0.2 0.2 against soil-dwelling pest stages. However, Bifenthrin 3A FMC Corp. annual bluegrass weevil larvae start to Talstar (G) 0.1-0.2 0.4 0.4 Tempo Ultra 5SC 0.09 ------move between plants around the third Cyfluthrin 3A Bayer stage and feed near the surface in the Tempo 20 WP 0.14 ------DeltaGard 5 SC 0.08-0.13 ------fourth and fifth stage, where they can Deltamethrin 3A Bayer come into contact with pyrethroids. The DeltaGard (G) 0.08-0.13 ------Lambda-cyhalothrin 3A Scimitar (SC) Syngenta 0.07 ------only slight decline in efficacy (4%-10%) Arena 50 WDG 0.2-0.4 --- 0.4 from the A to the B interval for the three Clothianidin 4A Valent Arena 0.25 G 0.2-0.4 --- 0.4 pyrethroids tested in both intervals could Merit 75 WP 0.3-0.4 --- 0.4 therefore be due to a combination of two Imidacloprid 4A Merit 2FBayer 0.3-0.4 --- 0.4 factors. First, a significant amount of egg- Merit 0.5 G 0.3-0.4 --- 0.4 laying still occurs during the B period so Spinosad 5 Conserve SC Dow AgroSciences 0.4 ---‡ --- that killing adults during this time has some Mach 2SC 2.0 2.0 2.0 Halofenozide 18 Dow AgroSciences effect, although that effect declines with Mach 2 1.5G 2.0 2.0 2.0 application date. Second, the later that Tal- Indoxacarb 22A Provaunt (WDG) DuPont 0.23 0.23 0.45 star is applied, the more residue will be Acelepryn (SC) 0.16-0.26 0.31 0.5 Chlorantraniliprole 28 DuPont present on the soil/thatch surface when Acelepryn (G) 0.15-0.2 0.25 0.5 Aloft SC 0.3-0.49 --- 0.6 the larvae start to emerge from the plants. Bifenthrin+clothianidin 3A+4A Arysta LifeScience Aloft G 0.3-0.6 --- 0.6 Allectus SC 0.18-0.35 0.35 0.7 Organophosphates Bifenthrin+imidacloprid 3A+4A Bayer Chlorpyrifos is available in various generic Allectus G 0.27-0.45 --- 0.9 formulations that include golf turf on the †Mode of action (insecticide class): 1B = acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (organophosphate); 3A = sodium channel modulator (pyrethroid); 4A = nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist (neonicotinoid); 5 = nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric activator (spinosyn); 18 = ecdysone receptor agonists (diacylhydra- label. (Note that Dursban formulations can zine); 22A = voltage-dependent sodium-channel blockers (oxadiazine); 28 = ryanodine receptor modulator (anthranilic diamide). no longer be applied to turf.) In turf, chlor- ‡Minimum of seven days between applications. pyrifos can only be applied at a maximum rate of 1.0 pound a.i./acre (1.1 kilo- relative to untreated check plots) listed a.i./acre [52% (27)] is somewhat less ef- grams/hectare) per application. Few data below (if not shown in the figures) are fol- fective than 0.4 pound a.i./acre [64% are available for this low rate, as the pre- lowed by a number in parentheses that in- (13)], and application in the C interval may vious rate was 4.0 pounds a.i./acre (4.5 dicates the number of treatments be more effective (78%) than in the A kilograms/hectare). We therefore used included in the summary; the higher that (48%) and B (48%) intervals. Inclusion of data from the 2.0 pounds a.i./acre (2.2 number, the more reliable the mean con- the few available data points for the gran- kilograms/hectare) rate for our summary. trol rate given. ular formulation further strengthens this At this rate, chlorpyrifos provided 66% (A), trend (but we still have only five data 82% (B) and 83% (C) control, suggesting For Arena (clothianidin, Valent) (only WDG points for C). that it is more effective as a larvicide than formulation included), rates of 0.2-0.25 an adulticide. At 1.0 pound a.i./acre, pound a.i./acre (224-280 grams/hectare) Acelepryn lower control rates can be expected. [46% (17)] are less effective than rates of For Acelepryn (chlorantraniliprole, DuPont) 0.3-0.4 pound a.i./acre (336-448 grams/ (liquid formulation only), the mean control For Dylox (trichlorfon), our summary hectare) [60% (25)], and later applications rates averaged across the three applica- clearlyshows that, despite the label’s are more effective than earlier application intervals for the rates of 0.1, 0.16, claims for adult and larval control, trichlor- tions with 46% (11, interval A), 50% (21, 0.21, 0.26 and 0.31 pound a.i./acre fon is only effective as a short residual lar- interval B), and 63% (10, interval C). How- (117, 176, 234, 291 and 351 vicide with 15% (A), 38% (B) and 83% (C) ever, for the 0.3-0.4 pound a.i. rate range grams/hectare) were 68% (13), 83% (29), control. alone, the effect of timing was not so ev- 85% (23), 86% (21), and 92% (13), re- ident with 54% (A), 63% (B) and 64% (C). spectively. Using the recommended Neonicotinoids range (0.16-0.26 pound a.i./acre), mean For neonicotinoids and Acelepryn and For Merit (imidacloprid, Bayer and many control was 83% (A), 86% (B), and 81% Provaunt (see next section), average con- generic formulations) (only dry and liquid (C) (Figure 1). Although Acelepryn is rec- trol rates (percent population reduction formulations included), 0.3 pound continued page 11

THREE RIVERS GREEN - PAGE 10 Controlling Bluegrass Weevil cont’d from page 10 Insecticide efﬁcacy against ommended for application around the end ABW life stages of application period A, our summary sug- 100 A. Application April 15-May 3 gests that the timing is not so critical be- 11 Pyrethroid 80 18 45 9 11 31 21 cause even application in the C interval 6 11 Organophosphate 60 19 seems to be quite effective. Given the lim- 9 40 29 10 Neonicotinoid ited benefit from increasing the application 20 Diacylhydrazine rate beyond 0.16 pound a.i./acre, it may 3 0 be more beneficial to treat twice at lower Anthranilic diamide 100 B. Application May 4-17 rates (for example, 0.1-0.16 followed by Spinosyn 80 27 37 3 11 6 Oxadiazine 0.1-0.16) about two weeks apart to main- 8 60 10 tain a lethal concentration in the plants Bifenthrin + neonicotinoid 40 8 combination longer, rather than treating once at a 3 11 20 higher rate (for example, 1 × 0.21-0.31). % ABW control NA NA NA However, thus far, only very limited data 0 NA support this approach. Chlorantraniliprole 100 C. Application May 18-June 10

3 has particularly low toxicity and limited di- 80 2 15 3 5 11 6 22 7 rect negative effects on beneficials. 60 6

40 3 Provaunt 20

Provaunt (indoxacarb, DuPont) has short NA 0 NA NA residual activity and can be applied as an Aloft Merit Dylox Arena Talstar adulticide and/or larvicide with mean con- Tempo Mach 2 Allectus Scimitar Dursban Provaunt Conserve DeltaGard trol rates of 70% (A), 73% (B), and 74% Acelepryn Figure 1. Efficacy of insecticides targeting annual bluegrass weevil as immigrating adults (application interval A: April (C). It has low toxicity and limited direct 15–May 3, full-bloom forsythia to late-bloom forsythia/full-bloom dogwood); early-stage larvae feeding within the effects on beneficials. grass stem (application interval B: May 4-May 17, late-bloom forsythia/full-bloom dogwood to late-bloom dogwood/first anthesis of Poa annua); or late-instar larvae feeding on the crown within the soil (application interval C: May 18-June 10, full-bloom to late-bloom Rhododendron catawbiense). Biorational insecticides Dates are adjusted to the New York metropolitan area. Data are from trials conducted over the geographical range of all the collaborating authors over the past several years. The number of trials from which the mean Because of their low toxicity and limited and standard errors were calculated is given within the bar. Percent control is the percent reduction of larvae and direct effect on beneficials, Mach 2 pupae recovered relative to untreated check plots. (halofenozide, Dow AgroSciences) and Conserve (spinosad, Dow AgroSciences) are classified as biorational insecticides. Mach 2 efficacy averaged 47% (A), 31% (B) and 46% (C). Conserve has short residual activity and is somewhat more effective as a larvicide (81%, C) than as an adulticide (74%, A).

Efficacy In summary, among the presently available compounds for annual bluegrass weevil control, pyrethroids still tend to be the most effective (when targeting nonre- sistant populations) if they are applied as adulticides, ideally when forsythias are in the half-gold, half-green stage. Our summary suggests that Scimitar (lambda-cyhalothrin) may be the most effective pyrethroid. However, several effective al- ternatives exist that should be employed in view of the specter of pyrethroid resistance. Among these, Acelepryn (chlorantraniliprole) is the most effective when applied around the onset of full-bloom dogwood. Acelepryn is also the least toxic (to mammals) of the compounds tested and can provide season-long con- continued page 12

THREE RIVERS GREEN - PAGE 11 Controlling Bluegrass Weevil cont’d from page 11 trol of white grubs and caterpillars with the same application. Other compounds that can Efﬁcacy against susceptible provide high control levels, when applied as and resistant populations larvicides in application interval C, include Con- Susceptible ABW serve (spinosad), chlorpyrifos (but limited data 100 9 Pyrethroid 80 72 80 11 are available), and Dylox (trichlorfon). Provaunt 15 11 22 6 8 7 (indoxacarb) is somewhat less effective, but 60 11 Organophosphate 31 along with spinosad is considerably less toxic 40 Neonicotinoid to vertebrates and non-target beneficial preda- 20 Anthranilic diamide tory insects than the organophosphates. 0 Spinosyn 100 Resistant ABW Oxadiazine Pyrethroid-susceptible populations: 80 8 combination products and multiple % ABW control Bifenthrin + neonicotinoid 60 5 3 combination applications 5 40 8 2 4 Chlorantraniliprole + 2 3 3 indoxacarb In this section we discuss the use of combina- 20 17 4 tion products and multiple applications against 0 pyrethroid-susceptible populations. Because annual bluegrass weevil can sometimes occur Dylox (C)

at such high densities (>150 larvae/square Aloft (A-B) Allectus (C) Arena (B-C) Provaunt (A) Provaunt (B) Provaunt (C) Talstar (A-B) Talstar Conserve (A) Conserve (C) Acelepryn (A) foot), even moderately effective treatments +Provaunt (C) (>70% control) may not prevent turf damage. Acelepryn (A-B) To develop approaches for such high densities Figure 2. Comparison of insecticide efficacy against susceptible and resistant annual bluegrass weevil populations. Letters in parentheses and for partially resistant annual bluegrass following an insecticide name indicate application interval(s) from which data were summarized (A: full- weevil populations, numerous trials over the bloom forsythia to late-bloom forsythia/full-bloom dogwood; B: late-bloom forsythia/full-bloom dogwood to late-bloom dogwood/first anthesis of Poa annua; C: full-bloom to late-bloom Rhododendron catawbi- last several years have examined combined or ense). Data are from trials conducted over the geographical range of all the collaborating authors over sequential applications of one or several com- the past several years. The number of trials from which the mean and standard errors were calculated is given within the bar. pounds. Unfortunately, many combinations Percent control is the percent reduction of larvae and pupae recovered relative to untreated check plots were tested fewer than three times and are therefore not discussed here.

Combination products Two products are available that combine bifenthrin with a neonicotinoid (Aloft and Allectus). Because of the small number of data available for other rates, our summary only includes the 0.37-pound a.i./acre (415-gram/hectare) rate for Aloft (clothianidin + bifenthrin), which averaged 89% (A) and 86% (C) control. For Allectus (imidacloprid + bifenthrin), there were no significant differences among rates and formulations. It provided 78% (A) and 74% (C) control. Even though both Allectus and Aloft use the (&87+<%5,' same application rate as that for bifenthrin

alone, in application interval A, Aloft provides á(DVLO\IROORZVHYHUHXQGXODWLRQV only the same control rates as bifenthrin alone, )XOO\FRQWRXULQJKHDG and Allectus is even less effective. In contrast, á'XDOWUDFWLRQUROOV Aloft seems to be very effective when applied 0D[LPXPFRPIRUWDQGFRQWURO á(OHFWULFUHHOGULYHV\VWHP as a larvicide (but data are limited). 5HGXFHVK\GUDXOLFøXLGOHDNV á6WDQGDUGGLDJQRVWLFOLJKW Multiple applications Two applications of 4XLFNDQGHDV\WURXEOHVKRRWLQJ Provaunt (indoxacarb), each at 0.23 pound a.i./acre (252 grams/hectare), generally provided some additional control with 88% (A + B), 89% (A + C), 86% (B + C) and 90% (C + C)

control. Sequential application of Acelepryn 0DSOH0RXQWDLQ(TXLSPHQW (chlorantraniliprole) (0.16 pound a.i./acre) and 8QLRQWRZQ3$ continued page 13

THREE RIVERS GREEN - PAGE 12 Controlling Bluegrass Weevil cont’d from page 12 Provaunt (0.23 pound a.i./acre) gave 94% (A + C) control. And sequential applications Multi-site mode of action that of Talstar (bifenthrin, 0.1 pound a.i./acre), controls the toughest turf Acelepryn (0.16 pound a.i./acre) and Provaunt (0.23 pound a.i./acre) gave 95% disease before they b (A + B + C) control, slightly higher than the best individual compound alone. Secure™ fungicide is a multi-site contact, chemical class that is the ideal rotation p Daconil Action™ for season long contact Efficacy Now, systemic fungicides no longer repla Note that for pyrethroid-susceptible annual contact applications, but rather complim bluegrass weevil populations, the limited in- inside out protection. Your rotation, your crease in annual bluegrass weevil control GreenCastOnline.com/Secure obtained from these combinations and sequential applications compared to the best individual compounds is only useful for very high annual bluegrass weevil population den- For more information contact: sities that require very high control rates. Jon Cuny For most situations, one application should 412-953-2906 suffice, and a second application should [email protected] only be applied to perennial trouble spots.

Efficacy against pyrethroid- resistantpopulations

Because pyrethroid-resistant annual blue- ©2013 Syngenta. Important: Always read and follow label instructions before buying or using Syngenta products. The instructions contain important conditions of sale, including limitations of warranty and remedy. All products may not be grass weevil populations have only been rec- registered for sale in all states. Please check with your state or local extension service prior to buying or using these product. Daconil Action™, Secure™, the Purpose icon and the Syngenta logo are trademarks of a Syngenta Group Company. ognized since the mid-2000s and, at least Syngenta Customer Center: 1-866-SYNGENT(A) (796-4368). MW 1LRL2005 outside of the New York metropolitan/southwestern Connecticut area, still seem to constitute a small minority of populations, the data available are so limited that we combined data from application intervals if there On Time, On Budget, seemed to be no significant difference. The Exceeding Expectations “One Call Does It All” SM direct comparison of the same treatments from the same intervals shows that in all but one case the efficacy against resistant popu- Aspen Corporation is an award- lations was reduced, in some cases dramat- winning, full-service golf course ically, with reductions ranging from 15% to construction company. Our 57% (Figure 2). Even application of a combi- hallmarks - professionalism, nation of Acelepryn (chlorantraniliprole) and superb project management, Talstar (bifenthrin) [A; 63% (4)] and sequential and competitive pricing – have satisﬁ ed our clients from application of Talstar + Acelepryn + Provaunt coast to coast since 1982. (bifenthrin + chlorantraniliprole + indoxacarb) [A + B + C; 47% (1)] did not provide good control. Thus, only Conserve (spinosad) — CORPORATE OFFICE and only when applied as a larvicide — Donnie Adkins, President seems to be as effective against pyrethroid- Ronnie Adkins, Vice President resistant annual bluegrass weevils as it is 2400 Ritter Drive Daniels, WV 25832 against susceptible annual bluegrass weevils. (304) 763-4573

Future research will have to strengthen the SOUTHEAST DIVISION OFFICE 10809 Southern Loop Blvd, Suite 1 data set for pyrethroid-resistant populations Pineville, NC 28134 to allow for clearer interpretations and guide- (704) 588-4430 lines for management. But the data to date www.aspen-golf.com are in agreement with findings that pyrethroid resistance in annual bluegrass weevil is at least partly caused by enhanced

continued page 14

THREE RIVERS GREEN - PAGE 13 Controlling Bluegrass Weevil cont’d from page 13 endar-based application but may be im- specific information; this publication does enzymatic detoxification. These mecha- proved by combination with degree-day not recommend one product instead of nisms are rather non-specific and may models. However, much remains unknown another that might be similar. allow the insect to break down pyrethroids about basic annual bluegrass weevil biol- and insecticides with other modes of ac- ogy, such as the period when females be- Funding tion more effectively before they can come reproductively active, how long the The authors thank USDA Hatch Regional reach their targets in the organism (2). oviposition period is, how many eggs are Hatch Projects NE-1025 and NE1046, Therefore, overuse and over-reliance on deposited, and when eggs are deposited USDA Northeast Regional IPM Project any remaining effective synthetic insecti- relative to emergence. Understanding #2007-34103-18124, and donations cides is very likely to desensitize annual these key biological events and refining from Arysta Corp., Bayer Environmental bluegrass weevils to these compounds, monitoring techniques could help turf man- Science, DuPont, FMC Corp., PBI/Gordon as well. agers better time controls, extend the use- and Syngenta for supporting this work. ful life of current controls, and possibly Outlook assist in the development of novel controls. Acknowledgments Optimizing application timing and tech- Using pesticides only when and where nec- The authors also thank the participating niques is essential to improving insecticide essary is the key to reducing the selection golf superintendents and their clubs for performance. For example, many of the in- pressure toward the development of insec- their cooperation. secticides now used to target annual blue- ticide-resistant pest populations. In next grass weevils have high organic-matter- month’s GCM, we will propose a number of Literature cited binding characteristics and are rapidly de- management guidelines that will help turf 1. Cowles R.S., A.M. Koppenhöfer, B.A. graded by sunlight (neonicotinoids, managers develop management strategies McGraw et al. 2008. Insights into manag- Acelepryn, Conserve) and should be wa- that are effective but less likely to select ing annual bluegrass weevils. Golf Course tered in (0.2 inch [5 millimeters]) immedi- for resistant populations. Management 76(8):86-92. ately following application. On sunny, windy 2. Ramoutar, D., R.S. Cowles and S.R. days, applications may need to be done on Disclaimer Alm. 2009. Pyrethroid resistance medi- only limited areas so that they can be wa- Use pesticides only according to the di- ated by enzyme detoxification in Listrono- tered in before moving to the next portion rections on the label. No endorsement is tus maculicollis Kirby (Coleoptera: of the course. Timing insecticide applica- intended for products mentioned, nor is Curculionidae) from Connecticut. Journal tions is usually based on plant phenological criticism meant for products not men- of Economic Entomology 102:203-1208. indicators. This is certainly better than cal- tioned. Trade names are used only to give

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THREE RIVERS GREEN - PAGE 16