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26-Definition-Of-Ofada-Rice-Qualities PrOpCom Making Nigerian Agricultural Markets Work for the Poor Monograph Series # 26 DEFINITION OF OFADA RICE QUALITIES THROUGH VARIETAL IDENTIFICATION AND TESTING By National Cereals Research Institute (NCRI) Badeggi P.M.B. 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria (J. C. Anounye, N. Danbaba, A.S. Gana and M. E. Abo) And Africa Rice Centre, (WARDA), c/o International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria (G. Gregorio, O.A. Oladimeji, B. Athanson, O. Ajayi, and F.E. Nwilene) August, 2007 Funding for this programme is provided by the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID) 40 Mississippi Street, Maitama, Abuja, Nigeria • Tel: +(234) 9 413 8291/2 • Fax: +(234) 9 413 829 1 Disclaimer The PrOpCom Monograph Series seeks to provide a broader dissemination of the information and views collected through the efforts of the various service providers and consultants undertaking work in support of the PrOpCom programme. We believe this information will be useful in informing the policy dialogue in Nigeria and for improving the planning and execution of agricultural and agribusiness activities within the country. The documents in this series represent the final deliverables as presented by the engaged service providers or consultants in responds to terms of reference of contracts let by PrOpCom in execution of its programme. They have not been further edited or editorially polished. Consequently, there is wide variation in the editorial quality of these documents. Nevertheless, the information contained in these document is deems useful for policy and planning purposes. The views and opinions expressed in these documents are solely those of the authors of the document and do not necessarily represent the views of PrOpCom, SAII Associates, Chemonics International or PrOpCom’s funding agent, the Government of the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID) Information from these documents can be freely used and quoted on condition that it is properly sourced to the concerned document. 2 PrOpCom Project: Services Agreement – OFADA-07 DEFINITION OF OFADA RICE QUALITIES THROUGH VARIETAL IDENTIFICATION AND TESTING Submitted to PrOpCom (Promoting Pro-Poor Opportunities Through Commodity and Service Markets) Plot 40, Mississippi - Street, Maitama Abuja, Nigeria By National Cereals Research Institute (NCRI) Badeggi P.M.B. 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria (J. C. Anounye, N. Danbaba, A.S. Gana and M. E. Abo) And Africa Rice Centre, (WARDA), c/o International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria (G. Gregorio, O.A. Oladimeji, B. Athanson, O. Ajayi, and F.E. Nwilene) 3 Executive summary ‘Ofada’ is a generic name used to describe all rice produced and processed in the rice producing clusters of the South-West Nigeria. It has recently gained prominence and is fast gaining international attention. In this part of Nigeria, every rice seed planted and processed locally is taken to be ‘Ofada’ and this has been adulterated and misrepresented. Therefore, it has become necessary to identify and classify ‘Ofada’ rice through seed variety identification. The broad objective of this study was to identify and classify ‘Ofada’ rice from the clusters where they are grown. Specific objectives include (a) identify variety characteristics and properties of available ‘Ofada’ rice seeds presently with farmers (b) carry out physical and chemical analysis, morphological and molecular characterization to establish the true identity of ‘Ofada’ rice (c) establish seed variety with the correct genotype and physical properties of the ‘Ofada’ rice. Samples were collected from rice growing communities of Ogun, Osun, Ekiti and Lagos states. The physical and chemical characteristics were determined using the Standard Evaluation Systems (SES). The grains were broadly grouped into two-variety types based on the hull and kernel color. Grain physical dimension also classified the grains into medium to long grain types and this was substantiated by the sieve analysis. There was a high milling return, but suspected impurities and contaminants gave rise to the low head rice count. The differences in grain hull and kernel weight, particle sizes etc arose from this contamination and not from genetic differences. The results for the cooking characteristics showed that the samples had high peak and setback viscosities, which were expected. The results also indicated that, like all other cereals, starch consistency would be low and subject to retro gradation on standing. The high peak viscosity was indicative of high amylose content. Any differences in pasting properties were not due to particle size differences, but variety mixtures within the samples. Results of the study showed that the ‘Ofada’ rice varieties have similar amino acid profiles and related very closely to two of the checks 4 FARO 46 (ITA 150) and FARO 11(OS 6). From the physical and chemical analysis therefore, it can be concluded that ‘Ofada’ rice is some released variety that has been contaminated with other varieties all over the years from the farmers’ field. However, there was the red rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.) in most of the ‘Ofada’ rice seed samples. Further studies on morphological and molecular characterization of Twenty six rice genotypes, including 12 Ofada rice collected by PrOpCom from farmers’ fields and 14 NERICA/ITA genotypes from WARDA (NERICA 1, NERICA 3, NERICA 5, WAB450-1-B-P-180-HB, WAB189-B-B-B-8-HB, WAB33-25, WAB450-24-3-2-P18-HB, ITA 150, ITA 301, ITA 117, ITA 321, OS 6 and WAB706-3-4-K4-KB) were physically characterized to provide some information on grain type and purity of the seeds. The grain size, shape and colour, awn, pubescence, hull colour, etc. were observed and documented. They were seeded on 23 February 2007 in a wet bed at field F of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan farm and transplanted in the Lowland Field on 14 March 2007 for morphological characterization at the vegetative and reproductive stages. Molecular characterization was conducted through DNA isolation, primer testing, PCR amplification, fingerprinting, and genetic similarity and cluster analysis. The Ofada rice collection showed mixtures, as demonstrated in the physical characteristics of the grain. There was significant variation in the grain size of Ofada rice, which ranged from medium or intermediate to very long grains. The kernels were red and white, the red kernel types varying from red to deep red. Based on the dendrogram the following comparisons can be made: OS 6 and WAB33-25 are the same and are in the same group as Ofada 10, WAB450-1-B-P, WAB189-B-B-B and ITA321; ITA150 is close to Ofada 6,7,8 and 9; Ofada 1-5 belong to one group distinct from all the other varieties; while Ofada 11 and 12 are closely related to WAB450-24, WAB706-3-4-K, ITA117 and ITA301. For seed purification, 10 individual plants per Ofada collection per replication were harvested. These plants selected will be planted side by side in the 2007 rainy season. Based on specific criteria (grain color, size and shape, 5 height, etc.), the rows matching the Ofada characteristics will be selected for seed multiplication and further morphological characterization and molecular profiling to assure purity and establish proper identity. The variability within and between samples explains the complexity in identifying the real Ofada. The information generated from the molecular characterization would have been more reliable if the seed was not mixed. Molecular characterization therefore should be repeated after the Ofada rice accessions have been purified and isolated. It is therefore necessary in the interim to purify the ofada collections to address the issue of adulteration; seed mixtures and the resultant low yield on farmers’ fields as follows (1) purify Ofada 1-5 and 12 for farmers in Ogun and Lagos States, (2) Purify Ofada 6-11 and 12 for farmers in Osun, Ekiti and Lagos States, (3) Source for fresh foundation seeds of ITA 150 (FARO 46) and OS 6 (FARO 11) already released as varieties in Nigeria from National Seed Service (NSS) in collaboration with NCRI and distributed to farmers for cultivation in the Northwest rice growing clusters in Nigeria. 6 1.0 Introduction: Rice is one of the most important crops in Nigeria and its production represents a significant part of the government strategy to overcome food shortage and improve self-sufficiency for both local consumption and export. Presently, annual per capita consumption of milled rice stands at 25kg per person. There are two cultivated species of rice, the Oryza glaberrima Steud and the O. sativa L. Following the introduction of O. sativa from Asia, the indigenous rice species O. glaberrima Steud was pushed to the marginal areas. Early released varieties were selected from local and introduced materials. One of the earliest released varieties was the upland variety FARO 3 (Agbede), which was selected from a complex collection of upland varieties believed to have been introduced by veterans returning from the First World War. As breeding effort continued, OS 6 was introduced from Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo) and released as FARO 11 to replace Agbede. Additional varieties such as ITA 150 and NERICA 1 have been released as FARO 46 and FARO 55 and are in cultivation in the South West region of Nigeria. ‘Ofada’ therefore, is a generic name used to describe any kind of rice cultivated and processed in a group of communities in Ogun state and some rice producing clusters in South West Nigeria. They are grown under the upland ecosystem where the fields are not bonded but are prepared and seeded under dry conditions and depend on rainfall for moisture. Ofada rice is a special delicacy eaten occasionally by natives of this region and traditionally served in Tomatococcus danielli leaves. Two kinds of ‘Ofada’ rice are identified by farmers and consumers of the rice based on the time of harvest, color of the endosperm and intensity of flavor.
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