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COES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS x IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO

by x IOUCIO O E IS EIIO h rl f Crt: St Wtht Opptn

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M f t lt prtl rpnbl fr th pnn xprd n th b. I nfntl rtfl t hr. M frnd rrntn Mr, r., h hlpd rtl b h rtl nt n dn vr nbr f r, h h frd t lrf d. brt S. Chn, Arn . Mr, n Mrhff, nd vd Obr rd th nrpt t vr t nd ffrd vlbl tn. h Arn Cnl f rnd St, th M. bntz ndtn, th fllr ndtn, nd th Sl Sn rh Cnl hv xtndd t rnt hh rtl flttd th pltn f th td.

IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO

b l Kllnr

rbrt Mr Onnnl Mn n f th t prtnt b f th 60. rt pblhd n 64, t dtl rnzd nfnt rtl dn f th prnt nd n tn p b th rnt ft dnn ndtnt f ntprr Wtrn t, pt lt nd nt. Cnvd nd rttn n th 0 nd rl 60, th b rflt th tfln nfrt f th r nd prvd prfl rt f n d f dntn nd l ntrl. Yt t l xpr th hp f rdl phlphr tht hn frd nd hppn ld b rtl xpndd bnd th ndnnl thht nd bhvr prvlnt n th tblhd t. ldn nt th vn f lbrtn rtltd n h rlr b Er nd Cvlztn,

`r fllr dn f th th, ntrbtn, nd nfln f On nnl Mn, Chptr 0 f b rbrt Mr nd th Cr f Mrx (ndn nd rl MMlln r nd Unvrt f Clfrn r, 84 .

2 rbrt Mr, Er nd Cvlztn (tn: n r, . x IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO Mr, n h rt f xtn fr f dntn nd pprn, r tht ht b ntntl prd th ht ld b: frr nd hppr d f hn xtn. On n hnd, Onnnl Mn n prtnt r f rtl l thr tht ntn t b rlvnt td th fr f dntn tht Mr dtd hv b vn trnr nd r prvlnt n th r n h rt th b. In prpt drbn h r, Mr rt: "h b dl th rtn b tndn n ntprr ndtrl t hh t ndt n ph f vl ztn. h tndn hv nndrd d f thht nd bhvr hh ndrn th vr fndtn f th trdtnl ltr. h hf hrtrt f th n d f thht nd bhvr th rprn f ll vl, prtn, nd d hh nnt b dfnd n tr f th prtn nd tttd vldtd b th prvln fr f rtnlt h nn th nn nd vn th dpprn f ll nnl rdl rt, th ntrtn f ll pptn n th tblhd t." h b ntn thr f "dvnd ndtrl t" tht drb h hn n prdtn, nptn, l tr, nd thht hv prdd n dvnd tt f nfr t n hh th prdtn f nd nd prtn b th prvln tl pprt ntrt ndvdl nt th tb lhd t. Mr drb ht h b nn th "thnll t," n hh thnl rtrtr lbr nd lr, nflnn lf fr th rnztn f lbr t d f thht. l drb th hn thrh hh nr ptl ntrt ndvdl nt t rld f thht nd bhvr. thr thn n th dvlpnt bnfl t th ndvdl, Mr th thrt t

rbrt Mr, prpt fr Onnnl Mn, n r rhv, n dt. IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO hn frd nd ndvdlt n ttll dntrd t. Justifying th l rr Mr t dvlp rtl, phlphl prptv fr hh h n rtz xtn fr f thht, bhvr, nd l rnztn. h, On nnl Mn l Mr jr phlphl r, rtltn h lnMrxn npt f phlph nd rt f dnnt phlphl nd ntlltl rrnt: ptv, nlt phlph, thnll rtnlt, nd vrt f d f nfrt thnn. In th txt, h bth xplt h nptn f dltl phlph nd prd nl f t nd ltr hh xplf h dltl tr nd thd. Cnntl, Onnnl Mn pr nt dl bth f Mr rtl l thr nd f h rtl phlph nprd b h phlphl td nd h r th th rnfrt Shl.

E AKU SCOO A OEIMESIOA MA rn th 20 nd rl 0 Mr tdd th Mrtn dr n rbr, Grn nd ntnl pprprtd th r f l, Mrx, phnnl, xtntl, Grn dl, nd th l f th Wtrn phlphl trdtn. Whl h ltr br th dr ftr th r f tnl Sl n Grn nd dr ffltn th th z prt, h nflnd b dr rt f Wtrn phlph nd h ttpt t dvlp n phlph. flld dr nd xtntl n n t dl th th nrt prbl f th xtn ndvdl nd

On th rnfrt Shl, Mrtn , h ltl Intn (tn: ttl, rn nd Cpn, nd l Kllnr, Crtl hr, Mrx, nd Mdrnt (Cbrd nd ltr: lt r nd hn pn Unvrt r, 8. xv IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO prd th th phnnll thd f rl nd dr hh ttptd t br th btrt phlphl thrzn nd t nptlz "th thn thlv" th pprd t nn. In h rl r, Mr hlf ttptd t nthz dr phnnll xtntl th Mrx, nd n Onnnl Mn n rnz rln nd drn tf n Mr rt f ntf vlz tn nd d f thht. In prtlr, Mr dvlp nptn f thnll rld, lr n rpt t tht dvlpd b dr, nd, l rl nd dr, thnll rtnlt lnzn vrd lf, rbbn ndvdl f frd nd ndvdlt b pn thn ll prtv, rl, nd trtr pn thr thht nd bhvr. Mr thht tht dltl phlph ld prt rtl thnn. Onnnl Mn prhp Mr t tnd ttpt t prnt nd dvlp th tr f th dltl phlph dvlpd b l nd Mrx. r Mr , dltl thnn nvlvd th blt t btrt n prptn nd thht fr xtn fr n rdr t fr r nrl npt. h nptn hlp xpln th df flt f Onnnl Mn nd th dnd tht t p pn t rdr. r Mr btrt fr th plxt nd ltplt f th xtn t t fndntl tndn nd nttnt, ll th tr hh nttt fr h th fr f rtl thnn. h dnd tht th rdr l btrt fr xtn f ln t t nd d f thnn nd ttpt t prv nd thn n n . Unrtl thnn drv t blf, nr, nd vl fr xtn thht nd l prt, hl rtl thht ltrntv d f thht nd bhvr fr hh t rt tndpnt f rt. Sh rtl tndpnt rr dvlpn ht Mr ll "ntv thnn," IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO

hh "nt" xtn fr f thht nd rlt fr th prptv f hhr pblt. h prt prpp th blt t dtntn btn xtn nd n, ft nd ptntlt, nd pprn nd rlt. Mr xtn ld b ntd n fvr f rlzn hhr ptntlt hl nr dvrd b rn ld b d t rtz nd vr lr fr f thht nd l rnztn. h rpn ptntlt fr frd nd hppn ld pbl th ntn f ndtn tht nhbtd ndvdl fll dvlpnt nd rlztn. In thr rd, prvn th pblt f lfdtrntn nd ntrtn n n nd nd vl ld nbl ndvdl t br th th xtn rld f thht nd bhvr. hlph th t ppl th nr fr l rt nd th dl f lbrtn hh ld d l hn nd ndvdl lf trnfrtn. It prbbl Mr nvlvnt th th Crtl hr f th rnfrt Shl tht t dvl nflnd th n nd prdtn f Onnnl Mn. Aftr th rn f dr pbl pprt f tnl Sl, nd jt n th v f th trph f th z prt, Mr hd jb ntrv th th rnfrt Inttt fr Sl rh, rvd ptn th th, nd jnd th n xl ftr tlr ndn t pr. rt n Gnv, Stzrlnd, nd thn n Yr, hr th Inttt ffltd th Clb Unvrt, Mr nthtll jnd n th Inttt l ltv ttpt t dvlp rtl thr f t. Aln th th Inttt drtr, Mx rhr, Mr n f thr phlph plt. bn h r th th Inttt b prdn rt f ft dl hvn trnd fr h frr thr, h n pprd dr r prt f th n tndn trd ttltrn thht tht dnnt n Grn nd hh thrtnd th rt f th rld ll. I IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO

rn th 0, Mr rd ntnvl, ttptn t xplt nd dvlp phlphl npt tht ld b t fl fr rtl l thr. h prjt nvlvd th ntrrtn f th npt f n, hppn, frd, nd, pll, rtl rn, hh h blvd th ntrl tr f phlphl thht nd rt. In h , h t tndrd phlphl tr nd prvdd th th trlt b, hn h npt f n, fr ntn, r drtl rlvnt t nrt hn lf. Undr tndn th ntl ftr f th hn bn, n th v, llnt th ptntlt tht n b rlzd b ndvdl nd th l ndtn tht nhbt r ftr thr dvlpnt. h nrn th rtl rn nd ln nd Mndn d f dltl thnn vdnt n n nd vltn (4, Mr frt jr r n Enlh, n hh h tr th r f drn l thr thrh l, Mrx, nd ptv. Mr l rtl dltl thnr h h tr t blv f rpnblt fr th ttltrn tt th hh l ftn td prtl prntr. Mr l tht l ntttd thd f rtnl rt tht tlzd th "pr f ntv thnn" t rtz rrtnl fr f l lf. h l nntn btn l nd Mrx nd th tht Mrx dvlpd nd nrt zd l dltl thd r th fl pnt f Mr ntrprttn, hh rn t th d n f th t nhtfl td f th rltn btn l nd Mrx nd th rn f drn l thr. h ntrt btn ndnnl nd dltl thn n d lrd n h 0 . r Mr, ndnnl thht nd tn drv thr tndrd nd

S th n rbrt Mr, tn (tn: n r, 68. 6 rbrt Mr, n nd vltn, 2d d. (tn: n r, 60. IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO xv

rtr fr th xtn t, hn trnndnt tnd rd nd nr. Crtl nd dltl thnn, b ntrt, ptlt nr f rt, bd n rtnl ptntl fr hn hppn nd frd, hh r d t nt xt n tt f ffr tht ppr ndvdl nd rtrt hn frd nd llbn. ltl thht th pt th xtn f nthr rl f d, , nd ntn tht rv ptntl d fr l trnfrtn tht ld rlz th nrlzd ptntlt fr bttr lf. Mr blv tht rt phlph nd rt r th l f th ptntlt nd rtl nr, nd h dd th bt prdt f Wtrn ltr n th lht. hrht th frt dd f thr prd f xl, thr ntnt dn thn th Inttt fr Sl rh f th nd fr tt trt n dlt hh ld l t th tr, d f thht, nd thd f dltl nd rtl thr. Mx rhr pll ntrtd n th prjt nd nltd th Mr, hdr Adrn, Krl Krh, nd thr nrnn h h n bt pr jt ht b dvlpd. In th Untd Stt, rhr nd h t fnd thlv n n nvrnnt n hh ntf nd prt d f thnn r dnnt nd dlt n rt f brntt thnn. Cnrnd t tblh th prtn f dltl thnn, rhr nd h t dd h th rt b n dlt ht b nvd nd rttn. Mr xtrl r t r n th prjt th rhr, h flt hlf t b t nvlvd n h r drtr f th Inttt t b bl t dvt ffnt t nd nr t th prjt. rn th 40, hvr, rhr, Mr, nd Adrn vd t Clfrn hr th hd n

S lf Wrh, rnfrtr S (Mnh: nr, 86, p. pp. 8ff. xv IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO

pprtnt t dvt thlv fll t t phlphl td. Sn ftr, flln th tbr f Wrld Wr , Mr nt t Whntn t r fr th Off f Strt Srv nd thn th Stt prtnt h ntrbtn t th fht nt f. h Adrn ndd p rhr llbrtr n th prjt n dlt, hh b thr b lt f Enlhtnnt. 8

E GEESIS A EEOME O OEIMESIOA MA In rtrpt, Onnnl Mn rtlt prl th lnMrxn phlphl prjt tht Mr bn dvlpn n th 0 n h r th th rnfrt Shl. In prtlr, n th tn n "Onnnl hht" nd "h Chn f th Altrntv" Mr dvlp th d f rtl thnn nd dl rt dtntv f th rnfrt Shl t fll. nl hr xplf lnMrxn dltl phlph bth n h rlntl rt f xtn d f ht h ndr nrtl thht nd n h rn t f th tr f rtl nd dltl thnn. Chptr thrh 4 f Onnnl Mn, b ntrt, n nt th th rnfrt Shl prjt f dvlpn Crtl hr f ntprr t, hh th bn prdn n th 0. h rnfrt Shl rtl l thrt r n th frt t nlz th n nfrtn f th tt nd n n ntprr ptlt t, t rtz

Mx rhr nd hdr W. Adrn, lt f Enlhtnnt ( Yr: Sbr, 2 rnl 4 . 0n th rtl l thr f th rnfrt Shl, Kllnr, Crtl hr, Mrx, nd Mdrnt nd th lltd n Stphn rnnr nd l Kllnr, d., Crtl hr nd St. A dr ( Yr nd ndn: tld, 8. IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO xx th rl f ltr nd ntn, t nlz n d f thnl nd fr f l ntrl, t d n d f lztn nd th dln f th ndvdl n t, nd—vv ll Mrx—t nlz nd nfrnt th nn f th ntrtn f th rn l nd th tblztn f ptl fr th prjt f rd l l hn Mr Onnnl Mn prhp th fllt nd t nrt dvlpnt f th th thn th trdtn f rnfrt Shl Crtl hr. On n tr th n f th jr th f Mr n p n h r fr th rl 0 ntl t pbl tn n 64. In fr th rl 40, Mr lrd drbn h tndn trd thnll rtnlt r prdn t f ttltrn l ntrl nd d ntn. In 4 rtl, "S Sl Ipltn f Mdrn hnl," Mr th th htrl dln f nd vdl fr th t f th br rvltn t th r f drn thnll t. Indvdl rtnlt, h l, n n th trl nt rnnt prttn, rrtnlt, nd dntn, nd pd th ndvdl n rtl tn nt t. Crtl rn th rtv prnpl hh th r f bth th ndvdl lbr tn nd t dvnnt. h dvlpnt f drn ndtr nd thnll rtnlt, hvr, ndrnd th b f ndvdl rtnlt. A ptl nd thnl dvlpd, dvnd ndtrl t dndd nrn

rbrt Mr, "S Sl Ipltn f Mdrn hnl," l ltd n Andr Art nd E Gbhrdt, h Entl rnfrt Shl dr ( Yr: Cntn, 8, pp. 862. Mr ndt n lttr fr th 40 tht h rn n lr nrpt rtzn ntprr fr f thht h ptv, bhvr, nd thr fr f n dnnl thht th dn n Wrh, rnfrtr Shl, nd th lltd lttr fr th prd n th Mr Arhv. Unfrtntl, th nrpt h nt t trnd p nd b lt. IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO

dtn t th n nd l pprt nd b n t nrn dntn nd dntrtn. n, "hn f nfrt" prd thrht th t. h ffn nd pr f dntrtn vrhld th nd vdl, h rdll lt th rlr trt f rtl rtnlt (.., tn, dnt, th pr f ntn, th prdn "ndnnl t" nd "ndnnl n." At th t, hvr, Mr rn th rnz nn n prjt nttld "hr f Sl Chn" hh th drbd

A htrl nd thrtl pprh t th dvlpnt f ptv thr f l hn fr ntprr t. h jr htrl hn f l t, nd th thr td th th ll b dd. rtlr ttntn ll b pd t h trntn th fr fdl t ptl, fr lzfr t rnzd ndtrl t, fr ptl t l nd n.

A hndrttn nt, n Mr rtn, n th th f th prjt ndt tht h nd nn ntndd t nlz nfltn tndn trd l hn nd l hn fr f frd nd nt n l hn bjtv nd bjtv ftr tht prd l hn pttrn f l hn, h vltn nd rvltn nd th ntr f l hn, hthr prrv, rrv, r ll. h lttl ntndd t dvlp "thr f l hn fr r t." A vntnp tpd nrpt n th Mr Arhv, nttld "A tr f th trn f Sl Chn,"

" rbrt Mr nd rnz nn, "hr f Sl Chn," npblhd txt n Mr Arhv, n dt. h Mr Arhv pnd n rnfrt, Grn n Otbr f 0 t ntn lth f npblhd nrpt, ltr, nd lttr hh ll b pblhd n frthn vl.

IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO xx prnt n vrv f th prjt. Mr nd nn pn b rtn:

Sn l n ndpndnt n nt tb lhd bfr th th ntr, th thr f t p t tht t n ntrl prt f phlph r f th n (h th n r jrt, th nptl trtr f hh t lr xtnt bd pn pf phlphl dtrn. h ntrn nntn btn phlph nd th thr f t ( nntn hh ll b xplnd n th txt frlt th pttrn f ll prtlr thr f l hn rrn n th nnt rld, n th ddl , nd n th nnt f drn t. On dv rlt th ph n th ft tht l hn nnt b ntrprtd thn prtlr l n, bt t b ndrtd thn th l nd ntrl ttlt f hn lf. h nptn , t lr xtnt, ph ll ftr n th thr f l hn. vr, th drvtn f l nd pltl npt fr th "ph" f n nt phll thd n th drn n bt rthr nvlv th ntn f phl pl n. r th Gr, phll npt r ntll thl, l nd pltl n, t b ntrtd nt th ltt

n f phlph: 2

h p drl rvl th tpll Mrn tndn, hrd b th rnfrt Shl, t ntrt phlph, l thr, nd plt. Whl tndrd d prt tndd t prt th dpln, Mr nd h ll prvd thr ntrrltn. h Mr nd nn rd nnt phlph ntnn thr f l hn tht

" rbrt Mr nd rnz nn, "A tr f th trn f Sl Chn," npblhd txt n Mr Arhv, n dt. II IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO

bll dtrnd b rh fr th ndtn tht ld prd th hht flfllnt f th ndvdl. h rd lt, thrfr, lbrtn "tht fr f l rdr hh n bt rnt th dvlpnt f hn ptntlt ndr th prvln ndtn." r lt, th nvlv n ptlzn th dl fr f lf nd th rntrtn f t rdn t th: "h rdl hn f th trdtnl t tt nt th pltn tt f tt pl rntr tn f th n n h nnr tht th n n lnr dtrn th flt nd pr f n, bt rthr dtrnd b th." Mr nd nn prp tt xntn f nnt, dvl, nd drn thr f l hn th v trd dvlpn ntprr thr f t nd l hn h nt tht drn l "h vrd th ntrn nntn btn th thr f t nd phl ph hh tll prtv n Mrx nd h trtd th prbl f l hn prtlr ll tn." h prp, b ntrt, ntrtn phlph, l, nd pltl thr n thr f l hn fr th prnt . A lrr, frtvnp nrpt, ttld "A hr f Sl Chn," prnt r prhnv nl f f th pf thr f l hn tht Mr nd nn ld nlz. h prjt xtrl ntrtn thn th htr f Crtl hr n t h tht n th 40 thr r t tndn thn Crtl hr: ( th phlphlltrl nl f th trnd f Wtrn vlz tn bn dvlpd b rhr nd Adrn n lt f Enlhtnnt, nd (2 th r prtlpltl dvlpnt f Crtl hr thr f l hn prpd b Mr nd nn. r Mr nd nn, Crtl hr ld b dvlpd thr f l hn tht ld nnt phlph, l thr, nd rdl plt— prl th prjt f 0 Crtl hr tht rhr IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO

nd Adrn r bndnn n th rl 40 n thr trn trd phlphl nd ltrl rt dvrd fr l thr nd rdl plt. Mr nd nn, b ntrt, r fn prl n th tht rhr nd

Adrn hd nltd: th thr f l hn. Wth thr nvlvnt n ntft r fr th U.S. v rnnt drn th Snd Wrld Wr thr r n th prjt pndd, nd thr n vdn tht Mr nd nn ttptd t t t p n ftr th r. rn h r f vrnnt rv—fr 42 ntl th rl 0—Mr ntnd t dvlp h Crtl hr nd th th tht ld b ntrl t Onnnl Mn. In 46 tht ntnd thrtthr th n th rrnt rld ttn, Mr thd ht h th l nd pltl tndn f th prnt nt. 4 h txt pr prd fr th jrnl thrft fr Szlfrhn, hh th Int tt fr Sl rh hpd t rlnh. h pln fr Mr, rhr, nn, Adrn, nd thr t rt rtl n ntprr phlph, rt, l thr, plt, nd n, bt th prjt l fld t t frtn, pr hp b f rn phlphl nd pltl dffrn btn th br f th Inttt. h rtrn f Adrn nd rhr t Grn t rtblh th Inttt fr Sl rh n rnfrt ht l hv ndrnd th prjt.

In h Orn f tv lt ( Yr: h r r, , Sn Mr r tht n th 0 thr r t dl nd tndn f Crtl hr: th ttpt b Mr, rhr, nd thr t dvlp Crtl hr f ntprr t nd th ttpt t dvlp rdl thr nd ltrl rt dvlpd b . W. Adrn nd Wltr njn h dvr f th nrpt b Mr nd nn n thr f l hn t tht thr r l t dtnt tndn thn Crtl hr n th 40. 4 rbrt Mr, npblhd nrpt th n ttl, dtd 46, n Mr Arhv. r dn f th nrpt htr, Wrh, rnfrtr Shl, pp. 42ff. xxv IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO Mr "h," l h ltr Onnnl Mn, ntn ln vrv f th ntprr rld ttn tht dpl nflnd b ll Mrx. In th th, Mr ntpt n f th ptn f Onnnl Mn, nldn th ntrtn f th prltrt, th tblztn f ptl, th brrtztn f l, th d f th rvltnr lft, nd th bn f nn fr f prrv l hn. In nrl, th hrtrt th f Mr ptSnd Wrld Wr rtn bld n th rnfrt Shl nl f th rl f thnl nd thnll rtnlt, dntr tn nd brr, th ptlt tt, d nd n r, nd n d f l ntrl, hh n thr v prdd bth dln n th rvltnr ptntl f th rn l nd dln f ndvdlt, frd, nd d r, ll th tblztn f ptl. In 4 p l t th nd dtn f n nd vltn, Mr l tht: "h dft f nd tnl Sl h nt rrtd th trnd trd ttltrn. rd n th rtrt—n th rl f thht ll n tht f t." In Mr v, th pr f rn nd frd r dln n n "lt ndtrl t": "Wth th nrn nn trtn nd fftvn f n, pltl, nd ltrl ntrl, th pptn n ll th fld h bn pfd, rdntd, r ldtd." Indd, rn h b n ntrnt f dntn: "It hlp t rnz, dntr, nd ntpt th pr tht b, nd t ldt th pr f tvt. n h dntfd tlf th th rlt: ht tl rnbl, lthh ht rnbl h nt t b tlt." t nl l hp tht rn ld hp nd ntrl

rbrt Mr, "Epl," n nd vltn, 2d d. ( Yr: nt r, 4, pp. 4ff. IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO rlt, bt Mrx hp tht rn ld b bdd n rvltnr l nd rtnl lt t, hd t nht. h prltrt nt th "blt ntn f ptl t t prppd b Mrx," nd th ntrdtn f p tl r nt xplv Mrx hd frt. Mr t vr th tr "rnzd ptl" dvlpd b th Atr Mrxt dlf lfrdn t drb th dntrtv brrt pprt hh rnz, n, nd tblz ptlt t. 6 En plnnn n th tt, ttz tn n th n, th rtnlztn f ltr n th d, nd th nrd brrtztn f ll d f l, pltl, nd n lf hd rtd "ttll dntrd t" tht rltn n "th dln f th ndvdl." th 0, Mr th prvd tht th nprllld ffln f th nr t nd th pprt f plnnn nd nnt n dvnd ptl hd prdd n fr f l dntrtn nd "t tht pp tn" tht thrtnd ndvdlt nd tht ld ff p blt f rdl l hn. In td f th 0, h bn thn t thr f n tp f thnll t hh ld rv t fllt dvlpnt n Onnnl Mn. Mr nl bd n nptn f th htrl r f thnll rld hh vrpr nd ntrl t bjt. In th thnll rld, Mr l tht t ph prdd b thnl, n tht th prv tphl npt f bjtvt, hh ptlt n tv bjt nfrntn ntrllbl rld f bjt, rpld b ndnnl thnl rld hr "pr ntr ntlt" nd "ff" f rrnn n nd nd thn prtblhd nvr th "n prnpl f thht

6 dlf lfrdn, nn Cptl (ndn: tld, 8 rnll pblhd 0 . 0( IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO

nd tn." h lfntnd nd lfprpttn thn ll rld ll hn nl thn t n ntttn nd prtr. In th n, t "ndnnl" nd "h b nvrl n f dntn" hh nl nt

" nd ntr, hlht Unttlbrt (bd d hh prhp r htl nd r dtrtv thn prr ntr, th prthnl ntr.""

hr r t , t rd Mr thr f th n dnnl thnl rld nd t, hh th prr f f Onnnl Mn. On n ntrprt Mr thr lbl, ttlzn thr f n tp f t tht trn nd th ntrdtn f ptlt t n n rdr tht lnt ndvdlt, dnt, nd pptn. Indd, thr rrrnt tndn n rdn Mr t "n dnnlt" ttlzn npt t drb n r f htrl dvlpnt hh ppdl brb ll pptn nt ttltrn, nlth t. vr, Mr hlf rrl, f vr, th tr "ndnnlt" (.., ttlzn nn bt ntd tnd t p f "n dnnl" n, t, r thht, ppln th tr n djtv drbn dfnt ndtn hh h rtz nd ntrt th n ltrntv tt f ffr In ft, Mr ntrd "ndnnl" n h rlr rtn n p tll npt tht dtntn btn n dnnl nd dltl thht n Onnnl Mn t xtndd t drb l nd nthrpll phnn. In lht f Mr rt f "ndnnl" tt f ffr b pn ltrntv tht r t b fht fr nd rlzd, t rn t rd h ll thrt f th ttll dn trd t h pltl rjt ntrdtn, nflt,

rbrt Mr, "r Ontl t hnl. ndntl ndn f Indtrl St," n Stphn rnnr nd l Kllnr, d., Crtl hr nd St. A dr ( Yr nd ndn: tld, 8, p. 22. IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO II rvlt, nd ltrntv thht nd tn. In Onnnl Mn nd ltr r, h rjt nlth ntrprttn f th txt n p f ttl dntn tht n ln fhn b vrthn nt ndnnl ttlt t prfrbl t rd t dltl txt hh ntrt ndnnl th ltdnnl thht nd bhvr. h, I ld prp ntrprtn "ndnnl" nfrn t xtn thht nd bhvr nd ln rt l dnn nd dnn f ptntlt tht trnnd th xtn t. In Mr th djtv "n dnnl" drb prt tht nfr t prxtn trtr, nr, nd bhvr, n ntrt t ltdnnl dr, hh f n pblt tht trnnd th tblhd tt f ffr. h ptll dtntn pr pp ntn btn bjt nd bjt tht th bjt fr t prv pblt n th rld tht d nt t xt bt hh n b rlzd In th ndnnl t, th bjt ltd nt th bjt nd fll th dtt f xtrnl, bjtv nr nd trtr, th ln th blt t dvr r lbrtn pblt nd t n n trnfrtv prt t rlz th. Mr thr prpp th xtn f hn bjt th frd, rtvt, nd lfdtrntn h tnd n pptn t n bjtrld, prvd btn, hh ntn p blt t b rlzd nd ndr lt l vl, tht trt, nd prtn, hh n b ltvtd t nhn hn lf. In Mr nl, "ndnnl n" h lt, r ln, ndvdlt, frd, nd th blt t dnt nd t ntrl n n dtn. h prvt p, th dnn f ntn nd ndvdlt, n hh n b nd rn lf, bn httld b t hh hp prtn, hp, fr, nd vl, nd vn nplt vtl nd. In Mr v, th pr tht ndnnl n IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO

p fr tftn t rrndr frd nd ndvdlt. Ondnnl n d nt n t tr nd b t nd r nt t n—th r dntrd, prpd, nd htrn t nt bl t rt dntn, nr t t tnl, fr t dntf th pbl bhvr nd tt nd bt t th pr tht b. n th pr f thn t lftvt, ndnnl n bt t nrnl ttl dntn. Mr th rdl ndvdlt h dpl d trbd b th dln f th trt f thnt ndvdlt tht h hhl vl. Ondnnl t nd n dnnl n r th rlt f ln htrl rn f ndvdlt hh Mr rtzd vr vrl dd. On nnl Mn n th b ntrprtd n xtndd prtt nt th dln f ndvdlt n dvnd ndtrl t. h ntv t nld th l f n blt t prv nthr dnn f pblt tht trnnd th n dnnl thht nd t. tn h nptn n l dltl phlph, Mr nt n th prt n f dtnhn btn xtn nd n, ft nd ptntl, nd pprn nd rlt. Ondnnl thht nt bl t th dtntn nd th bt t th pr f th xtn t, drvn t v f th rld nd d f bhvr fr xtn prt nd d f thht. Mr n rrn hr th lnMndn th f rftn nd lntn, hr th ndvdl l th pr f prhndn nd trnfrn bjtvt t b dntd b ln pr nd bjt. r Mr, th dtnhn ftr f hn bn r fr nd r tv bjtvt. If n n n nd l lf n dntrd b thnl lbr pprt nd nfr t dnnt l nr, n ln n ptntlt f lf dtrntn nd ndvdlt. Alntd fr th pr f IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO I bnlf, ndnnl n th b n bjt f dntrtn nd nfrt.

E CIICA EOY O OEIMESIOA SOCIEY Onnnl Mn r th ptr f th lnff, r "tr phn," f th vr pblt f rdl l hn nd hn nptn. Mr dpt ttn n hh thr r n rvltnr l r rp t ltt fr rdl l hn nd n hh ndvdl r ntrtd nt th xtn t, ntnt th thr lt nd nbl t prv pblt fr hppr nd frr lf. hr r tnn n th b, hvr, btn th dvlpnt f r nrl thr f "dvnd ndtrl t" nd r pf r t f ntprr ptlt t, pll U.S. t, fr hh h drv t f h xpl. Mr dr n th l nl f C. Wrht Mll, nl ll, n rd, nd rtl jrnlt l rd C fr xpl f th trnd tht h n ntprr U.S. t. Yt h l dr n Erpn thr, h rnh thr f th thnll t nd th n rn l, nd h dpt trnd n ntprr nt t tht h blv r lr t th n ptlt n. h n n rd th b nrl thr f ntprr dvnd ndtrl, r thnll, t, r r pf nl nd rt f n tprr U.S. t drn prd f ffln nd td l pptn. Mr bn th prptv f Mrxn thr, th Crtl hr f th rnfrt Shl, rnh l thr, nd Arn l n t prnt rtl l thr f th prnt . Wht trn bt th b Mr ptr f ttl rt nd rlt pptn t ntpr r dvnd ndtrl t, ptlt nd nt, n 00( IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO thr ttlt. Whl h frntl rtz nt t, bldn n h rlr rt f Svt Mrx ( 8, 8 h rjt th Cld Wr dnl hh lbrt ptlt t n ntrt t n. Mr prv dtr tv tndn n dvnd ptl t lbrtd hvnt nd rrtnlt n t lfprld rtn lt. ntn tht th t prprt nd rth r bd n t nd dtrtn, t prr fld b xplt tn nd rprn, hl t frd nd dr r bd n npltn. Mr l thrh th dll lbr tn f ptl nd hrpl rtz th dhnztn nd lntn n t pln nd ffln, th lvr n t lbr t, th dl nd ndtrntn n t ltr, th fth n t nr, nd th dnr nd nnt n t ltrndtrl plx. nld tht dpt t hvnt, "th t rrtnl hl. It prdtv t dtrtv f th fr dvlpnt f hn nd nd flt . . . t rth dpndnt n th rprn f th rl pblt fr pfn th trl fr xtn—ndvdl, ntnl nd ntrntnl" (Onnnl Mn, p. xl. r Mr, dt nd nptn pl fr rtr rl n ntprr ptlt t thn tht nvd b Mrx nd t rthdx Mrxt. Mr n f th frt rtl thrt t nlz th nr t thrh nlz n h nr, dvrtn, ltr, nd dl ntrt ndvdl nt nd tblz th ptlt t. In drbn h nd r prdd hh ntrt ndvdl nt hl nvr f thht, bhvr, nd tftn, h dtnh btn tr nd fl nd nd drb h ndvdl n lbrt thlv fr th prvln nd nd tftn t lv frr nd hppr lf. l tht

rbrt Mr, Svt Mrx ( Yr: Clb Unvrt r, 8 rnl 8. IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO d th t dl ttd ndvdl nd frd r fr fr hh ndvdl nd t lbrt thlv n rdr t b trl fr. rnt tht th t h ldd n, pltl, nd l frd, frrl r f l prr, l thr prrv fntn nd b b tl ntrnt f dntn hh rv t p ndvdl n bnd t th t tht th trnthn nd prptt. r xpl, n frd t ll n lbr pr n rdr t pt n th lbr rt bt th ndvdl t th lvr f n rrtnl n t pltl frd t vt fr nrll ndtnhbl rprnttv f th t bt dlv rtftn f nndrt pltl t ntlltl frd f xprn nfftl hn th d thr pt nd df, r dtrt nd p pr, pptnl d, nd hn th r hp pbl pnn tht t htl r n t pptnl thht nd tn. Mr nld tht nn frd nd llbn dpnd n lbrtn fr th ntr t f ndnnl nd nd tftn nd rr "n d f rlztn . . . rrpndn t th n pblt f t" (Onnnl Mn, p. 6. Mr l nlz hn n th lbr pr nd n fr f ntrtn f th rn l nt th xtn pt lt t dvlpnt thn th ptlt tt nd th rn f ndnnl plt nd th ntrtn f thht, ln, nd ltr. rt f ntprr d f thht r pll prvtv. l rtll nlz n fr f thnl nd thnll rtnlt hh r prdn lttvl dffrnt l trtr, ttll dntrd t. thr, th nl prvd thrtl prptv n th n fr f ptlt hn nd tblztn hh hd rd n th 0 nd rl 60. Onnnl Mn ntn t b rlvnt b f t 00Cl IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO

rp f th ndrln trtr nd tndn f ntpr r n nd pltl dvlpnt. h ntf nd thnll rtnlt tht Mr drb r vn r prfl td th th rn f ptrztn, th pr lfrtn f d nd nfrtn, nd th dvlpnt f n thn nd fr f l ntrl. And t th t r rrtnl thn prvl. Mr drptn f 64 tll rn tr td: "h nn f rn prdtvt nd rn dtrtn th brnnhp f nnhltn th r rndr f thht, hp, nd fr t th dn f th pr tht b th prrvtn f r n th f f nprdntd lth nttt th t prtl ndtnt. . . . [St] pn rtnlt, hh prpl ffn nd rth tlf rrtnl" (Onnnl Mn, pp. Mr rtl thr f t brllntl nlz th tndn trd l tblt nd ntrtn hvd b ntprr ptlt t, bt dnpl thr r tndn nd ntrdtn. Cnntl, h thr f "ndnnl t" nnt nt thr fr th rp tn f l rvlt n lbl l n th 60, r th lbl r f ptl tht hv bn rrn fr th rl 0 t th prnt. In n, Onnnl Mn rtlt t f htrl dvlpnt tht ld n b rnn t l nd ld v t n r rd b l trl nd phvl n th 60 nd rld r f ptl n th 0. fln t nlz n r d ail ntrtndn nt ndnnl t, h rtd ptr f n tp f l rdr bl t brb ll pptn nd t ntrl thht nd tn ndfntl, th prnntl tblzn th ptlt t. Yt thdlll, Mr ndt tht h nlzn trnd f l dvlpnt t hh thr r ntrtrnd (Onnnl Mn, pp. xlv—xlv. In th ntrdtn h rt tht h td "ll vllt thrht btn t IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO 0C(

ntrdtr hpth: ( tht dvnd ndtrl t pbl f ntnn lttv hn fr th frbl ftr (2 tht fr nd tndn xt hh br th ntnnt nd xpld th t" (p. xlv. r th nd f th b h rt: "h nftn f ppt n th d f thnll rtnlt t b, n ll t rlt, n llr nftn, hh lnt nthr th ntrdtn btn th rn prdtvt nd t rprv , nr th vtl nd fr lvn th ntrdtn" (p. 260. h Mr rnz tht bth l nflt nd tn dn trd hn ntn t xt nd tht rdl l trnfrtn vntll b pbl. Althh th f f h nl n th ntnnt f l hn, h drb th t n th p jt td "frd nt" r "llr nftn" rthr thn n hh h lntd ll ntrdtn nd nflt. h, t ntrprt prprl bth Onnnl Mn nd Mr prjt hl, On nnl Mn hld b rd n rltn t Er nd Cvlztn ll t th r tht fll, h An E n brtn nd Cntrrvltn nd vlt. It prl th vn f "ht ld b" rtltd n th txt tht hhlht th bln f "ht " n Onnnl Mn. Mr ntn t blv tht ntrdtn xt btn th hhr pblt f fr nd pfd t nd th xtn l t. h prbl prntd n Onnnl Mn tht ndnnl thht nnt prv th dtntn, bt Mr nt tht t ntn t xt, nd, f prvd, ld b vhl f ndvdl nd l trnfrtn. In h rtn ftr Onnnl Mn, Mr f r n l ntrdtn, trl, nd th dntrtn ftr n xtn t, ptlt nd nt Onnnl Mn hld th b rd thr f th ntnnt f l ntrdtn, fr f ntn, nd pblt f lbrtn tht xt bt r pprd. Evn n Onnnl Mn Mr d IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO ntn t pnt t th fr nd pblt, nd t r nz th lbrtn ptntl hddn n th pprv l t, pll n thnl, hh ld b d t lnt lntd lbr nd t prd bttr lf fr ll. Mr l tr lbrtn, nd h thht ntd b tpn vn tht lf ld b t n rt nd dr f nl rvltn ld t pl tht ld lnt t rprv ftr. A ln tht ht b drn fr h r tht rtl nd dltl l thr hld nlz ntnnt nd tbl ztn ll ntttn nd trl. In r, tblztn nd ntnnt prdnt, hl n thr phvl nd trl b dnnt, r bth trnd ld b pd nt h thr. Crtnl, fr th 80 t th pr nt, nrvtv trnd hv bn dnnt. Yt t prnt n dt dl fr ntprr l thr nd plt, fr f bth dntn nd rtn hld b nlzd. Cnntl, rthr thn nptlzn ntprr t dd nlth f dntn, th hld b n lzd t f ntrdtn, tnn, nd nflt hh llt fr t t hn, fr pprn nd dntn t trl nd rtn, nd fr tblt nd ntnnt t nflt nd r.

ECEIO A COEMOAY EEACE In hrpl rtzn ntprr ptlt t, Mr nt nt th rrnt f nfrt d thnn nd ntptd th ltftd rt f U.S. t tht r t r n th 60. Onnnl Mn hd r rptn nd pt. It nrd bth rthdx Mrxt, h ld nt pt h thrhn rvn f Mrx, nd n thr h r nbl t nt t h rdl rt f ntprr ptlt t. h b , hvr, ll IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO 0C< rvd b th ft nd nrtn dtfd th th rrnt l rdr nd th rthdx f th dnnt Mrx t nd d thr. r th ft, Onnnl Mn rtltd ht n rdl flt rn th t, nd th b dlt f lbrtn nd dntn prvdd frr fr rdl plt hh trld nt dn tn nd fr lbrtn. Mrvr, Onnnl Mn hd tht th problems confronting the emerging radical movement were not pl th tn r, r r nlt, bt th t tlf, nd tht lvn d rn f l prbl rrd fndntl l rtrtrn. In th , On nnl Mn pld n prtnt rl n th pltl d tn f nrtn f rdl nd t th d h nprd th nvlvd n th dvlpnt f rtl phlph nd l thr. Whl Onnnl Mn b td th th rdl f th ft n th 60, th txt h prdxl rltn th th n rdl h pblt t nl t dn. At th nln f th b, Mr pltd tht thr nl lht hn tht th t xpltd nd prtd tdr, n lln th n nlhtnd ntll nt, ht r "th bnnn f th nd" nd nf hp fr l hn. thht thr hp tht th vl rht vnt ht prd frnt hh ld ld t n r f trl, nd h hld nt th npt f th "Grt fl" f fr f pprn nd dntn h pltl dl. Alt n th v f Onnnl Mn pbltn, n ft, th ft nd ntr vnt bn t r n rpn t th lrtn U.S. ltr ntrvntn n tn. rn th prd, nrtn f rdl trnd t Mr b, hh d t hv dnd th pblt f fndntl pltl hn. rn th hr prd f th ft n th 60, Onnnl Mn hlpd t h nrtn f I IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO

pltl nd ltrl rdl ht rn th th t th r trln nt, nd th pld n prtnt rl n th tdnt vnt. Mr hlf l rlld t th tdnt tvt nd xhlrtd hn th Grt fl bn td t n rnd l. Onnnl Mn l hvd t rptbl, vn ldtr, d rptn. It rvd n t jr ntlltl jrnl, n ntnl zn nd nppr, nd n plzd d jrnl n d vrt f fld. h nxt rd ll td f ntprr trnd f th rrnt t n th l th th r f C. Wrht Mll, nl ll, hn Glbrth, nd thr rt f ntprr Arn t. h b l nrtd h ntrvr, hvr, pll hn Mr pr ntd n th d "r f th ft." r n rtn f n rdl t p Mr txt ntl rt f xtn fr f thht nd bhvr, nd Mr hlf dntfd th th ft nd dfndd thr plt nd pptn. rn th lt 60 nd rl 0, Mr r prbbl th t nflntl l thr f t d nd rd nd rtzd b ndvdl fr vrt f dffrnt prptv. dfd f h ptn n h ltr rt n n rpn t f th rt, thh h n tnd t b rdl rt f fr f dntn nd t hpn ht h prvd fr f lbrtn. In prtlr, h nt bnd h dl f ndnnl t n b l An E n brtn (6 nd Cntrrvltn nd vlt (2 nd lbrtd ll th t rdl fr f pptnl thht nd tn. And thn, n h lt r, Mr trnd ptvl t fn nd n l vnt ftr th d f th ft n th rl 0. r th nd f h lf, hn I d h ht h thht f Onnnl Mn, Mr rpld tht: "I t t ht I rt IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO II

n Onnnl Mn," ntn tht h nl f l trnd hd bn nfrd b rnt lt n th hn tht th trl f th 60 hd bn prdn. Mr ntnd tt n lfr prr, tpfd b rptn n Cl frn, hh t tx fr lfr pndn dnd b v rnnt nd bn fr tb n l prr nd dr n vrnnt rltn th rfvrbt n Grn nd thr rprn f rdl thrht th rld n rvtv tt n brtn, fn, nd th El ht Andnt th nrd trnth f jr trnntnl r prtn nd nrvtv nd nnrvtv ffn n n r f l nd pltl lf. ddd, hvr, tht th 60 hd nlhd n l fr, pnn p n p fr trl tht tll xtd nd hld b d b fr f pptn t ltt fr rdl l hn. Mr dd n . d h lvd thrh th r f n nd h n dbt h ld hv ntd tht On nnl Mn r rlvnt thn vr ftr dd f n rvtv hn, rpnt ptl, nd r f U.S. ltr ntrvntn nd vrt prtn n Grnd, r , n, nd n prt f th rld, lntn n th rn Glf r. Mr hrp rt f ltr nd lvr f lf h htd dth nd lln. frd tht r phttd thnl ld "ntrntlz" r nd prd vr r brtl fr f dtrtn— vn pl nfrd n th tn nd rn Glf r. Indd, Onnnl Mn prvd dl nl f th nth f bn, th tt, th d, nd thr ltrl ntttn ndr th hn f rprt ptl hh hrtrz th U.S. n nd plt n th 80 nd rl 0. Whl Mr d nt dtl nlz th ntn tht l xt btn rln rp nd th n pp tn t pprv pl, h rtnl prvd llntn prptv n th rt f nrvtv dnnt n th pt III IOUCIO O E SECO EIIO

dd. In prtlr, n nd n xplfd n dnnl "ptv thnn" t n xtr dr. h tht th d nd pltl tblhnt nt ln th "n" n th 80 ndt trnd trd n dnnl thht nd plt tht hv nl ntnfd n th rl 0. Mr Onnnl Mn pll rlvnt n rrd t th rrn f ltr drn nd ftr th rn Glf r. h ndr f dnl nd prjtn nd nlhn f rv nr flr n fr th rdn rbrt Mr, h ntntl rd tht dvnd ndtrl t nlhd vr r lthl dtrtvn hh fnd b f pprvl n th h hv bn ndtnd t pprv f rn. Ondnnl t prt b trn rt nd dtrtv ntntl nr nt ll ntrlld d f thht nd bhvr. Arv bhvr th prvd l bnd, nfn th h n n pr nd lft thrh dntfn th fr f rn nt hrd bjt f ht. h trnd ll t vbl n rrnt Arn t, nd Mr nl f rn nd ltr hld b rd n drn th r f rrnt rn nd ndnnl nrvtv. Yt th l f th 60, f hh Mr vtl prt, lv n, nd th Grt fl tll prtd b pptnl rp nd ndvdl h rf t nfr t xtn pprn nd dntn. Mr hld b dl rd nd tdd n t hlp nrh rnl f rtl thnn nd rdl plt. r l dntn ntn t b bl t hn frd nd hppn, nd lbrtn ntn t b hp fr th h rf t jn th ntprr lbrtn f ltr, th fr f nrvt, nd nrtrnd pt l. r, tn Wltr njn t th nd f Onnnl Mn, "It nl fr th f th tht hp tht hp vn t ." IOUCIO O E IS EIIO

h prl f rt: t tht pptn

nt th thrt f n t ttrph hh ld p t th hn r l rv t prtt th vr fr hh prptt th dnr? h ffrt t prvnt h t trph vrhd th rh fr t ptntl n nt prr ndtrl t. h rn ndntfd, nxpd, nttd b th pbl b th rd bfr th ll t bv thrt fr tht—t th Wt fr th Et, t th Et fr th Wt. Ell bv th nd fr bn prprd, fr lvn n th brn, fr fn th hl ln. W bt t th pfl prdtn f th n f dtrtn, t th prftn f t, t bn dtd fr dfn hh dfr th dfndr nd tht hh th dfnd. If ttpt t rlt th f th dnr t th n hh t rnzd nd rnz t br, r dtl nfrntd th th ft tht dvnd ndtrl t b rhr, br, nd bttr t prptt th I IOUCIO O E IS EIIO

dnr. h dfn trtr lf r fr rtr nbr f ppl nd xtnd n tr f ntr. Undr th rtn, r d hv lttl dfflt n lln prtlr ntrt th f ll nbl n. h pltl nd f t b ndvdl nd nd pr tn, thr tftn prt bn nd th n l, nd th hl ppr t b th vr bdnt f n. And t th t rrtnl hl. It prdtvt dtrtv f th fr dvlpnt f hn nd nd fl t, t p ntnd b th ntnt thrt f r, t rth dpndnt n th rprn f th rl pblt fr pfn th trl fr xtn—ndvdl, ntnl, nd ntrntnl. h rprn, dffrnt fr tht hh hr trzd th prdn, l dvlpd t f r t, prt td nt fr ptn f ntrl nd thnl trt bt rthr fr ptn f trnth. h pbl t (ntlltl nd trl f ntprr t r rbl rtr thn vr bfr—hh n tht th p f t dntn vr th ndvdl r bl rtr thn vr bfr. Or t dtnh tlf b nrn th ntrfl l fr th hnl rthr thn rrr, n th dl b f n vrhln ffn nd n nrn tndrd f lvn. nvtt th rt f th dvlpnt nd xn thr htrl ltrntv prt f th f rtl thr f ntprr t, thr hh nlz t n th lht f t d nd nd r bd pblt fr prvn th hn ndtn. t ht r th tndrd fr h rt? Crtnl vl jdnt pl prt. h tblhd f rnzn t rd nt thr pbl , hh r hld t ffr bttr hn fr llvtn n trl fr xtn pf htrl prt rd IOUCIO O E IS EIIO xl

nt t n htrl ltrntv. r th bnnn, n rtl thr f t th nfrntd th th prbl f htrl bjtvt, prbl hh r t th t pnt hr th nl pl vl jdnt:

. th jdnt tht hn lf rth lvn, r rthr n b nd ht t b d rth lvn. h jdnt ndrl ll ntlltl ffrt t th prr f l thr, nd t rjtn (hh prftl ll rjt thr tlf 2. th jdnt tht, n vn t, pf pblt xt fr th lrtn f hn lf nd pf nd n f rlzn th pblt. Crtl nl h t dntrt th bjtv vldt f th jdnt, nd th dntrtn h t prd n prl rnd. h tb lhd t h vlbl n rtnbl ntt nd lt f ntlltl nd trl rr. n th rr b d fr th ptl dvlpnt nd tftn f nd vdl nd nd flt th n f tl nd r? Sl thr htrl thr, nd htr th rl f hn n th rl f nt. hrfr, n th vr pbl nd tl d f rnzn nd tlzn th vlbl rr, hh n ffr th rtt hn f n ptl dvlpnt?

h ttpt t nr th tn dnd r f ntl btrtn. In rdr t dntf nd dfn th p blt f n ptl dvlpnt, th rtl thr t btrt fr th tl rnztn nd tlztn f t rr, nd fr th rlt f th rnztn nd tlz tn. Sh btrtn hh rf t pt th vn nvr f ft th fnl ntxt f vldtn, h "trnndn" nl f th ft n th lht f thr rrtd nd dnd pblt, prtn t th vr trtr f l thr. It ppd t ll tph b vrt f th rrl htrl IOUCIO O E IS EIIO

hrtr f th trnndn. h "pblt" t b thn th rh f th rptv t th t b dfnbl l f prt. th tn, th btrtn fr th tb lhd ntttn t b xprv f n tl tndn—tht , thr trnfrtn t b th rl nd f th ndrln ppltn. Sl thr nrnd th th htrl ltrn tv hh hnt th tblhd t bvrv tndn nd fr. h vl tthd t th ltrntv d b ft hn th r trnltd nt rlt b htrl prt. h thrtl npt trnt th l hn. t hr, dvnd ndtrl t nfrnt th rt th ttn hh t dprv t f t vr b. hnl prr, xtndd t hl t f dntn nd rdntn, rt fr f lf (nd f pr hh ppr t rnl th fr ppn th t nd t dft r rft ll prtt n th n f th htrl prpt f frd fr tl nd dntn. Cntprr t t b pbl f ntnn l hn lttv hn hh ld tblh ntll dffrnt ntttn, n drtn f th prdtv pr, n d f hn xt n. h ntnnt f l hn prhp th t nlr hvnt f dvnd ndtrl t th nrl ptn f th tnl rp, bprtn pl, th dln f plrl, th lln f n nd lbr thn th trn Stt ttf t th ntrtn f ppt hh th rlt ll th prrt f th hvnt. A brf prn btn th frtv t f th thr f ndtrl t nd t prnt ttn hlp t h h th b f th rt h bn ltrd. At t rn n

h tr "trnnd" nd "trnndn" r d thrht n th prl, rtl n: th dnt tndn n thr nd prt hh, n vn t, "vrht" th tblhd nvr f dr nd tn trd t htrl ltrntv (rl pblt. IOUCIO O E IS EIIO (ll

th frt hlf f th nntnth ntr, hn t lbrtd th frt npt f th ltrntv, th rt f ndtrl t ttnd nrtn n htrl dtn btn thr nd prt, vl nd ft, nd nd l. h htrl dtn rrd n th nn nd n th pltl tn f th t rt l hh fd h thr n th t: th br nd th prltrt. In th ptlt rld, th r tll th b l. vr, th ptlt dvlpnt h ltrd th trtr nd fntn f th t l n h tht th n lnr ppr t b nt f htrl trnfrtn. An vrrdn ntrt n th prrv tn nd prvnt f th ntttnl tt nt th frr ntnt n th t dvnd r f ntprr t. And t th dr t hh thnl prr r th rth nd hn f nt t, th vr d f lttv hn rd bfr th rlt ntn f nn xplv vltn. In th bn f dntrbl nt nd n f l hn, th rt th thrn b t hh lvl f btrtn. hr n rnd n hh thr nd prt, thht nd tn t. Evn th t prl nl f htrl ltrntv ppr t b nrlt p ltn, nd tnt t th ttr f prnl (r rp prfrn. And t: d th bn rft th thr? In th f f pprntl ntrdtr ft, th rtl nl ntn t nt tht th nd fr lttv hn prn vr bfr. dd b h? h nr ntn t b th : b th t hl, fr vr n f t br. h nn f rn prdtvt nd rn dtrtn th brnnhp f nnhltn th rrndr f thht, hp, nd fr t th dn f th pr tht b th pr rvtn f r n th f f nprdntd lth nt tt th t prtl ndtnt—vn f th r nt th rn dêtr f th t bt nl t bprdt: t pn l IOUCIO O E IS EIIO

rtnlt, hh prpl ffn nd rth, tlf rrtnl. h ft tht th vt jrt f th ppltn pt, nd d t pt, th t d nt rndr t l rrtnl nd l rprhnbl. h dtntn btn tr nd fl n n, rl nd dt ntrt tll nnfl. t th dtntn tlf t b vldtd. Mn t t t nd t fnd thr fr fl t tr nn, fr thr dt t thr rl ntrt. h n d nl f th lv n nd f hnn thr f lf, f dnn th ptv, f rfn. It prl th nd hh th tblhd t n t rpr t th dr t hh t pbl f "dlvrn th d" n n nrnl lr l, nd n th ntf nt f ntr fr th ntf nt f n. Cnfrntd th th ttl hrtr f th hvnt f dvnd ndtrl t, rtl thr lft tht th rtnl fr trnndn th t. h v pt th thrtl trtr tlf, b th tr f rtl l thr r dvlpd drn th prd n hh th nd fr rfl nd bvrn bdd n th tn f fftv l fr. h tr r ntll ntv nd pptnl npt, dfnn th tl ntrdtn n nntnth ntr Erpn t. h tr "t" tlf xprd th t nflt btn th l nd pltl phr—t ntnt t th tt. Slrl, "nd vdl," "l," "prvt," "fl" dntd phr nd fr nt t ntrtd th th tblhd ndtn—phr f tnn nd ntrdtn. Wth th rn ntrtn f ndtrl t, th tr r ln thr rtl nn ttn, nd tnd t b drptv, dptv, r prtnl tr. An ttpt t rptr th rtl ntnt f th tr, nd t ndrtnd h th ntnt nlld b th l IOUCIO O E IS EIIO I rlt, ppr fr th tt t b rrn fr thr jnd th htrl prt t btrt, pltv thht: fr th rt f pltl n t phlph. h d ll hrtr f th rt rlt fr th ft tht th nl frd t prd fr ptn "td" th p tv ll ntv, th prdtv ll dtrtv tndn n t. Mdrn ndtrl t th prvv dntt f th ppt—t th hl tht n tn. At th t, th ptn f thr nnt b n f r pltn. It t b htrl ptn n th n tht t t b rndd n th pblt f th vn t. h b ttn nvlv tll r fndntl bt. Onnnl Mn ll vllt thrht btn t ntrdtr hpth: ( tht dvnd ndtrl t pbl f ntnn lttv hn fr th frbl ftr (2 tht fr nd tndn xt hh br th ntnnt nd xpld th t. I d nt thn tht dr nr n b vn. th tndn r thr, d b d— nd vn th n n th thr. h frt tndn dnnt, nd htvr prndtn fr rvrl xt r bn d t prvnt t. rhp n dnt ltr th ttn, bt nl th rntn f ht bn dn nd ht bn prvntd bvrt th nn nd th bhvr f n, nt vn ttrph ll brn bt th hn.

h nl fd n dvnd ndtrl t, n hh th thnl pprt f prdtn nd dtrbtn (th n nrn tr f ttn fntn, nt th ttl f r ntrnt hh n b ltd fr thr l nd pltl fft, bt rthr t hh dtrn prr th prdt f th pprt ll th prtn f rvn nd xtndn t. In th t, th prdtv pprt tnd t b ttltrn t th xtnt t hh t dtrn nt nl th ll ndd ptn, xlv IOUCIO O E IS EIIO ll, nd tttd, bt l ndvdl nd nd prtn. It th bltrt th pptn btn th prvt nd pbl xtn, btn ndvdl nd l nd. hnl rv t nttt n, r fftv, nd r plnt fr f l ntrl nd l hn. h ttltrn tndn f th ntrl t rt tlf n tll nthr n—b prdn t th l dvlpd nd vn t th prndtrl r f th rld, nd b rtn lrt n th dvlp nt f ptl nd n. In th f f th ttltrn ftr f th t, th trd tnl ntn f th "ntrlt" f thnl n n lnr b ntnd. hnl h nnt b ltd fr th t hh t pt th thnll t t f d ntn hh prt lrd n th npt nd ntrtn f thn. h n hh t rnz th lf f t br nvlv n ntl h btn htrl ltrntv hh r dtrnd b th nhrtd lvl f th trl nd ntlltl ltr. h h tlf rlt fr th pl f th dnnt ntrt. It ntpt pf d f trnfrn nd tlzn n nd ntr nd rjt thr d. It n "prjt" f rlztn n thr. t n th prjt h b prtv n th b ntttn nd rltn, t tnd t b xlv nd t dtrn th dvlpnt f th t hl. A thnll nvr, dvnd ndtrl t pltl nvr, th ltt t n th rlztn f pf htrl prjt—nl, th xprn, trn frtn, nd rnztn f ntr th r tff f dntn

2 h tr "prjt" phz th lnt f frd nd rpnblt n htrl dtrntn: t ln tn nd ntnn. In th n, th tr d n th r f nl S. r frthr dn hptr 8 bl. IOUCIO O E IS EIIO AIM

A th prjt nfld, t hp th ntr nvr f dr nd tn, ntlltl nd trl ltr. In th d f thnl, ltr, plt, nd th n r nt n nprnt t hh ll p r rpl ll ltrntv. h prdtvt nd rth ptntl f th t tblz th t nd ntn thnl prr thn th frr f dntn. hnll rtnlt h b pltl rtnlt In th dn f th flr tndn f dvnd nd trl vlztn, I hv rrl vn pf rfrn. h trl bld nd drbd n th vt ll nd phll ltrtr n thnl nd l hn, n tf nnt, rprtv ntrpr, hn n th hr tr f ndtrl lbr nd f th lbr fr, t. hr r n ndll nl f th ft—h rl nd Mn, h Mdrn Crprtn nd rvt rprt, th rprt f th 6th Cnr prr tnl En Ctt n th Cnntrtn f En r, th pbltn f th ACIO n Attn nd Mjr hnll Chn, bt l th f nd ttr nd Crrpndn n trt. I hld l t phz th vtl prtn f th r f C. Wrht Mll, nd f td hh r frntl frnd pn b f plf tn, vrttnt, r jrnlt —n rd h ddn rdr, h Stt Sr, nd h Wt Mr, Wll . Wht h Ornztn Mn, rd . C h Wrfr Stt bln n th tr. b r, th l f thrtl nl n th r lv th rt f th drbd ndtn vrd nd prttd, bt lft t p fr thlv, th ndtn p ldl nh. rhp th t tlln vdn n b btnd b pl ln t tlvn r ltnn t th AM rd fr n ntv hr fr pl f d, nt httn ff th rl, nd n nd thn thn th ttn. M nl fd n tndn n th t hhl dvlpd ntprr t. hr r lr r thn l IOUCIO O E IS EIIO

nd tht th t hr th drbd tndn d nt prvl—I ld : nt t prvl. I prjtn th tndn nd I ffr hpth, nthn r. rt I

Onnnl St

E EW OMS O COO

A frtbl, th, rnbl, drt nfrd pr vl n dvnd ndtrl vlztn, tn f thnl prr. Indd, ht ld b r rtnl thn th ppr n f ndvdlt n th hnztn f ll nr bt pnfl prfrn th nntrtn f ndvdl ntr pr n r fftv, r prdtv rprtn th rltn f fr pttn n nll ppd n bjt th rtlnt f prrtv nd ntnl vrnt hh pd th ntrntnl rnztn f rr. ht th thnll rdr l nvlv pltl nd ntlltl rdntn b rrttbl nd t prn dvlpnt. h rht nd lbrt hh r h vtl ftr n th rn nd rlr t f ndtrl t ld t hhr t f th t: th r ln thr trdtnl rtnl nd ntnt. rd f thht, ph, nd nn r—jt fr ntrpr, hh th rvd t prt nd prtt—ntll rtl d, dnd t rpl n 4 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

blnt trl nd ntlltl ltr b r prdt v nd rtnl n. On ntttnlzd, th rht nd lbrt hrd th ft f th t f hh th hd b n ntrl prt. h hvnt nl th pr. th dr t hh frd fr nt, th nrt btn f ll frd, bn rl pblt, th lbr t hh prtn t tt f lr prdtvt r ln thr frr ntnt. Indpndn f thht, tn, nd th rht t pltl pptn r bn dprvd f thr b rtl fntn n t hh nrnl pbl f tfn th nd f th ndvdl thrh th n hh t rnzd. Sh t jtl dnd ptn f t prnpl nd ntttn, nd rd th pptn t th dn nd prtn f ltrntv pl thn th tt . In th rpt, t t lttl dffrn hthr th nrn tftn f nd plhd b n thrtrn r nnthrtrn t. Undr th nd tn f rn tndrd f lvn, nnnfrt th th t tlf ppr t b ll l, nd th r hn t ntl tnbl n nd pltl ddvnt nd thrtn th th prtn f th hl. Indd, t lt n fr th nt f lf r nvlvd, thr t b n rn h th prdtn nd dtrbtn f d nd r v hld prd thrh th pttv nrrn f ndvdl lbrt. rd f ntrpr fr th bnnn nt ltthr bln. A th lbrt t r r t trv, t plld tl, nrt, nd fr fr th vt jrt f th ppltn. If th ndvdl r n lnr plld t prv hlf n th rt, fr n bjt, th dpprn f th nd f frd ld b n f th rtt hvnt f vlztn. h thnll pr f hnztn nd tndrdztn ht rl ndvdl nr nt t nhrtd rl f frd bnd nt. h vr E EW OMS O COO

trtr f hn xtn ld b ltrd th ndvdl ld b lbrtd fr th r rld pn pn h ln nd nd ln pblt. h ndvdl ld b fr t xrt tn vr lf tht ld b h n. If th prdtv pprt ld b rnzd nd drtd trd th satisfaction f th vtl nd, t ntrl ht ll b n trlzd h ntrl ld nt prvnt ndvdl tn, bt rndr t pbl. h l thn th pblt f dvnd ndtrl vlztn, th "nd" f thnll rtnlt. In tl ft, hvr, th ntrr trnd prt: th pprt p t n nd pltl rrnt fr dfn nd xpnn n lbr t nd fr t, n th trl nd ntlltl ltr. vrt f th t h rnzd t thnll b, ntprr ndtrl t tnd t b ttltrn. r "ttltrn" nt nl trrrt pltl rdntn f t, bt l nntrrrt nthnl rdntn hh prt thrh th npltn f nd b vtd ntrt. It th prld th rn f n fft v pptn nt th hl. t nl pf fr f vrnnt r prt rl fr ttltrn, bt l pf t f prdtn nd dtrbtn hh ll b ptbl th "plrl" f prt, nppr,

" ntrvln pr," t. d pltl pr rt tlf thrh t pr vr th hn pr nd vr th thnl rnztn f th pprt. h vrnnt f dvnd nd dvnn nd trl t n ntn nd r tlf nl hn t d n blzn, rnzn, nd xpltn th thnl, ntf, nd hnl prdtvt vlbl t ndtrl vlztn. And th prdtvt blz t hl, bv nd bnd n prtlr ndvdl r rp ntrt.

S p. 4. 6 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

h brt ft tht th hn phl (nl phl? pr rp tht f th ndvdl, nd f n prtlr rp f ndvdl, th hn th t fftv pl tl ntrnt n n t h b rnztn tht f th hn pr. t th pltl trnd b rvrd ntll th pr f th hn nl th trdp nd prjtd pr f n. th xtnt t hh th r rld nvd f hn nd hnzd rdnl, t b th ptntl b f n frd fr n. Cntprr ndtrl vlztn dntrt tht t h rhd th t t hh "th fr t" n n lnr b dtl dfnd n th trdtnl tr f n, plt l, nd ntlltl lbrt, nt b th lbrt hv b nnfnt, bt b th r t nfnt t b nfnd thn th trdtnl fr. d f rlztn r ndd, rrpndn t th n pblt f t. Sh n d n b ndtd nl n ntv tr b th ld nt t th ntn f th prvln d. h n frd ld n frd fr th n—fr bn ntrlld b n fr nd rl tnhp frd fr th dl trl fr xtn, fr rnn lvn. ltl frd ld n lbrtn f th ndvdl fr plt vr hh th hv n fftv n trl. Slrl, ntlltl frd ld n th rtrtn f ndvdl thht n brbd b ntn nd ndtrntn, bltn f "pbl pnn" tthr th t r. h nrlt nd f th prptn nd tv, nt f thr tpn hrtr, bt f th trnth f th fr hh prvnt thr rlztn. h t fftv nd ndrn fr f rfr nt lbrtn th plntn f trl nd ntlltl nd tht prptt blt fr f th trl fr xtn. h ntnt, th tftn nd vn th hrtr f hn nd, bnd th bll lvl, hv l bn E EW OMS O COO prndtnd. Whthr r nt th pblt f dn r lv n, njn r dtrn, pn r rjtn thn zd nd dpnd n hthr r nt t n b n drbl nd nr fr th prvln tl ntttn nd ntrt. In th n, hn nd r htrl nd nd, t th xtnt t hh th t dnd th rprv dvlpnt f th ndvdl, h nd thlv nd thr l fr tftn r bjt t vrrdn rtl tndrd. W dtnh bth tr nd fl nd. "l" r th hh r prpd pn th ndvdl b prtlr l ntrt n h rprn: th nd hh prptt tl, rvn, r, nd njt. hr tftn ht b t rtfn t th ndvdl, bt th hppn nt ndtn hh h t b ntnd nd prttd f t rv t rrt th dvlpnt f th blt (h n nd thr t rnz th d f th hl nd rp th hn f rn th d. h rlt thn phr n nhppn. Mt f th prvln nd t rlx, t hv fn, t bhv nd n n rdn th th dvrtnt, t lv nd ht ht thr lv nd ht, bln t th tr f fl nd. Sh nd hv tl ntnt nd fntn hh r dtrnd b xtrnl pr vr hh th ndvdl h n ntrl th dvlpnt nd tftn f th nd htrn. ttr h h h nd hv b th ndvdl n, rprdd nd frtfd b th ndtn f h xtn n ttr h h h dntf hlf th th nd fnd hlf n thr tftn, th ntn t b ht th r fr th bnnn—prdt f t h dnnt ntrt dnd rprn. h prvln f rprv nd n plhd ft, ptd n nrn nd dft, bt ft tht t b ndn n th ntrt f th hpp ndvdl ll ll th h r th pr f h tftn. h nl nd tht hv n 8 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

nlfd l fr tftn r th vtl n— nrhnt, lthn, ldn t th ttnbl lvl f ltr. h tftn f th nd th prrt fr th rlz tn f ll nd, f th nbltd ll th bltd n. r n nn nd nn, fr n xprn hh d nt pt th prvln tl ntrt th pr l f thht nd bhvr, th tblhd nvr f nd nd tftn ft t b tnd—tnd n tr f trth nd flhd. h tr r htrl thrht, nd thr bjtvt htrl. h jdnt f nd nd thr tftn, ndr th vn ndtn, nvlv tndrd f prrt—tndrd hh rfr t th ptl dvl pnt f th ndvdl, f ll ndvdl, ndr th ptl tlztn f th trl nd ntlltl rr vlbl t n. h rr r llbl. "rth" nd "flhd" f nd dnt bjtv ndtn t th xtnt t hh th nvrl tftn f vtl nd nd, bnd t, th prr v llvtn f tl nd pvrt, r nvrll vld tnd rd. t htrl tndrd, th d nt nl vr rdn t r nd t f dvlpnt, th l n b dfnd nl n (rtr r lr ntrdtn t th prvln n. Wht trbnl n pbl l th thrt f dn?

In th lt nl, th tn f ht r tr nd fl nd t b nrd b th ndvdl thlv, bt nl n th lt nl tht , f nd hn th r fr t v thr n nr. A ln th r pt npbl f bn tn, ln th r ndtrntd nd npltd (dn t thr vr ntnt, thr nr t th tn nnt b tn thr n. th tn, hvr, n trbnl n jtl rrt t tlf th rht t dd hh nd hld b dvlpd nd tfd. An h trbnl rprhnbl, lthh r rvln d nt d th th tn: E EW OMS O COO h n th ppl h hv bn th bjt f fftv nd prdtv dntn b thlv rt th ndtn f frd? h r rtnl, prdtv, thnl, nd ttl th rpr v dntrtn f t b, th r nnbl th n nd b hh th dntrd ndvdl ht br thr rvtd nd z thr n lbrtn. b r, t p n pn n ntr t prdxl nd ndl d—lthh n ht dpt th rht n f t hh rdl th d hl n t n ppltn nt bjt f ttl dntrtn. All lbrtn dpnd n th nn f rvtd, nd th rn f th nn l hprd b th pr dnn f nd nd tftn hh, t rt xtnt, hv b th ndvdl n. h pr l rpl n t f prndtnn b nthr th ptl l th rplnt f fl nd b tr n, th bndnnt f rprv tftn. h dtnhn ftr f dvnd ndtrl t t fftv fftn f th nd hh dnd lbrtn— lbrtn l fr tht hh tlrbl nd rrdn nd frtbl—hl t tn nd blv th dtrtv pr nd rprv fntn f th fflnt t. r, th l ntrl xt th vrhln nd fr th prdtn nd nptn f t th nd fr tpfn r hr t n lnr rl nt th nd fr d f rlxtn hh th nd prln th tpftn th nd fr n tnn h dptv lbrt fr pttn t dn trd pr, fr pr hh nr tlf, fr h btn brnd nd dt. Undr th rl f rprv hl, lbrt n b d nt prfl ntrnt f dntn. h rn f h pn

2 S p. 4. 0 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

t th ndvdl nt th dv ftr n dtrnn th dr f hn frd, bt ht n b hn nd ht hn b th ndvdl. h rtrn fr fr h n nvr b n blt n, bt nthr t ntrl rltv. r ltn f tr d nt blh th tr r th lv. r h n d vrt f d nd rv d nt nf frd f th d nd rv tn l ntrl vr lf f tl nd fr—tht , f th tn lntn. And th pntn rprdtn f prpd nd b th ndvdl d nt tblh tn t nl ttf t th ff f th ntrl.

Or ntn n th dpth nd ff f th ntrl pn t th bjtn tht vrrt rtl th ndtrntn pr f th "d," nd tht b thlv th ppl ld fl nd tf th nd hh r n pd pn th. h bjtn th pnt. h prndtnn d nt trt th th prdtn f rd nd tlvn nd th th ntrlztn f thr ntrl. h ppl ntr th t prndtnd rptl f ln tndn th dv dffr n n th flttnn t f th ntrt (r nflt btn th vn nd th pbl, btn th tfd nd th nt fd nd. r, th lld lztn f l dtntn rvl t dll fntn. If th rr nd h b nj th tlvn prr nd vt th rrt pl, f th tpt ttrtvl d p th dhtr f hr plr, f th r n Cdll, f th ll rd th nppr, thn th ltn ndt nt th dpprn f l, bt th xtnt t hh th nd nd tftn tht rv th prrvtn f th Etblhnt r hrd b th ndrln ppltn. Indd, n th t hhl dvlpd r f ntprr t, th trnplnttn f l nt ndvdl nd fftv tht th dffrn btn th t b prl E EW OMS O COO thrtl. Cn n rll dtnh btn th d ntrnt f nfrtn nd ntrtnnt, nd nt f npltn nd ndtrntn? tn th tbl nn nd nvnn? tn th hrrr nd th frt f fntnl rhttr? tn th r fr ntnl dfn nd th r fr rprt n? tn th prvt plr nd th rl nd pltl tlt nvlvd n nrn th brth rt? W r n nfrntd th n f th t vxn pt f dvnd ndtrl vlztn: th rtnl hrtr f t rrtnlt. It prdtvt nd ffn, t pt t nr nd prd frt, t trn t nt nd, nd dtrtn nt ntrtn, th xtnt t hh th vlz tn trnfr th bjt rld nt n xtnn f n nd nd bd th vr ntn f lntn tn bl. h ppl rnz thlv n thr dt th fnd thr l n thr tbl, hf t, pltlvl h, thn pnt. h vr hn hh t th ndvdl t h t h hnd, nd l ntrl nhrd n th n nd hh t h prdd.

h prvln fr f l ntrl r thnll n n n. b r, th thnl trtr nd ff f th prdtv nd dtrtv pprt h bn jr ntr ntlt fr bjtn th ppltn t th tblhd l dvn f lbr thrht th drn prd. Mrvr, h ntrtn h l bn pnd b r bv fr f pln: l f lvlhd, th dntrtn f jt, th pl, th rd fr. It tll . t n th n tprr prd, th thnll ntrl ppr t b th vr bdnt f n fr th bnft f ll l rp nd ntrt—t h n xtnt tht ll ntrdtn rrtnl nd ll ntrtn pbl. ndr thn tht, n th t dvnd r f th 1 2 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY vlztn, th l ntrl hv bn ntrjtd t th pnt hr vn ndvdl prtt fftd t t rt. h ntl ltl nd tnl rfl "t ln" ppr nrt nd ptnt. h th phll pt f th pltl vnt tht r th ntprr prd: th pn f th htrl fr hh, t th prdn t f ndtrl t, d t rprnt th pblt f n fr f xtn. t th tr "ntrjtn" prhp n lnr drb th n hh th ndvdl b hlf rprd nd prpt t th xtrnl ntrl xrd b h t. Intrjtn t vrt f rltvl pntn pr b hh Slf (E trnp th "tr" nt th "nnr." h ntrj tn pl th xtn f n nnr dnn dtnhd fr nd vn ntnt t th xtrnl xn—n nd vdl nn nd n ndvdl nn prt fr pbl pnn nd bhvr. h d f "nnr frd" hr h t rlt: t dnt th prvt p n hh n b nd rn "hlf " d th prvt p h bn nvdd nd httld dn b thnll rlt. M prdtn nd dtrbtn l th ntr ndvdl, nd ndtrl phl h ln n d t b nfnd t th ftr. h nfld pr f ntrjtn t b fd n lt hnl rtn. h rlt , nt djtnt bt : n dt dntftn f th ndvdl th h t nd, thrh t, th th t hl. h dt, tt dntftn (hh hv bn hrtrt f prtv fr f tn rppr n hh ndtrl vlztn t n "d," hvr, th prdt f phttd, ntf nnt nd

h hn n th fntn f th fl hr pl dv rl: t "lzn" fntn r nrnl tn vr b td rp nd d. S Er nd Cvlztn (tn: n r, , p. 6ff. E EW OMS O COO

rnztn. In th pr, th "nnr" dnn f th nd n hh pptn t th tt n t rt httld dn. h l f th dnn, n hh th pr f n tv thnn—th rtl pr f n— t h, th dll ntrprt t th vr trl pr n hh dvnd ndtrl t ln nd rnl th pp tn. h pt f prr trn n nt bn t th ft f lf, nd t th dn pblt f prdn r nd br ft f th rt f lf. h ffn f th t blnt th ndvdl rntn tht t ntn n ft hh d nt nt th rprv pr f th hl. If th ndvdl fnd thlv n th thn hh hp thr lf, th d , nt b vn, bt b ptn th l f thn—nt th l f ph bt th l f thr t. I hv jt td tht th npt f lntn t b tnbl hn th ndvdl dntf thlv th th xtn hh pd pn th nd hv n t thr n dvlpnt nd tftn. h dntftn nt lln bt rlt. vr, th rlt nttt r pr rv t f lntn. h lttr h b ntrl bjtv th bjt hh lntd lld p b t lntd xtn. hr nl n dnn, nd t vrhr nd n ll fr. h hvnt f prr df dll ndtnt ll jtftn bfr thr tr bnl, th "fl nn" f thr rtnlt b th tr nn. h brptn f dl nt rlt d nt, hvr, nf th "nd f dl." On th ntrr, n pf n dvnd ndtrl ltr r dll thn t pr dr, nh td th dl n th pr f prdtn tlf. In prvtv fr, th prptn rvl

4 Theodor W. Adorn, Prismen. Kulturkritik and Gesellschaft. (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1955), p. 24f 4 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY th pltl pt f th prvln thnll rtnlt h prdtv pprt nd th d nd rv hh t prd "ll" r p th l t hl. h n f trnprttn nd ntn, th dt f ldn, fd, nd lthn, th rrtbl tpt f th ntrtnnt nd nfrtn ndtr rr th th prrbd tttd nd hbt, rtn ntlltl nd tnl rtn hh bnd th nr r r l pl ntl t th prdr nd, thrh th lttr, t th hl. h prdt ndtrnt nd nplt th prt fl n n hh n nt t flhd. And th bnfl prdt b vlbl t r ndvdl n r l l, th ndtrntn th rr t b pblt t b f lf. It d f lf—h bttr thn bfr—nd d f lf, t ltt nt lttv hn. h r pttrn f ndnnl thht nd bhvr n hh d, prtn, nd bjtv tht, b thr ntnt, trnnd th tblhd nvr f dr nd tn r thr rplld r rdd t tr f th n vr. h r rdfnd b th rtnlt f th vn t nd f t ntttv xtnn

h trnd b rltd t dvlpnt n ntf thd: prtnl n th phl, bhvr n th l n. h n ftr ttl pr n th trtnt f npt thr nn rtrtd t th rprnttn f prtlr prtn nd bhvr. h pr tnl pnt f v ll lltrtd b . W. rdn nl f th npt f lnth s

. W rdn, h f Mdrn h ( Yr: Mlln, 28, p. . h prtnl dtrn h n bn rfnd nd lfd. rdn h lf h xtndd th npt f "prtn" t nld th "pprnd pnl" prtn f th thrt (n hlpp . rn, h ldtn f Sntf E EW OMS O COO

W vdntl n ht n b lnth f n tll ht th lnth f n nd vr bjt , nd fr th pht nthn r rrd. fnd th lnth f n bjt, hv t prfr rtn phl prtn. h npt f lnth thrfr fxd hn th prtn b hh lnth rd r fxd: tht , th npt f lnth nvlv h nd nthn r thn th t f prtn b hh lnth dtrnd. In nrl, n b n npt nth n r thn t f prtn th npt nn th th rrpndn t f prtn.

rdn h n th d pltn f th d f thht fr th t t lr: 6

dpt th prtnl pnt f v nvlv h r thn r rtrtn f th n n hh ndrtnd npt, bt n frrhn hn n ll r hbt f thht, n tht hll n lnr prt rlv t tl n r thnn npt f hh nnt v n dt nt n tr f prtn.

rdn prdtn h tr. h n d f thht td th prdnnt tndn n phlph, phl, l, nd thr fld. Mn f th t rl trbl npt r bn "lntd" b hn tht n dt nt f th n tr f prtn r bhvr n b vn. h rdl prt nlht (I hll bntl, n hptr II nd III, xn t l t b prt th prvd th thdll jtftn fr th dbnn f

hr [tn: n r, 4], Chp II h n pt rn th : t "drbl" tht th pprndpnl prtn "b pbl f vntl ntt, lthh prhp ndrtl, th ntrntl prtn."

6 W. rdn, h f Modern Physics, loc. t., p. . 6 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

th nd b th ntlltl— ptv hh, n t dnl f th trnndn lnt f n, fr th d ntrprt f th ll rrd bhvr. Otd th d tblhnt, th "frrhn hn n ll r hbt f thht" r r. It rv t rdnt d nd l th th xtd b th prvln t, t nl th n th t, nd t rpl th hh r rrnlbl th th t. h rn f h n dnnl rlt d nt n tht trl rl, nd tht th prtl, tphl, nd bhn ptn r ptrn t. On th ntrr, thr rt dl f "Wrhp tthr th ," "Wh nt tr Gd," n, xtntl, nd bt f lf, t. t h d f prtt nd trn ndn r n lnr ntrdtr t th tt nd n lnr ntv. h r rthr th rnl prt f prtl bhvr, t hrl ntn, nd r l dtd b th tt prt f t hlth dt.

Ondnnl thht ttll prtd b th r f plt nd thr prvr f nfrtn. hr nvr f dr ppltd b lfvldtn hpth hh, nntl nd npltll rptd, b hpnt dfntn r dttn. r xpl, "fr" r th ntttn hh prt (nd r prtd n n th ntr f th r Wrld thr trnndn d f fr d r b dfntn thr nrh, n, r prp nd. "Slt" r ll nrhnt n prvt ntrpr nt ndrtn b prvt ntrpr tlf (r b vrnnt ntrt, h nvrl nd prhnv hlth nr n, r th prttn f ntr fr ll t pn rlztn, r th tblhnt f pbl f rv hh hrt prvt prft. h ttltrn l f plhd ft h t Etrn ntrprt. hr, frd th f lf ntttd b nt r, nd ll thr trnndn E EW OMS O COO

d f frd r thr ptlt, r rvnt, r lftt trn. In bth p, nnprtnl d r nn bhvrl nd bvrv. h vnt f thht tppd t brrr hh ppr th lt f n tlf. Sh lttn f thht rtnl nt n Andn drn rtnl, n t pltv ll prl fr, h trn ntrt btn xtr rtl rdl n ntf nd phlph thd n th n hnd, nd n nrtl t n th tttd trd tblhd nd fn tnn l ntttn. h rt tn t lv th "rt pbl bd" nthd, nd bb hld tht "th prnt ht l t b prfrrd, ntnd, nd ntd bt " Knt rd th n jtfn rvltn f nd hn t h dd n rnzn th hl nd n prvntn bvrn. vr, th dtn npt f n r l ntrdtd b th vdnt r nd njt f th

" rt pbl bd" nd th fftv, r r l n rblln nt th. Stl ndtn xtd hh pr vd nd prttd rl dtn fr th tblhd tt f ffr prvt ll pltl dnn prnt n hh dtn ld dvlp nt fftv pptn, ttn t trnth nd th vldt f t bjtv. Wth th rdl ln f th dnn b th t, th lflttn f thht lrr nfn. h ntrrltn btn ntfphlphl nd tl pr , btn thrtl nd prtl n, rt tlf "bhnd th b" f th ntt nd phlphr. h t br hl tp f pptnl prtn nd bhvr n ntl, th npt prtnn t th r rndrd llr r nnl. trl trnndn ppr t phl trnndn, nt ptbl t n nd ntf thht. h prtnl nd bhvrl pnt f v, prtd "hbt f thht" t lr, b th v f th 8 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY tblhd nvr f dr nd tn, nd nd pr dn. h "nnn f n" r, t ftn dd, n th ntrt f th pr tht b. h ntn n prtnl nd bhvrl npt trn nt th ffrt t fr thht nd bhvr fr th vn rlt nd fr th pprd ltrntv. hrtl nd prtl n, d nd l bhvr t n n rnd: tht f n dvnd t hh ntf nd thnl prr nt n ntrnt f dntn. "rr" nt ntrl tr t v trd pf nd, nd th nd r dfnd b th pblt f lrt n th hn ndtn. Advnd ndtrl t pprhn th t hr ntnd prr ld dnd th rdl bvrn f th prvln drtn nd rnz tn f prr. h t ld b rhd hn trl prdtn (nddn th nr rv b t td t th xtnt tht ll vtl nd n b tfd hl nr lbr t rdd t rnl t. r th pnt n, thnl prr ld trnnd th rl f n t, hr t rvd th ntrnt f dntn nd xplttn hh thrb ltd t rtnlt thnl ld b bjt t th fr pl f flt n th trl fr th pftn f ntr nd f t. Sh tt nvnd n Mrx ntn f th "bltn f lbr." h tr "pftn f xtn" bttr td t dnt th htrl ltrntv f rld hh— thrh n ntrntnl nflt hh trnfr nd pnd th ntrdtn thn th tblhd t— dvn n th brn f lbl r. "ftn f xtn" n th dvlpnt f n trl th n nd th ntr, ndr ndtn hr th ptn nd, dr, nd prtn r n lnr rnzd b vtd ntrt n dntn nd rt—n rnztn hh prptt th dtrtv fr f th trl. E EW OMS O COO

d fht nt th htrl ltrntv fnd fr b n th ndrln ppltn, nd fnd t dl n th rd rnttn f thht nd bhvr t th vn nvr f ft. ldtd b th plhnt f n nd thnl, jtfd b t rn prdtvt, th tt df ll trnndn. d th th pblt f pf tn n th rnd f t thnl nd ntlltl hv nt, th tr ndtrl t d tlf nt th ltrntv. Oprtnl, n thr nd prt, b th thr nd prt f ntnnt. Undrnth t bv dn, th t thrhl tt t f lf: lf prplln n t pprv prdtvt nd n t bnfl rdntn. Cntnnt f thnl prr hnd n hnd th t rth n th tblhd drtn. In pt f th pltl fttr pd b th tt , th r thnl ppr pbl f rtn th ndtn fr pftn, th r r th nd nd bd f n rnzd nt th ltrntv. h t dvnd r f ndtrl t xhbt thrht th t ftr: trnd trd ntn f thnll rtnlt, nd ntnv ffrt t ntn th trnd thn th tblhd ntttn. r th ntrnl ntrdtn f th vlztn: th rrtnl lnt n t rtnlt It th tn f t hvnt. h ndtrl t hh thnl nd n t n rn zd fr th vrrfftv tlztn f t rr. It b rrtnl hn th f th ffrt pn n dnn f hn rlztn. Ornztn fr p df frnt fr rnztn fr r th ntttn hh rvd th trl fr xtn nnt rv th pftn f xt n. f n nd lttvl dffrnt fr lf n. Sh lttvl n d f xtn n nvr b nvd th r bprdt f n nd pltl hn, th r r l pntn fft f th n 20 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY ntttn hh nttt th nr prrt. Qlt tv hn l nvlv hn n th thnl b n hh th t rt—n hh tn th n nd plt l ntttn thrh hh th "nd ntr" f n n rv bjt f dntrtn tblzd. h th n f ndtrlztn r pltl thn h, th prjd th pblt f n nd rd. b r, lbr t prd th rdtn f lbr, nd ndtrlztn t prd th dvlpnt f hn nd nd tftn. t ll frd dpnd n th nt f ln nt, th rlztn f frd dpnd n th th n f th nt. h hht prdtvt f lbr n b d fr th prpttn f lbr, nd th t ffnt nd trlztn n rv th rtrtn nd npltn f nd. Whn th pnt rhd, dntn—n th f ffln nd lbrt—xtnd t ll phr f prvt nd pb l xtn, ntrt ll thnt pptn, brb ll ltrntv. hnll rtnlt rvl t pltl hr tr t b th rt vhl f bttr dntn, r tn trl ttltrn nvr n hh t nd ntr, nd nd bd r pt n tt f prnnt blztn fr th dfn f th nvr. 2 E COSIG O E OIICA UIESE

h t f ttl blztn, hh t hp n th t dvnd r f ndtrl vlztn, bn n prdtv nn th ftr f th Wlfr Stt nd th Wrfr Stt. Cprd th t prdr, t ndd "n t." rdtnl trbl pt r bn lnd t r ltd, d rptn lnt tn n hnd h n trnd r flr: nntrtn f th ntnl n n th nd f th b rprtn, th th vrnnt tltn, pprtn, nd t vn ntrlln fr hthn f th n t rldd t f ltr lln, ntr rrn nt, thnl tn nd dvlpnt h rdl ltn f blllr nd htllr ppltn, f ld rhp tp n bn nd lbr, f lr tvt nd pr tn n dffrnt l l ftrn f prtblhd hrn btn hlrhp nd th ntnl prp nvn f th prvt hhld b th tthrn f pbl pnn pnn f th bdr t th d f ntn. 22 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY In th pltl phr, th trnd nft tlf n rd nftn r nvrn f ppt. prtnhp n frn pl vrrd pttv rp ntrt ndr th thrt f ntrntnl n, nd prd t dt pl, hr th prr f th b prt b vr r ndtnhbl, vn n th dr f hpr nd n th dr f th lh. h nftn f ppt br pn th vr pblt f l hn hr t br th trt n h b th t prr—tht , th vr l h xtn n bdd th pptn t th t hl. In th Untd Stt, n nt th lln nd lln btn bn nd rnzd lbr n br t br: A Cnvrtn, pblhd b th Cntr fr th Std f rt Intttn n 6, r tld tht:

"Wht h hppnd tht th nn h b lt ndtnhbl n t n fr th rprtn. W th phnnn td f nn nd rprtn jntl lbbn. h nn nt n t b bl t nvn l rr tht th pn th r fr fn tft hn bth th nn nd th rprtn r t lbbn fr br l ntrt nd trn t t thr dfn ndtr nt th r, r hn th jntl ppr bfr Cnr nd jntl tht l ntd f bbr hld b blt r bb ntd f l, dpndn n ht ntrt th hppn t hld."

h rth br rt, h ldr pt th thr Cn rvtv ntrprt n dvnn ntnl ntrt, hrd pt t v vn dt prr f prtl ntnlztn. In Wt Grn, hh h tld th Cnt rt, th Sl rt rt, hvn ffll rjtd t Mrxt prr, nvnnl prvn t rptblt. h th ttn n E COSIG O E OIICA UIESE 2 th ldn ndtrl ntr f th Wt. In th Et, th rdl rdtn f drt pltl ntrl ttf t nr n rln n th fftvn f thnll ntrl ntrnt f dntn. A fr th trn Cnt prt n rn nd Itl, th br tn t th nrl trnd f rtn b dhrn t n prr hh hlv th rvltnr zr f pr nd pl th th rl f th prlntr . vr, hl t nrrt t ndr th rnh nd Itln prt "frn" n th n f bn tnd b frn pr, thr n nntndd rnl f trth n th prpnd: th r frn nh th r tn f pt (r ftr? htr n th prnt rlt. If th hv rd t r thn th frr f th tblhd t, t nt rl n ttl rnd nd hrtrn trt, bt b thr l b h bn nd nd thr bjtv ltrd b th trnfrtn f th ptlt t ( hv th bjtv f th Svt Unn hh h ndrd th hn n pl. h ntnl Cnt prt pl th htrl rl f ll pptn prt "ndnd" t b nnrdl. h ttf t th dpth nd p f ptlt ntrtn, nd t th ndtn hh th lttv dffrn f n fltn ntrt ppr ntttv dffrn thn th tblhd t.

nl n dpth t b nr n rdr t fnd th rn fr th dvlpnt. A t th Wt: th frr nflt thn t r dfd nd rbtrtd ndr th dbl (nd ntrrltd pt f thnl prr nd ntrntnl n. Cl trl r ttntd nd "prlt ntrdtn" pndd bfr th thrt fr tht. Mblzd nt th thrt, ptlt t h n ntrnl nn nd hn nnn t prv t f ndtrl vlztn. It hn n vr trl rnd 24 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY blztn nt th n r ht tl f prdtn nd plnt, th tnn th hh tndrd f lvn. On th rnd, thr r nvr f dntrtn n hh dprn r ntrlld nd nflt tblzd b th bnfl fft f rn prdtvt nd thrtnn nlr r. I th tblztn "tprr" n th n tht t d nt fft th rt f th nflt hh Mrx fnd n th ptlt d f prdtn (ntrdtn btn prvt nrhp f th n f prdtn nd l prdtvt, r t trnfrtn f th ntnt trtr tlf, hh rlv th ntrdtn b n th tlrbl? And, f th nd ltrntv tr, h d t hn th rltnhp btn ptl nd l hh d th lttr ppr th htrl ntn f th frr?

COAIME O SOCIA CAGE h dl Mrxn thr nv th trntn fr ptl t l pltl rvltn: th prltrt dtr th pltl pprt f ptl bt rtn th thn ll pprt, bjtn t t lztn. hr ntnt n th rvltn: thnll rtnlt, frd fr rrtnl rtrtn nd dtrtn, tn nd nt tlf n th n t. It ntrtn t rd Svt Mrxt tt nt n th ntnt, hh f h vtl prtn fr th ntn f l th dtrnt ntn f ptl:

"( hh th dvlpnt f thnl bjt t th

A. rn, "h tr f hnl Sn nd rnh f rnn Svt v," hnl nd Cltr. (trt: Wn Stt Unvrt r, Wntr 6, p. 2. E COSIG O E OIICA UIESE 2

n l f h l frtn, t d nt, l thr n ftr, nd th th tn f th l f th frtn. Whn n th pr f rvltn th ld rltn f prdtn r brn p, thnl rn nd, b rdntd t th n l f th n n fr tn, ntn t dvlp frthr, th ddd pd. (2 Cn trr t th dvlpnt f th n b n ntnt t, thnl d nt dvlp thrh lp bt b rdl ltn f lnt f n lt, hl th lnt f th ld lt dppr. ( [rrlvnt n th ntxt]."

In dvnd ptl, thnl rtnlt bdd, n pt f t rrtnl , n th prdtv pprt. h ppl nt nl t hnzd plnt, tl, nd xplttn f rr, bt l t th d f lbr dpttn t nd hndln f th hn pr, rrnd b "ntf nnt." thr ntnlztn nr lztn ltr b thlv th phl bdnt f thnll rtnlt n th ntrr, th lttr rn prndtn fr th lt dvlpnt f ll prdtv fr. b r, Mrx hld tht rnztn nd drtn f th prdtv pprt b th "dt prdr" ld ntrd lttv hn n th thnl ntnt: nl, prdtn trd th tftn f frl dvlpn nd vdl nd. vr, t th dr t hh th tblhd thnl pprt nlf th pbl nd prvt xtn n ll phr f t—tht , b th d f ntrl nd hn n pltl nvr hh nrprt th lbrn l—t tht dr ld th lttv hn nvlv hn n th thnll trtr tlf. And h hn ld presuppose tht th lbrn l r lntd fr th nvr n thr vr xtn, tht thr nn tht f th ttl pblt t ntn t xt n th nvr, tht th 26 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

nd fr lttv hn ttr f lf nd dth. h, th ntn xt prr t th hn tlf, th ntn tht th lbrtn htrl fr dvlp thn th tblhd t rnrtn f Mrxn thr. 2 t prl th n nn, th "p thn," th p fr th trnndn htrl prt, hh bn brrd b t n hh bjt ll bjt nttt ntrntlt n hl tht h t rn dêtr n th plhnt f t vrprn prdtvt. It pr pr n vrrfrtbl lf fr n vrrn nbr f ppl h, n trt n, nnt n lttvl dffrnt nvr f dr nd tn, fr th pt t ntn nd nplt bvrv ntn nd ffrt n ntrl prt f th vn t. h h lf th hll f th Afflnt St r pt n ln b brtlt hh rvv dvl nd rl drn prt. r th thr, l ndrprvld ppl, t t r f th nd fr lbrtn b tfn th nd hh rvtd pltbl nd prhp vn nntbl, nd t plh th ft n th pr f prdtn tlf. Undr t pt, th lbrn l n th dvnd r f ndtrl vlztn r ndrn dv trnfrtn, hh h b th bjt f vt ll rrh. I hll nrt th n ftr f th trnfrtn:

( Mhnztn nrnl rdn th ntt nd ntnt f phl nr xpndd n lbr. h vltn f rt brn n th Mrxn npt f th rr (prl trn. Mrx, th prltrn prrl th nl lbrr h xpnd nd xht h phl nr n th r pr , vn f h r th hn. h prh nd f th phl nr, ndr bhn ndtn, fr th prvt

2 S p. 44f. E COSIG O E OIICA UIESE 2

pprprtn f rplvl ntld th rvltn nhn pt f xplttn th Mndn ntn dnn th phl pn nd r f lbr. h th trl, tnbl lnt n lvr nd lntn—th phll nd bll dnn f ll ptl.

"ndnt l l p, n prtnt dlntn rdt dn l ft ltr hn prétt n ndvdlt bl (rntn thn: lêtt prtr dtl l nbl thn n pvnt nttr n nr prnt lh prtr dtl. rtr dfrnt d l prfn tt l f ph t t." 3

th vrrplt hnztn f lbr n dvnd ptl, hl tnn xplttn, df th tttd nd th tt f th xpltd. Wthn th thnll nbl, hnzd r n hh tt nd tt rtn fll th lrr prt (f nt th hl f lbr t rn, lfln ptn, xhtn, tpfn, nhn lvr—vn r xhtn b f nrd pdp, ntrl f th hn prtr (rthr thn f th prdt, nd ltn f th rr fr h thr. b r, th fr f drdr xprv f rrtd, prtl t tn, f th xtn f ttd, ttd, nd nnttd tn thn th plnt, bt vn ndr

"rn th pt ntr, n prtnt rn fr lntn tht th hn bn lnt h bll ndvdlt t th thnl pprt: h th hrr f tl: thnl nt ld nt b tblhd tht nrprtn n brr f tl nt th. h ntr f th ptn h tht t bth phlll nd phlll dfrn n t fft." Glbrt Sndn, Md dxtn des bjt thn (r: Abr, 8, p. 0, nt. S Chrl nb, "Wrr ttl Attn" (News nd ttr, trt, 60. 28 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

th ndtn, "fr lr ft thnl h bt ttd tnn ndr ntl ffrt." r th r dvnd ttd plnt, th trnfrtn f phl nr nt thnl nd ntl ll phzd.

‘ . . ll f th hd rthr thn f th hnd, f th ln rthr thn th rftn f nrv rthr thn l f th plt rthr thn th nl rr f th ntnn n

rthr thn th prtr." 6

h nd f trl nlvnt nt ntll dffrnt fr tht f th tpt, th bn tllr, th hhprr l n r ln, nd th tlvn nnnr. Stndrdz tn nd th rtn lt prdtv nd nnprdtv jb. h prltrn f th prv t f ptl ndd th bt f brdn, b th lbr f h bd prrn th nt nd lxr f lf hl lvn n flth nd pv rt. h h th lvn dnl f h t. In ntrt, th rnzd rr n th dvnd r f th thnll t lv th dnl l npl nd, l th thr hn bjt f th l dvn f lbr, h bn nrprtd nt th thnll nt f th dn trd ppltn. Mrvr, n th t fl r f ttn, rt f thnll nt t

Chrl . Wlr, rd th Att tr ( vn: Yl Unvrt r, , p. .

6 Ibd., p. . 7 On t nt n th nnr nntn btn th Mrxn npt f xplttn nd pvrhnt n pt f ltr rdfntn, n hh pvrhnt thr b ltrl pt, r rltv t h n xtnt tht t ppl l t th brbn h th tbl, tlvn, t. "Ipvrhnt" nnt th blt nd nd nt f bvrtn ntlrbl ndtn f xtn, nd h blt nd ppr n th bnnn f ll rvltn nt th b l ntttn. E COSIG O E OIICA UIESE 2

ntrt th hn t t r. h hn t ntll drn rhth n th prtr:

"It nrll rd tht ntrdpndnt tn prfrd b rp f prn hh fll rhth pttrn ld tftn—t prt fr ht bn plhd b th tn"

nd th ltbrvr blv th t b rn fr th rdl dvlpnt f "nrl lt" r "fvrbl bth t prdtn nd t rtn prtnt nd f hn tftn." p f th "rth f trn nrp fln n h r" nd t n rr ttn: "All n ll r n th n f thn . ." h phr drbl xpr th hn n hnzd nlvnt thn n rthr thn ppr, nd th n th hn ntrnt—nt nl t bd bt l t nd nd vn t l. A rr b Srt ldt th dpth f th pr:

"Ax prr tp d hn tt, d nt nt ntr l vrr pl l nt llr, n trvllnt, n rvr drdr xl, ll rppllnt I hbr, l lt, I nt, tt n nrn l prnn dn l ltd d pl fr r . M t l hn n ll rvt d r.. . ."

8 Chrl . Wlr, l. t., p. 04.

Ibd., p. 04f.

0 "Shrtl ftr tt hn r ntrdd, nvttn hd tht fl lld rr ld ll thlv t lp hl rn nt xl nd f ddr th ld rll th bdr, th bd, th nht nd ll tht nrn nl th prn thn th ltd f th pl ln th tlf. t t th hn n hr hh drn f r . . ." nl Srtr, Crt d l rn dlt, t I (r: Gllrd, 60, p. 20. 0 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY h hn pr n th thnll nvr br th nnrt prv f frd nd jn xlt nd lbr n n nn, rhth tt— pr hh prlll th ltn f jb.

(2 h ltn trnd h frth n th ptnl trtftn. In th ndtrl tblhnt, th "bl llr" r fr ddn n rltn t th "htllr" lnt th nbr f nnprdtn rr nr." h ntttv hn rfr b t hn n th hrtr f th b ntrnt f prdtn. At th dvnd t f hnztn, prt f th thnll rlt, th hn nt

"n nt blt, lnt n rlt thn ndvdl, vrt ln dx v: ll d l rltn x lnt, t ll d rltn ntrndvdll dn (nbl thn."

th xtnt t hh th hn b tlf t f hnl tl nd rltn nd th xtnd fr bnd th ndvdl r pr, t rt t lrr dnn b rdn th "prfnl tn" f th lbrr nd nt rtn h th thr prfn hh ffr nd drt th thnl nbl. b r, th frr "prfnl" tn f th lbrr rthr h prfnl nlvnt.

Attn nd Mjr hnll Chn: Ipt n Unn Sz, Strtr, nd ntn. (Indtrl Unn pt. ACIO, Whntn, 8 p. ff. Sl n ln, h ln f th br Mvnt (Snt rbr, Cntr fr th Std f rt Intttn, 6, p. 0ff.

"n blt nt, bt nl n ndvdlzd thnl rlt pn n t drtn, tht f th rltn t th lnt nd tht f th rltn n th ndvdl n th thnl hl." Glbrt Sndn, l. t., p. 46. E COSIG O E OIICA UIESE

t th pf d f nlvnt t th t th r f h pf, prfnl pr f ntn—th pr t tp pr hh thrtnd h th nnhltn hn bn. th lbrr ln th prfnl tn hh d h br f l t ff fr th thr ptnl rp b t bdd th rfttn f th tblhd t. h thnll hn hh tnd t d th th hn ndvdl ntrnt f prdtn, "blt nt," t nl th Mndn ntn f th "rn ptn f ptl" nd th t th thr f th rtn f rpl vl. Ardn t Mrx, th hn nvr rt vl bt rl trnfr t n vl t th prdt, hl rpl vl rn th rlt f th xplttn f lvn lbr. h hn bdnt f hn lbr pr, nd thrh t, pt lbr (dd lbr prrv tlf nd dtr n lvn lbr. ttn t ltr lttvl th rltn btn dd nd lvn lbr t tnd trd th pnt hr prdtvt dtrnd "b th hn, nd nt b th ndvdl tpt." Mrvr, th vr rnt f ndvdl tpt b pbl:

"Attn n t lrt n n, n fft, th nd f rnt f r. . . . Wth ttn, nt r tpt f nl n n hv t r pl p nt tlztn. If tht nrlzd nd f npt ... thr n lnr, fr xpl, n rn t ll t p n b th p r p h b th hr," tht t , thr n r rn t p p th "dl p t" f lr nd ."

nl ll, th thr f th rprt, frthr h ln th

4 Serge Mallet, in Arguments, no. 12-13, Paris 1958, p. 18. Automation and Major Technological Chn, l. cit., p. 8. 2 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

thnll hn t th htrl t f ndtrlztn tlf: th nn f

ndtrlztn dd nt r th th ntrdtn f ftr, t "r t f th rnt f r. It hn r n b rd, hn n hth n t th jb, hn n pt hrn n h, nd r h tpt n tr f nl p nd p h b th p r b th hr, tht hv t drn ndtrlztn."

Wht t t n th thnll hn fr r thn p t, th rltn f th rr t thr l, nd th rnztn f r. Wht t t th ptblt f thnl prr th th vr ntttn n hh ndtrlztn dvlpd.

( h hn n th hrtr f r nd th ntr nt f prdtn hn th tttd nd th nn f th lbrr, hh b nft n th dl dd "l nd ltrl ntrtn" f th lbrn d th ptlt t. I th hn n nn nl? h ffrtv nr, frntl vn b Mrxt, trnl nntnt. I h fndntl hn n nn ndrtndbl tht n rrpndn hn n th "tl xtn"? Grntd vn hh dr f d ll ndpndn, th ln hh t th hn t th trnfrtn f th prdtv pr ltt nt h n ntrprttn. Altn n nd nd prtn, n th tndrd f lvn, n lr tvt, n plt drv fr n ntrtn n th plnt tlf, n th trl pr f prdtn. It rtnl tnbl hthr n n p f "vlntr ntrtn" (Sr Mllt n n thr thn n rnl n.

6 Ibd. E COSIG O E OIICA UIESE

In th prnt ttn, th ntv ftr f ttn r prdnnt• pdp, thnll nplnt, trnth nn f th ptn f nnt, nrn ptn nd rntn n th prt f th rr. h hn f prtn dln nnt prfr nnr nd ll rdt. vr, thr r thr trnd. h thnll rn ztn hh fr hnl nt t r l nrt lrr ntrdpndn hh l8 ntrt th rr th th plnt. On nt n "rn" n th prt f th rr "t hr n th ltn f prdtn prbl," "dr t jn tvl n ppln thr n brn t thnl nd pr dtn prbl hh lrl fttd n th th thnl." In f th thnll t dvnd tblhnt, th rr vn h vtd ntrt n th tblhnt— frntl brvd fft f "rr prtptn" n ptl t ntrpr. A prvtv drptn, rfrrn t th hhl Arnzd Cltx rfnr t Ab, rn, rv t hrtrz th trnd. h rr f th plnt r n f th ln hh tth th t th ntrpr:

n prfnnl, ln x, ln trl: l étr ppr dn l rffnr, lhbtd d rpprt d prdtn nt tbl, l ltpl vnt x , n d rt bt, d ld rv, dnpt d trvl, d vll nfn, l nt r pr l pprtnn l fr, prlnnt dlA d l prd prdtv d lr v l rt d lndn. An, l ntn d ntrt vvnt t ndtrtbl v l `Cltx l n prpr.

Charles R. Walker, loc. cit., p. 97ff. See also Ely Chinoy, Automobile Workers and the American Dream (Garden City: Doubleday, 1955) passim. IS Floyd C. Mann and L. Richard Hoffman, Automation and the Worker. A Study of Social Change in Power Plants (New York, Henry Holt: 1960), p. 189. Charles R. Walker, loc. cit., p. 213f. 4 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

v n ttntn t n ldt nttnd, d I tn fnnér d lntrpr. dl x Ct dntr pr plhnt I ptblt d I t v l n jlx rdrnt d tnnr nnx. drtn d l Cltx pt rt frttr l n Ir l nd t ptnt d rr A lr rvndtn d lr n prn d bn dnvtnt nvx. M ll n A nftr l pl lt ntd Ir, prnnt t l bln tr d l fll frn , l ntnt d rh dvntx p pr ll t pnt Id j nttr l prx d rvnt t rr d prptn dn

20 "rfnl, l, trl ln: th ll th rd n th rfnr, th ft tht th t d t rtn prdtn rltnhp hh r tblhd thr th nfld l bnft n hh th n nt n f ddn dth, r lln, npt t r, fnll ld , rl b th bln t th fr, xtndn thr rt bnd th prdt v prd f thr lv. h th ntn f lvn nd ndtrtbl ntrt th Cltx th thn th nxptd ttntn nd ldt bt th fnnl nnt f th fr. h dlt t th "Ct dntrpr" xn nd d th nt f th pn th th jl r tht nnt hrhldr ld dvt t t. h brd f drtr f Cltx n rtnl rb thr hnd th j hn th nn r t pt ff thr lr dnd b f th nd fr n nvtnt. t th bn t h n f ltt nxt hn th dlt t rl th fd bln ht f th rnh brnh nd rr bt ddvnt dl nldd b th brnh, drn t fr t ntt th prdtn t nd tn nvn r." Sr Mllt, Slr d l thn, n: f, n. 2, r , p. 40. r th ntrtn trnd n th Untd Stt hr n zn ttnt b nn ldr f th Untd Atbl Wrr: "Mn t . . . ld t n nn hall nd tl bt th rvn tht rr hd brht n nd ht r n t d bt th. th t I hd rrnd tn th nnt th nxt d, th prbl hd bn rrtd nd th nn ddnt t rdt fr rdrn th rvn. It b bttl f llt. . . . All th thn fht fr th rprtn n vn th rr. Wht hv t fnd r E COSIG O E OIICA UIESE

(4 h n thnll rrld th nfr nn f th ntv ptn f th rn l: th lttr n lnr ppr t b th lvn ntrdtn t th tblhd t. h trnd trnthnd b th fft f th thnll rnztn f prdtn n th thr d f th fn: n nnt nd drtn. ntn trnfrd nt dntrtn. h ptlt b nd nr r ln thr dntt rpnbl nt th r n th fntn f brrt n rprt hn. Wthn th vt hrrh f xtv nd nrl brd xtndn fr bnd th ndvdl tblhnt nt th ntf lbrtr nd rrh nttt, th ntnl vrnnt nd ntnl prp, th tnbl r f xplttn dppr bhnd th fd f bjtv rtnl t. trd nd frtrtn r dprvd f thr pf trt, nd th thnll vl nl th rprdtn f nl t nd nlvnt. Wth thnl prr t ntrnt, nfrd—n th n f n bjtn t h prdtv pprt— prpttd nd ntnfd n th fr f n lbrt nd frt. h nvl ftr th vrhln rtnlt n th rrtnl ntrpr, nd th dpth f th pr ndtnn hh hp th ntntl drv nd prtn f th ndvdl nd br th dffrn btn fl nd tr nn. r n rlt, nthr th tlztn f

thr thn th rr nt hh th plr nt lln t v h. . . . Wr rhn. Wr rhn." br At br. A Cnvrtn, (Snt rbr: Cntr fr th Std f rt Intttn, 6 p. 6f

2 I t tll nr t dnn th dl f th "nrl rvltn?" Cptlt prdtn prd thrh th nvtnt f prvt ptl fr th prvt xtrtn nd pprprtn f rpl vl, nd ptl l ntrnt fr th dntn f n b n h ntl ftr f th pr r n n ltrd b th prd f thldn, th prtn f nrhp fr nnt, t. 22 S p. . 6 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

dntrtv rthr thn phl ntrl (hnr, prnl dpndn, fr, nr th hn n th hrtr f hv r, nr th ltn f ptnl l, nr th l ztn n th phr f nptn pnt fr th ft tht th dn vr lf nd dth, vr prnl nd ntnl rt r d t pl vr hh th ndvdl hv n ntrl. h lv f dvlpd ndtrl vlztn r bltd lv, bt th r lv, fr lvr dtrnd

"p pr lbn, n pr l rd d lbr, pr l tt dntrnt t l rdtn d Ih ltt d h.""

h th pr fr f rvtd: t xt n ntrnt, thn. And th d f xtn nt brtd f th thn ntd nd h t trl nd ntlltl fd, f t d nt fl t bnthn, f t prtt, dn, bl thn Cnvrl, rftn tnd t b ttltrn b vrt f t thnll fr, th rnzr nd dntrtr thlv b nrnl dpndnt n th hnr hh th rnz nd dntr. And th tl dpnd n n lnr th dltl rltnhp btn Mtr nd Srvnt, hh h bn brn n th trl fr tl rntn, bt rthr v rd hh nl bth th Mtr nd th Srvnt. th thnn rl, r thr rl tht f th thr, h rl n th thnn thr plnnr nd xtr?

"... th prr f td hhl thnll r r

"nthr b bdn nr b hrdn f lbr bt b th tt f bn r ntrnt, nd th rdtn f n t th tt f thn." rn rrx, Cxtn pf (r, r Unvrtr, 8, vl. III, p. 600. E COSIG O E OIICA UIESE

hv tn th nttv nd th pr t th rl dn t f th hnd f rpnbl vrnnt ffl nd pld t n th hnd f thnn, plnnr nd n tt pld b vt ndtrl pr nd hrd th rpnblt fr thr plr ntrt. It thr jb t dr p n pn t nd prd th ltr tht th ftr f thr ltr prfn, ll th ntr,

dpnd pn bn ht th hv drd p." 24

A th prdtv tblhnt rl n th ltr fr lf prrvtn nd rth, th ltr rl n th rpr tn "nt nl fr thr pn, bt l fr nld f ht nd f pn th nd, h h th ll t, nd h ln t ll t t t th." A v rl ndd th prpr f t hh lfxpndn nd lfprpttn n t n prtblhd drtn— drvn b th rn nd hh t nrt nd, t th t, ntn.

OSECS O COAIME

I thr n prpt tht th hn f rn prdtvt nd rprn b brn? An nr ld rr n ttpt t prjt ntprr dvlpnt nt th ftr, n rltvl nrl vltn, tht , nltn th vr rl pblt f nlr r. On th ptn, th En ld rn "prnnt"—tht , n ld n tn t xt th ptl. At th t, th lttr ld ntn t b pbl f ntnn nd vn nr n th tndrd f lvn fr n nrn prt f th

24 Strt Mh, br nd th Cld Wr (Arn rnd Srv Ct t, hldlph , p. . 2 Ibd. 8 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

ppltn—n pt f nd thrh ntnfd prdtn f th n f dtrtn, nd thdl t f rr nd flt. h pblt h rtd tlf n pt f nd thrh t Wrld Wr nd rbl phl nd ntlltl rrn brht bt b th ft t. h trl b fr th pblt ld ntn t b vlbl n

( th rn prdtvt f lbr (thnl prr (b th r n th brth rt f th ndrln ppltn ( th prnnt dfn n (d th npltl ntrtn f th ptlt n tr, nd th bldn p f thr rltn th th ndrdvlpd r.

t th ntnd nflt btn th prdtv pblt f t nd thr dtrtv nd pprv tlztn ld ntt ntnfd ffrt t p th rrnt f th pprt n th ppltn—t t rd f x pt, t rt th nd fr bn th d tht t b prftbl ld, nd th dr t r fr thr prdtn nd prtn. h t th tnd trd bth ttl dntrtn nd ttl dpndn n dntrtn b rln pbl nd prvt nnt, trnthnn th prtblhd hrn btn th ntrt f th b pbl nd prvt rprtn nd tht f thr tr nd rvnt. thr prtl ntnl ztn nr xtndd prtptn f lbr n nnt nd prft ld b thlv ltr th t f dntn— ln lbr tlf rn prp nd ffrtv fr.

hr r ntrfl tndn, fr thn nd fr th t. On f th nhrnt n thnl prr tlf, nl, ttn. I td tht xpndn ttn r thn ntttv rth f hnztn—tht t hn n th E COSIG O E OIICA UIESE

hrtr f th b prdtv fr. It tht ttn t th lt f thnl pblt n ptbl th t bd n th prvt xplttn f hn lbr pr n th pr f prdtn. Alt ntr bfr ttn b rlt, Mrx nvd t xplv prpt:

A lrl ndtr dvn, th rtn f rl lth dpnd l n th lbr t nd th ntt f lbr xpndd thn n th pr f th ntrntlt (Antn t n tn drn th lbr t. h ntrntlt, nd thr prfl fftvn, r n n prprtn t th dt lbr t hh thr prdtn rr thr fftvn rthr dpnd n th ttnd lvl f n nd thnll prr n thr rd, n th ppltn f th n t prdtn.... n lbr thn n lnr ppr nld n th pr f prdtn—n rthr rlt hlf t th pr f prdtn prvr nd rltr (Whtr nd ltr. .. . tnd td f th pr f prdtn ntd f bn th prnpl nt n th pr f prdtn.... In th trnfrtn, th rt pllr f prdtn nd lth n lnr th dt lbr prfrd b n hlf, nr h lbr t, bt th pprprtn f h n nvrl prdtvt (rdtvrft, .., h nld nd h tr f ntr thrh h tl xtn—n n rd: th dvlpnt f th tl ndvdl (d llhftlhn lndvd. h thft f nthr n lbr t, n hh th [l] lth tll rt td, thn ppr rbl b prd th th n b hh lrl ndtr tlf h rtd. A n hn lbr, n t dt fr, h d t b th rt r f lth, lbr t ll , nd t f

26 S p. 0. 40 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

nt t b th r f lth, nd th xhn vl t f nt t b th r f vl. h rpl lbr f th [f th ppltn] h th d t b th ndtn fr th dvlpnt f l lth (d llnn ht, nd th dln f th f h d t b th ndtn fr th dvlpnt f th nvrl ntl ltl flt f n. h d f prdtn hh rt n th xhn vl th llp ... "

Attn ndd ppr t b th rt tlt f dvnd ndtrl t. It n xplv r nnxplv tlt n th trl b f lttv hn, th thnl ntrnt f th trn fr ntt t lt. r th l pr f ttn xpr th trnfrtn, r rthr trnbtnttn f lbr pr, n hh th lttr, prtd fr th ndvdl, b n ndpndnt prdn bjt nd th bjt tlf. Attn, n t b th pr f trl prd tn, ld rvltnz th hl t. h rftn f hn lbr pr, drvn t prftn, ld httr th rfd fr b ttn th hn tht t th ndvdl t th hnr—th hn thrh hh h n lbr nlv h. Cplt ttn n th rl f nt ld pn th dnn f fr t th n n hh n prvt nd tl xtn ld nttt tlf. h ld b th htrl trnndn trd n vlztn. At th prnt t f dvnd ptl, rnzd lbr rhtl pp ttn tht pntn pl nt. It nt n th xtnv tlztn f hn lbr pr n trl prdtn, nd th pp thnl pr r. vr, n dn , t l pp th r ffnt

2 Krl Mrx, Grndr dr Krt dr plthn On (rln, tz rl, , p. 2f. S l p. 6. M trnltn. E COSIG O E OIICA UIESE 4

tlztn f ptl t hpr ntnfd ffrt t r th prdtvt f lbr. In thr rd, ntnd rrt f ttn n th pttv ntnl nd ntr ntnl ptn f ptl, lnrn dprn, nd nntl rtvt th nflt f l ntrt. h pblt b r rlt th ntt btn ptl nd n hft fr th ltr t th l nd n fld. th pr f ttl dntrtn, t tn n th Svt t n prd r rpdl n rtn thnl lvl h bn ttnd. h thrt t t pttv ntrntnl ptn ld pl th Wtrn rld t lrt rtnlztn f th prdtv pr. Sh rtnlztn nntr tff rtn n th prt f lbr, bt rtn hh nt pnd b pltl rdlz tn. In th Untd Stt t lt, th ldrhp f lbr n t nd n d nt bnd th frr n t th ntnl nd rp ntrt, th th lttr bttn r bjtd t th frr. h ntrfl fr r tll nbl thn th frr. r, t, th dlnn prprtn f hn lbr pr n th prdtv pr n dln n pltl pr f th pptn. In v f th nrn ht f th htllr lnt n th pr, pltl rdlztn ld hv t b pnd b th rn f n ndpndnt pltl n n nd tn n th htllr rp— rthr nll dvlpnt n dvnd ndtrl t. h tppdp drv t rnz th rn htllr lnt n th ndtrl nn, 28 f fl t ll, rlt n rth f trd nn nn f th rp, bt hrdl n thr pltl rdlztn.

"ltll, th prn f r htllr rr n lbr

28 Automation nd Major Technological Change, loc. cit., p. 11 f. 42 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

nn ll v lbrl nd lbr pn hn r trthfll t dntf th ntrt f lbr th th f th nt hl. h b f lbr prr rp ll b frthr xtndd, nd lbr pn ll nvtbl b nvlvd n r frrhn brn vr th ntnl pltl n.""

Undr th rtn, th prpt fr trlnd n tnnt f th ntrfl tndn dpnd prrl n th blt f th vtd ntrt t djt thlv nd thr n t th rrnt f th Wlfr Stt. tl nrd vrnnt pndn nd drtn, plnnn n ntnl nd ntrntnl p, n nlrd frn d pr r, prhnv l rt, pbl r n rnd l, prhp vn prtl ntnlztn bln t th rrnt. I blv tht th dnnt ntrt ll rd ll nd htntl pt th rrnt nd ntrt thr prrtv t r fftv pr. rnn n t th prpt fr th ntnnt f l hn n th thr t f ndtrl vlztn, n Svt t, th dn fr th tt nfrntd th dbl nprblt: ( hrnlll, Svt t t n rlr t f ndtrlztn, th lr tr tll t th prthnll t, nd (b trtrll, t n

2 C. Wrht Mll, Wht Cllr ( Yr: Oxfrd Unvrt r, 6, p. f.

0 In th l dvnd ptlt ntr, hr trn nt f th l tnt lbr vnt r tll lv (rn, Itl, thr fr pttd nt tht f lrtd thnll nd pltl rtnlztn n thrtrn fr. h xn f th ntrntnl ntt r ll t trnthn th lttr nd t fr dptn f nd lln th th prdnnt tndn n th t dvnd ndtrl r. r th flln Svt Mrx ( Yr: Clb Unvrt r, 8. E COSIG O E OIICA UIESE 4

nd t pltl ntttn r ntll dffrnt (ttl ntnlztn, nd dttrhp. h ntrnntn btn th t pt rvt th dfflt f th nl. h htrl brdn nt nl nbl bt pl Svt ndtrlztn t prd tht plnnd t nd bln, tht th rtrtn n prdtvt pd b th ntrt f prvt prft, nd th plnnd tftn f tll nflflld vtl nd ftr, nd pr hp vn ltnl th, th prrt f ltr nd pltl nd. I th rtr rtnlt f ndtrlztn nl th tn nd dvnt f htrl brdn, ll t dppr n th dvnd lvl rhd? I t th htrl brdn hh, n th thr hnd, nfr—ndr th ndtn f th pttv xtn th dvnd ptl—th ttl dvlpnt nd ntrl f ll rr b dttrl r? And, ftr hvn ttnd th l f "thn p nd vrtn," ld Svt t thn b bl t lbrlz th ttltrn ntrl t th pnt hr lttv hn ld t pl? h rnt fr htrl brdn—rdn t hh lbrtn t, ndr th prvln ndtn f trl nd ntlltl trt, nrl b th r f fr nd dntrtn— nt nl th r f Svt Mrx , bt l tht f th thrtn f "dtnl dttr hp" fr lt t . It l rdld bt hrd t rft b t h th rt t nld, tht h hpr, th ndtn (trl nd ntlltl hh rv t prvnt nn nd ntllnt lfdtrntn. Mrvr, th rnt dbn th rprv dl f frd, rdn t hh hn lbrt n bl frth n lf f tl, pvrt, nd tpdt. Indd, t t frt rt th trl prrt f frd fr ll t br bfr t n b fr t t t frt rt th lth bfr 44 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

bn bl t dtrbt t rdn t th frl dvlpn nd f th ndvdl t t frt nbl t lv t lrn nd nd thn bfr th n ht n n nd ht th thlv n d t hn t. And, t th dr t hh th lv hv bn prndtnd t xt lv nd b ntnt n tht rl, thr lbrtn nrl ppr t fr tht nd fr bv. h t b "frd t b fr," t " bjt th r, nd t th ht t ppr," th t b hn th "d rd" th r n rh f. t th ll t trth, th rnt nnt nr th t hnrd tn: h dt th dtr, nd hr th prf tht th r n pn f "th d?" h tn nt nvldtd b rn tht t ll pplbl t rtn drt fr f vrnnt hr th ftfl dn n ht d fr th ntn r d b ltd rprnttv r rthr ndrd b ltd rprnttv—ltd ndr ndtn f fftv nd frl ptd ndtrntn. Stll, th nl pbl x (t nh fr "dtnl dttrhp" tht th trrbl r hh t nvlv nt b r trrbl thn th r hh th rt lbrl ll th thrtrn t r tn n, nr th t b h hhr. vr, th dltl l nt, nt th ln f brt ft nd dl, tht th lv t b fr fr thr lbrtn bfr th n b fr, nd tht th nd t b prtv n th n t ttn t. Mrx prptn tht th lbrtn f th rn l t b th tn f th rn l tlf tt th prr. Sl t b rlt th th frt t f th rvltn b t t lrd b n th nn nd tn f th h rrd th rvltn. r, thr "frt ph" f lt ntrtn drn hh th n t "tll tpd th th brth r f

2 Rousseau, The , Book I, Chap. VII; Book II, ch. VI.—See p. 6. E COSIG O E OIICA UIESE 4 th ld t fr h b t r," bt th l tv hn fr th ld t th n t rrd hn th ph bn. Ardn t Mrx, th "nd ph" ltrll ntttd n th frt ph. h lttvl n d f lf nrtd b th n d f prdtn ppr n th lt rvltn, hh th nd nd t th nd f th ptlt t. Slt ntrtn bn th th frt ph f th rvltn. th tn, th trntn fr "t h rdn t h r" t "t h rdn t h nd" dtrnd b th frt ph—nt nl b th rtn f th thnll nd trl b, bt l (nd th dv b th d n hh t rtd. Cntrl f th prdtv pr b th "dt prdr" ppd t ntt th dvlpnt hh dtnh th htr f fr n fr th prhtr f n. h t n hh th frr bjt f prdt vt frt b th hn ndvdl h pln nd th ntrnt f thr lbr fr th rlztn f thr n hn nd nd flt. r th frt t n htr, n ld t frl nd lltvl ndr nd nt th nt hh lt thr frd nd thr hnt. hrfr ll rprn pd b nt ld b trl lfpd nt. In ntrt t th nptn, th tl dvlpnt n prntd nt t ptpn (r plld t ptpn, b th ntrntnl ttn th lttv hn t th nd ph, nd th trntn fr ptl t l ppr, n pt f th rvltn, tll ntttv hn. h nlvnt f n b th ntrnt f h lbr ntn n hhl rtnlzd nd vtl ffnt nd prn fr.

Mrx, "Crt f th Gth rr," n Mrx nd Enl, Sltd Wr (M: rn ln bl. , 8, vl. II, p. 2. 46 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY h ttn f htl xtn xpln th trrrt ftr f Stlnt ndtrlztn, bt t l t n tn th fr hh tnd t prptt thnl prr th ntrnt f dntn th n prjd th nd. An n tht n nlr rfr r thr ttrph t ff t dvlpnt, thnl prr ld fr ntnd nr n th tndrd f lvn nd fr ntnd lbrlztn f ntrl. h ntnlzd n ld xplt th prd tvt f lbr nd ptl tht trtrl rtn 34 hl ndrbl rdn rn hr nd ntn th frt f lf. And t ld plh ll th tht bndnn th hld f ttl dntrtn vr th ppl. hr n rn t tht thnl prr pl ntnlztn ll fr "tt" lbrtn nd rl f th ntn fr. On th ntrr, th ntrdtn btn th rn prdtv fr nd thr nlvn rnztn—pnl dttd ftr f Svt lt dvlpnt vn b Stlns— ll t flttn t rthr thn t rvt. h r th rlr r pbl f dlvrn th d f np tn, th r frl ll th ndrln ppltn b td t th vr rln brr. t hl th prpt fr th ntnnt f lttv hn n th Svt t t b prlll t th n dvnd ptlt t, th lt b f prdtn ntrd dv dffrn. In th Svt t, th rn ztn f th prdtv pr rtnl prt th "dt prdr" (th lbrr fr ntrl vr th n f prdtn nd th fr l dtntn t th vr b f th t. h prtn tblhd b

34 On th dffrn btn bltn nd nbl rtn Svt Mrx, l. t., p. 0ff. "En rbl f Sl n th U.S.S.." (2, n: Grl d. Crrnt Svt l ( Yr: . A. rr, , p. , , 4. E COSIG O E OIICA UIESE 4 pltl dn nd pr ftr th brf "hr prd" f th lhv vltn, nd h bn prpttd vr n. And t t nt th tr f th prdtv pr tlf t nt blt nt th pr th dvn btn ptl nd lbr, drvd fr prvt nrhp f th n f prd tn. Cnntl, th rln trt r thlv prbl fr th prdtv pr—tht , th r rplbl tht xpldn th b ntttn f t. h th hlftrth n th SvtMrxt th tht th pr vln ntrdtn btn th "ln prdtn rltn nd th hrtr f th prdtv fr" n b rlvd tht xpln, nd tht "nfrt" btn th t f tr n r thrh "rdl hn." h thr hlf f th trth tht ntttv hn ld tll hv t trn nt lttv hn, nt th dpprn f th Stt, th rt, th ln, t. ndpndnt pr prpd n th nd vdl. Inh th hn ld lv th trl b f t (th ntnlzd prdtv pr ntt, t ld b nfnd t pltl rvltn. If t ld ld t lf dtrntn t th vr b f hn xtn, nl n th dnn f nr lbr, t ld b th t rdl nd t plt rvltn n htr. trbtn f th nt f lf rrdl f r prfrn, rdtn f rn t t n, nvrl lldd dtn trd xhnblt f fntn—th r th prnd tn bt nt th ntnt f lfdtrntn. Whl th rtn f th prndtn tll b th rlt f pr pd dntrtn, thr tblhnt ld n th nd f th dntrtn. b r, tr nd fr nd trl t ld ntn t dpnd n dvn f lbr hh nvlv nlt f fntn. Sh nlt n ttd b nn l nd, thnl rrnt, nd th

6 Ibd., p. 4f. 48 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

phl nd ntl dffrn n th ndvdl. vr, th xtv nd prvr fntn ld n lnr rr th prvl f rln th lf f thr n prtlr ntrt. h trntn t h tt rvltnr rthr thn vltnr pr, vn n th fndtn f fll ntnlzd nd plnnd n.

Cn n tht th nt t, n t tblhd fr, ld dvlp (r rthr b frd t dvlp b vrt f th ntrntnl ntt th ndtn hh ld fr h trntn? hr r trn rnt nt th ptn. On phz th prfl rtn hh th ntrnhd brr ld ffr— rtn hh fnd t rn dêtr prl n th rnd tht pl th drv fr rtn th prndtn fr lbrtn, nl, th lfnddth pttn th th ptlt rld. On n dpn th th ntn f n nnt "prdrv" n hn ntr. h hhl db phll npt nd rl ndt fr th nl f tl dvlpnt. h tn nt hthr th nt brr ld "v p" thr prvld ptn n th lvl f pbl lttv hn h bn rhd, bt hthr th ll b bl t prvnt th ttnnt f th lvl. In rdr t d , th ld hv t rrt trl nd ntlltl rth t pnt hr dntn tll rtnl nd prftbl, hr th ndrln ppltn n tll b td t th jb nd t th ntrt f th tt r thr tblhd ntttn. An, th dv ftr hr t b th lbl ttn f xtn, hh h ln n b ftr n th ntrnl ttn f th t ppd t. h nd fr th llt tlztn f thnl prr, nd fr rvvl b vrt f prr tndrd f lvn prv trnr thn th rtn f th vtd brr. E COSIG O E OIICA UIESE 4

I hld l t dd f rr n th ftnhrd pnn tht th n dvlpnt f th brd ntr ht nt nl ltr th prpt f th dvnd ndtrl ntr, bt l nttt "thrd fr" tht r nt rltvl ndpndnt pr. In tr f th prdn dn: thr n vdn tht th frr lnl r lnl r ht dpt f ndtrlztn ntll dffrnt fr ptl nd prntd n? I thr nthn n th ndn ltr nd trdtn f th r hh ht ndt h n ltrntv? I hll nfn rr t dl f brdn lrd n th pr f ndtrlztn—tht , t ntr hr ndtrlztn xt th n nbrn pr nd ntndtrl ltr (Ind, Ept. h ntr ntr pn th pr f ndtrlztn th ppltn ntrnd n th vl f lfprplln prdtvt, ffn, nd thnll rtnlt. In thr rd, th vt jrt f ppltn hh h nt t bn trnfrd nt lbr fr prtd fr th n f prdtn. th ndtn fvr n nfln f ndtrlztn nd lbrtn—n ntll dffrnt d f ndtrlztn hh ld bld th prdtv pprt nt nl n rd th th vtl nd f th ndrln ppl tn, bt l th th f pfn th trl fr xtn? Indtrlztn n th brd r d nt t pl n v. It r n htrl ttn n hh th l ptl rrd fr prr ltn t b btnd lrl fr tht, fr th ptlt r nt bl r fr bth. Mrvr, thr dprd prptn tht rnn ndpndnt ld rr rpd ndtrlztn nd ttnnt f lvl f prdtvt hh ld r t lt rltv tn n pttn th th t nt. In th rtn, th trnfrtn f ndrdvlpd 50 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY nt ndtrl t t l pbl drd th prthnll fr. h pll n ntr hr vn th t vtl nd f th ppltn r fr fr bn tfd, hr th trrbl tndrd f lvn ll frt f ll fr ntt n , fr hnzd nd tndrdzd pr dtn nd dtrbtn. And n th ntr, th dd ht f prthnll nd vn pr"br" t nd ndtn ffr trn rtn t h prpd dvlpnt. h hn pr ( l pr rr bdn t t f nn pr—ttl lrz tn nd th dtrtn f vl nd ntttn h d ntftn h hrdl bn. Cn n rnbl tht, ndr th pt f th t rt t f ttl thnll dntrtn, th dltn f th rtn ll prd n lbrl nd drt fr? ht th ndrdvlpd n tr n th htrl lp fr th prthnll t th ptthnll t, n hh th trd thn ll pprt prvd th b fr nn d r? On th ntrr, t rthr tht th prpd dvlpnt f th ntr ll brn bt prd f ttl dntrtn r vlnt nd r rd thn tht tr vrd b th dvnd t hh n bld n th hvnt f th lbrlt r. p: th brd r r ll t b thr t n f th vr fr f nlnl, r t r r l trrrt t f prr ltn. vr, nthr ltrntv pbl. If ndtrlz tn nd th ntrdtn f thnl n th brd ntr nntr trn rtn fr th ndn nd trdtnl d f lf nd lbr— rtn hh nt bndnd vn t th vr tnbl prpt f bttr nd

" r th flln th nfnt b b n nt, pll Terres vvnt (r: n, 6. E COSIG O E OIICA UIESE

r lf ld th prthnll trdtn tlf b th r f prr nd ndtrlztn? Sh ndn prr ld dnd plnnd pl hh, ntd f prpn thnl n th trdtnl d f lf nd lbr, ld xtnd nd prv th n thr n rnd, lntn th pprv nd xplttv fr (trl nd rl hh d th npbl f rn th dvlpnt f hn xtn. Sl rvl tn, rrn rfr, nd rdtn f vrppltn ld b prrt, bt nt ndtrlztn ftr th pttrn f th dvnd t. Indn prr ndd pbl n r hr th ntrl rr, f frd fr pprv nrhnt, r tll ffnt nt nl fr btn bt l fr hn lf. And hr th r nt, ld th nt b d ffnt b th rdl nd pl d f thnl—thn th frr f th trdtnl fr? If th th , thn ndtn ld prvl hh d nt xt n th ld nd dvnd ndtrl t (nd nvr xtd thr—nl, th "dt prdr" thlv ld hv th hn t rt, b thr n lbr nd lr, thr n prr nd dtrn t rt nd drtn. Slf dtrntn ld prd fr th b, nd r fr th nt ld trnnd tlf trd r fr rtftn. t vn ndr th btrt ptn, th brt lt f lfdtrntn t b nldd. h ntl rvltn hh, b blhn ntl nd trl xplttn, t tblh th prrt fr th n dvlpnt, hrdl nvbl pntn tn. Mrvr, ndn pr r ld prpp hn n th pl f th t rt ndtrl pr bl hh td hp th rld— bndnnt f nlnl n ll t fr. At prnt, thr n ndtn f h hn 2 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

E WEAE A WAAE SAE f r: th prpt f ntnnt f hn, ffrd b th plt f thnll rtnlt, dpnd n th prpt f th Wlfr Stt. Sh tt pbl f rn th tndrd f dntrd lvn, pblt nhrnt n ll dvnd ndtrl t hr th trlnd thnl pprt—t p prt pr vr nd bv th ndvdl—dpnd fr t fntnn n th ntnfd dvlpnt nd xpnn f prdtvt. Undr h nd tn, dln f frd nd pptn nt ttr f rl r ntlltl dtrrtn r rrptn. It rthr n bjt v tl pr nfr th prdtn nd dtrbtn f n nrn ntt f d nd rv pln rtnl thnll tttd. vr, th ll t rtnlt, th Wlfr Stt tt f nfrd b t ttl dntrtn tt rtr tn f ( "thnll" vlbl fr t" (b th ntt nd lt f d nd rv "thnll" vlbl fr vtl ndvdl nd ( th ntlln (n nd nn pbl f prhndn nd rlzn th pblt f lfdtrntn. t ndtrl t h nrd rthr thn rdd th nd fr prtl nd lntd fntn (fr th t hl, f nt fr th ndvdl. Advrtn, pbl rl tn, ndtrntn, plnnd bln r n lnr nprdtv vrhd t bt rthr lnt f b prdtn t. In rdr t b fftv, h prdtn f ll nr t rr ntn rtnlztn— th rlntl tlztn f dvnd thn nd n. Cnntl, rn tndrd f lvn th lt

8 "r" t, nt "lr" t. h lttr thrv n dvnd ndtrl t, bt t nfr t th xtnt t hh t dntrd b bn nd plt. E COSIG O E OIICA UIESE

nvdbl bprdt f th pltll npltd ndtrl t, n rtn lvl f brdn h bn vr. h rn prdtvt f lbr rt n nrn rpl prdt hh, hthr prvtl r ntrll pprprtd nd dtrbtd, ll n nrd nptn—ntthtndn th nrd dvrn f prdtvt. A ln th ntll tn prvl, t rd th vl f frd thr n rn t nt n lfdtrntn f th dntrd lf th frtbl nd vn th "d" lf. h th rtnl nd trl rnd fr th nftn f ppt, fr n dnnl pltl bhvr. On th rnd, th trnndn pltl fr thn t r rrtd, nd lttv hn ppr pbl nl hn fr tht. jtn f th Wlfr Stt n bhlf f btrt d f frd hrdl nvnn. h l f th n nd pltl lbrt hh r th rl hvnt f th prd n t ntr lht d n tt pbl f n th dntrd lf r nd frtbl." If th ndvdl r tfd t th pnt f hppn th th d nd rv hndd dn t th b th dntrtn, h hld th nt n dffrnt ntttn fr dffrnt prd tn f dffrnt d nd rv? And f th ndvdl r prndtnd tht th tfn d l nld thht, fln, prtn, h hld th h t thn, fl, nd n fr thlv? r, th trl nd ntl dt ffrd b bd, tfl, rbbh—bt Gt nd nld r n tlln rnt nt tftn f nd. h rt f th Wlfr Stt n tr f lbrl nd nrvt (th r tht th prfx "n" rt, fr t vldt, n th xtn f th vr ndtn hh th Wl fr Stt h rpd—nl, lr dr f l lth

S p. 4. 4 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

nd thnl. h ntr pt f th rt h frth n th fht nt prhnv l lltn nd dt vrnnt xpndtr fr rv thr thn th f ltr dfn. nntn f th pprv pblt f th Wlfr Stt th rv t prtt th pprv pblt f th t prr t th Wlfr Stt. At th t dvnd t f ptl, th t t f bdd plrl, n hh th ptn ntttn nr n ldfn th pr f th hl vr th ndvdl. Stll, fr th dn trd ndvdl, plrlt dntrtn fr bttr thn ttl dntrtn. On ntttn ht prtt h nt th thr n rnztn ht tt th pt f th thr pblt f p nd rdr n b lltd. h rl f l, n ttr h rtrtd, tll nfntl fr thn rl bv r tht l.

vr, n v f prvln tndn, th tn t b rd hthr th fr f plrl d nt lrt th dtrtn f plrl. Advnd ndtrl t ndd t f ntrvln pr. t th fr nl h thr t n hhr nftn—n th n ntrt t dfnd nd xtnd th tblhd ptn, t bt th htrl ltrntv, t ntn lttv hn. h n trvln pr d nt nld th hh ntr th hl." h tnd t th hl n nt ntn fr thn ll tht th frn pl f ntn nt ppr n xtnn f th dt pl f ntnnt. h rlt f plrl b dll, dptv.

4° r rtl nd rlt pprl f Glbrth dll npt Erl th, "h d lt f th Crprtn," n: E. S. Mn, h Crpntn n Mdrn St (Cbrd: rvrd Unvrt r, , p. 22, 2f. E COSIG O E OIICA UIESE

It t xtnd rthr thn rd npltn nd rdn tn, t prt rthr thn ntrt th ftfl ntrtn. r ntttn pt th thrtrn n n n th En ddl fr thn th t. And th ddl fr tlt rth nd nttv, nt b vrt f th ntd nd n pt f th dfn "tr," bt b vrt f th ft tht th t hl b dfn t. r th En pnnt. nt n th rn t tn bt n th nrl tt f ffr. thrtn n p h n r (nd prhp r thn n r h th bn blt nt th t hv pr. thr th rn prdtvt nr th hh tndrd f lvn dpnd n th thrt fr tht, bt thr fr th ntnnt f l hn nd prpttn f rvtd d. h En th n dnntr f ll dn nd ndn. And th En nt dntl th tl n r tl ptl—h , n bth , th rl ptr f lbrtn. On n: th nnt f th hl blv th prtlr nnt nd trn th r nt hnt nt rtnl ntrpr. Whn th ppl, ptl tltd b th pbl nd prvt thrt, prpr fr lv f ttl blztn, th r nbl nt nl b f th prnt En, bt l b f th nvtnt nd plnt pblt n ndtr nd ntrtnnt. Evn th t nn lltn r rtnl: th nnhltn f fv lln ppl prfrbl t tht f tn lln, tnt lln, nd n. It hpl t r tht vlztn hh jtf t dfn b h ll prl t n nd. Undr th rtn, vn th xtn lbrt nd p fll n pl thn th rnzd hl. At th t f th rntd rt, pttn llvtn r ntn fn th r fr br nd ftr trnvr nd bln? Ar th pltl prt ptn fr pftn r fr 56 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

trnr nd r tl rnt ndtr? I th prdtn f "ffln" prtn r dln th tftn f tll nflflld vtl nd? If th frt ltrntv r tr, th n tprr fr f plrl ld trnthn th ptntl fr th ntnnt f lttv hn, nd th prvnt rthr thn pl th "ttrph" f lfdtrntn. r ld ppr t b th t ffnt t f dntn.

h f th Wlfr Stt thd n th prdn pr rph tht f htrl fr btn rnzd ptl nd l, rvtd nd frd, ttltrn nd hp pn. It pblt ffntl ndtd b prvlnt tn dn f thnl prr, nd ffntl thrtnd b xplv fr. h t prfl, f r, th dnr tht prprtn fr ttl nlr r trn nt t rlztn: th dtrrnt l rv t dtr ffrt t lnt th nd fr th dtrrnt. Othr ftr r t pl hh prld th plnt jntr f ttltrn nd hppn, npltn nd dr, htrn nd tn—n hrt, th pr pttn f th prtblhd hrn btn rnzd nd pntn bhvr, prndtnd nd fr thht, xpdn nd nvtn. Evn th t hhl rnzd ptl rtn th l nd fr prvt pprprtn nd dtrbtn f prft th rltr f th n. ht , t ntn t ln th rlz tn f th nrl ntrt t tht f prtlr vtd ntrt. In dn , t ntn t f th nflt btn th r n ptntl f pfn th trl fr xtn, nd th nd fr ntnfn th trl btn th prrv "bltn f lbr" nd th nd fr prrvn lbr th r f prft. h nflt prptt th nhn xtn f th h fr th hn b f th l prd—th tdr nd th pr, th npld nd nplbl, th E COSIG O E OIICA UIESE prtd lrd r, th nt f prn nd ntl ntttn. In ntprr nt t, th n tht, brdn, nd th l f trrr prptt th pprv ftr f "thn p th nd rpn" th hvnt f ptl. h prrt f th n vr th nd thrb rvtd— prrt hh ld b brn nl f pf tn hvd—nd ptl nd n ntn t pt tht ltr fr, n lbl l nd thrh lbl ntttn. h pftn ld n th rn f nn rld n—th d f th ntn tt, th ntnl ntrt, ntnl bn tthr th thr ntr ntnl lln. And th prl th pblt nt hh th prnt rld blzd:

nrn t lnnn nt tll l ntnl

drnt flrnt. lrnt n lndtr d 0( l n prttnt x ptr drr lr rt t lr v nn n nbl rn d pd ndl, dn lr dr ltr t n. M lOt nn pl lEt, l rn lltv nlnt l hnnt rl. Grnd frnt lr pr, n rprnt l rhttr n ptr l hnnt d r n t plt dnnrnt fft t n ln t A ltr ltn.

nd:

p d l ntn t dp d l l, l f frnt nt prtt n dn l drt d nflt lr l nn nt d r plnt nt l tftn d lndtr t d pvr.

lln d lndtr drn t d pvr trrtrl t n v dnt l rlt t pl prfnd l ntttn 8 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

t l trtr ptlt t nt t n

dlt nr n dt nèrnt xtrpr. 4

h ftfl ntrdpndn f th nl t "vrn" l t n th ntprr rld xprv f th ft tht th nflt btn prr nd plt, btn n nd h tr h b ttl. Whn ptl t th hlln f n, t t t n pblt: pt lr dvlpnt f ll prdtv fr ftr th brdntn f th prvt ntrt n prftblt hh rrt h dvl pnt. Whn n t th hlln f ptl, t t t t n pblt: ptlr frt, lbrt, nd llvtn f th brdn f lf. th t hv th pblt dtrtd bnd rntn nd, n bth , th rn n th lt nl th —th trl nt fr f lf hh ld dlv th b fr dntn.

4 "Inrn nd nnn r h tht ntnl ntn t flrh. thr tntth ntr rnt nr ndtr ll "fthr lnd" t nr thr rt nd thr xtn xpt thrh rntn hh rr ht n rld d l n ltr nd n ttr. t n th Et ll n th Wt, lltv blf dnt dpt thlv t rl hn. h rt pr hp thr pr r rpr th rhttr thrf tht ptn hn n th n nd pltl r hh ld v fftvn nd nn t n r th thr f th ltn."

(nd:

"pd b th ntn nd dpd b th l, th ffrn r vrhr nvlvd n th hrhn f nflt n hh thr nl n r tr h nnl th tftn f ndtr nd pr.

h lln f d ndtr nd trrtrl pr v hh r prfndl rl thn ptlt nd nt ntttn nd trtr nd hh n nr dlt nrl rdt." rn rrx, l. t., vl. III, p. 662 6. 3

E COQUES O E UAY COSCIOUSESS

prv dbltn

vn dd th pltl ntrtn f dvnd ndtrl t, n hvnt rndrd pbl b rn thn ll prdtvt nd th xpndn nt f n nd ntr, ll n trn t rrpndn ntrtn n th rl f ltr. In th hptr, rtn ntn nd f ltrtr nd thr ft ll lltrt h th prr f thnll rtnlt ldtn th pptnl nd trn ndn lnt n th "hhr ltr." h b n ft t th pr f dbltn hh prvl n th dvnd rn f ntprr t.

h hvnt nd th flr f th t nvldt t hhr ltr. h lbrtn f th tn prnlt, f hn, f tr nd rnt lv ppr t b th dl 60 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

f brd t f th dvlpnt. Wht hppnn n nt th dtrrtn f hhr ltr nt ltr bt th rfttn f th ltr b th rlt. h rlt rp t ltr. Mn td n d r thn th ltr hr nd hlfd h h lvd n nlbl prbl. t h h l btrd th hp nd dtrd th trth hh r pr rvd n th bltn f hhr ltr. b r, th hhr ltr l n ntrdtn th l rlt, nd nl prvld nrt njd t bln nd rpr ntd t dl. h t ntnt phr f t hv l xtd th hhr ltr h l bn dtn, hl th rlt rrl dtrbd b t dl nd t trth. d nvl ftr th flttnn t f th ntn btn ltr nd l rlt thrh th bltrtn f th pptnl, ln, nd trnndnt lnt n th hhr l tr b vrt f hh t ntttd nthr dnn f rlt. h ldtn f tdnnl ltr t pl nt thrh th dnl nd rjtn f th "ltrl vl," bt thrh thr hll nrprtn nt th tblhd rdr, thrh thr rprdtn nd dpl n v l. In ft, th rv ntrnt f l hn. h rtn f fr ltrtr nd rt, th dl f hn, th rr nd j f th ndvdl, th flfllnt f th prn lt r prtnt t n th pttv trl btn Et nd Wt. h p hvl nt th prnt fr f n, nd th r dl dntrd nd ld. h ft tht th ntrdt th t hh ll th d nt nt. t ppl n r fl tht dvrtnt nd pltl pltfr t nt b nrl tr r rht, nd t hr nd rd th nd vn lt thlv b dd b th, th pt th trdtnl vl nd th prt f thr ntl pnt. If ntn blnd tthr hrnl, nd ftn nntbl, rt, plt, rln, nd E COQUES O E UAY COSCIOUSESS 61 phlph th rl, th brn th rl f ltr t thr n dnntr—th dt fr. h f th l l th f lnhp. Exhn vl, nt trth vl nt. On t ntr th rtnlt f th tt , nd ll ln rtnlt bnt t t. A th rt rd f frd nd flfllnt r prnnd b pnn ldr nd pltn, n th rn nd rd nd t, th trn nt nnl nd hh btn nn nl n th ntxt f prpnd, bn, dpln, nd rlxtn. h ltn f th dl th rlt ttf t th xtnt t hh th dl h bn r pd. It brht dn fr th bltd rl f th l r th prt r th nnr n, nd trnltd nt prtnl tr nd prbl. r r th prrv lnt f ltr. h prvrn ndtv f th ft tht dvnd ndtrl t nfrntd th th pblt f trl ztn f dl. h pblt f th t r prrvl rdn th bltd rl n hh th ndtn f n rprntd, dlzd, nd ndtd. hr ltr b prt f th trl ltr. In th trnfrtn, t l th rtr prt f t trth.

h hhr ltr f th Wt—h rl, tht, nd ntlltl vl ndtrl t tll prf— pr thnll ltr n fntnl ll hrnll n. It vldt drvd fr th xprn f rld hh n lnr xt nd hh nnt b rptrd b t n trt n nvldtd b thnll t. Mr vr, t rnd t lr dr fdl ltr, vn hn th br prd v t f t t ltn frl tn. It fdl nt nl b f t nfnnt t prvld nrt, nt nl b f t nhrnt rnt lnt (hh ll b dd prntl, bt l b t thnt r xprd n, thdl lntn 62 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

fr th ntr phr f bn nd ndtr, nd fr t llbl nd prftbl rdr. Whl th br rdr fnd t rh—nd vn ffrtv—rprnttn n rt nd ltrtr ( n th th pntr f th vntnth ntr, n Gth Wlhl Mtr, n th Enlh nvl f th nntnth ntr, n h M, t rnd n rdr hh vrhdd, brn, rftd b nthr dnn hh rrnlbl ntn t t th rdr f bn, ndtn t nd dnn t. And n th ltrtr, th thr dnn rprntd nt b th rl, prtl, rl hr (h ftn tn th tb lhd rdr bt rthr b h drptv hrtr th rtt, th prttt, th dltr, th rt rnl nd t t, th rrr, th rblpt, th dvl, th fl—th h dnt rn lvn, t lt nt n n rdrl nd nrl . b r, th hrtr hv nt dpprd fr th ltrtr f dvnd ndtrl t, bt th rvv n tll trnfrd. h vp, th ntnl hr, th btn, th nrt hf, th ntr, th tr, th hrt tn prfr fntn vr dffrnt fr nd vn ntrr t tht f thr ltrl prdr. h r n lnr f nthr f lf bt rthr fr r tp f th lf, rvn n ffrtn rthr thn ntn f th tblhd rdr. Srl, th rld f thr prdr brd, pr thnll rld, rld th th d nn f nlt nd tl, n hh lbr tll ftd frtn bt rld n hh n nd ntr r nt t rnzd thn nd ntrntlt. Wth t d f fr nd nnr, th th tl nd vblr f t ltrtr nd phl ph, th pt ltr xprd th rhth nd ntnt f nvr n hh vll nd frt, vll nd nn, nbl nd vlln, ln nd rt r prt f th xprnd rlt. In th vr nd pr f th prthnll ltr E COQUES O E UAY COSCIOUSESS 6 th rhth f th h ndr r rd n rr, h hv th t nd th plr t thn, ntplt, fl nd nrrt. It n tdtd nd rpd ltr, nd nl dr nd hldl rrn n rptr t. t th ltr , n f t dv lnt, l ptthnll n. It t dvnd nd ptn t rvv thr brptn nt dntrd frt nd tl th ntn t hnt th nn th th pblt f thr rbrth n th ntn f thnl prr. h r th xprn f tht fr nd n lntn fr th tblhd fr f lf th hh ltrtr nd th rt ppd th fr vn hr th drnd th.

In ntrt t th Mndn npt, hh dnt n rl tn t hlf nd t h r n ptlt t, th rtt lntn th n trnndn f th lntd xtn— "hhr lvl" r dtd lntn. h nflt th th rld f prr, th ntn f th rdr f b n, th ndbr lnt n br ltrtr nd rt r nthr d t th tht lln f th rdr nr t rnt rtn—ntl nrtn f dpprn t f vlztn. "nt" tr f ndndn dftn hh l ppld t dprn vntrd ptn, jt th tr "ddnt" fr r ftn dnn th nnl prrv trt f dn ltr thn th rl ftr f d. h trdtnl f rtt lntn r ndd rnt n h th r n tht npt blt th th dvlpn t. h nptblt th tn f thr trth. Wht th rll nd prrv n r prtn t th ftr: f rtftn tht ld d lv th t hh ppr t. h rt rrlt rt nd ltrtr f th nt nd hrt h tll rptrd th n thr bvrv nd lbrtn fntn. nd xpl fr th b ltrr vblr ndt th rn nd th 64 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

nhp f th , nd th dnn hh th rvl: Sl nd Sprt nd rt l rhrh d lbl, lr d l, l fnfnt th Knd b th S t vr nd th n ld t rn nd t bt l dn r, dn hn, nd dn n n n nd th Mtr ldr nd Whn W d A. hr r nrtn h tht th bln t lt dnn. h r nvldtd nt b f thr ltrr bln. S f th prtn t ntprr ltrtr nd rvv n t t dvnd rtn. Wht h bn nvldtd thr bvrv fr, thr dtrtv ntnt—thr trth. In th trnfrtn, th fnd thr h n vrd lvn. h ln nd lntn vr f ntlltl ltr b flr d nd rv. I thr v rprdtn nd nptn nl hn n ntt, nl, rn pprtn nd ndrtndn, drtztn f ltr? h trth f ltrtr nd rt h l bn rntd (f t rntd t ll n f "hhr" rdr, hh hld nt nd ndd dd nt dtrb th rdr f bn. Wht h hnd n th ntprr prd th dffrn btn th t rdr nd thr trth. h brbnt pr f t dplt th rtt dnn b ltn t ntnt ntnt. In th rl f ltr, th n ttltrn nft tlf prl n hrnzn plrl, hr th t ntrdtr r nd trth pfll xt n ndffrn. rr t th dvnt f th ltrl rnltn, ltrtr nd rt r ntll lntn, tnn nd prttn th ntrdtn—th nhpp nn f th dvdd rld, th dftd pblt, th hp nflflld, nd th pr btrd. h r rtnl, ntv fr, rvl n dnn f n nd ntr hh rprd nd rplld n rlt. hr trth n th lln vd, n th E COQUES O E UAY COSCIOUSESS 65

ntn n rtn rld n hh th trrr f lf lld p nd pndd—trd b rntn. h th rl f th hfd vr t th trd, tnd t th lt, nd th nd f trd—t pbl ltn. lv n lv nd htrd, t lv tht hh n n dft, rn tn, nd dth. h r f t, th hll tht n h d fr n b nnrbl fr. h tnn btn th tl nd th pbl trn frd nt n nlbl nflt, n hh rnltn b r f th vr fr: bt th "pr d bnhr." In th fr f th vr, th tl rtn r pld n nthr dnn hr th vn rlt h tlf tht hh t . h t tll th trth bt tlf t ln t b tht f dptn, nrn, nd b n. tn ll th ft b thr n nd thr rn l lp ftn bvrt vrd xprn nd h t t b tltd nd fl. t rt h th pr nl th pr f ntn. It n p t n ln nl ln th r lv hh rf nd rft th tblhd rdr. lbrt Md vr dtnhd fr ll d lv tr f ntprr ltrtr b th ft tht th hbl vblr f hr rllf ntrprt tll ntnd th hr n , r h rd tr tll ntnn h . r nxt ftl b thr n phnlt, nd thr n phnlt b, n hr rld, h ld nt hv bn pbl f rn hr. Sh ld hv rjtd h prt f th rdr f Ynvll hh dtrd hr. r tr "tr" b th t n hh t rrd b rd n, th xl rlt nt t lbrlzd, nd phl nt t ntttnlzd h t tht tll t h "lvd" hr prbl b pprn t. Crtnl t ld b nnn t tht hr trd r tht f nd lt lvd n drn dr, bt t ld l b 66 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY nnn t dn th htrl n f th trd. h dvlpn thnll rlt ndrn nt nl th trd tnl fr bt th vr b f th rtt lntn—tht , t tnd t nvldt nt nl rtn "tl" bt l th vr btn f rt.

b r, lntn nt th l hrtrt f rt. An nl, nd vn ttnt f th prbl td th p f th r, bt tn b ffrd fr lrftn. hrht hl prd f vlztn, rt ppr t b ntrl ntrtd nt t t. Eptn, Gr, nd Gth rt r flr xpl h nd Mzrt r ll l td ttfn t th "ptv" d f rt. h pl f th r f rt n prthnll nd tdnnl ltr vr dffrnt fr tht n ndnnl vlz tn, bt lntn hrtrz ffrtv ll ntv rt. h dv dtntn nt th phll n btn rt rtd n j nd rt rtd n rr, btn nt nd nr, bt tht btn th rtt nd th tl rlt. h rptr th th lttr, th r rtnl trnrn, n ntl lt f vn th t ffr tv rt t lntd l fr th vr pbl t hh t ddrd. ttr h l nd flr th tpl r thdrl r t th ppl h lvd rnd th, th rnd n trrfn r lvtn ntrt t th dl lf f th lv, th pnt, nd th rtn—nd prhp vn t tht f thr tr. Whthr rtlzd r nt, rt ntn th rtnlt f n tn. In t dvnd ptn, t th Grt fl—th pr tt nt tht hh . h d n hh n nd thn r d t ppr, t n nd nd nd p, r d f rftn, brn, nd rrtn thr ftl xtn. t th d f ntn p trbt t th ntnt t t hh th r lnd. Sprtd fr th phr f lbr hr E COQUES O E UAY COSCIOUSESS 6

t rprd tlf nd t r, th rld f rt hh th rt rn, th ll t trth, prvl nd n lln. In th fr t ntn, n pt f ll drtztn nd pplrztn, thrh th nntnth nd nt th tntth ntr. h "hh ltr" n hh th lntn l brtd h t n rt nd t n tl. h ln, th nrt, pr, thtr r dnd t rt nd nv nthr dn n f rlt. hr ttndn rr ftvl prprtn th t ff nd trnnd vrd xprn. th ntl p btn th rt nd th rdr f th d, pt pn n th rtt lntn, prrvl ld b th dvnn thnll t. And th t ln, th Grt fl n trn rfd th "thr dnn" brbd nt th prvln tt f ffr. h r f ln tn r thlv nrprtd nt th t nd rlt prt nd prl f th pnt hh drn nd ph nlz th prvln tt f ffr. h th b rl—th ll, frt, r xt. h nnrvtv rt f lftt rt f ltr rdl th prtt nt h brnd n th thn, nt lt nd l, Shll nd dlr, Mrx nd rd n th drtr. Intd, th nt n rntn f th ft tht th l hv lft th l nd t lf n, tht ppl r jt h r dtd. r, bt n t lf l, th t lf thr thn th lv th r dprvd f thr ntnt fr, f th trnnt hh th vr dnn f thr trth. h ntnt nd fntn f th r hv th fndntll hnd. If th n td n ntrdtn t th tt , th ntrdtn n flttnd t. t h ltn htrll prtr t tblh ltrl lt hl prrvn dntn. St l ntn th prrtv nd prvl f fdlrtrt ltr tthr th t ntnt. h ft tht th trnndn 68 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

trth f th fn rt, th tht f lf nd thht, r bl nl t th f lth nd dtd th flt f rprv t. t th flt nt rrtd b pprb, nrl dtn, lnpln rrd, nd th bltn f frl dr n th thtr nd nrt hl l h ltrl prvl xprd th njt f frd, th ntrdtn btn dl nd rlt, th prtn f ntlltl fr trl prdtvt bt th l prvdd prttd rl n hh th tbd trth ld rvv n btrt ntrt— rt fr th t hh pprd th. th rtn h bn rvd—nd th t th trnrn nd th ndtnt. h txt nd th tn r tll thr, bt th dtn nrd hh d th ft vn ndrn lntn h rtt lntn h b fntnl th rhttr f th n thtr nd nrt hll n hh t prfrd. And hr t, th rtnl nd th vl r nprbl. Untnbl th n rhttr bttr, .., r btfl nd r prtl thn th ntrt f th trn r. t t l r "ntrtd"th ltrl ntr bn fttn prt f th hppn ntr, r npl ntr, r vrnnt ntr. ntn h t n tht, nd drt dntn h t drt tht. It d tht lt vrn n n hv th fn rt t h fnrtp, b jt trnn nb n h t, r b jt tppn nt h drtr. In th dffn, hvr, th b n ltrhn hh r thr ntnt. Artt lntn b, tthr th thr d f ntn, t th pr f thnll rtnlt. h hn rvl t dpth nd th dr f t rrvrblt f t n

ndrtndn: fr th , pprb, nrl dtn, nd lnpln rrd r trl bln. Stfn Gr, n Arnld ShOnbr Qrtt n Shrp Mnr. S h. W. Adrn, hlph dr nn M (. C. . Mhr, bnn, 4, p. ff. E COQUES O E UAY COSCIOUSESS 6

rlt f thnl prr. h prnt t rdfn th pblt f n nd ntr n rdn th th n n vlbl fr thr rlztn nd, n thr lht, th prthnll r ln thr pr. hr trth vl dpndd t lr dr n n nprhndd nd nnrd dnn f n nd ntr, n th nrr lt pld n rnztn nd np ltn, n th "nlbl r" hh rtd ntrtn. In th fll dvlpd ndtrl t, th nlbl r prr vl httld dn b thnll rtnlt. Obvl, th phl trnfrtn f th rld ntl th ntl trn frtn f t bl, , nd d. Obvl, hn t nd hh nd tnl r rpl th vll, vl l, nd frt hn trbt r vr th l nd pln t thrh th —thn th r l thr hrtr lttvl dffrnt rlt, r f ntrdtn. And n ntrdtn th r f th —rtnl nfrnttn f "tht hh nt" th "tht hh "—t t hv d f ntn. h trl fr th d, r rthr th trl nt t brptn nt th prdnnt ndnnlt, h frth n th vnt rd ffrt t rt n trnnt hh ld th rtt trth n nbl. rtlt rht h thd th thrtl fndtn fr th ffrt. h ttl hrtr f th tblhd t n frnt th plrht th th tn f hthr t tll pbl t "rprnt th ntprr rld n th thtr"— tht , rprnt t n h nnr tht th pttr r nz th trth hh th pl t nv. rht nr tht th ntprr rld n b th rprntd nl f t rprntd bjt t hn — th tt f ntvt

rtlt rht, Shrftn z htr (rln nd rnfrt, Shrp, , . 7, . 70 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

hh t b ntd. h dtrn hh h t b lrnd, prhndd, nd td pn bt th thtr nd ht t b ntrtnnt, plr. vr, ntrtnnt nd lrn n r nt ppt ntrtnnt b th t fftv d f lrnn. th ht th ntprr rld rll bhnd th dll nd trl vl, nd h t n b hnd, th thtr t br th pttr dntftn th th vnt n th t. t pth nd fln, bt d tn nd rfltn r rrd. h "trnntfft" (rfrdnfft t prd th dtn n hh th rld n b rnzd ht t . "h thn f vrd lf r lftd t f th rl f th lfvdnt. . ." 4 "ht hh ntrl t th ftr f th xtrrdnr Onl n th nnr n th l f nd fft rvl thlv." h "trnntfft" nt prpd n ltrtr. It rthr ltrtr n nr t th thrt f ttl bhvr—th ttpt t r th rtnlt f th n tv. In th ttpt, th rt "nrvtv" f ltrtr jn fr th th rdl tvt. l lr nt n th np bl tnt f th pt ln t th ntn. h vr f th ln "n prlnt j d h bnt." 6 h p f tht hh, thh bnt, hnt th tblhd nvr f dr nd bhvr t t tbd pblt—nthr hvn nr hll, nthr d nr vl bt pl "l bnhr." h th pt ln p f tht hh f th rld, hh vbl, tnbl, dbl n n nd ntr—nd f tht hh nt n, nt thd, nt hrd.

4 Ibd., p. 6. Ibd., p. 6.

6 l lr, " t n Abtrt," n Ovr (dtn d l ld, r, Gllrd, , vl. , p. 24. E COQUES O E UAY COSCIOUSESS

Crtn nd vn n d hh prnt th bnt, th pt ln ln f ntn—bt ntn hh bvrt th ptv. In t ntv fntn, ptr prfr th rt t f thht:

l trvl ft vvr n n nxt p.

n th "thn tht r bnt" brn th pll f th thn tht r rvr, t th nrn f dffrnt rdr f thn nt th tblhd n—"l nnt d n nd." 8 r th xprn f th thr rdr, hh trnndn thn th n rld, th pt ln dpnd n th trn ndnt lnt n rdnr ln. vr, th ttl blztn f ll d fr th dfn f th tblhd rl t h rdntd th n f xprn t th pnt hr ntn f trnndn ntnt b thnll pbl. h ptr tht h hntd th rtt n n n Mllr—th pblt f pn nn rfd ln, f ntn th ntv—h d t b ptr. It h trlzd. h trl vntrd r f ltrtr nt th br th ntn. Wth bd, nd thn th dd nd rrl, ltrtr rjt th vr trtr f dr hh, thrht th htr f ltr, h lnd rtt nd rdnr ln. h prptnl t l° (th th ntn t nt f nn th d n hh th t dnn f rlt ld t, nt nd b ntd. h t bl ptr nd th lt pr

"th ffrt hh lv n tht hh d nt xt." Ibd., p. .

8 Ibd., p. 2 (th rfrn t th ln f .

S hptr bl.

0 S hptr bl 2 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

hrd th d f xprn. hn, drn ptr "dtr t l rpprt d ln t rnt l dr d ttn

d t." h rd rf th nfn, nbl rl f th ntn. It xpld th prtblhd trtr f nn nd, b n n "blt bjt" tlf, dnt n ntlrbl, lf dftn nvr— dntn. h bvrn f th lnt trtr pl bvrn f th xprn f ntr:

tr dvnt n dntn dbjt ltr t trr bl, pr l nnt d ln vrtll prnn n ht pr x n n prvl n pl n v, prnn n l rdt l nftn dn prtnt n tl dn ntntn, tAdr fnlnt dntndr . . . C tbjt n ln, pr d tt l vln d lr dltnt t pt xlnt l h t n pdhnptdldrnt:drdbtt n dr pln d trrr, tdr l t lh n ln nn p v l tr h, v l l pl nhn d l tr l l, lnfr, l r, lnfn, l fl, l tr pr, t.

I "dtrd th rltnhp f th ln nd brht dr b t th t f rd." lnd rth, r zr d lrtr. r, Edtn d Svl, , p. 2 ( ph.

2 "tr b dntn f ltr nd trrbl bjt b th hv nl vrtl ln. n h fr th prvld nn r r rv. n rd th t n ntl tttd r n ntntn, tht t , n th lt nl, tndrn. . . . h rd bjt tht ln, rd th ll th vln f thr xplv pr . h pt rd xld n. hr n pt hn n "drnt": th hd dr dr fll f trrr hh n tht t rlt n nt t thr n, bt t th t nhn f ntr, hvn, hll, th rd, hldhd, dn, pr ttr t. Ibd., p. f. E COQUES O E UAY COSCIOUSESS

h trdtnl tff f rt (, hrn, lr rppr nl "t," rd f pt nn n ntxt f rfl. h, th rrlt pntn

nd dr Inbrffdn, d Shlht t n b zdt, l n hr n dnhft Wn hnt nd rn, d nht dt frt rd, d hr tn ltt rrtnl blbt. r Srrl lt n, d Shlht dn Mnhn vrt d Enttllnn bz n, d rbt d hrtn ntt. rh rrttt r d rltt, n lb vn Idnrn, n dnn dr Glnprh vrrht, dn d Mnhn n hrr nn

thnfzrtn Wlt vrrt fndn.

Or, th r f rtlt rht prrv th "pr d bnhr" ntnd n rn nd Kth (nhn nd th bl ld nd t h llt nd lv b n t nt pltl frnt. hrtr n f lt prd nd f nfrttbl hp ("Sht d dn Mnd br Sh, Glbtr?" "dh n , nd dr r bl." "rt r r Snnt." "Und n Shff t ht Sln." "Altr lb Mnd, nh b lhnt"—nd th n n f rlt nd rd, xplttn, htn, nd l. h dvd n f thr dptn, bt th lrn (r hv lrnd t , nd t nl n lrnn th (nd h t p th th tht th rn th trth f thr dr.

"[Srrlt pntn] . . . thrd tthr ht fntnl vr th tb b t btr rlt rftn nd th rrtnl n t rtnl t. Srrl rptr ht fntnl dn t n th dtrtn dntrt ht th tb dd t th drd. h rrl r th blt—n lb f dnr hr th l fr hppn vprt tht hh th thnfd rld rf t n " hdr W. Adrn, tn zr trtr. (rlnrnfrt, Shrp, 8, p. 60. 4 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

h ffrt t rptr th Grt fl n th ln f ltrtr ffr th ft f bn brbd b ht th rft. A drn l, th vntrd nd th btn hr n th fntn f ntrtnn tht ndnrn th d n n f th n f d ll. h brptn jtfd b thnl prr th rfl rftd b th llvtn f r n th dvnd ndtrl t. h ldtn f hh ltr bprdt f th nt f ntr, nd f th prrn nt f rt. Invldtn th hrhd f trnndn b nrprtn th nt t nprnt dl rlt, th t ttf t th xtnt t hh nlbl nflt r b n nbl—t hh trd nd rn, rhtpl dr nd nxt r bn d ptbl t thnl ltn nd dltn. h phtrt t r f th n n, , lt, t, h t r f Odp—h r th. h rlr f th rld r ln thr tphl ftr. hr pprn n tlvn, t pr nfrn, n prlnt, nd t pbl hrn hrdl tbl fr dr bnd tht f th dvrtnt, hl th nn f thr tn rp th p f th dr. h prrptn fr nhnt nd njt r bn dntrd b rtnll rnzd brr, hh , hvr, nvbl t t vtl ntr. h l ntn f rt nd lnn hh nnt b nbl dd, nlzd, nd plld. Sltd, th vr ndtn hh tnd th nd vdl nt nd bnd h t, h b thnll pbl. l nd lnt nl dntrt tht th ld tphl prbl r llr prbl th t fr th "nn" f thn n b rfrltd th t fr th nn f rd, nd th tblhd nvr f dr

4 h lndr rvltnr hr tll xt h n df vn tlvn nd th pr—h rld tht f th "ndrdvlpd" ntr. E COQUES O E UAY COSCIOUSESS

nd bhvr n prvd prftl dt rtr fr th nr.

It rtnl nvr hh, b th r ht nd pbl t f t pprt, bl ll p. In t rltn t th rlt f dl lf, th hh ltr f th pt n thn— pptn nd drnnt, tr nd rntn. t t l th pprn f th rl f frd: th rfl t bhv. Sh rfl nnt b bld tht pntn hh r tfn thn th rfl. h nt nd nftn f ppt, hh fnd t dll lr n th trnfrtn f hhr nt pplr ltr, t pl n trl rnd f nrd tftn. h l th rnd hh ll pn dbltn. Artt lntn bltn. It rt th f n dtn hh r rrnlbl th th tblhd lt rnpl bt hh, ltrl , b tlrbl, vn dfn nd fl. th r nvldtd. It nrprtn nt th thn, th ff, th hp t rl rl fr bn nd fn , n n, dbltn—rpln dtd b dt rtftn. t t dbltn prtd fr "ptn f trnth" n th prt f t, hh n ffrd t rnt r thn bfr b t ntrt hv b th nnrt drv f t tzn, nd b th j hh t rnt prt l hn nd ntntnt. h lr rnpl brb th lt rnpl xlt lbrtd (r rthr lbrlzd n ll ntrtv fr. h ntn pl tht thr r rprv d f dbl tn, prd th hh th bltd drv nd bjtv ntn r dvtn, r frd, nd r rfl t hd th l tb. It ppr tht h rprv

I S b Er nd Cvlztn (tn: n r, 4, p. Chptr 0. 76 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY dbltn ndd prtv n th xl phr, nd hr, n th dbltn f hhr ltr, t prt th b prdt f th l ntrl f thnll rlt, hh xtnd lbrt hl ntnfn dntn. h ln btn dbltn nd thnll t n prhp bt b llntd b dn th hn n th l f ntntl nr. In th t, nt ll th t pnt n nd th hn lbr t (.., nplrbl bt nr tl, nd nt ll th nr vd b th hn lbr pr. Mhnztn h l "vd" lbd, th nr f th f Intnt—tht , h brrd t fr prv d f rlztn. h th rnl f trth n th rnt ntrt btn th drn trvlr nd th ndrn pt r rtn, btn bl ln nd hndrft, tn nd t, ftrprdd brd nd th hd lf, th lbt nd th tbrd tr, t. r, th rnt prthnl rld prtd th r, tl, nd flth, nd th n trn r th brnd f ll plr nd j. Stll, thr "lndp," d f lbdnl xprn hh n lnr xt. Wth t dpprn (tlf htrl prrt f pr r, hl dnn f hn tvt nd pvt h bn drtzd. h nvrnnt fr hh th ndvdl ld btn plr—hh h ld tht rtfn lt n xtndd zn f th bd—h bn rdl rdd. Cnntl, th "nvr" f lbdn thx l rdd. h fft llztn nd ntrtn f lbd, th rdtn f rt t xl xprn nd tftn. r xpl, pr lvn n d nd n n tbl, n lvr l td th tn ll nd n

6 In rdn th th trnl d n th ltr r f rd: xlt "plzd" prtl drv Er tht f th ntr rn. E COQUES O E UAY COSCIOUSESS Mnhttn trt. In th frr , th nvrnnt prt f nd nvt lbdnl thx nd tnd t b rtzd. bd trnnd bnd th dt rtn zn— pr f nnrprv bltn. In ntrt, hnzd nvrnnt t bl h lftrnndn f lbd. Iplld n th trvn t xtnd th fld f rt rtftn, lbd b l "plrph," l pbl f rt bnd llzd xlt, nd th lttr ntnfd. h dnhn rt nd ntnfn xl nr, th thnll rlt lt th p f bltn. It l rd th nd fr bltn. In th ntl pprt, th tnn btn tht hh drd nd tht hh prttd ndrbl lrd, nd th lt rnpl n lnr t rr pn nd pnfl trnfrtn f ntntl nd. h ndvdl t dpt hlf t rld hh d nt t dnd th dnl f h nnrt nd— rld hh nt ntll htl. h rn th bn prndtnd fr th pn tn ptn f ht ffrd. Inh th rtr lbrt nvlv ntrtn rthr thn xtnn nd dvl pnt f ntntl nd, t r fr rthr thn nt th tt f nrl rprn—n ht p f "ntttnlzd dbltn." h lttr ppr t b vtl ftr n th n f th thrtrn prnlt f r t.

It h ftn bn ntd tht dvnd ndtrl vlztn prt th rtr dr f xl frd—"prt" n th n tht th lttr b rt vl nd ftr f l r. Wtht n t b n ntrnt f lbr, th bd lld t xhbt t xl ftr n th vrd r rld nd n r rltn. h n f th n hvnt f ndtrl t—rndrd pbl b th rdtn f drt nd hv phl lbr b th vlblt f hp, ttrtv lthn, bt ltr, nd phl hn 8 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY b th rrnt f th dvrtn ndtr, t. h x ff nd l rl, th hnd, vrl jnr xtv nd flr lr r hhl rtbl dt, nd th p n f tbl tr—n th prrtv f n, prn, nd lrd—fltt th rr f vn th l xltd rn n th bn nt. ntnl, n rtt, prt th trnd. Shp nd ff pn thlv thrh h l nd nd xp thr prnnl nd, hh ntr nd nn trnprnt prttn r n dn. h rrn f prv n v prtnt h nd brbn h br th brrr hh frrl prtd th ndvdl fr th pbl xtn nd xp r l th ttrtv lt f thr v nd thr hbnd. h lztn nt ntrdtr bt plntr t th drtztn f th nvrnnt. Sx ntrtd nt r nd pbl rltn nd th d r ptbl t (ntrlld tftn hnl prr nd r frt bl lvn prt th tt nln f lbdnl pnnt nt th rl f dt prdtn nd xhn t n ttr h ntrlld th blztn f ntntl nr b (t t nt t ntf n nt f lbd, n ttr h h t rv prp fr th tt —t l rtfn t th nd ndvdl, jt rn th tbrd tr, phn th pr ln r, nd pdn th tbl r fn. h blztn nd dntrtn f lbd nt fr h f th vlntr pln, th bn f trrr, th prtblhd hrn btn ndvdl nd nd ll rrd dr, l, nd prtn. h thnll nd pltl nt f th trnndn ftr n hn xt n, hrtrt f dvnd ndtrl vlztn, hr rt tlf n th ntntl phr: tftn n hh nrt bn nd n th rtnlt f prtt. E COQUES O E UAY COSCIOUSESS h rn f ll prbl nd drbl tftn rtl nlrd, bt thrh th tftn, th lr rnpl rdd—dprvd f th l hh r rrnlbl th th tblhd t. lr, th djtd, nrt bn. In ntrt t th plr f djtd dbltn, b ltn prrv th nn f th rnntn hh th rprv t nflt pn th ndvdl, nd thrb prrv th nd fr lbrtn. b r, ll bltn nfrd b th pr f t, bt th nhpp n n f th pr lrd br thrh lntn. b r, ll bltn pt th l brrr t ntntl rtftn, bt t l trnr th brrr. h Spr, n nrn th nn nd n plnt n nn, l nr th nr b th dvlpd nn rtr th frbddn vl t nt nl n th nd vdl bt l n h t. Cnvrl, l f nn d t th tftr lbrt rntd b n nfr t fr hpp nn hh fltt ptn f th dd f th t. It th tn f dlnn tn nd prhnn. Sbltn dnd hh dr f tn nd prhnn t dtn btn th n nd th nn, btn th prr nd ndr pr , btn th ntllt nd ntnt, rnntn nd rbl ln. In t t plhd d, h n th rtt vr, bltn b th ntv pr hh dft pprn hl bn t t. In th lht f th ntv fntn f th d f bl tn, th dbltn rpnt n dvnd ndtrl t rvl t trl nfrt fntn. h lbrtn f xlt (nd f rvn fr th ntntl drv fr h f th nhppn nd dntnt tht ldt th rprv pr f th tblhd nvr f tftn. b r, thr prvv nhppn, nd th hpp nn 80 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY h nh— thn rf vr fr, frtrtn, nd dt. h nhppn lnd tlf l t pltl blztn tht r fr n dvlpnt, t b th ntntl rrvr fr n ft f lf nd dth. t thr r n n hh th nhppn bnth th hpp nn b trnd nt r f trnth nd hn fr th l rdr. h nflt f th nhpp ndvdl n fr r nbl t r thn th hh d fr rd "dntnt n vlztn," nd th r dtl dfnd n tr f th "nrt prn lt f r t" thn n tr f th trnl trl btn Er nd hnt.

h n hh ntrlld dbltn n th ntntl rvlt nt th tblhd lt rnpl b llntd b th ntrt btn th rprnttn f xl t n ll nd rnt ltrtr nd n r ntprr ltrtr. If n lt, fr n th r hh r, n thr vr btn nd nnr fr, dtrnd b th rt tnt, h ntll dffrnt xpl n hdr, Gth Whlvrndthftn, dlr lr d Ml, lt Ann Krnn, xlt ntntl ppr n hhl bltd, "dtd," rfltv fr—bt n th fr, t blt, nprn, nndtnl. h dnn f Er , fr th bnnn, l tht f hnt lfllnt dtrtn, nt n rl r ll bt n n ntll n. It bnd d nd vl, bnd l rlt, nd th t rn bnd th rh f th tblhd lt rnpl, hh th Er rf nd xpld. In ntrt, dbltd xlt rpnt n Oll lhl nd lnr v, n th Strtr d r nd ndr th t n f, n lt, n ll th tr f lld nd Yr r, nd th dvntr f brbn hv. h nfntl r rlt, drn, nnhbtd. It prt nd E COQUES O E UAY COSCIOUSESS 81 prl f th t n hh t hppn, bt nhr t ntn. Wht hppn rl ld nd bn, vrl nd tt, t rl—nd, prl b f tht, prftl hrl. rd fr th bltd fr hh th vr tn f t rrnlbl dr— fr hh th tl, th ln n hh th tr tld—xlt trn nt vhl fr th btllr f pprn. It ld nt b d f n f th x n n ntprr ltrtr ht lz f th hr Ethr: tht hr th tndrn hh bl nl n nfnt. h t trn vrthn t th nt ptn tl r f prr nd f xplttn, f drdr nd t ftn, f frd nd f pprn. Sxlt n xptn.

h npt f ntrlld dbltn ld pl th pblt f ltn rl f rprd xlt nd rvn, pblt hh nptbl th rd ntn f th fxd nt f ntntl nr vl bl fr dtrbtn btn th t prr drv. Ardn t rd, trnthnn f xlt (lbd ld nrl nvlv nn f rvn, nd v vr. vr, f th ll prttd nd nrd rl f lbd ld b tht f prtl nd llzd xlt, t ld b tntnt t n tl prn f rt nr, nd th dbltn ld b ptbl th th rth f nbltd ll bltd fr f rvn. h lttr rpnt thrht ntprr ndtrl t. t ttnd dr f nrlztn hr th nd vdl r ttn d t th r f thr n dltn nd dntrtn n th r f nrl ntnl prprdn? Or th n ntrl d t thr ptn t d h bt t? In n , th r f vdbl, nd dtr tn h b nrl pnt n th ntl ll trl hhld f th ppl, tht t n n lnr rv 82 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY t ndt r rft th tblhd l t. Mrvr, prt f thr dl hhld, t vn t th t th t. h n nd pltl nntn btn th blt n nd th hh tndrd f lvn (nd th drd lvl f plnt trnprnt nh, bt l rtnl nh t b ptd. An tht th trtn Intnt (n th lt nl: th th Intnt lr pnnt f th nr hh fd th thnl nt f n nd ntr, t tht t rn pt t nplt thnl prr l nr t pt t nplt nd ntrl th ntnt, .., t tf t "prdtvl." hn l hn ld b trnthnd t th dpt ntntl rt. h pr r, nd vn th ft f r ld t, nt nl th hlpl ptn, bt l th ntntl pprvl n th prt f th vt. r t, ld hv ntrlld dbltn. Intttnlzd dbltn th ppr t b n pt f th "nt f trnndn" hvd b th n dnnl t. t th t tnd t rd, nd vn brb pptn (th lttv dffrn n th rl f plt nd hhr ltr, t d n th ntntl phr. h rlt th trph f th ntl rn fr rpn th ntrdtn nd th ltrntv nd, n th n rnn dnn f thnll rtnlt, th pp Cnn t prvl. It rflt th blf tht th rl rtnl, nd tht th tb lhd t, n pt f vrthn, dlvr th d. h ppl r ld t fnd n th prdtv pprt th fftv nt f thht nd tn t hh thr prnl thht nd tn n nd t b rrndrd. And n th trnfr, th pprt l th rl f rl nt. Cnn blvd b rftn, b th nrl nt f thn. In th nrl nt, lt h n pl. On n n v th nl tht ldt hndrd nd thnd f ppl, E COQUES O E UAY COSCIOUSESS 8

thn dlr hlf fr fr ll pn f nn, nd lv hppl vr ftr. h ntft pr h bt f n th bttlfld rp th bnft f th z ntt, nrl, nd nnr th hv th htrl dvnt f th ltrnr. Wht bn th hrrr f th nntrtn p trn nt th prt f trnn ppl fr bnrl ndtn— b trrnn hn xtn nd th dl nt f rdtv nrhnt. A Chrtn ntr dlr tht t d nt n trdt Chrtn prnpl t prvnt th ll vlbl n r nhbr fr ntrn r bb hltr. Anthr Chr tn ntr ntrdt h ll nd t d. Wh rht? An, th ntrlt f thnll rtnlt h frth vr nd bv plt, nd n t h frth pr, fr n bth , t rv th plt f dntn.

"h rld f th nntrtn p ... nt n xptnll ntr t. Wht thr th , nd n n th ntn, f th nfrnl t nt hh r plnd vr d."

It tht vn th t hd trnrn n b rprd n h nnr tht, fr ll prtl prp, th hv d t b dnr fr t. Or, f thr rptn ld t fntnl dtrbn n th ndvdl ( n th f n rh plt, t d nt dtrb th fntnn f t. A ntl hptl n th dtrbn. h pp Cnn h n lt—t rrn

E. ln, n vll v nn:U, l 6, td n ndn trr Spplnt, Mrh 4, 60. rn Khn t n A td (M 2206C tht " td hld b d f th rvvl f ppltn n nvrnnt lr t vrrdd hltr (nntrtn p, n nd Grn f rdd frht r, trphp, rdd prn . . . t.. S fl dn prnpl ht b fnd nd dptd t th hltr prr." 84 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

th dth nd dfrtn n hh fn, t r, nd tr t prtn x n rrdn l hrn. h nd Crprtn, hh nt hlrhp, rrh, th ltr, th dt, nd th d lf, rprt h n tl f blvn tn, n t "A ," vl , nbr , ndr th hdn EI SAE A SOY. h rt r rttln, th bb tn, nd th pflht r fln, nd th prbl "h t rd th ntn nd th fr rld." In ll th, th ltr plnnr r rrd, fr "th t f tn hn, f xprntn nd n t, b frfll hh." t hr A n A rlv, nd "dv l AS SAE nt th ptr." h ptr nt hh th nlfd. It ptr n hh "th rld b p, l rl bl [ln lv th thn pr f bl], nd r jt [jt] pln nd lltn rttn dn n ppr . . ." In th ptr, A h trnfrd th rld nt n ntrtn thnll , nd n n rlx—th "ltr plnnr n n vlbl `ntht xprn tht r."

AYIG E GAME

ndrtnd th n hld prtpt, fr ndr tndn "n th xprn." SAE plr hv fr lt vr dprt nt t A ll th Ar r, ht fnd ph t, n nnr, nd n nt n th l t. h d t ll rprnt lr rtn. h frt d tn p b jnt brfn n ht th ll bt nd td f th rl. Whn th t r fnll td rnd th p n thr rptv r th bn. Eh t rv t pl ttnt fr th G rtr. h ttnt, ll prprd b br f th Cntrl Grp, v n tt f th rld ttn t E COQUES O E UAY COSCIOUSESS 8

th t f pln, nfrtn n th pl f th ppn t, th bjtv t b t b th t, nd th t bdt. (h pl r hnd fr h t xplr d rn f trt pblt. In r hpthtl , l bjtv t ntn dtrrnt pblt thrht th —tht , ntn fr tht pbl f trn b t d d ll b nlln t r n tt. (l l rv nfrtn n th d pl. d pl t hv fr prrt vr l. h bdt f l nd d pr th tl dfn bdt ...

It frtn t hr tht th h bn pld n 6 t A, "dn n r lbrnthn bnt— hr ndr th Sn r," nd tht "Mn n th ll f th d nd l r lt vlbl pn nd hrdr tht th t b . . . Abt vnt t n ll." hr "G rtr" h ntrprt rl, fr lthh "th rl b plt th dr nd lltrtn 66 p," prbl nvtbl r drn th pl. h G rtr l h nthr prtnt fntn: "tht prvl ntf n th plr," h "ntrd r t t r f th fftvn f th ltr fr n bn." t thn, th p tn nnn "Cff, C, nd Id." lx h " ntn thrh th rnn prd—t 2 hn t nd. hn th l nd d t br th l nd t dn tthr fr ff nd t th pt rt n." t dnt rlx t h: thr "n rlrld ttn tht nt b trnpd fftvl t SAE," nd tht — "nttn." W r rtfl fr t: th n hp tht lft n th rl rld ttn bnd th rh f A. Obvl, n th rl f th pp Cnn, lt fln h n pl, nd th ll t r f nn. 86 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

Whn th hl t t, thr n r xpt tht f rjtn th hl, r nt dfndn t. Cr, lt, nd lt fln b prvt ffr. rd rvld n th ph f th ndvdl th r f nnd, n th ndvdl htr th htr f th hl. h ftl ln fll pprd. h h dntf thlv th th hl, h r ntlld th ldr nd dfndr f th hl n t, bt th nnt d rn—th r nt lt. h b lt n hn th dntftn n lnr hld, hn th r n. 4

E COSIG O E UIESE O ISCOUSE

"n ltt prnt d ltr, tt rtr plt n pt nfrr n nvr plr, d tt rtr ntl ltll n pt nttr n prlttrtr, n pl dr n n."

"In th prnt tt f htr, ll pltl rtn n nl nfr plnvr, jt ll ntlltl rtn n nl prd prltrtr hh d nt dr n lnr t tll t n." lnd rth

h pp Cnn—th blf tht th rl rtnl nd tht th t dlvr th d—rflt th n n fr hh ft f thnll rtnlt trnltd nt l bhvr. It n b t rtnl t n nprdntd dr. It tn t hh h rdd— nd n t t dvnd r lntd—th r prtv rrtnlt f th prdn t, hh prln nd prv lf r rlrl thn bfr. h r f nnhltn 88 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

h nt t rrd th z xtrntn p hv bn blhd. h pp Cnn rpl th nntn. r tr h bn rntrdd nrl ffr, bt n lnl r hh t pl t th rn f th vlzd rld. And thr t prtd th d nn fr r r. And th r, t, t th rn—t rv nl th

" ndrdvlpd" ntr. Othr, p rn. h pr vr n hh th t h rd dl blvd b t ff nd prdtvn. If t lt vrthn t th, f t brb th pptn, f t pl th th ntrdtn, t dntrt t ltrl prrt. And n th th dtrtn f rr nd th prlfrtn f t dntrt t pln nd th "hh lvl f llbn" "th Cnt t ll ff t r"

E AGUAGE O OA AMIISAIO

h rt f llbn, th prdtv prtrtr vr th nhpp b f t, prt th "d" hh dt btn th tr nd thr dpndnt. It pblt nt hp th nvr f ntn n hh th n dnnl bhvr xpr tlf. It ln ttf t dntftn nd nftn, t th tt prtn f ptv thnn nd dn, t th nrtd tt n trn ndnt, rtl ntn. In th prvln d f ph, th ntrt ppr btn tdnnl, dltl d f thht nd thnll bhvr r l "hbt f thht." In th xprn f th hbt f thht, th tnn btn pprn nd rlt, ft nd ftr, btn nd ttrbt tnd t dppr. h lnt f tn,

hn K. Glbrth, Arn Cptl (tn, htn Mffln, 6 , p. 6. E COSIG O E UIESE O ISCOUSE 8 dvr, dntrtn, nd rt rd bfr dn tn, rtn, nd ttn. Ml, thrtrn nd rtl lnt prt ph nd ln. r dprvd f th dtn hh r th t f th pr f n tn nd ntv vltn. h npt hh prhnd th ft nd thrb trnnd th ft r ln thr thn t lnt rprnttn. Wtht th dtn, ln tnd t xpr nd prt th dt dntftn f rn nd ft, trth nd tblhd trth, n nd xtn, th thn nd t fntn. h dntftn, hh pprd ftr f pr tnl, 2 rppr ftr f dr n l bhvr. r fntnlztn f ln hlp t rpl nn nfrt lnt fr th trtr nd vnt f ph. blr nd ntx r ll fftd. St xpr t rrnt drtl n th lnt trl bt nt tht pptn th pplr ln tr th pt fl nd dfnt hr t th ffl nd ffl dr. Sln nd lll ph hv rrl bn rtv. It f th n n (r h nn pn ld n h ph rt h hnt nt th pr tht b, f th rjtn nd rvlt, bdd n th pltl phr, ld brt t n th vblr tht ll thn b thr n: "hd hrnr" nd "hd," "bb tb," "thn tn," "bt t" nd "d t," nd "n, n, n." vr, th dfn lbrtr nd th xtv ff, th vrnnt nd th hn, th tpr nd n r, th ffn xprt nd th pltl bt prlr (hh prvd th ldr th th pprprt p p dffrnt ln nd, fr th t bn, th t hv th lt rd. It th rd tht rdr nd rnz, tht nd ppl t d, t b, nd t pt. It trnttd n

2 S p. 4. 0 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

tl hh vrtbl lnt rtn ntx n hh th trtr f th ntn brdd nd ndnd n h tht n tnn, n "p" lft btn th prt f th ntn. h lnt fr ltt nt dvlpnt f nn. I hll prntl tr t lltrt th tl. h ftr f prtnl—t th npt n n th th rrpndn t f prtn 3—rr n th lnt tndn "t ndr th n f thn bn ndtv t th t f thr nnr f fntnn, nd th n f prprt nd pr bll f th pprt d t dtt r prd th." 4 h thn ll rnn, hh tnd "t dntf thn nd thr fntn." A hbt f thht td th ntf nd thnl ln , h rnn hp th xprn f pf l nd pltl bhvr. In th bhvrl nvr, rd nd npt tnd t nd, r rthr th npt tnd t b brbd b th rd. h frr h n thr ntnt thn tht dntd b th rd n th pblzd nd tndrdzd , nd th rd xptd t hv n thr rpn thn th pblzd nd tndrdzd bhvr (rtn. h rd b lh nd, lhé, vrn th ph r th rtn th ntn th prld nn dvlpnt f nn. b r, n ln ntn nnrbl tr hh d nt rr dvlpnt f thr nn, h th tr dntn th bjt nd plnt f dl lf, vbl ntr, vtl nd nd nt. h tr r nrll ndr td tht thr r pprn prd rpn

S p. . 4 Stnl Grr, "n nd Sn," n: hlph f Sn, Aprl 42, p. 6. Ibd. E COSIG O E UIESE O ISCOUSE

(lnt r prtnl dt t th prt ntxt n hh th r pn. h ttn vr dffrnt th rpt t tr hh dnt thn r rrn bnd th nnntrvrl n txt. r, th fntnlztn f ln xpr n brdnt f nn hh h pltl nnttn. h n f thn r nt nl "ndtv f thr nnr f fntnn," bt thr (tl nnr f fntnn l dfn nd "l" th nn f th thn, xldn thr nnr f fntnn. h nn vrn th ntn n n thrtrn nd ttltrn fhn, nd th ntn b dlrtn t b ptd—t rpl dntrtn, lftn, ntn f t dfd nd dlrd nn. At th ndl pnt f th nvr f pbl dr, lf vldtn, nltl prptn ppr hh fntn l rtl frl. rd nd rhrd nt th rpnt nd, th prd th fft f nln t thn th rl f th ndtn prrbd b th frl. I hv lrd rfrrd t th lfvldtn hpth prptnl fr n th nvr f pltl dr. Sh nn "frd," "lt," "dr," nd "p" pl, nltll, pf t f ttrbt hh r nvrbl hn th nn pn r rttn. In th Wt, th nlt prdtn n h tr fr ntrpr, nttv, ltn, ndvdl n th Et n tr f rr nd p nt, bldn n r l, bltn f htl l. On thr d, trnrn f th dr bnd th dd nltl trtr nrrt r prpnd, lthh th n f nfrn th trth nd th dr f pnhnt r vr dffrnt. In th nvr f pbl dr, ph v n nn nd ttl tll, t nvr v trd th lttv dffrn. h nlt trtr nlt

6 S p. 6. 2 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

th vrnn nn fr th f t ntnt hh ld nvldt r t lt dtrb th ptd f th nn n ttnt f pl nd pbl pnn. h rtlzd npt d n nt ntrdtn. h, th ft tht th prvln d f frd rv td, nd tht th prvln d f lt prpd nlt brrd fr xprn b th ld dfntn f th npt n tr f th pr hh hp th rpt v nvr f dr. h rlt th flr Orlln ln ("p r" nd "r p," t., hh b n n tht f trrrt ttltrn nl. r t n l Orlln f th ntrdtn nt d xplt n th n tn bt nld n th nn. ht pltl prt hh r fr th dfn nd rth f ptl lld "Sl t," nd dpt vrnnt "drt," nd rd ltn "fr" r flr lnt—nd pltl—ftr hh ln prdt Orll. ltvl n th nrl ptn f th l b pbl nd prvt pnn, th pprn f thr ntr ntnt. h prd nd th fftvn f th ln ttf t th trph f t vr th ntrdtn hh t ntn th r rprdd tht xpldn th l t. And t th tpn, bltnt ntrdtn hh d nt dv f ph nd pblt. h ntx f brdnt pr l th rnltn f ppt b ldn th tthr n fr nd flr trtr. I hll ttpt t h tht th "dn bb" nd th "hrl fllt" r nl th xtr rtn f nrl tl. On ndrd th prnpl ffn nt l, th ntrdtn n ppr prn pl f th l f npltn—rlt rtr f dlt . It th l f t hh n ffrd t dpn th l nd pl th dtrtn, t th thnll tr f nd nd ttr. h nvr f dr n hh th ppt r E COSIG O E UIESE O ISCOUSE rnld h fr b fr h nftn—t bnfl dtrtvn. tl rlztn jn frrl ntn t phr f lf, nd th nn xpr tlf n th th lnt njntn f nfltn prt f ph. nd nt t ffntl ndtnd, h f th pbl pn nd prntn ppr ttrl rrlt. Cptn h "br Sn Ml rn, nd dvrtnt h "xr llOt Shltr" 8 tll v th nïv rtn tht "br," "Ml," nd "rn" r rrnlbl ntrd tn, nd tht n l nd n ln hld b pbl f rrtl jnn lxr nd fllt. vr, th l nd th ln b prftl rtnl hn lrn tht "nlrprd, blltlfrn brn" "rr pr t f $20,000,000" nd tht "rptn, rbbl nd " r prvdd n th $,000 dl f th hltr. h vld tn nt prrl n th ft tht th ln ll (t tht th fllt bn nt d bt rthr tht t prt th dt dntftn f th prtlr th th nrl ntrt, n th tnl r, prprt th th nnhltn ptntl. It nl lp f th trth f thtr nnn "Spl Eltn Ev lf., Strndbr n f th." h nnnnt rvl th nntn n l dll fr thn nrll dttd.

h nftn f ppt hh hrtrz th rl nd pltl tl n f th n n hh dr nd ntn thlv n nt th xprn f prtt nd rfl. n h prtt nd rfl fnd th rht rd hn th rn f th tblhd rdr dt nd dvrt tht p rll th brn f r,

Yr , br , 60. 8 Ibd., vbr 2, 60. Ibd., vbr , 60. 94 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY tht th ltt pn rr thr prftbl pr t, nd tht th bb hltr pll zn? In xhbtn t n trdtn th tn f t trth, th nvr f dr l tlf nt n thr dr hh nt n t n tr. And, b t pt t lt ll thr tr t t n, t ffr th prpt f bnn th rtt pbl tlr n th th rtt pbl nt. vrthl t ln ttf t th rprv hrtr f th nt. h ln p n ntrtn hh p pn th rpnt th lntd nd brdd nn, th bld dvlpnt f n tnt, th ptn f tht hh ffrd n th fr n hh t ffrd. h nlt prdtn h rprv ntrtn. h ft tht pf nn lt l pld th th "xpltr" djtv nd ttrbt th n tn nt hpnt frl hh, ndll rptd, fx th nn n th rpnt nd d nt thn f ntll dffrnt (nd pbl tr xpltn f th nn. tr hll xn thr ntrtn n hh th thrtrn hrtr f th ln rvl tlf h hv n n tlpn nd brdnt f ntx hh t ff dvlpnt f nn b rtn fxd hh p thlv th n vrhln nd ptrfd nrtn. It th llnn thn f th dvrt nt ndtr, hr t thdll d fr "tblhn n " hh t t th nd nd t th prdt, nd hlp t ll th n nd th d. Sph nd rtn r rpd rnd "pt ln" nd "dn rr" hh nv th . h b "frd" r "p," r th "n " r th "nt" r "M hnld." h rdr r ltnr xptd t t (nd d t th th fxtd trtr f ntttn, tttd, prtn, nd h xptd t rt n fxtd, pf nnr. E COSIG O E UIESE O ISCOUSE

nd th rltvl hrl phr f rhndn, th nn r rthr r, fr h ln t n nd th t "ntdtn nd lrftn." I° rptn th fr f tv nd th r vtv rthr thn dntrtv. rdtn b prrptn th hl ntn h hpnt hrtr. At th t t tnd th fl flrt—th rlt f ntnt rpttn, nd f th llfll nd pplr drtn f th ntn. h rlt tlf t th rpnt dtl—tht dtn f tt, dtn, nd ff—nd ht h r hr n th nfrl tphr f th lvn r, thn, nd bdr. h flrt tblhd thrh prnlzd ln, hh pl ndrbl rl n dvnd rn ntn. I It "r" nrn, "r" hh, "r" fvrt drtr, "r" nppr t brht "t ," t nvt "," t. In th nnr, prpd, tndrdzd, nd nrl thn nd fntn r prntd "pll fr ." It lttl dffrn hthr r nt th ndvdl th ddrd blv t. It ndt tht t prt th lfdntftn f th ndvdl th th fntn hh th nd th thr prfr. In th t dvnd tr f fntnl nd npltd ntn, ln p n trl trn ntr tn th thrtrn dntftn f prn nd fntn. zn rv n xtr xpl f th trnd. It f th nfltnl ntv ndvdl ppr t b r ppnd r prprt f thr pl, thr jb, thr plr, r ntrpr. h r ntrdd rn rd,

I° , Le Degre zero d Ficriture (Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1953), p. 33. " See Leo Lowenthal, Literature, , and (Prentice-Hall, 1961), p. 109ff. and Richard Hoggart, The Uses of Literacy (Boston, , 1961), p. 161ff. 6 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

U. S. Stl lh, Ept r. A hphntd ttrbtv ntrtn rt fxd ndr:

"Gr hhhndd, lbrd vrnr ... hd th t ll t fr n f h ld pltl rll lt ."

h vrnr, h fntn, h phl ftr, nd h pltl prt r fd tthr nt n ndvbl nd tbl trtr hh, n t ntrl nnn nd d, vrhl th rdr nd h trtr lv n p fr dtntn, dvlpnt, dffrnttn f nn t v nd lv nl hl. ntd b h prnl zd nd hpnt , th rtl n thn prd t v vn ntl nfrtn. h nrrtv rn fl thn th lldtd frr f r r l hn ntrt tr dfnd b th pblhr pl. U f th hphnzd brdnt dprd. r xpl, "brhbrd" llr, th "fthr f th bb," "bllhldrd ln vn rn," "nltr dnnr" nd th "nlrprd, blltlfrn" brn. Sh ntrtn r, prhp nt dntll, pr tlrl frnt n phr jnn thnl, plt, nd th ltr. r dntn t dffrnt phr r lt r frd tthr nt ld, vrprn hl. h fft n l nd hpnt n—th prj tn f hh nv rrtbl nt, hrn f n trdtn. h th lvd nd frd thr, th pndr f lf, nrt th bb fr th nnhltn f lf "n ltr" jn th ffrt t rd nxt nd ffrn th th jb f rtn nxt nd ffrn. Or, tht th

h ttnt rfr, nt t th prnt Gvrnr, bt t Mr. ld. h lt thr t td n h tn, b. 22, 8. E COSIG O E UIESE O ISCOUSE

hphn, th rd Ad f ld r plt: 4 nd th "ln bb"—ttrbtn t dtrtn rl nd phl ntrt. pl h p nd pt h ln t b n t vrthn—nd ptbl t vrthn. phn tn (xplt r nt d nt l rnl th rrnl bl frntl, th bn t ntl— n th f th "bllhldrd ln"—r t nv thrt, r n nprn dn. t th fft lr. h pn tr tr nt th tr nd tn f vln, pr, prttn, nd prpnd n n lhtnn flh. W th n r th thn n prtn nd nl n prtn—t nnt b thr.

t n brdnt. AO, SEAO, U, ACIO, AEC, bt l USS, , t. Mt f th bbrvtn r prftl rnbl nd jtfd b th lnth f th nbbrvtd dnt. vr, n ht vntr t n f th

" nnn f n"—th bbrvtn hlp t rpr ndrd tn. AO d nt t ht rth Atlnt rt Ornztn , nl, trt n th ntn n th rthAtlnt—n hh n ht tn bt th brhp f Gr nd r. USS bbrvt Sl nd Svt : drt. U dpn th nd ph n "ntd" SEAO th th SthtAn ntr hh d nt bln t t. ACIO ntb th rd l pltl dffrn hh n prtd th t rnz tn, nd AEC jt n dntrtv n n n thr. h bbrvtn dnt tht nd nl tht hh ntttnlzd n h tht th trnndn nnttn

4 A tn f f zn, td n h tn, At 20, 60. Ard n t vd Srnff, bll t tblh h n Ad bfr Cnr. S hn K. p, Adl Stvnn, nd thr, h tnl rp (prdd ndr th prvn nd th th hlp f th dtrl tff f f zn, Yr, lt, nhrt nd Wntn, 60, p. 8. 8 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY t ff. h nn fxd, dtrd, ldd. On t h b n ffl vbl, ntntl rptd n nrl , "ntnd" b th ntlltl, t h lt ll ntv vl nd rv rl fr rntn f n ntnbl ft.

h tl f n vrhln nrtn. h "thn dnt fd th t fntn" r rl thn th thn dtnhd fr t fntn, nd th lnt xprn f th dntf tn (n th fntnl nn, nd n th n fr f nttl brdnt rt b vblr nd ntx hh tnd n th f dffrnttn, prtn, nd d tntn. h ln, hh ntntl p , l tt nt th dvlpnt nd xprn f npt. In t d nd drtn, t pd nptl thnn th, t pd thnn. r th npt d nt dntf th thn nd t fntn. Sh dntftn ll b th ltt nd prhp vn th nl nn f th prtnl nd th nll npt, bt prtnl nd thnll dfntn r pf f npt fr pf prp. Mrvr, th dlv npt n prtn nd xdd th nptl ntnt hh ppd t h dltn. rr t t pr tnl , th npt dn th dntftn f th thn th t fntn t dtnh tht hh th thn fr th ntnnt fntn f th thn n th tblhd rlt. h prvlnt tndn f ph, hh rpl th d tntn, r xprv f th hn n th d f thht dd n th rlr hptr—th fntnlzd, brdd nd nfd ln th ln f ndnnl thht. In rdr t lltrt t nvlt, I hll ntrt t brfl th ll phlph f rr hh trnnd th bhvrl nvr nd rlt lnt t ntll tr. Ardn t th phlph, th rtl bjt f ntn frt "btn" nd rn h n th vr E COSIG O E UIESE O ISCOUSE

tt, fntn, nd lt hh th ntn prdt f th bjt. It tvl r pvl rltd t t prdt bt rn dffrnt fr th. If t nt prpr nn, th bjt r thn nn: t n th npt f thn, nvrl hh th ntn dfn n prtlr tt r fntn. h rtl bjt th rr nn n x f tht xprd n th ntn. In th rd f Wlhl vn bldt: th nn r tl bjt dnt thn tht "n ntr nt rtn rltnhp, bt nt dntl th th rltnhp. Mrvr, t rn ht t n nd "nt" th rltn hp t thr "nvrl" nd btntv r. h prp tnl nth ln th tn (r tt th th bjt n h nnr tht th bjt dntd th tr (r brr nd th dtnhd fr th tt r fntn n hh t hppn t b. In n: "lhtnn tr," n "thn nt rl f th trn lhtnn, bt f th lhtnn tlf hh tr," f bjt hh "pd nt tn." And f ntn v dfntn f t bjt, t d nt dlv th bjt n t tt nd fntn, bt dfn t bn n th tt, r xrn th fntn. thr dppr n n t prdt nr xtn n ntt bfr nd td t prdt, th bjt nttt tlf n t prdt— th rlt f pr f dtn hh xprd n th ntn. 6

I hv lldd t th phlph f rr n rdr t llnt th xtnt t hh th lnt brdnt ndt n brdnt f thht hh th n trn frtf

" W. v. bldt, Obr d rhdnht d nhlhn Sphb, rprnt rln 6, p.24. 6 S fr th phlph f rr n dltl l l npt f th "btn bjt" nd f th "pltv ntn" n th rf t th hnnl f th Sprt. 00 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

nd prt. Intn n th phlphl lnt n rr, n th ln btn th rtl, ll, nd ntll "bjt," pnt p th ntnt hh r p prd n th fntnl ln, brrd fr xprn nd ntn. Abrdnt f th npt n fxd rrtd dvlpnt n lfvldtn, hpnt frl nt nt ntrdtn dntftn f th thn (nd f th prn th t fntn—th tndn rvl th ndnnl nd n th ln t p. If th lnt bhvr bl nptl dvlpnt, f t ltt nt btrtn nd dtn, f t rrndr t th dt ft, t rpl rntn f th ftr bhnd th ft, nd th rpl rntn f th ft, nd f thr htr l ntnt. In nd fr th t, th rnztn f fn tnl dr f vtl prtn t rv vhl f rdntn nd brdntn. h nfd, fntnl ln n rrnlbl ntrtl nd ntdltl ln. In t, prtnl nd bhvrl rtnlt brb th trnndnt, ntv, pptnl lnt f n. I hll d" th lnt n tr f th tnn btn th "" nd th "ht," btn n nd ppr n, ptntlt nd tlt—nrn f th ntv n th ptv dtrntn f l. h tnd tnn pr t th tdnnl nvr f dr hh th nvr f rtl, btrt thht. h t dnn r ntnt t h thr th rlt prt f bth f th, nd th dltl npt dvlp th rl ntrdtn. In t n dvlpnt, dltl thht t prhnd th htrl hrtr f th ntrdtn nd th pr f thr dtn htrl pr. h th "thr" dnn f thht pprd t b htrl dnn—th ptntlt htrl pblt, t rlztn htrl vnt.

In hptr bl E COSIG O E UIESE O ISCOUSE 0 h pprn f th dnn n th tl nvr f prtnl rtnlt pprn f htr, nd th nt n d bt pltl ffr. It pprn f th t n pt—nd f t ftr, nh th ftr nv th lttv hn, th ntn f th prnt. A nvr f dr n hh th tr f frd hv b ntrhnbl nd vn dntl th thr ppt nt nl prtn Orlln r Apn ln bt rpln nd frttn th htrl rlt—th hrrr f f th d f l th prndtn f dr th ntnt f frd. If brrt dttrhp rl nd dfn nt t, f ft r r fntnn prtnr f th r Wrld, f th lfr prr f nlhtnd ptl fll dftd b lbln t "l," f th fndtn f dr r hrnl brtd n d r, thn th ld htrl npt r nvldtd b pt dt prtnl rdfntn. h rdfntn r flftn hh, pd b th pr tht b nd th pr f ft, rv t trnfr flhd nt trth. h fntnl ln rdll nthtrl ln: prtnl rtnlt h lttl r nd lttl fr htrl rn. I th fht nt htr prt f th fht nt dnn f th nd n hh ntrfl flt nd fr ht dvlp—flt nd fr tht ht hndr th ttl rdntn f th ndvdl th th t? brn f th pt v r t dnr nht, nd th tb lhd t t b pprhnv f th bvrv n tnt f r. brn d f dtn fr

8 h d nt n tht htr, prvt r nrl, dppr fr th nvr f dr. h pt vd ftn nh: b t th ndn thr, r MrxEnlnn, r th hbl rn f prdntl n ddt. vr th t, r rtlzd nvtn hh d nt ll dvl pnt f th ntnt rlld frntl, th r nvtn rv t bl h dvlpnt, hh ld h t htrl prprt. 02 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

th vn ft, d f "dtn" hh br, fr hrt nt, th nprnt pr f th vn ft. Mr rll th trrr nd th hp tht pd. th t lf n, bt hr n rlt, th frr rr n vr n fr, th lttr rn hp. And n th prnl vnt hh rppr n th ndvdl r, th fr nd prtn f nnd rt thlv—th nvrl n th prtlr. It htr hh r prrv. It b t th ttltrn pr f th bhvrl nvr:

"Shrbld nr Mnhht hn Ernnrn t n bl rfllprdt ndrn t t dr rt hrttlht d brrlhn rnzp ntnd vrnOpft." "Onn nd Szln Wrnr Sbrt nd Mx Wbr hbn d rnzp d rdtnl dn fdln Gllhftfrn zrdnt nd d dr tnltt dn brrlhn. t br nht nr, l d Ernnrn, t, Gdhtn vn dr frthrtndn brrlhn Gllhft lbr l n Art rrtnlr t ldrt

rd ..."

If th prrn rtnlt f dvnd ndtrl t tnd t ldt, n "rrtnl rt," th dtrbn lnt f nd Mr, t l tnd t ldt th

"h ptr f n tht r . . . r thn n pt f dln—t nrl lnd th th prnpl f prr n br t." "Ent nd lt h Wrnr Sbrt nd Mx Wbr rrltd th prnpl f trdtn t fdl, nd tht f rtnlt t br, fr f t. h n n l thn tht th dvnn br t ldt Mr, , lltn rrtnl lftvr f th pt . ." h. W Adrn, "W bdtt Afrbtn dr rnnht?", n: rht fbr d Erzhrnfrnz 6 nd . vbr n Wbdn rnfrt 60, p. 4. h trl nt htr ll b frthr dd n hptr . E COSIG O E UIESE O ISCOUSE 0 dtrbn rtnlt ntnd n th rrtnl rt. n tn nd rltn t th pt prnt ntrt th fn tnlztn f thht b nd n th tblhd rlt. It ltt nt th dn f th nvr f dr nd bhvr t rndr pbl th dvlpnt f npt hh dtblz nd trnnd th dd nvr b prhndn t htrl nvr. Cnfrntd th th vn t bjt f t rfltn, rtl thht b h trl nn h, t ntll jdnt. 2° r fr nttn n ndffrnt rltv, t rh n th rl htr f n fr th rtr f trth nd flhd, prr nd rrn. h dtn f th pt th th prnt dvr th ftr hh d th ft, hh dtrnd th f lf, hh tblhd th tr nd th rvnt t prjt th lt nd th ltrntv. Whn th rtl nn p, t p "l ln d l nnn" (lnd rth hh br pn dd nvr f dr nd t ptrfd trtr. h tr f th ln r nt hpnt nn hh v ndll th frzn prdt. h rthr ll f n pn dvlpnt th vn nfld thr ntnt n ntrdtr prdt. h Cnt Mnft prvd ll xpl. r th t tr, r nd rltrt, h "vrn" ntrr prdt. h "br" th bjt f thnl prr, lbrtn, nt f ntr, rtn f l lth, nd f th prvrn nd dtrtn f th hv nt Slrl, th "prltrt" rr th ttrbt f ttl pprn nd f th ttl dft f pprn. Sh dltl rltn f ppt n nd b th prp tn rndrd pbl b th rntn f th bjt

20 S p. nd hptr S. 21 r frthr dn f th rtr hptr 8. 04 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY n htrl nt h dntt nttt tlf n nd nt t htrl prt, n nd nt t l rlt. h dr dvlp nd tt th nflt btn th thn nd t fntn, nd th nflt fnd lnt xprn n n tn hh jn ntrdtr prdt n ll nt— nptl ntrprt f th bjtv rlt. In ntrt t ll Orlln ln, th ntrdtn dntrtd, d xplt, xplnd, nd dnnd. I hv lltrtd th ntrt btn th t ln b rfrrn t th tl f Mrxn thr, bt th rtl, n tv lt r nt th xlv hrtrt f th Mrxn tl. h n l b fnd (thh n dffrnt d n th tl f th rt nrvtv nd lbrl rt f th nfld n br t. r xpl, th ln f r nd vll n th n d, f hn Strt Mll n th thr hhl dntrtv, nptl, "pn" ln, hh h nt t bd t th hpntrtl frl f prntd nnrvt nd nlbrl. vr, th thrtrn rtlztn f dr r trn hr t fft th dltl ln tlf. h rrnt f pttv ndtrlztn, nd th ttl b jtn f n t th prdtv pprt ppr n th thrtrn trnfrtn f th Mrxt nt th Stlnt nd ptStlnt ln. h rrnt, ntrprtd b th ldrhp hh ntrl th pprt, dfn ht rht nd rn, tr nd fl. h lv n t nd n p fr dn hh ld prjt drptv ltrntv. h ln n lnr lnd tlf t "dr" t ll. It prnn nd, b vrt f th pr f th pprt, tblh ft—t lfvldtn nntn r, t t ff t t nd prphr th p n hh lnd rth drb t thrtrn ftr: "l n pl n r ntr

22 See my , loc. cit., p. 87ff. E COSIG O E UIESE O ISCOUSE 0 l dnntn t l jnt, t l ltr d ln t prft . . ."" h ld ln d nt dntrt nd xpln—t nt dn, dt, nd. Whr t dfn, th dfntn b "prtn f d fr vl" t tblh ntnbl rht nd rn, nd n vl jtftn f nthr vl. It v n ttl, bt th ttl r trrbl fftv "ntn." h p jd nt n "prjdd fr" th prnn ndntn. r xpl, th "bjtv ntnt," tht , th dfntn f h tr "dvtnt," "rvnt," tht f th pnl d, nd th rt f vldtn prt nn fr hh th ln f th pr tht b th ln f trth. Unfrtntl, th nt ll. h prdtv rth f th tblhd nt t l ndn th lbrtrn nt pptn th ln hh tr t rll nd prrv th rnl trth b t t rtlztn. h rnttn f dr (nd tn n tr h "th prltrt," "rr nl," th "dttrhp f th Stln t pprt," b rnttn n rtl frl hr th "prltrt" n lnr r nt t xt, hr drt ntrl "fr bl" ld ntrfr th th prr f pr dtn, nd hr th fht nt th brr ld n th ff f th nl rl fr tht n b blzd nt ptl n n ntrntnl l. r th pt rdl rtnd bt nt dtd th th prnt. On pp th npt hh prhndd htrl ttn tht dvlpn th nt th prnt ttn—n bl thr dlt.

2 "thr n lnr n dl btn th nn nd th jdnt, nd th dn f th ln plt."

24 lnd rth, l. t., pp. 40. 1 06 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

h rtlthrtrn ln prd vr th ntpr r rld, thrh drt nd nndrt, ptlt nd nnptlt ntr. Ardn t lnd rth, t th ln "prpr I t l r dtrt," nd thr td, n th rbt f dvnd ndtrl vlztn, t hh nt ndr n thrtrn r? A th btn f th vr r n lnr ppr n ltrntv d f lf, t t rt n ltrntv thn f npltn nd ntrl. n nt nl rflt th ntrl bt b tlf n ntrnt f ntrl vn hr t d nt trnt rdr bt nfrtn hr t dnd, nt bdn bt h, nt bn bt frd. h ln ntrl b rdn th lnt fr nd bl f rfltn, btrtn, dvlpnt, ntrdtn b btttn fr npt. It dn r brb th trnndnt vblr t d nt rh fr bt tblh nd p trth nd flhd. t th nd f dr nt trrrt. It nrrntd t tht th rp nt blv, r r d t blv, ht th r bn tld. h n th f th rtl ln rthr tht ppl dnt blv t, r dnt r, nd t t rdnl. On d nt "blv" th ttnt f n prtnl npt bt t jtf tlf n tn—n ttn th jb dn, n lln nd bn, n rfl t ltn t thr, t. If th ln f plt tnd t b tht f dvrtn, thrb brdn th p btn t frrl vr dffrnt rl f t, thn th tndn t xpr th dr t hh dntn nd dntrtn hv d t b

z r Wt Grn th ntnv td ndrtn b th Inttt ffr Szlfrhn, rnfrt Mn, n 0: Grppn Exprnt, d. . ll (rnfrt, Erph rlntlt, p. p. 4f. Al Krl Krn, Sprh n dr vrlttn Wlt (rnfrt, nrh Shfflr, 8, fr bth prt f Grn. E COSIG O E UIESE O ISCOUSE 0

prt nd ndpndnt fntn n th thnll t. h d nt n tht th pr f th prfnl pltn h drd. h ntrr th . h r lbl th hlln th bld p n rdr t t t, th r nrl th vnt f ttl dtrtn, th rtr thr frd fr fftv pplr vrnt. t thr dntn h bn nrprtd nt th dl prfrn nd rlxtn f th tzn, nd th "bl" f plt r l th f bn, r, nd fn. h vtd f th ln hv thr prlll n th v td f pltl bhvr. In th l f pnt fr rlx n ntrtnnt n bb hltr, n th tlvn h f ptn nddt fr ntnl ldrhp, th jntr btn plt, bn, nd fn plt. t th jntr frdlnt nd ftll prtr—bn nd fn r tll th plt f dntn. h nt th trpl ftr th trd t nt fn trd—th trd jt bn. And n, t ll nt b th hr bt th ppl h ll b th rtl vt.

E ESEAC O OA AMIISAIO

ntnl ntn nl th tr lr f th n dnnl nvr n hh n trnd t frt—t trnlt th ntv nt th ptv tht h n ntn t fntn, rdd bt ft nd rnbl ll. h ntttn f fr ph nd frd f thht d nt hpr th ntl rdntn th th tblhd rlt. Wht tn pl pn rdfntn f thht tlf, f t fntn nd ntnt. h rdntn f th ndvdl th h t rh nt th lr f th nd hr th vr npt r lbrtd hh r dnd t prhnd th tb lhd rlt. h npt r tn fr th ntlltl trdtn nd trnltd nt prtnl tr— trnltn 1 08 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

hh h th fft f rdn th tnn btn thht nd rlt b nn th ntv pr f thht. h phlphl dvlpnt, nd n rdr t ldt th xtnt t hh t br th th trdtn, th nl ll hv t b nrnl btrt nd dll. It th phr frtht rvd fr th nrtn f t hh h t drl th xtnt f th nt f thht b t. Mrvr, th nl ll hv t b nt th htr f th phlph trdtn nd tr t dntf th tndn hh ld t th br. vr, bfr ntrn nt th phlph nl, nd trntn t th r btrt nd thrtl rl, I hll d brfl t (rprnttv n v xpl n th ntrdr fld f prl rrh, drtl nrnd th rtn ndtn hrtrt f dvnd ndtrl t. Qtn f ln r f thht, f rd r f npt lnt r ptll nl—th ttr t b dd ltt nt h dn d dtntn. h prtn f prl lnt fr nptl nl tlf n xprn f th rdrtn f thht hh th nxt hptr ll tr t xpln. Inh th flln rt f prl rrh ndrtn n prprtn fr th bnt phlph nl—nd n th lht f t— prlnr ttnt n th f th tr "npt" hh d th rt rv n ntrdtn. "Cnpt" tn t dnt th ntl rprnttn f thn tht ndrtd, prhndd, nn th rlt f pr f rfltn. h thn b n bjt f dl prt, r ttn, t, nvl. In n , f th r prhndd (brffn t hrn rff brht, th hv b bjt f thht, nd h, thr ntnt nd n n r dntl th nd t dffrnt fr th rl bjt f dt xprn. "Idntl" n h th npt dnt th thn "dffrnt" n h th npt E COSIG O E UIESE O ISCOUSE 0 th rlt f rfltn hh h ndrtd th thn n th ntxt (nd n th lht f thr thn hh dd nt ppr n th dt xprn nd hh "xpln" th thn (thdn. If th npt nvr dnt n prtlr nrt thn, f t l btrt nd nrl, t b th npt prhnd r nd thr thn prtlr thn— n vrl ndtn r rltn hh ntl t th prtlr thn, hh dtrn th fr n hh t ppr n rt bjt f xprn. If th npt f nthn nrt th prdt f ntl lftn, rnztn, nd btr tn, th ntl pr ld t prhnn nl n h th rnttt th prtlr thn n t nvrl ndtn nd rltn, th trnndn t dt pprn trd t rlt. By th tn, ll ntv npt hv trntv n n: th bnd drptv rfrn t prtlr ft. And f th ft r th f t, th ntv npt l bnd n prtlr ntxt f ft—nt th pr nd ndtn n hh th rptv t rt, nd hh ntr nt ll prtlr ft, n, tnn, nd dtrn th t. vrt f thr rfrn t th htrl ttlt, ntv npt trnnd ll prtnl ntxt, bt thr trnndn prl b t rndr th ft rnzbl tht hh th rll r. h "x" f nn vr nd bv th prtnl n pt llnt th ltd nd vn dptv fr n hh th ft r lld t b xprnd. hrfr th tnn. th drpn, th nflt btn th npt nd th dt ft—th thn nrt btn th rd tht rfr t th npt nd tht hh rfr t th thn hrfr th ntn f th "rlt f th nvrl." hrfr l th nrtl, dtn hrtr f th d f thht hh trt npt ntl dv nd 0 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

trnlt nvrl npt nt tr th prtlr, bjtv rfrnt. Whr th rdd npt vrn th nl f th hn rlt, ndvdl r l, ntl r trl, th rrv t fl nrtn— nrtn ltd fr th ndtn hh nttt t rlt. In th ntxt, th pr tnl trtnt f th npt pltl fntn. h ndvdl nd h bhvr r nlzd n thrpt n—djtnt t h t. hht nd xprn, th r nd prt r t b brht n ln th th ft f h xtn tht lvn r fr th nptl rt f th ft. h thrpt hrtr f th prtnl npt h frth t lrl hr nptl thht thdll pld nt th rv f xplrn nd prvn th xtn l ndtn, thn th frr f th xtn tl ntttn—n ndtrl l, tvtn rrh, rtn nd pbl pnn td. If th vn fr f t nd rn th ltt fr f rfrn fr thr nd prt, thr nthn rn th th rt f l nd phl. It r hn nd r prdtv t hv d lbrnnt rltn thn bd n, t hv plnt rthr thn nplnt rn nd tn, t hv hrn ntd f nflt btn th dr f th tr nd th nd f bn nd plt. t th rtnlt f th nd f l n ppr n dffrnt lht f th vn t, hl rnn th fr f rfrn, b th bjt f rtl thr hh t th vr trtr f th t, prnt n ll prtlr ft nd ndtn nd dtrnn thr pl nd thr fntn. hn thr dll nd pltl hrtr b pprnt, nd th lbrtn f dtl nntv npt dnd n bnd th fll nrtn f ptvt pr . h thrpt nd prtnl npt b fl t E COSIG O E UIESE O ISCOUSE th xtnt t hh t nlt nd tz th ft, tblz th thn th rprv hl, nd pt th tr f th hl th tr f th nl. h thdll trnl tn f th nvrl nt th prtnl npt thn b rprv rdtn f thht.

I hll t n xpl "d" f ndtrl l: th td f lbr rltn n th thrn Wr f th Wtrn Eltr Cpn. It n ld td, ndrtn bt rtr f ntr , nd thd hv n bn h rfnd. t n pnn, thr btn nd fntn hv rnd th . Mrvr, th d f thht h n nt nl prd nt thr brnh f l n nd nt phlph, bt t h l hlpd t hp th hn bjt th h t nrnd. h prtnl npt trnt n thd f prvd l ntrl: th b prt f th n f nnt, prtnt f n ltn. In br At br r th rd f n tbl rr:

26 In th thr f fntnl, th thrpt nd dll hrtr f th nl d nt ppr t brd b th btrt nrlt f th npt ("t," "prt," "nt," "t," "ltpl nn," "fn tn". h r n prnpl pplbl t htvr "t" th lt h bjt f h nl—fr th llt rp t t h. ntnl nl nld n th ltd t hh tlf nt bjt t rtl nl trnndn th bndr f th t trd th htrl ntn, n hh t fntn nd dfntn b ht th r. ntnl thr th dpl th fll f pld btrtn. h nrlt f t npt ttnd b btrtn fr th vr lt hh th t n htrl n nd hh v rtltrnndnt nn t t fntn nd dfntn.

h ttn r fr thlbrr nd n, Mnnt nd th Worker (Cbrd: rvrd Unvrt r, 4. S th xllnt d n n rn rtz, h Srvnt f r. A tr f the Use f Sl Science in American Indtr (Mddltn, Wln Unvrt r 60, hptr nd 6. 2 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

h nnt "ldnt tp n th pt ln th ldnt tp b trhtr tt, nd th hv bn tdn hn rltn n th n, l, nd pltl fld t fnd t h t tp nn."

In nvttn th rr plnt bt rn ndtn nd , th rrhr ht pn th ft tht t f th plnt r frltd n ttnt hh ntnd "v, ndfnt tr," ld th "bjtv rfrn" t "tndrd hh r nrll ptd," nd hd hrtrt "ntll dffrnt fr th prprt nr ll td th n ft." 28 In thr rd, th plnt r frltd n h nrl ttnt "th hr r nntr," "th jb dnr," "rt r t l." Gdd b th prnpl f prtnl thnn, th rrhr t t t trnlt r rfrlt th ttnt n h nnr tht thr v nrlt ld b rdd t prtlr rfrnt, tr dntn th prtlr ttn n hh th plnt rntd nd th ptrn "rtl th ndtn n th pn." h nrl fr dlvd nt ttnt dntfn th prtlr prtn nd nd tn fr hh th plnt drvd, nd th plnt tn r f b hnn th prtlr prtn nd ndtn. r xpl, th ttnt "th hr r nntr" trnltd nt "n h nd h n I nt nt th hr, nd th hbl hd drt n t." Inr thn rtnd tht th "lrl d t th rln f pl," pn nt thrn ppr, pttn n th flr, nd lr prt ntttd, nd n ttnd nt nd t ntnt dt n th hr. "It n

28 thlbrr nd n. . t., p. 2f E COSIG O E UIESE O ISCOUSE th tht n f th plnt r rntrprtd nd d t fft prvnt." Anthr xpl: rr th nrl ttnt tht th p rt n h jb r t l. h ntrv rvl tht "h f n th hptl nd tht h rrd bt th dtr bll h h nrrd. In th th ltnt ntnt f th plnt nt f th ft tht prnt rnn, d t h f lln, r nffnt t t h rrnt fnnl bltn."

Sh trnltn hn nfntl th nn f th tl prptn. h ntrnltd ttnt frlt nrl ndtn n t nrlt (" r t l". It bnd th prtlr ndtn n th prtlr ftr nd bnd th rr prtlr ttn. In th nrlt, nd nl n th nrlt, th ttnt xpr pn ndtnt hh t th prtlr nfttn f nvrl tt f ffr, nd nnt tht th lttr ht nt b hnd b th prvnt f th frr. h th ntrnltd ttnt tblhd nrt rl tn btn th prtlr nd th hl f hh t —nd th hl nld th ndtn td th rptv jb, td th rptv plnt, td th rptv prnl ttn. h hl lntd n th trnltn, nd t th prtn hh th r pbl. h rr nt b r f t, nd fr h h plnt ndd hv tht prtlr nd prnl nn hh th trnltn brn t t "ltnt ntnt." t thn th ln h rt t bjtv vldt nt h nn—t xpr ndtn tht r, lthh th r nt "fr h." h nrtn f th prtlr hh

2 Ibd., p. 26. 0 Ibd., p. 26. 4 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY th trnltn hv th rlt f r f btrtn fr t rl nrtn, hh n th nvrl hrtr f th . h trnltn rlt th nrl ttnt t th prnl xprn f th rr h t, bt tp t th pnt hr th ndvdl rr ld xprn hlf "th rr," nd hr h jb ld ppr "th jb" f th rn l. I t nr t pnt t tht, n h trnltn, th prtnl rrhr rl fll th pr f rlt, nd prbbl vn th rr n trnltn? h rrtd xprn nt h dn, nd h fntn nt t thn n tr f rtl thr bt t trn prvr "n r hn nd fftv thd f dln th thr rr" (nl th tr "hn" nnprtnl nd ntn f nl. t th nrl d f thht nd rrh prd nt thr dnn f th ntlltl ffrt, th rv hh t rndr b nrnl nprbl fr t n tf vldt. In th ntxt, fntnlztn h trl thr pt fft. On th prnl dntnt ltd fr th nrl nhppn, n th nvrl npt hh ltt nt fntnlztn r dlvd nt prtlr rfrnt, th b trtbl nd trtbl ndnt. b r, th rn ndnt f nvrl—n d f thht n dpn th nvrl—bt f n vr dffrnt fr tht nt n th ntrnltd ttnt. h rr , n h dl bll hv bn tn r f, ll rnz tht, nrll pn, r nt t l, nd tht th r hrdhp nl n h ndvdl ttn (hh b lr t thr ndvdl ttn. h bn bd ndr nthr n—tht f prnl hrdhp . n lnr "rr" r "pl" (br f

Loc. cit., p. VIII. E COSIG O E UIESE O ISCOUSE d, bt th rr r pl n th thrn plnt f th Wtrn Eltr Cpn. h thr f Mnnt nd th Wrr r ll r f th pltn. h tht n f th fndntl fntn t b prfrd n n ndtrl rnztn "th pf fn tn f prnnl r," nd th fntn rr tht, n dl n th plrpl rltn, n t b "thnn f ht n prtlr pl nd n tr f rr h h hd prtlr prnl htr," r "n tr f n pl h jb n prtlr pl n th ftr hh brn h nt tn th prtlr pr n nd rp f ppl . . ." In ntrt, th thr rjt, nptbl th th "pf fntn f prnnl r," n tttd ddrn tlf t th "vr" r "tpl" pl r "ht n th rr nd n nrl." W rz th xpl b ntrtn th r nl ttnt th thr trnltn nt th fntnl fr. W t th ttnt n bth fr t thr f vl, lvn d th prbl f thr vrftn.

"W r t l" h bjt f th prptn "," nt th prtlr rnrtn f prtlr rr n prtlr jb. h n h th ttnt ht nl thn f h ndvdl xprn bt, n th fr h v h ttnt, h trnnd th ndvdl xprn. h prdt "t l" rltnl djtv, rrn rfrnt hh nt dntd n th prptn—t l fr h r fr ht? h rfrnt ht n b th ndvdl h th ttnt, r h rr n th jb, bt th n rl nn ( rr th ntr vnt f thht xprd b th prptn nd th thr prptnl lnt hr th nrl hrtr. h rfrnt rn

2 . t., p. . 116 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

ndtrnt—"t l, n nrl," r "t l fr vrn h rnr l th pr." h prptn btrt. It rfr t nvrl ndtn fr hh n prtlr n b btttd t nn "trntv" nt n ndvdl . h prptn ll ndd fr t "trnltn" nt r nrt ntxt, bt n n hh th nvrl npt nnt b dfnd b n prtlr t f prtn (h th prnl htr f th rr , nd h pl fntn n th plnt W. h npt "" rfr t th rp "rnr," ntrtn ll prnl htr nd pl jb nt n nrt nvrl. 2 " prnt rnn, d t h f lln, r nff nt t t h rrnt bltn." t tht n th trnltn f ( , th bjt h bn hftd. h nvrl npt "" rpld b " prnt rnn," th nn f hh fll dfnd b th prtlr t f prtn h t prfr n rdr t b fr h fl fd, lthn, ldn, dn t. h "trntvn" f nn h bn blhd th rpn

" rnr" h dpprd tthr th th bjt

" ," nd ht rn prtlr hh, trppd f t trntv nn, b ptbl t th ptd tndrd f trtnt b th pn h t .

Wht rn th t? thn. h trnltn f th npt nd f th prptn hl vldtd b th t t hh th rrhr ddr hlf. h thrp r b th plnt r th vrnnt n ffrd t br t lt ndrbl prt f th t, b th r lln t d , nd b th ptnt lln t bt t trtnt hh pr t b . h v, ndfnt, nvrl n pt hh pprd n th ntrnltd plnt r ndd rnnt f th pt thr prtn n ph nd thht r ndd bl (thh nr n t ndrtndn nd llbrtn. Infr prtnl l nd phl E COSIG O E UIESE O ISCOUSE hv ntrbtd t llvtn bhn ndtn, th r prt f prr, ntlltl nd trl. t th l ttf t th bvlnt rtnlt f prr, hh tfn n t rprv pr, nd rprv n t tftn. h lntn f trntv nn h rnd ftr f prl l. It hrtrz vn lr nbr f td hh r nt dnd t flfll thrpt fntn n prtlr ntrt. lt: n th "nrlt" x f nn blhd, th nvttn ld thn th vt nfn n hh th tblhd t vldt nd nvldt prptn. vrt f t thdl, th pr dll. In rdr t lltrt t dll hrtr, lt l t td f pltl tvt n th Untd Stt. In thr ppr "Cpttv rr nd rt Cn nt," Mrr ntz nd n Mrv nt t "jd th xtnt t hh n ltn n fftv xprn f th drt pr." Sh jdnt pl vltn f th ltn pr "n tr f th rrnt fr ntnn drt t," nd th n trn rr dfntn f "drt." h thr ffr th h btn t ltrn tv dfntn th "ndt" nd th "pttv" thr f dr:

"h ndt thr, hh fnd thr rn n th ll nptn f dr, ptlt tht th pr f rpr nttn drv fr lrt t f drtv hh th ltrt p n t rprnttv. An ltn prdr f nvnn nd thd fr nrn tht

rprnttv pl th drtv fr nttnt."

th "prnptn" "rjtd n dvn

. El, S. . Eldrvld, M. ntz (dt, ltl hvr (Gln r r, 6, p. 2. 8 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

nrlt b t d lvl f rtltd pnn nd dl n th pn nt ll t b fnd n th Untd Stt." h rthr frn ttnt f ft h llvtd b th frtn dbt "hthr h lvl f rtltd pnn h xtd n n drt ltrt n th xtnn f th frnh n th nntnth ntr." In n , th thr pt ntd f th rjtd prnp tn th "pttv" thr f dr, rdn t hh drt ltn pr "f ltn nd rjtn nddt" h r "n pttn fr pbl ff." h dfntn, n rdr t b rll prtnl, rr "rtr" b hh th hrtr f pltl pttn t b d. Whn d pltl pttn prd "pr f n nt," nd hn d t prd "pr f npltn"? A t f thr rtr ffrd:

( drt ltn rr pttn btn pp n nddt hh prvd th ntr nttn. h ltrt drv pr fr t blt t h btn t lt t pttvl rntd nddt, thr f h blvd t hv rnbl hn t n. (2 drt ltn rr bth [] prt t n n bln f ffrt t ntn tblhd vtn bl, t rrt ndpndnt vtr, nd t n nvrt fr th pptn prt. ( drt ltn rr bth [] prt t b nd vrl n n ffrt t n th rrnt ltn bt, n r l, bth prt t l b n t nhn thr hn f n th nxt nd bnt ltn ... 4

4 Ibid., p. 276. E COSIG O E UIESE O ISCOUSE

I thn th dfntn drb prtt rtl th ftl tt f ffr n th Arn ltn f 2, hh th bjt f th nl. In thr rd, th rtr fr jdn vn tt f ffr r th ffrd b (r, n th r th f llfntnn nd frl tblhd l t, pd b th vn tt f ffr. h nl "ld" th rn f jdnt nfnd thn ntxt f ft hh xld jdn th ntxt n hh th ft r d, nd, nd n hh thr nn, fntn, nd dvlpnt r dtrnd. Cttd t th frr, th nvttn b r lr nd lfvldtn. If "drt" dfnd n th lt n bt rlt tr f th tl pr f ltn, thn th pr drt prr t th rlt f th nvttn. b r, th prtnl frr tll ll (nd vn ll fr dtntn btn nnt nd npltn th ltn n b r r l drt rdn t th rtnd dr f nnt nd npltn. h thr rrv t th nln tht th 2 ltn " hrtrzd b pr f nn nnt t rtr xtnt thn prnt tt ht hv pld"—lthh t ld b "rv rrr" t vrl th "brrr" t nnt nd t dn tht

" npltv prr r prnt." nd th hrdl llntn ttnt th prtnl nl nnt . In thr rd, t nnt r th dv tn hthr th nnt tlf nt th r f npltn— tn fr hh th tl tt f ffr prvd pl jtftn. h nl nnt r t b t ld trnnd t tr trd trntv nn—trd npt f dr hh ld rvl th drt ltn rthr ltd drt pr.

Ibd., p. 284. 6 Ibd., p. 28. 120 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY

rl h nnprtnl npt th n rjtd b th thr "nrlt" b t dfn dr n t rtlt lvl th lrt ntrl f rprnttn b th ltrt—pplr ntrl pplr vrnt. And th nnprtnl npt b n n xtrn. It b n n fnt f th ntn r pltn bt rthr dfn th htrl ntnt f dr, th ndtn fr hh th trl fr dr fht, nd hh r tll t b flflld Mrvr, th npt pbl n t nt xtn b t n xtl ht t —nl, tht t rll th ltrt hh p t drtv n th rprnt tv, nd nt th rprnttv h p thr drtv n th ltrt hh thn lt nd rlt th rprnt tv. An tn ltrt, fr b t fr fr ndtrntn nd npltn, ld ndd b n "lvl f rtlt pnn nd dl" hh nt ll t b fnd. hrfr, th npt h t b rjtd "nrlt"—h t b f n pt th ftll prvln lvl f pnn nd dl prrbn th vld rtr fr ll nl . And f ndtrntn nd npltn hv rhd th t hr th prvln lvl f pnn h b lvl f flhd, hr th tl tt f ffr n lnr r nzd tht hh t , thn n nl hh thd lll ttd t rjt trntv npt t tlf t fl nn. It vr pr dll. h thr r ll r f th prbl. "Idll rdt" prnt "r pltn" n n th dr f drt nnt. Indd, nnt t ht? th pltl nddt nd thr pl ntrll. t th nt nh, b thn nnt t ft r (nd n p f nn nnt t h r ld b drt pr . h, th nnt tlf h t b d—d n tr f t ntnt, t bjtv, t "vl"—nd th tp E COSIG O E UIESE O ISCOUSE 2

t nvlv trntvn f nn. vr, h n "nntf" tp n b vdd f th dll rnttn t b d n thr thn tht f th xtn nd "fft vl" ptn t prt, pl th "bvlntntrlzd" rnttn f th vtr. h tbl vn th rlt f th plln f dll rn ttn h thr dr f dhrn t th pbln nd t th rt prt dl nd th "bvlnt nd n trlzd" pnn. h tblhd prt thlv, thr pl, nd thr hntn r nt tnd, nr th tl dffrn btn th tnd fr th vtl r nrnd (th f t pl nd ttl prprd n, tn hh ntl fr th nt f th drt pr, nl th nl prt th npt f dr hh rl bl th ftr f th tb lhd fr f dr. Sh n prtnl npt nt ltthr ndt t th bjt ttr f th nvttn. It pnt p drl nh th lt hh, n th n tprr prd, dtnh drt nd nndrt t (fr xpl, fftv pttn btn nddt rprntn dffrnt prt frd f th ltrt t h btn th nddt, bt th d d nt ff f th t f thrtl nl r nd thr thn drptv n—f th t t prhnd, t rnz th ft fr ht th r, ht th "n" fr th h hv bn vn th ft nd h hv t lv th th. In l thr, rntn f ft rt f ft. t prtnl npt d nt vn ff fr drbn th ft. h nl ttn rtn pt nd nt f ft hh, f tn fr th hl, dprv th drptn f t bjtv, prl hrtr. A n xpl lt l t th

' Ibid., p. 280. 8 Ibid., p. 138ff. 22 OEIMESIOA SOCIEY npt f "pltl tvt" n ln . Wdrd nd El pr td f "ltl Atvt f Arn Ctzn." h thr prnt n "prtnl dfntn f th tr pltl tvt" ntttd b "fv f bhvn": ( vtn t th pll (2 pprtn pbl prr rp . . . ( pr nll ntn drtl th lltr (4 prtpt n n pltl prt tvt . . . ( nn n hbtl dntn f pltl pnn thrh rdfth ntn... Crtnl th r "hnnl f pbl nfln n ll tr nd vrnnt ffl," bt n thr rnt rll prvd " thd fr prtn th ppl h r rltvl tv n rltn t ntnl pltl fr th h r rltvl ntv?" th ndd h dv tvt "n rltn t ntnl " th thnl nd n n tt btn rprt bn nd th vrnnt, nd n th rprtn thlv? th nld th frltn nd dntn f "npltl" pnn, nfr tn, ntrtnnt b th b pblt d? th t nt f th vr dffrnt pltl ht f th vr rnztn tht t tnd n pbl ? If th nr ntv (nd I blv t , thn th ft f pltl tvt r nt dtl drbd nd rtnd. Mn, nd I thn th dtrnn, ntttv ft rn td th rh f th prtnl npt. And b vrt f th lttn—th thdll njntn nt trn tv npt hh ht h th ft n thr tr lht nd ll th b thr tr n—th drptv nl f th ft bl th pprhnn f ft nd b n lnt f th dl tht tn th ft. rdn th xtn l rlt t n nr, th l frtf n th ndvdl th "fthl fth" n th rlt h vt th

Ibd., p. . E COSIG O E UIESE O ISCOUSE 2

r: "thn rn f dl bt th rntn f tht hh —dl f bhvr hh bt t th vr hln pr f th tblhd tt f ffr." 4° Ant th dll pr, th pln ntrdtn rrt t rht: ". . . tht hh nnt b tr."

40 hdr W Adrn, "Idl," n: Krt n (d. Idl (d, htrhnd, 6, p. 262f.

44 Ernt lh, hlphh Grndfn I (rnfrt, Shrp, 6, p. 6.

rt II

Onnnl hht

EGAIE IKIG

h dftd l f prtt

". . . tht hh nnt b tr." r lltrnd r nd , th ttnt flppnt nd rdl, r tr tht thr ttnt hh t th ppt: "ht rl rtnl." And t, n th trdtn f Wtrn thht, bth rvl, n prvtvl brdd frltn, th d f n hh h dd t l. Mrvr, bth xpr th npt, nl, th ntnt trtr f rlt, nd f thht trn t ndrtnd rlt. h rld f dt xprn—th rld n hh fnd rlv lvn—t b prhndd, trnfrd, vn bvrtd n rdr t b tht hh t rll . In th tn n = rth = lt, hh jn th bjtv nd bjtv rld nt n ntnt nt, n th bvrv pr, th "pr f th ntv" tht tblh, thrtl nd prtl n, th trth fr n 28 OEIMESIOA OUG

nd thn—tht , th ndtn n hh n nd thn b ht th rll r. h ttpt t dntrt tht th trth f thr nd prt nt bjtv bt n bjt v ndtn th rnl nrn f Wtrn thht nd th rn f t l—l nt n th n f pl dp ln f phlph bt th d f thht pprprt fr prhndn th rl rtnl. h ttltrn nvr f thnll rtnlt th ltt trnttn f th d f n. In th nd th fll n hptr, I hll tr t dntf f th n t n th dvlpnt f th d—th pr b hh l b th l f dntn. Sh dll nl n ntrbt t th ndrtndn f th rl dvlpnt nh t fd n th nn (nd prtn f thr nd prt, thht nd tn, n th htrl pr—n nfldn f thrtl nd prtl n n n. h ld prtnl nvr f dvnd ndtrl vl ztn th t trrfn hrn f frd nd pprn, prdtvt nd dtrtn, rth nd rrn pr dnd n th d f n pf htrl prjt. h thnll nd th prthnll t hr rtn b npt f n nd ntr hh xpr th ntnt f th Wtrn trdtn. Wthn th ntn, dffrnt d f thht lh th h thr th bln t dffrnt f pprhndn, rnzn, hnn t nd ntr. h tblzn tndn nflt th th bvrv lnt f n, th pr f ptv th tht f ntv thnn, ntl th hvnt f dvnd ndtrl vlztn ld t th trph f th ndnnl rlt vr ll ntrdtn. h nflt dt b t th rn f phlph thht tlf nd fnd trn xprn n th ntrt btn lt dltl l nd th frl l f th Arttln Ornn. h bnt th f th ll dl f EGAIE IKIG 129

dltl thht prpr th rnd fr n nl f th ntrtn ftr f thnll rtnlt In ll Gr phlph, n th ntv flt t dtnh ht tr nd ht fl nfr trth (nd flhd prrl ndtn f n, f lt—nd nl n th rnd prprt f prptn. r dr, l, rvl nd xpr tht hh rll — d tnhd fr tht hh ppr t b (rl. And b vrt f th tn btn rth nd (rl n, rth vl, fr n bttr thn nn. h lttr nt pl thn t ptntlt f nd thrt t n—dtrtn. h trl fr trth trl nt dtrtn, fr th "lv

tn" (octKeiv) f n (n ffrt hh ppr tlf t b dtrtv f t l n tblhd rlt "ntr": Srt nt th Athnn t tt. Inh th trl fr trth "v" rlt fr dtrtn, trth t nd n hn xtn. It th ntll hn prjt. If n h lrnd t nd n ht rll is, h ll t n rdn th trth. Eptl n tlf th, nd th ptl. h nptn rflt th xprn f rld ntn t n tlf— rld ffltd th nt nd ntvt, n tntl thrtnd th dtrtn, bt l rld hh a cosmos, trtrd n rdn th fnl . th xtnt t hh th xprn f n ntnt rld d th dvlpnt f th phlphl tr, phlph v n nvr hh brn n tlf (fhrnt ntl— tdnnl. Apprn nd rlt, ntrth nd trth, (nd, hll , nfrd nd frd r ntll ndtn. h dtntn nt b vrt r b flt f btrt thht t rthr rtd n th xprn f th nvr f hh thht prt n thr nd prt. In th nvr, thr r d f bn n hh n nd thn r "b 0 OEIMESIOA OUG thlv" nd " thlv," nd d n hh th r nt—tht , n hh th xt n dtrtn, lttn, r dnl f thr ntr (n. vr th ntv ndtn th pr f bn nd f thht. hlph rnt n dlt t nvr f dr rpnd t th ft f n ntnt rlt. Wht r th rtr fr th dtntn? On ht rnd th tt f "trth" nd t n d r ndtn rthr thn t nthr? Cll Gr phlph rl lrl n ht ltr trd (n rthr drtv n "nttn," .., fr f ntn n hh th bjt f thht ppr drl tht hh t rll (n t ntl lt, nd n ntnt rltn t t ntnnt, dt ttn. Indd th vdn f nttn nt t dffrnt fr th Crtn n. It nt tr flt f th nd, nt trn dt xprn, nr t dvrd fr n ptl nl. Inttn rthr th (prlnr trn f h n nl—th rlt f thd ntlltl dtn. A h, t th dtn f nrt xprn. h ntn f th n f n rv n lltrtn. Anlzd n th ndtn n hh h fnd hlf n h n vr, n t b n pn f rtn flt nd pr hh ld nbl h t ld "d lf," .., lf hh h pbl fr fr tl, dpndn, nd ln. ttn h lf t ttn th "bt lf": t lv n rdn th th n f ntr r n. b r, th tll th dt f th phlphr t h h nlz th hn ttn. bjt xprn t h rtl jdnt, nd th ntn vl jdnt—nl, tht frd fr tl prfrbl t tl, nd n ntllnt lf prfrbl t tpd lf. It hppnd tht phlph brn th th vl. Sntf thht hd t br th nn f vl jdnt nd nl, fr t b nrnl lr tht th phlph vl dd nt d th rnztn EGAIE IKIG 131

f t nr th trnfrtn f ntr. h r n fftv, nrl. Alrd th Gr nptn ntn th htrl lnt—th n f n dffrnt n th lv nd n th fr tzn, n th Gr nd n th rbrn. Cvl ztn h vr th ntll tblztn f th dffrn (t lt n thr. t th dvlpnt d nt t nvldt th dtntn btn ntl nd ntnnt ntr, btn tr nd fl d f xtn—prvdd nl tht th dtntn drv fr ll nl f th prl ttn, nd ndrtnd t ptntl ll t ntnn.

th lt f th ltr dl nd t Arttl, th d f n r d f vnt—trntn fr ptntlt t tlt, rlztn nt n nplt rlztn, b jt t hn It nrtn rrptn t prtd th ntvt. h t nt tr rlt—rth. h phlph t prd fr th fnt rld t th ntrtn f rlt hh nt bjt t th pnfl dffrn btn ptntlt nd tlt, hh h trd t ntvt nd plt nd ndpndnt n tlf—fr. h dvr th r f nd Er. h t tr dnt t d f ntn rt ll ll ntn br th hld f th tblhd, ntnnt rlt nd trv fr trth nptbl th t. nd Er r bjtv nd bjtv n n. h nt fr th "lr" t th "hhr" fr f rlt vnt f ttr ll nd. Ardn t Arttl, th prft rlt, th d, ttrt th rld bl the pbvv h th fnl f ll bn. nd Er r n thlv th nt f th ptv nd th ntv, rtn nd dtrtn. In th xn f thht nd n th dn f lv th dtrtv rfl f th tblhd f lf. rth trnfr th d f thht nd xtn. n nd rd nvr. 1 32 OEIMESIOA OUG

vr, th dn h t nhrnt lt nfr th ntnt hrtr f rlt, t xpln n tr nd ntr d f xtn, ppr t b n tbl ntll ndtn. hr r d f xtn hh n nvr b "tr" b th n nvr rt n th rlztn f thr ptntlt, n th j f bn. In th hn rlt, ll xt n tht pnd tlf n prrn th prrt f xtn th n "ntr" nd nfr xtn. Obvl th rflt th nt t ll ntll ndtn f t bd n th prptn tht frd nptbl th th tvt f prrn th nt f lf, tht th tvt th "ntrl" fntn f pf l, nd tht ntn f th trth nd tr xtn pl frd fr th ntr dnn f h tvt. h ndd th pr nd ntthnll ntlltn pr xlln. t th rl dvdn ln btn prthnll nd thnll rtnlt nt tht btn t bd n nfrd, nd n bd n frd. St tll rnzd n h tht prrn th nt f lf nttt th fllt nd lfln ptn f pf l l, hh r thrfr nfr nd prvntd fr hn xtn. In th n, th ll prptn rdn t hh trth nptbl th nlvnt b ll nr lbr tll vld. h ll npt pl th prptn tht frd f thht nd ph t rn l prvl ln th nlvnt prvl. r thht nd ph r f thnn nd pn bjt, nd f th lf f th lttr dpnd n th prfrn f prpd fntn, t dpnd n flfl ln th rrnt f th fntn—th t dpnd n th h ntrl th rrnt. h dvdn ln btn th prthnll nd th thnll prjt rthr n th nnr n hh th brdntn t th nt f lf—t

" rnn lvn"— rnzd nd, n th n d f EGAIE IKIG frd nd nfrd, trth nd flhd hh rrpnd t th rnztn.

Wh , n th ll nptn, th bjt tht prhnd th ntll ndtn f trth nd ntrth? It th tr f pr ntpltn (thr, nd th tr f prt dd b thr, .., th phlphrttn. b r, th trth hh h n nd xpnd ptn tll bl t vrn. d b th phlphr, th lv n lt Mn pbl f rpn th trth f trl x, .., trth bnd hn nd rrptn. t n trth tt f n ll f thht, nd n th lttr th xprn nd nfttn f th frr, t trth rn r ptntlt ln t nt lvn n nd th th trth. And th d f xtn ld t th lv—nd t nn h h t pnd h lf prrn th nt f lf. Cnntl, f n n lnr hd t pnd thr lv n th rl f nt, trth nd tr hn xtn ld b n trt nd rl n nvrl. hlph nv th lt f n bt, t th t, t bt t th ftl dnl f lt. r n th vn rlt, prrnt f th nt th lfln jb f th jrt, nd th nt hv t b prrd nd rvd tht trth (hh frd fr trl nt n b. r, th htrl brrr rrt nd dtrt th t fr trth th tl dvn f lbr btn th dnt f n ntll ndtn. If trth prpp frd fr tl, nd f th frd , n th l rlt, th prrtv f nrt, thn th rlt ll h trth nl n pprx tn nd fr prvld rp. h tt f ffr ntrdt th nvrl hrtr f trth, hh dfn nd "prrb" nt nl thrtl l, bt th bt lf f n n, th rpt t th n f n. r phlph, th 4 OEIMESIOA OUG ntrdtn nlbl, r l t d nt ppr ntr dtn b t th trtr f th lv r rf t hh th phlph d nt trnnd. h t lv htr bhnd, ntrd, nd lvt trth fl bv th htr l rlt. hr, trth prrvd ntt, nt n hv nt f hvn r n hvn, bt n hvnt f thht—ntt b t vr ntn xpr th nht tht th h dvt thr lv t rnn lvn r npbl f lvn hn xtn.

h ntll npt f trth n th ntr f l hh rv dl f prthnll rtnlt It th rtnlt f tdnnl nvr f dr hh ntrt th th ndnnl d f thht nd bhvr tht dvlp n th xtn f th thnll prjt.

Arttl th tr "pphnt l" n rdr t dtnh pf tp f (ph, ntn— tht hh dvr trth nd flhd nd , n t dvlp nt, dtrnd b th dffrn btn trth nd flhd

(De Interpretations, 166 1 7a). It th l f jdnt, bt n th pht n f (jdl ntn: ttrbtn (p t (S b nd nfr t prtn t (S, prprt f (S r dnn (p t (S b nd nfr t d nt prtn t (S t. r th ntll b, th Arttln phl ph prd t tblh th "pr fr" f ll pbl tr (nd fl prdtn t b th frl l f jdnt. Whn rl rvvd th d f n pphnt l, h phzd t rnl rtl ntnt. And h fnd th ntnt prl n th d f l f jdnt—tht , n th ft tht thht nt drtl nrnd th n (das Seiende selbst) EGAIE IKIG bt rthr th "prtnn," prptn n n. rl n th rnttn n jdnt rtrtn nd prj d th rpt t th t nd p f l. h ll d f l h ndd n ntll prjd—th trtr f th jdnt (prptn rfr t dvdd rlt. h dr v btn th xprn f n nd nbn, n nd ft, nrtn nd r rptn, ptntlt nd tlt h Arttln Ornn btrt fr th nt f ppt th nrl fr f prptn nd f thr (rrt r nrrt nntn tll, dv prt f th frl l rn ttd t Arttln tph. rr t th frlztn, th xprn f th dvdd rld fnd t l n th ltn dlt. r, th tr "n," "nbn," "Mvnt," "th On nd th Mn," "Idntt," nd "Cntrdtn" r thdll pt pn, b, nt fll dfnd. h hv n pn hrzn, n ntr nvr f nn hh rdll trtrd n th pr f ntn tlf, bt hh nvr ld. h prptn r bttd, dvlpd, nd ttd n dl, n hh th prtnr ld t tn th nrll ntnd nvr f xprn nd ph, nd t ntr n dnn f dr thr h fr nd th d r ddrd t h frd. ppd t bnd tht hh vn t h— th pr, n h prptn, bnd th ntl ttn f th tr. h tr hv n nn b th ndtn t hh th rfr hv n d, pltn, nd fft hh nnt b nltd nd tblzd. hr ll dvlpnt rpnd t th

rl, rt nd rnzndntl (ll, r, 2, p. pp. 42f nd f 2 Crl rntl, Ghht dr Abndlnd, rtdt , vl. I, p. , 2. r th rnt nt th ntrprttn, p. 40 bl. 6 OEIMESIOA OUG

pr f rlt, r Sh lbt. h l f thht r l f rlt, r rthr b th l f rlt f thht ndrtnd th trth f dt xprn th pprn f nthr trth, hh tht f th tr r f rlt—f th Id. h thr ntrdtn rthr thn rrpndn btn dltl thht nd th vn rlt th tr jdnt jd th rlt nt n t n tr, bt n tr hh nv t bvrn. And n th bvrn, rlt nt t n trth. In th ll l, th jdnt hh ntttd th r nl r f dltl thht frlzd n th prp tnl fr, "S p." t th fr nl rthr thn rvl th b dltl prptn, hh tt th n tv hrtr f th prl rlt. dd n th lht f thr n nd d, n nd thn xt thr thn th r nntl thht ntrdt tht hh (vn, pp t trth t tht f th vn rlt. h trth nvd b thht th Id. A h t , n tr f th vn rlt,

" r" Id, "r" n—ptntlt. t th ntl ptntlt nt l th n pblt hh r ntnd n th vn nvr f dr nd tn th ntl ptntlt f vr dffrnt rdr. It rlztn nvlv bvrn f th tblhd rdr, fr thnn n rdn th trth th tnt t xt n rdn th trth. (In lt, th xtr npt hh lltrt th bvrn r: dth th bnnn f th phl phr lf, nd th vlnt lbrtn fr th Cv. h, th bvrv hrtr f trth nflt pn thht n prtv lt. ntr n jdnt hh r, dntrtv prptn, prtv,—th prdtv "" pl n "ht." h ntrdtr, tdnnl tl f thht th nnr fr nt nl f dltl l bt f ll phlph hh t rp th rlt. h prptn hh dfn rlt ffr tr thn tht nt (dtl th th th ntrdt tht hh th , nd th EGAIE IKIG dn t trth. h ffrtv jdnt ntn ntn hh dppr n th prptnl fr (S p. r xpl, "vrt nld" "jt tht tt n hh vrn prfr th fntn fr hh h ntr bt td" "th prftl rl th prftl nbl" "vr t d, d t" "n fr" "th Stt th rlt f n." If th prptn r t b tr, thn th pl "" tt n "ht," ddrt. It jd ndtn n hh vrt nt nld, n hh n d nt prfr th fntn fr hh thr ntr bt t th, n hh th r nt fr, t. Or, th trl Sp fr tt tht (S nt (S (S dfnd thrthntlf. rftn f th prptn nvlv pr n ft ll n thht: (S t b tht hh t . h trl ttnt th trn nt tr l prtv t d nt tt ft bt th nt t brn bt ft. r xpl, t ld b rd fll: n nt (n ft fr, ndd th nlnbl rht, t., bt h ht t b, b h fr n th f Gd, b ntr, t.

ltl thht ndrtnd th rtl tnn btn "" nd "ht" frt n ntll ndtn, prtnn t th trtr f n tlf. vr, th rntn f th tt f n—t thr—ntnd fr th bnnn n rt prt. Sn n th lht f trth hh ppr n th

t h d th prptn nt "ht" f t n "ht"? Wh d th ntn dppr n th ffrtn? d th tphl rn f l prhp dtrn th prptnl fr? rSrt ll Srt thht prdt th prtn f l fr th. If nl tht hh tr (th th Id rll , thn th rlt f dt xprn prt f th p óv, f tht hh nt. And t, th d óv , nd fr th dt xprn (hh th n rlt fr th vt jrt f n t th nl rlt hh . h tfld nn f "" ld th xpr th tdnnl trtr f th n rld. 1 38 OEIMESIOA OUG flfd r dnd, th vn ft thlv ppr fl nd ntv. Cnntl, thht ld, b th ttn f t bjt, t r thr trth n tr f nthr l, nthr nvr f dr. And th l prjt nthr d f xtn: th rlztn f th trth n th rd nd dd f n. And nh th prjt nvlv n "tl nl," th pl, th vnt f thht h pltl ntnt. h, th Srt dr pltl dr nh t ntr dt th tblhd pltl ntttn. h rh fr th rrt dfntn, fr th "npt" f vrt, jt, pt, nd nld b bvrv ndrtn, fr th npt ntnd n pl. hht h n pr t brn bt h hn nl t trnnd tlf nt prt, nd th vr dtn fr th trl prt, n hh phlph rnt, v phl ph thht t btrt nd dll lt. vrt f th dtn, rtl phlph thht nrl trn ndnt nd btrt. hlph hr th btrtn th ll nn thht, fr nbd rll thn h d nt btrt fr tht hh vn, h d nt rlt th ft t th ftr hh hv d th, h d nt—n h nd— nd th ft. Abtrtn th vr lf f thht, th tn f t thntt. t thr r fl nd tr btrtn. Abtrtn h trl vnt n htrl ntn. It prd n htrl rnd, nd t rn rltd t th vr b fr hh t v : th tblhd tl nvr. Evn hr th rtl btrtn rrv t th ntn f th tblhd nvr f dr, th b rvv n th ntn (bvrn nd lt th pblt f th n ptn. At th ll rn f phlph thht, th trnnd n npt rnd ttd t th prvln prtn btn ntlltl nd nl lbr—t th tblhd EGAIE IKIG

t f nlvnt. lt "dl" tt rtn nd rfr nlvnt hl rnzn t n rdn th n trnl trth. And n Arttl, th phlphrn (n h thr nd prt r tll bnd v t th pr f th b thrt, hh n hrdl l bvrv fntn nd ntnt. h h br th brnt f th ntr rlt nd h, thrfr, d t b t n nd f ttnn t b vrn r nt th nrn f phlph. It btrtd fr th nd ntnd t btrt fr th. In th n, "dl" rn t phlph thht, fr th ntn f th pr f thht (n n l prnn th ptn f thht n n prl rld hh phlph trnnd nd rrt—n thht. h rtnlt n th n f hh phlph pd t jdnt btnd tht btrt nd nrl "prt" hh d t n nt th rld n hh n hd t lv. Wth th xptn f th trlt "hrt," phl ph thht rrl ffltd b th ffltn f hn xtn. rdxll, t prl th rtl ntnt n phlph thht hh ld t th dlt prftn— rtl ntnt hh t th prl rld hl, nd nt rl t rtn d f thnn r bhvn thn t fn n t npt n tr f ptntlt hh r f n n tll dffrnt rdr f thht nd xtn, th phlph rt fnd tlf bld b th rlt fr hh t d t tlf, nd prd t ntrt rl f n prd fr prl ntnn. h t dnn f thht— tht f th ntl nd tht f th pprnt trth—n lnr ntrfr th h thr, nd thr nrt dltl rltn b n btrt ptll r ntll rltn. h jdnt pd n th vn rlt r rpld b prp tn dfnn th nrl fr f thht, bjt f thht, nd rltn btn thht nd t bjt. h bjt f 40 OEIMESIOA OUG

thht b th pr nd nvrl fr f bjtvt, fr hh ll prtlr r rvd. r h frl bjt, th rltn btn v nd t hn nd prnn, ptntlt nd tlt, trth nd flhd n lnr n xtntl nrn 4 t rthr t tr f pr phlph. h ntrt trn btn lt dltl nd Arttl frl l. In th Arttln Ornn, th llt "tr" (hr vd f btntl nn tht lttr f th lphbt fll vlnt bttt." It th ntrl dffrnt fr th

" tphl" tr (l hr hh dnt th rlt f th ntl dfntn, th nr t th tn: "r 6v?" Kpp ntn nt rntl tht th "t dffrnt nf tn r ntrl ndpndnt f n nthr nd r nvr xd p b Arttl hlf." In n , n frl l, thht rnzd n nnr vr dffrnt fr tht f th ltn dl. In th frl l, thht ndffrnt trd t bjt. Whthr th r ntl r phl, hthr th prtn t t r t ntr, th b bjt t th nrl l f rnztn, lltn, nd nln—bt th d fnbl n r bl, n btrtn fr thr pr tlr "btn." h nrl lt (ntttv lt th prndtn f l nd rdr—n l ll n t—th pr f nvrl ntrl.

vd ndrtndn: I d nt blv tht th r nh d Snt nd lr tn r r ht t b n xtntl nrn. Wht nn fl t th rn f phlph thht ll hv b nnl t t nd, nd th l f nn nt b d t th npt t thn h htr f nnd h vn dfnt nr t th "tn f n," nd h vn th n vr nrt tr, hh hv prvd thr ff. h thnll nvr n f th. r frthr dn hptr I. Ernt Kpp, Gr ndtn f rdtnl ( Yr, Clb Unvrt r, 42, p. 2. EGAIE IKIG 4

Alnht dr Gdnn, d drv ntlt, rhbt h f d ndnt dr rrhft n

dr Wrlht. 6

Arttl Mtph tt th nntn btn npt nd ntrl: th nld f "frt " — nld f th nvrl—th t fftv nd rtn nld, fr dpn vr th dpn vr thr fft. vrt f th nvrl npt, thht ttn tr vr th pr tlr . vr, th t frlzd nvr f l tll rfr t th t nrl trtr f th vn, xprnd rld th pr fr tll tht f th ntnt hh t frl z. h d f frl l tlf htrl vnt n th dvlpnt f th ntl nd phl ntrnt fr n vrl ntrl nd llblt. In th ndrtn, n hd t rt thrtl hrn t f tl drd, t pr thht fr ntrdtn, t hpttz dntfbl nd fnbl nt n th plx pr f t nd ntr. Undr th rl f frl l, th ntn f th nflt btn n nd pprn xpndbl f nt nn l th trl ntnt ntrlzd th prnpl f dntt prtd fr th prnpl f ntrdtn (ntrdtn r th flt f nrrt thnn fnl r rvd fr th ll rdr. Wll dfnd n thr p nd fntn, npt b ntrnt f prdtn nd ntrl. rl l th th frt tp n th ln rd t ntf thht—th frt tp nl, fr h hhr dr f btrtn nd thtztn tll rrd t djt th d f thht t thnll rtnlt. h thd f ll prdr r vr dffrnt n nnt

6 "h nrl npt hh drv l hd dvlpd h t fnd tn n th rlt f dntn." M. rhr nd . W Adrn, lt dr Aflärn (Atrd 4, p. 2. 42 OEIMESIOA OUG

nd drn l, bt bhnd ll dffrn th ntrtn f nvrll vld rdr f thht, ntrl th rpt t trl ntnt. n bfr thnll n nd thn ll ntr rd th bjt f rtnl ntrl nd lltn, th nd d ptbl t btrt nrl ztn. r hh ld b rnzd nt hrnt ll t, fr fr ntrdtn r th nbl ntrdtn, r prtd fr th hh ld nt. tntn d btn th nvrl, llbl, "bjt v" nd th prtlr, nllbl, bjtv dnn f thht th lttr ntrd nt n nl thrh r f rdtn. rl l frhd th rdtn f ndr t prr lt n hh th frr b th rbl nd ntrllbl prprt f ph. h lnt f thht n thn b ntfll rnzd— th hn lnt n b rnzd n th l rlt. rthnll nd thnll rtnlt, ntl nd thnl r lnd b th lnt f thht hh djt th rl f thht t th rl f ntrl nd dntn. rthnll nd thnll d f dntn r fndntll dffrnt— dffrnt lvr fr fr lbr, pn fr Chrtnt, th t tt fr th ntn, th lh tr f th ppltn f ptrd t fr th z nntr tn p. vr, htr tll th htr f dntn, nd th l f thht rn th l f dntn. rl l ntndd nvrl vldt fr th l f thht. And ndd, tht nvrlt, thht ld b prvt, nnttl ffr, npbl f ndrtndn th llt tr f xtn. hht l r nd thr thn ndvdl thnn f I trt thnn f ndvdl prn n pf ttn, I fnd th n prndvdl ntxt f hh th prt, nd I thn n nrl npt. All bjt f thht r nvrl. t t ll tr tht th EGAIE IKIG 4

prndvdl nn, th nvrlt f npt, nvr rl frl n t ntttd n th ntrrltnhp btn th (thnn nd tn bjt nd thr rld. l btrtn l ll btrtn. hr ll hh frlt th l f thht n prtt v rd th th l f t, bt t nl n d f thht n thr. h trlt f Arttln frl l h ftn bn ntd. hlph thht dvlpd lnd nd vn td th l. In thr n ffrt, nthr th dlt nr th trl t, nthr th rtnlt nr th prt hl t nthn t t. rl l nntrnndnt n t vr trtr. It nnzd nd rnzd thht thn t frr bnd hh n ll n p—t rnd

" nlt." ntnd pl dpln lnd th btntv dvlpnt f phlph thht, ntll nhnn n pt f th n npt nd n ntnt hh rd th dvlpnt. Indd, nthr th Shlnt nr th rtnl nd th pr f th rl drn prd hd n rn t bjt t th d f thht hh hd nnzd t nrl fr n th Arttln l. It ntnt t lt n rd th ntf vldt nd xtn, nd th rt dd nt ntrfr th th nptl lbrtn f th n xprn nd th n ft. h ntprr thtl nd bl l r tnl vr dffrnt fr t ll prdr, bt th hr th rdl pptn t dltl l. In tr f th pp tn, th ld nd th n frl l xpr th d f thht. It prd fr tht "ntv" hh ld lr t th rn f l nd f phlph thht—th

See T. W Adorn, Zur Metakritik der Erkenntnistheorie, Stuttgart 1956, chapter I, Kritik der logischen Absolutismus. 44 OEIMESIOA OUG

xprn f th dnn, dptv, flfn pr f th tblhd rlt. And th th lntn f th xprn, th nptl ffrt t tn th tnn btn "" nd "ht," nd t bvrt th tblhd nvr f dr n th n f t n trth l lntd fr ll thht hh t b bjtv, xt, nd ntf. r th ntf bvrn f th dt xprn hh tblh th trth f n nt tht f dt xprn d nt dvlp th npt hh rr n thlv th prtt nd th rfl. h n ntf trth hh th pp t th ptd n d nt ntn n tlf th jdnt tht ndn th tblhd rlt. In ntrt, dltl thht nd rn nntf t th xtnt t hh t h jdnt, nd th jdnt pd pn dltl thht b th ntr f t bjt—b t bjtvt. h bjt th rlt n t tr nrtn dltl l prld ll btrtn hh lv th n rt ntnt ln nd bhnd, nprhndd. l dtt n th rtl phlph f h t th "fr f th bjt" (Ant vr d Objt, nd h dnd tht nnl ntf thht vr th ptn f fr nd prhnd th "ll nd th prrtnl" (d h, d nrnnft n th vr nrtn f t bjt. ltl l nnt b frl b t dtrnd b th rl, hh nrt. And th nrtn, fr fr lttn nt t f nrl prnpl nd npt, rr h t f l b t v ndr nrl l hh fr th rtn lt f th rl. It th rtnlt f ntrdtn, f th pptn f fr, tndn, lnt, nt, hh nttt th vnt f th rl nd, f prhndd, th npt f th rl. Extn th lvn ntrdtn btn n nd

Wnhft dr , d. n (pz, Mnr, 2, vl. I, p. 2. EGAIE IKIG 4

pprn, th bjt f thht r f tht "nnr ntvt" hh th pf lt f thr npt. h dltl dfntn dfn th vnt f thn fr tht hh th r nt t tht hh th r. h dvlpnt f ntrdtr lnt, hh dtrn th trtr f t bjt, l dtrn th trtr f dltl thht. h bjt f dltl l nthr th btrt, nrl fr f bjtv t, nr th btrt, nrl fr f thht—nr th dt f dt xprn. ltl l nd th btrtn f frl l nd f trnndntl phlph, bt t l dn th nrtn f dt xprn. th xtnt t hh th xprn t rt th th thn th ppr nd hppn t b, t ltd nd vn fl xprn. It ttn t trth f t h frd tlf fr th dptv bjtvt hh nl th ftr bhnd th ft—tht , f t ndrtnd t rld htrl nvr, n hh th tblhd ft r th r f th htrl prt f n. h prt (ntlltl nd trl th rlt n th dt f xprn t l th rlt hh dltl l prhnd. Whn htrl ntnt ntr nt th dltl npt nd dtrn thdlll t dvlpnt nd fntn, d ltl thht ttn th nrtn hh ln th trtr f thht t tht f rlt. l trth b htrl trth. h ntll tnn btn n nd pprn, btn "" nd "ht" b htrl tnn, nd th "nnr ntvt" f th bjtrld ndrtd th r f th htrl bjt—n n h trl th ntr nd t. n b htrl n. It ntrdt th tblhd rdr f n nd thn n bhlf f xtn tl fr tht rvl th rrtnl hrtr f th rdr—fr "rtnl" d f thht nd tn hh rd t rd nrn, dtrtn, brtlt, nd pprn.

9 Ibd., p. 8. 46 OEIMESIOA OUG

h trnfrtn f ntll nt htrl dlt rtn th tdnnlt f phlph thht rt l, ntv thnn. t n n nd pprn, "" nd

" ht," nfrnt h thr n th nflt btn tl fr nd pblt n th t. And th nfrnt h thr, nt n nd Unrn, ht nd Wrn—fr bth r prt nd prl f th tblhd nvr, bth prt n f n nd Unrn, ht nd Wrn. h lv pbl f blhn th tr nd f prtn th th th tr r pbl f prvn th lf f th lv nd f prvn h xplttn. h d f n prtn t th vnt f thht nd f tn. It thrtl nd prtl xn. If dltl l ndrtnd ntrdtn "nt" blnn t th vr "ntr f thht" (zr tr dr n btnn , 0 t d b ntrdtn bln t th vr ntr f th bjt f thht, t rlt, hr n tll Unrn, nd th rrtnl tll th rtnl. Cnvrl, ll tblhd rlt ltt nt th l f ntrdtn— t fvr th d f thht hh tn th tblhd fr f lf nd th d f bhvr hh rprd nd prv th. h vn rlt h t n l nd t n trth th ffrt t prhnd th h nd t trnnd th prpp dffrnt l, ntrdtn trth. h bln t d f thht hh r nnprtnl n thr vr trtr th r ln t ntf ll n n prtnl thr htrl nrtn ltt nt ntftn nd thtztn n th n hnd, nd nt ptv nd pr n th thr. h th d f thht ppr t b rl f th pt, l ll nn ntf nd nnprl phlph. h rd bfr r fftv thr nd prt f n.

0 Ibd. 6

OM EGAIE O OSIIE IKIG

hnll rtnlt nd th l f dntn

In th l rlt, dpt ll hn, th dntn f n b n tll th htrl ntn tht ln pr thnll nd thnll n. vr, th t hh prjt nd ndrt th thnll trnfrtn f ntr ltr th b f dntn b rdll rpln prnl dpndn (f th lv n th tr, th rf n th lrd f th nr, th lrd n th dnr f th ff, t. th dpndn n th "bjtv rdr f thn" (n n l, th rt t.. b r, th "bjtv rdr f thn" tlf th rlt f dntn, bt t nvrthl tr tht dntn n nrt hhr rtnlt—tht f t hh tn t hrrh trtr hl xpltn vr 48 OEIMESIOA OUG

r ffntl th ntrl nd ntl rr, nd dtrbt n th bnft f th xplttn n n vrlrr l. h lt f th rtnlt, nd t ntr fr, ppr n th prrv nlvnt f n b prdtv pprt hh prptt th trl fr xtn nd xtnd t t ttl ntrntnl trl hh rn th lv f th h bld nd th pprt. At th t, t b lr tht thn t b rn th th rtnlt f th t tlf. Wht rn th n hh n hv rnzd thr tl lbr. h n lnr n tn t th prnt t hn, n th n d, th rt ntrprnr thlv r lln t rf th bln f prvt ntrpr nd "fr" pttn t th bln f vrnnt rdr nd rltn, hl, n th thr d, lt ntrtn ntn t prd thrh prrv dntn. vr, th tn nnt t rt hr. h rn rnztn f t dnd frthr xplntn n v f th ttn f dvnd ndtrl t, n hh th ntrtn f th frrl ntv nd trnnd n l fr th th tblhd t t rt n l trtr. h trnfrtn f ntv nt ptv pptn pnt p th prbl: th "rn" rnztn, n bn ttltrn n ntrnl rnd, rft th ltrntv. Cr tnl t t ntrl, nd d nt t ll fr n x plntn n dpth, tht th tnbl bnft f th t r ndrd rth dfndn—pll n v f th rplln fr f prnt d n hh ppr t b th h trl ltrntv. t t ntrl nl t d f thht nd bhvr hh nlln nd prhp vn npbl f prhndn ht hppnn nd h t hppnn, d f thht nd bhvr hh n nt n thr thn th tblhd rtnlt th dr t hh th rrpnd t th vn rlt, thht nd bhvr OM EGAIE O OSIIE IKIG 4

xpr fl nn, rpndn t nd ntrbtn t th prrvtn f fl rdr f ft. And th fl n n h b bdd n th prvln thnl pprt hh n trn rprd t.

W lv nd d rtnll nd prdtvl. W n tht dtrtn th pr f prr dth th pr f lf, tht rnntn nd tl r th prrt fr rtftn nd j, tht bn t n, nd tht th ltrntv r Utpn. h dl bln t th tblhd tl pprt t rt fr t ntn fntnn nd prt f t rtnlt vr, th pprt dft t n prp f t prp t rt hn xtn n th b f hnzd ntr. And f th nt t prp, t rtnlt vn r pt. t t l r ll fr, fr th bnnn, th ntv n th ptv, th nhn n th hnztn, nlvnt n lbrtn. h dn tht f rlt nd nt f th nd, bt f rlt n hh th ntf nd hd dv prt n jnn thrtl nd prtl rn. St rprdd tlf n rn thnl nbl f thn nd rltn hh nldd th thnl tlztn f n—n thr rd, th trl fr xtn nd th xplttn f n nd ntr b vr r ntf nd rtnl. h dbl nn f "rtnlztn" rlvnt n th ntxt. Sntf nnt nd ntf dvn f lbr vtl nrd th prdtvt f th n, pltl, nd ltrl ntrpr. lt: th hhr tndrd f lvn. At th t nd n th rnd, th rtnl ntrpr prdd pttrn f nd nd bhvr hh jtfd nd blvd vn th t dtrtv nd pprv ftr f th ntrpr. Sntfthnl rtnlt nd npltn r ldd tthr nt n fr f l ntrl. Cn n rt ntnt th th ptn tht th nntf t th 0 OEIMESIOA OUG

rlt f pf tl ppltn f n? I thn tht th nrl drtn n hh t t b ppld nhrnt n pr n vn hr n prtl prp r ntndd, nd tht th pnt n b dntfd hr thrtl n trn nt l prt. In th ttpt, I hll brfl rll th thdll rn f th n rtnlt, ntrtn t th th ftr f th prthnll dl dd n th prv hptr.

h ntftn f ntr, hh ld t t xpltn n tr f thtl trtr, prtd rlt fr ll nhrnt nd nd, nntl, prtd th tr fr th d, n fr th. ttr h n n dfn th bjtvt f ntr nd th ntrrltn n t prt, t nnt ntfll nv t n tr f "fnl ." And n ttr h ntttv b th rl f th bjt pnt f brvtn, rnt, nd lltn, th bjt nnt pl t ntf rl thl r tht r pltl nt. h tnn btn n n th n hnd, nd th nd nd nt f th ndrln ppltn (hh h bn th bjt bt rrl th bjt f n n th thr, h bn thr fr th bnnn f phlph nd ntf thht. h "ntr f thn," nldn tht f t, dfnd t jtf rprn nd vn ppr n prftl rtnl. r nld nd rn dnd dntn vr—f nt lbrtn fr—th n. h nn f nd Er ld lrd n lt t th pr f n Arttl, th rltn btn th d nd th rld vd b h "rt" nl n tr f nl. hn th prr ntll ln btn nd Er brn, nd ntf rtnlt r ntll ntrl. Wht ntr (nld n n b trvn fr ntfll rtnl nl n tr f th nrl l f tn—phl, hl, r bll. OM EGAIE O OSIIE IKIG

Otd th rtnlt, n lv n rld f vl, nd vl prtd t fr th bjtv rlt b bjt v. h nl t r btrt nd hrl vldt fr th t b tphl ntn (dvn nd ntrl l. t h ntn nt vrfbl nd th nt rll bjtv. l hv hhr dnt (rll nd prt ll, bt th r nt rl nd th nt l n th rl bn f lf—th l th hhr th r lvtd bv rlt. h drlztn fft ll d hh, b thr vr ntr, nnt b vrfd b ntf thd. ttr h h th b rnzd, rptd, nd ntfd, n thr n rht, th ffr fr bn nnbjtv. t prl thr l f bjtvt th nt ftr f l h n. ntrn, rl, nd rl d r nl "dl" th dnt dtrb ndl th tblhd f lf, nd r nt nvldtd b th ft tht th r ntrdtd b bhvr dttd b th dl nt f bn nd plt. If th Gd nd th tfl, nd t nnt b drvd thr fr ntll r ntfrtnl ndtn, th nnt lll d nvrl vldt nd rlztn. In tr f ntf rn, th rn ttr f prfrn, nd n rttn f nd f Arttln r ht phl ph n v th ttn, fr t prr rftd b ntf rn. h nntf hrtr f th d ftll n th pptn t th tblhd rlt th d b r dl, nd thr nrt, rtl ntnt vprt nt th thl r tphl tphr.

rdxll, hvr, th bjtv rld, lft ppd nl th ntfbl lt, t b r nd r dpnd nt n t bjtvt n th bjt. h ln pr bn th th lbrztn f tr hh rpl "vbl" tr fr th prl ntl prtn. It fnd t xtr fr n nptn f ntprr ntf 2 OEIMESIOA OUG

phlph, rdn t hh ll ttr f phl n tnd t dlv n thtl r ll rltn. h vr ntn f n bjtv btn, pttd nt th bjt, t dntrt. r vr dffrnt drtn, ntt nd phlphr f n rrv t lr hpth n th xln f prtlr rt f ntt. r xpl, ph "d nt r th bjtv l t f th xtrnl nd trl rld—th r nl th rlt btnd b th plhnt f h prtn. Objt ntn t prt nl "nvnnt ntrdr," blnt "ltrl pt." h dnt nd pt f thn vprt: th bjtv rld l t "bjtnbl" hrtr, t pptn t th bjt. Shrt f t ntrprttn n tr f thrnltn tph, th thtzd tr, th ntf rlt ppr t b dtnl rlt. h r xtr ttnt, nd th r rjtd b r nrvtv ntrprttn, hh nt tht prptn n ntprr ph tll rfr t "phl thn " t th phl thn trn t t b "phl vnt," nd thn th prptn rfr t (nd rfr nl t ttrbt nd rltn hp tht hrtrz vr nd f phl thn nd pr. Mx rn tt:

rbrt nr, n tr, vl. 68 (, p. 60. W. . 0. Qn, r l nt f , Cbrd, rvrd Unv. r (, p. 44. Qn p f th "th f phl bjt" nd tht "n pnt f ptll ftn th phl bjt nd th d [f r] dffr nl n dr nd nt n nd" (bd.. t th th f phl bjt ptlll prr "n tht t h prvd r ff thn thr th dv fr rn nbl trtr nt th flx f xpr n." h vltn f th ntf npt n tr f "ff," "dv," nd "nbl" rvl t npltvthnll lnt. . hnbh, n hlpp G. rn (d., h ldtn f Sntf hr (tn, n r, 4, p. 8f (td b Adlf Grnb Adlf Grnb, bd., p. 8f. OM EGAIE O OSIIE IKIG

"... th thr f rltvt ... h nvr bndnd ll ttpt t n prprt t ttr ..." t "ftn rbl ntt nt prprt f thn, bt prprt f t rltn t thr thn ... Mt rnt n ph r nt drtl nrnd th th thn hh ntrt , bt th nd f prjtn, th rd tn n th dt pbl n."

And W. nbr:

"W r thth ftln, t nr z lnn l n bjtv t, z rärn l n Ubrht Obr

MOlhtn." 6

"vnt," "rltn," "prjtn," "pblt" n b nnfll bjtv nl fr bjt—nt nl n tr f brvblt nd rblt, bt n tr f th vr trtr f th vnt r rltnhp. In thr rd, th bjt hr nvlvd ntttn n—tht , pbl bjt fr hh dt t b, r n b nvbl vnt r rltn. If th th , hnbh ttnt ld tll hld tr: tht prptn n ph n b frltd th t rfrn t n tl brvr, nd th "dtrbn b n f brvtn," d, nt t th hn brvr, bt t th ntrnt "phl thn." b r, tht th tn tblhd b thtl ph xpr (frlt th tl ntll tn f t, .., th bjtv trtr f ttr. rdl f

Ibd., p. 88f. ( tl.

6 "Wht tblh thtll bjtv ft nl n ll prt, n lrr prt t rv f pblt." "Obr dn rff `Abhln hr, " n: lt, vl. II, n. , 48, p. . hlpp G. rn, l. t., p. 8. 4 OEIMESIOA OUG

n brvn nd rn "td" bjt A "nld" , "prd" , "rlt n" b "btn" C, "lrr thn" C, t.—t ld tll b tr tht th rltn pl ltn, dtntn, nd dntt n th dffrn f A, , C. h th pl th pt f bn dntl n dffrn, f bn rltd t . . . n pf d, f bn rtnt t thr rltn, t. Onl th pt ld b n ttr tlf, nd thn ttr tlf ld b bjtvl f th trtr f nd—n ntrprttn hh ntn trn dlt lnt:

"... nnt bjt, tht httn, tht rrr, pl b thr xtn, r ntrtn th tn f hh th n nthn. Sbjtvl, ntr nt f th nd—h d nt thn n thtl tr. t bjtvl, ntr

f th nd—h n b thht n thtl tr." 8

A l dlt ntrprttn ffrd b Krl ppr, h hld tht, n t htrl dvlpnt, phl n nvr nd dfn dffrnt lr f n nd th bjt v rlt. In th pr, th htrll rpd npt r bn nlld nd thr ntnt bn ntrtd nt th dn n—n ntrprttn hh t pl prr trd th rl r f rlt, tht , th blt trth. Or l rlt trn t t b n nn tht r, nd th vr npt f ntf trth b n jprd.

I d nt t tht th phlph f ntprr ph

8 C. . vn Wzr, h tr f tr (Ch: Unvrt f Ch r, 4, p. 20. In: rth hlph n th MdCntr (.Y.: Mlln, , d. C. A. M, p. ff. Slrl: Mr n, Mtntf Qr (Sprnfld, Chrl C. h. , p. 08ff. OM EGAIE O OSIIE IKIG dn r vn tn th rlt f th xtrnl rld bt tht, n n r nthr, t pnd jdnt n ht rl t tlf b, r ndr th vr tn nnl nd nnrbl. Md nt thdll prnpl, th pnn h tfld nn: ( t trnthn th hft f thrtl ph fr th tphl "Wht ... ?" (t kariv) t th fntnl " . . . ?", nd (b t tblh prtl (thh b n n blt rtnt hh, n t prtn th ttr, th d nn fr fr tnt t n btn td th prtnl ntxt. In thr rd, thrtll, th trnfrtn f n nd ntr h n thr bjtv lt thn th ffrd b th brt ftlt f ttr, t tll ntrd rtn t n ld nd ntrl. th dr t hh th nptn b pplbl nd fftv n rlt, th lttr pprhd (hpthtl t f ntrntlt th tphl "bnh" v t "bnntrnt." Mrvr, prvd n t fftvn, th nptn r n prr—t prdtrn xprn, t projects th drtn f th trnfrtn f ntr, t rnz th hl. W jt tht ntprr phlph f n d t b trln th n dlt lnt nd, n t xtr frltn, vn dnrl l t n dlt npt f ntr. vr, th n d f thht n pt dl "n t ft." l ptzd th dlt ntl: f n th n dnntr f bjt nd bjt, t th nth f opposites. Wth th d, ntl pr hndd th tnn btn bjt nd bjt t trtd th nrtn. h rlt f n th pln t f th tnn n ntr, htr, phlph. Evn th t xtrl nt t th ntnd th d f b tn hh nfld tlf n bjt nd bjt—th d f n ntnt rlt. h ntf prt h nrnl nd th ntn. Mdrn ntf phlph ll 1 56 OEIMESIOA OUG

bn th th ntn f th t btn, r tn nd r xtn—bt th xtndd ttr b prhnbl n thtl tn hh, trnltd nt thnl, "r" th ttr, th r xtn l t hrtr ndpndnt btn.

"h ld dvn f th rld nt bjtv pr n p nd t nd th nd n hh th pr r rrrd—n thr rd, th Crtn dffrn btn r tn nd r xtn— n lnr tbl trtn pnt fr r ndrtndn f drn n."°

h Crtn dvn f th rld h l bn tnd n t n rnd. rl pntd t tht th Crtn E , n th lt nl, nt rll n ndpndnt btn bt rthr th "rd" r lt f ntftn t tht Gll d f th rld "nvrl nd bltl pr" r xtn dntd prr th Crtn nptn." In hh th Crtn dl ld b dptv, nd rt thnn btn ld b n t th r xtn, nt ptn th ntf bjt f ntfbl brvtn nd rnt. rt dl ld lrd pl t ntn t ld lr rthr thn bl th rd trd th tblhnt f ndnnl ntf nvr n hh ntr "bjtvl f th nd," tht , f th bjt. And th bjt rltd t t rld n vr pl :

0 W nbr, h ht Cnptn f tr (ndn, thnn, 8, p. 2. In h h nd hlph (ndn: Alln nd Unn, , p. 8, nbr rt: "h thnntlf f fr th t pht, f h th npt t ll, fnll thtl trtr bt th trtr — ntrr t Knt—ndrtl ddd fr xprn." Kr dr Erphn Wnhftn nd d hnzndntl hnnl, d. W. l (, jhff, 4, p. 8. OM EGAIE O OSIIE IKIG

. l ntr t l n d Ih tf, d lh nrvnt I thn dn l ntr."

h n f ntr dvlp ndr th thnll prr hh prjt ntr ptntl ntrntlt, tff f n trl nd rnztn. And th pprhnn f ntr (hp thtl ntrntlt prd th dvlpnt f ll prtlr thnl organization:

"Mdrn n t th ntrt f n r trl fr prdtn nd bjt th ntrt f th bjtrld t th p nd rdr f prdtn (Herstellen)." "... th f hnr nd th prdtn f hn nt thn tlf bt rl n dt ntrnt fr th rlztn (Einrichtung) f th n f thn n t bjtv r trl." 3

h thnll prr pltl prr nh th trnfrtn f ntr nvlv tht f n, nd nh th "nd rtn" fr nd rntr tl nbl. On tll nt tht th hnr f th thn ll nvr " h" ndffrnt trd pltl nd— t n rvltnz r rtrd t. An ltrn ptr n rv ll ptlt r lt dntrtn l trn n b n ll ffnt tl fr r prt r p prt. h ntrlt nttd n Mrx ntrvrl tt nt tht th "hndll v t th th fdl lrd

2 "tr pld ndr th n f tv n, f th n h nrb thn n ntr." Gtn hlrd, Atvt tnlt d I ph nt prn (r, r Unvrtr, p. , th rfrn t Mrx nd Enl, th Idl (trd. Mltr, p. 6f. Mrtn dr, Holzwege (rnfrt, Kltrnn, 0, p. 266ff. (M trnltn. S l h rtr nd Aftz Gnthr , 4, p. 22, 2. 8 OEIMESIOA OUG

th tll t th th ndtrl ptlt." 4 And th ttnt frthr dfd n Mrxn thr tlf: th l d f prdtn, nt thn th b htrl ftr. vr, hn thn b th nvrl fr f trl prdtn, t rrb n ntr ltr t prjt htrl ttlt— "rld."

Cn tht th vltn f ntf thd rl "rflt" th trnfrtn f ntrl nt thnl rlt n th pr f ndtrl vlztn? frlt th rltn btn n nd t n th n t prt rl nd vnt tht t h thr, nl, ( n nd ntf thht, th thr ntrnl npt nd thr ntrnl trth, nd (2 th nd ppltn f n n th l rlt. In thr rd, n ttr h l th nntn btn th t dvlpnt b, th d nt pl nd dfn h thr. r n nt ppld n t rtn t dntt nd vldt prt fr t tlztn. Mrvr, th ntn f th ntl ntrlt f n l xtndd t thn. h hn ndffrnt trd th l t hh t pt, prvdd th rn thn t thnl pblt. In v f th ntrnl ntrntlt hrtr f ntf thd, th ntrprttn ppr ndt. A lr rl tnhp t prvl btn ntf thht nd t ppltn, btn th nvr f ntf dr nd tht f rdnr dr nd bhvr— rltnhp n hh bth v ndr th l nd rtnlt f dntn.

In prdxl dvlpnt, th ntf ffrt t tblh

4 h vrt f hlph, hptr II, "Snd Obrvtn" n: A ndb f Mrx, d. E. rn, Yr, , p. . OM EGAIE O OSIIE I KIG th rd bjtvt f ntr ld t n nrn dtrlztn f ntr:

"h d f nfnt ntr xtn h, th d tht hv t v p, th th f drn n. Sn h trtd t b dtrn th th f th Mddl A. And n n frd b t n ntn t rlz tht t

h rl rd nthr th ntd."

h pr hh bn th th lntn f ndpndnt btn nd fnl rrv t th dtn f bjtvt. t t vr pf dtn, n hh th bjt nttt tlf n t prtl rltn t th bjt:

"And ht ttr? In t ph, ttr dfnd b t pbl rtn t hn xprnt, nd b th thtl—tht , ntlltl—l t b. W r dfnn ttr pbl bjt f n npltn."

And f th th , thn n h b n tlf thnll:

"rt n h th v f ntr tht fttn fr

thnl ."

th dr t hh th prtnl b th ntr f th ntf ntrpr, rtnlt th fr f thdl ntrtn rnztn nd hndln f ttr th r tff f ntrl, ntrntlt hh lnd tlf t ll prp nd nd—ntrntlt pr , "n tlf"

C. . vn Wzr, h tr f tr, l. t., p. . 6 Ibd., p. 42 ( ph. Ibd., p. . 60 OEIMESIOA OUG h "rrt" tttd trd ntrntlt th thnl pprh, th rrt l thnl, hh prjt nd rpnd t thnll rlt. 8 In th rlt, ttr ll n "ntrl" bjtvt h nthr tl n tlf nr t trtrd trd tl. t t prl t ntrl hr tr hh rlt bjtvt t pf htrl Sbjt— nl, t th nn tht prvl n th t b hh nd fr hh th ntrlt tblhd. It prt n th vr btrtn hh nttt th n rtnlt— n ntrnl rthr thn xtrnl ftr. r nd ppld prtnl , thrtl nd prtl rn, th ntf nd th b n ntrpr xt th rdtn f ndr t prr lt, ntftn nd btrtn fr "prtlr rt f ntt." r, th rtnlt f pr n vlfr nd d nt tplt n prtl nd, t "ntrl" t n xtrn vl tht b pd pn t. t th ntrlt ptv hrtr. Sntf rtnlt fr pf tl rnztn prl b t prjt r fr (r r ttr—hr, th thr ppt tr nvr hh n b bnt t prtll ll nd. rlztn nd fntnl ztn r, prr t ll ppltn, th "pr fr" f nrt tl prt. Whl n frd ntr fr nhrnt nd nd trppd ttr f ll bt ntfbl lt, t frd n fr th "ntrl" hrrh f prnl dpndn nd rltd th t h thr n rdn th ntfbl

8 I hp I ll nt b ndrtd tn tht th npt f th tl ph r dnd "tl," tht th hv thnl, prtl ntnt. hnll rthr th prr "nttn" r pprhnn f th nvr n hh n v, n hh t nttt tlf pr n. r n rn ttd t th prr fr hh t btrt. It ht b lrr t p f th ntrntlt hrzn f thtl ph. S Sznn hlrd, Cnn d tnltê (r, r Unvrtr, 8, p. . OM EGAIE O OSIIE IKIG 6

lt—nl, nt f btrt lbr pr, llbl n nt f t. " vrt f th rtnlztn f th d f lbr, th lntn f lt trnfrrd fr th nvr f n t tht f dl xprn." tn th t pr f ntf nd tl ntf tn, thr prlll nd tn, r thr nntn pl th r f ll hndht? h prdn d n prpd tht th n ntf rtnlt n tlf, n t vr btrtn nd prt, prtnl nh t dvlpd ndr n ntrntlt hrzn. Obrvtn nd xprnt, th thdl rnztn nd rdntn f dt, prptn, nd nln nvr prd n n ntrtrd, ntrl, thrtl p. h prjt f ntn nvlv prtn n bjt, r btrtn fr bjt hh r n vn nvr f dr nd tn. Sn brv, llt, nd thrz fr ptn n th n vr. h tr hh Gll brvd r th n l l ntt, bt th dffrnt nvr f dr nd tn—n hrt, th dffrnt l rlt—pnd th n drtn nd rn f brvtn, nd th pblt f rdrn th brvd dt. I nt nrnd hr th th htrl rltn btn ntf nd tl rtnlt n th bnnn f th drn prd. It prp t dn trt th ntrnl ntrntlt hrtr f th ntf rtnlt b vrt f hh t prr thnl, nd th prr f pf thnl—nl, thnl fr f l ntrl nd dntn. Mdrn ntf thht, nh t pr, d nt prjt prtlr prtl l nr prtlr fr f dntn. vr, thr n h thn dntn pr . A thr prd, t btrt fr, r rjt, ftl

19 M. rhr nd . W Adrn, lt dr Afldrn, l. t., p. 0 ( trnltn. 62 OEIMESIOA OUG

tlll ntxt—tht f th vn, nrt nvr f d r nd tn. It thn th nvr tlf tht th n tf prjt r r d nt r, tht thr nv r d nt nv th pbl ltrntv, tht t hpth bvrt r xtnd th prtblhd rlt. h prnpl f drn n r prr trtrd n h tht th ld rv nptl ntrnt fr nvr f lfprplln, prdtv ntrl thrtl prtnl t rrpnd t prtl prtnl. h ntf thd hh ld t th vrrfftv d ntn f ntr th t prvd th pr npt ll th ntrntlt fr th vrrfftv dntn f n b n thrh th dntn f ntr. hrtl rn, rnn pr nd ntrl, ntrd nt th rv f prtl rn. h rr prvd bnfl t bth. d, dntn prptt nd xtnd tlf nt nl thrh thnl bt thnl, nd th lttr prvd th rt lttn f th xpndn pltl pr, hh brb ll phr f ltr. In th nvr, thnl l prvd th rt rtnl ztn f th nfrd f n nd dntrt th "th nl" pblt f bn tn, f dtrnn n n lf. r th nfrd ppr nthr rrtnl nr pltl, bt rthr bn t th thnl pprt hh nlr th frt f lf nd nr th prdtv t f lbr. hnll rtnlt th prtt rthr thn nl th lt f dntn, nd th ntrntlt hrzn f rn pn n rtnll ttltrn t:

"On prrt nr phlph trt d th n ll prnd (nbl thn n l ln tl l hn pr btnr d l pn. hn t lnt n n l fn t l nét d l ntr, l dttn d fr ntrll n dn OM EGAIE O OSIIE IKIG 6

prr rvnt: l hn t n lv rt fr dtr lv. Un prll nprtn dntr t lvt pt rnntrr v n rt d lbrt pr Ih. M l t dffl d lbrr n trnfrnt llv r dtr tr, h, nx hn rnr r n ppl d hn rvnt l nd ntr, t nr rnr, t tt rn pp (pttn d h drvnt.""

h nnt dn f thnl prr h b pr td th pltl ntnt, nd th f thn h bn d nt th f ntnd rvtd. h lbrtn fr f thnl—th ntrntlztn f thn—trn nt fttr f lbrtn th ntrntlztn f n.

h ntrprttn ld t th ntf prjt (thd nd thr, prr t ll ppltn nd tlztn, t pf tl prjt, nd ld th t prl n th nnr fr f ntf rtnlt, .., n th fntnl hrtr f t npt. In thr rd, th ntf nvr (tht , nt th pf prptn n th trtr f ttr, nr, thr ntrrltn, t., bt th prjtn f ntr ntfbl ttr, dn th hpthtl pprh t—nd th thtlll xprn f—bjtvt ld b th

20 "On ht ll trt phlph f thn hh t th th nl hl pl hr hn r d t btn pr. h hn nl n th nd th nt f ntr, th dttn f ntrl fr thrh prr nlvnt: h hn lv hh rv t thr lv. Sh dnrn nd nlvn drv tthr th th t fr hn frd. t t dfflt t lbrt nlf b trnfrrn lvr t thr bn, n, nl, r hn t rl vr ppltn f hn bjtn th hl rld n tll t rl, nd ll rl pl ptn f ht f bjtn." Glbrt Sndn, Md dxtn d bjt thn (r, Abr, 8, p. 2. 64 OEIMESIOA OUG

hrzn f nrt tl prt hh ld b prrvd n th dvlpnt f th ntf prjt. t, vn rntn th ntrnl ntrntl f ntf rtnlt, th ptn ld nt t tblh th ll vldt f th ntf prjt. Grntd tht th fr tn f th t btrt ntf npt tll prrv th ntrrltn btn bjt nd bjt n vn nvr f dr nd tn, th ln btn thrtl nd prtl rn n b ndrtd n t dffrnt . Sh dffrnt ntrprttn ffrd b n t n h

" nt ptl." t ntrprt th frtn f n tf npt n tr f dffrnt btrtn fr nrl ntrrltn btn bjt nd bjt. Abtrtn prd n thr fr th r bjt, tht th bjt fntn nl th ntrl pnt f brvtn nd rnt, nr fr th b jt th vhl f pr ntv n. t dtnh btn th pr f ntn n tht nd n ph. h frr btrtn " lntrr d ltn tll":

"Cntrrnt In dt vnt, l tr th& t n rltnt dn p dn btrtn prtr d bjt, bn dn btrtn fft n d tn tll. nr, rdnnr, dplr, t. nt d tn pl nrl pnr, pr, t. pr ll tnnnt l rdntn d tt l tn prtlr t ntrnt n hn dll ttr d ftr rdntr

21 "Cntrr t ht ftn d, thtl ntt r nt thrfr th rlt f n btrtn bd n bjt bt rthr f n btrtn d n th dt f tn h. bl, t rdr, t v, t., r r nrl tn thn t thn, t ph, t., b th nt n th rdntn tlf f ll prtlr tn nd b th ntr nt h f th rdntn ftr." Intrdtn lêptl nt, t III (r Unvrtr, r, 0 , p. 28. OM EGAIE O OSIIE IKIG 165

Mthtl prptn th xpr "n dtn nrl lbjt"—n ntrt t th prtlr dpttn hh r hrtrt f tr prptn n ph. nd thtl l r "n tn r lbjt ln, tdr n tn d d fn nrl" 2 nd th "tn" f nrl vldt n h

"tt btrtn dffrntn prt j rn d rdntn hrdtr, p l n rdn tr d (tn tnnnt tjr, n lr r, d rdntn rflx t ntntv." 23

In ph, btrtn prd fr th bjt bt d t pf tn n th prt f th bjt, th btrtn nrl lthtl fr b

"d tn prtlr n dnnnt l n nnn rdnn ntr ll t tt rdntn t, pr ntr , lthrnt." 24

Abtrtn n ph ld nrl b t l thtl btrtn nd th lttr , pr rdntn, th nrl fr f tn—"tn h" ("tn tll". And th rdntn nttt bjtvt b t rtn hrdtr, "rflxv nd ntntv" trtr. t ntrprttn rnz th ntrnl prtl hr tr f thrtl rn, bt drv t fr nrl trtr

22 Ibd., p. 288. "h btrtn r dffrnttn xtnd t th vr ntr f hrdtr rdntn b th rdntn hn f th tn r l tthd, t thr r, t rdntn b rflx nd ntnt." Ibd., p. 28. 24 "rtlr tn rlt nl n nld f th r rdntd n th nd f th rdntn n t vr ntr llthtl." Ibd., p. 2. 1 66 OEIMESIOA OUG

f tn hh, n th lt nl, hrdtr, bll trtr. Sntf thd ld lttl rt n bl l fndtn, hh pr (r rthr nfr htrl. Mrvr, rntd tht ll ntf nld prpp rdntn f prtlr tn, I d nt h h rdntn "b t vr ntr" lthtlnl th "prtlr tn" r th ntf prtn f drn ph, n hh th ntrprttn ld b rlr.

In ntrt t t rthr phll nd bll nl, rl h ffrd nt ptl hh fd n th htrl trtr f ntf rn. I hll hr rfr t rl r nl nfr t phz th xtnt t hh drn n th "thdl" f prvn htrl rlt thn h nvr t v. rl trt th th ft tht th thtztn f ntr rltd n vld prtl nld: n th ntrtn f n "dtnl" rlt hh ld b fftvl "rrltd" th th prl rlt (p. 42. t th ntf hvnt rfrrd b t prntf prt, hh ntttd th rnl b (th Snnfndnt f Glln n. h pr ntf b f n n th rld f prt (bnlt, hh dtrnd th thrtl trtr, nt tnd b Gll rvr, t nld (vrdt b th frthr dvlpnt f n. h rlt th lln tht th thtztn f ntr rtd n "tn (ntnd blt trth" (p. 4 f., hl n rlt, t rnd pf thd nd thn fr th bnlt. h dtnl vl (Idn ld f thtl n th vl f bl hh rprnt nd t th t (vrtrtt nd vrldt th rld f prt (p. 2.

2 Die Krisis der Europaischen VVissenschaften and the tmnscendentale Phanomenologie, loc. cit. OM EGAIE O OSIIE IKIG 6

Wht th rnl, prntf ntnt nd ntnt tht prrvd n th nptl trtr f n? Mrnt n prt dvr th pblt f n rtn b fr, hp, nd rltn, hh r nvrll "vlbl dnt ll th , fr xtl dtrnn nd lltn prl bjt nd rltn" (p. 2. hrh ll btrtn nd nrlztn, ntf thd rtn (nd t pr ntfthnl trtr th dvlpnt f th frr rprnt (nd th dvlpnt f th lttr. h l l tr "dlz" th prt f rvn nd r n th lnd (ldnt. Gtr th thr f prtl bjtftn. b r, lbr nd thtl l ntrt n b lt dtnl rlt, frd fr th nllbl nrtnt nd prtlrt f th bnlt nd f th bjt lvn n t. vr, th dtnl ntrtn th thr nd thn f "dlzn" th n bnlt:

"In th thtl prt, ttn ht dnd t n th prl prt, .., xtn. r t pbl t dtrn th dl fr n tr f blt dntt ... A h, th b nvrll vlbl nd dpbl ..."

(. 24.

h rdntn (rdnn f th dtnl th th prl rld nbl t "prjt th ntptd rlrt f th prtl bnlt":

"On n p th frl, n p th frht hh drd n prt"

—th frht f tht hh t b xptd n th xprn f nrt lf (p. 4. rl phz th prntf, thnl nnttn 1 68 OEIMESIOA OUG

f thtl xtn nd fnblt. h ntrl ntn f drn n r, nt r bprdt f pr n, bt prtnn t t nnr nptl trtr. h ntf btrtn fr nrtn, th ntftn f lt hh ld xtn ll nvrl vldt, nvlv pf nrt xprn f th bnlt— pf d f "n" th rld. And th "n," n pt f t

" pr," dntrtd hrtr, n thn prpv, prtl ntxt. It ntptn (rhn nd prjtn (rhbn. Glln n th n f thdl, t t ntptn nd prjtn. t—nd th dv f pf ntptn nd prjtn—nl, tht hh xprn, prhnd, nd hp th rld n tr f llbl, prdtbl rltnhp n xtl dntfbl nt. In th prjt, nvrl ntfblt prrt fr th dntn f ntr. Indvdl, nnntfbl lt tnd n th f n rnztn f n nd thn n rd n th th rbl pr t b xtrtd fr th. t th pf, htrl prjt, nd th nn hh ndrt th prjt th hddn bjt f Glln n th lttr th thn, th rt f ntptn xtndd n nfnt (n Unndlh rtrt rht: p. .

prl b Glln n , n th frtn f t npt, th thn f pf bnlt, t d nt nd nnt trnnd th bnlt. It rn ntll thn th b xprntl frr nd thn th nvr f nd t b th rlt. In rl frltn n Glln n, th

" nrt nvr f lt b ppld tht" (p. 2—bt th rld f prptn nd xprn,

"n hh lv r hl prtl lf, rn tht hh t , n t ntl trtr, n t n nrt lt

nhnd . . ." (p. tl. OM EGAIE O OSIIE IKIG 6

A prvtv ttnt, hh l nzd, nd I t th lbrt f pbl vrntrprttn. h ttnt d nt rfr pl t th ft tht, n pt f nnEldn tr, tll prv nd t n thrdnnl p r tht, n pt r th "tttl" npt f lt, tll t, n n n, n rd th th "ld" l f lt. r d th ttnt ntrdt th prptl hn n th rld f dl prt th rlt f "ppld tht." Mh r b t t: nl, th nhrnt lt f th tb lhd n nd ntf thd, b vrt f hh th xtnd, rtnlz, nd nr th prvln bnlt tht ltrn t xtntl trtr—tht tht nvn lt tvl n d f "n" nd lttvl n rltn btn n nd btn n nd ntr. Wth rpt t th ntttnlzd fr f lf, n (pr ll ppld ld th hv tblzn, tt, nrvtv fntn. Evn t t rvltnr hvnt ld nl b ntrtn nd dtrtn n ln th p f xprn nd rnztn f rlt. h ntn lf rrtn f n—th rvltn f t hpth hh blt nt t thd—tlf prpl nd xtnd th h trl nvr, th b xprn. It rtn th frl prr, hh fr vr trl, prtl ntnt. r fr nzn th fndntl hn hh rrd th th tblhnt f Glln n, rl ntrprt tn pnt p th rdl br th th prGlln trdtn th ntrntlt hrzn f thht ndd n hr zn. It rtd n rld f thrtl nd prtl n, bt t h rnd ttd t pf htrl rld hh h t vdnt lt—n thr ll n prt, n t pr ll ppld thd. h prdn dn t t nt nl th nnr lttn nd prjd f ntf thd bt l t h trl bjtvt. Mrvr, t t pl th nd fr 170 OEIMESIOA OUG

rt f "lttv ph," rvvl f tlll phl ph, t. I dt tht th pn jtfd, bt t th pnt, I n nl rt tht n h brntt d r ntndd." ttr h n dfn trth nd bjtvt, th rn rltd t th hn nt f thr nd prt, nd t thr blt t prhnd nd hn thr rld. h blt n trn dpnd n th xtnt t hh ttr (htvr t b rnzd nd ndrtd tht hh t tlf n ll prtlr fr. In th tr, ntprr n f nl rtr bjtv vldt thn t prdr. On ht vn dd tht, t prnt, th ntf thd th nl thd tht n l h vldt th ntrpl f hpth nd brvbl ft vldt th hpth nd tblh th ft. h pnt hh I trn t tht n, b vrt f t n thd nd npt, h prjtd nd prtd nvr n hh th dntn f ntr h rnd lnd t th dntn f n— ln hh tnd t b ftl t th nvr hl. tr, ntfll prhndd nd trd, rppr n th thnl pprt f prdtn nd dtrtn hh tn nd prv th lf f th nd vdl hl brdntn th t th tr f th ppr t. h th rtnl hrrh r th th l n. If th th , thn th hn n th drtn f prr, hh ht vr th ftl ln, ld l fft th vr trtr f n—th ntf prjt. It hpth, th t ln thr rtnl hrtr, ld dvlp n n n tll dffrnt xprntl ntxt (tht f pfd rld nntl, n ld rrv t ntll dffrnt n pt f ntr nd tblh ntll dffrnt ft. h rtnl t bvrt th d f n. I hv pntd t tht th lnt f th bvrn, th

26 S hptr nd 0 bl. OM EGAIE O OSIIE IKIG ntn f nthr rtnlt, r prnt n th htr f thht fr t bnnn. h nnt d f tt hr n ttn flfllnt, hr th tnn btn "" nd "ht" rlvd n th l f n trnl rtrn, prt f th tph f dntn. t t l prtn t th tph f lbrtn—t th rnltn f nd Er. h d nv th ntrt f th rprv prdtvt f n, th nd f dntn n rtftn. h t ntrtn rtnlt nnt pl b rrltd th ll nd drn thht rptvl, n hn frltn "fr ntpltv njnt t tv npltn nd ntrl" nd "fr nn n tht njnt f th prprt f ntr . . . t nn n f lr ntrl." Cll thht ffntl t td t th l f lr ntrl, nd thr ffnt pnnt f ndtnt nd rfl n drn thht t vtt hn frltn. n, nptl thht nd bhvr, nrl tr, dntn. l, rl, rdr b vrt f nld. In bn prtlr ndr nvrl, n bjtn t t thr nvrl, thht ttn tr vr th prtlr . It b pbl nt nl f prhndn bt l f tn pn th, ntrl ln th. vr, hl ll thht tnd ndr th rl f l, th nfldn f th l dffrnt n th vr d f thht. Cll frl nd drn bl l, trnndntl nd dltl l—h rl vr dffrnt nvr f dr nd xprn. h ll dvlpd thn th htrl ntn f dntn t hh th p trb t. And th ntn bt pn th d f ptv thnn thr nfrt nd dll hrtr pn th f ntv thnn thr pltv nd tpn hrtr.

2 hn , h Qt fr Crtnt ( Yr, Mntn, lh nd C., 2, p. , 00. 2 OEIMESIOA OUG

f r, n tr t dntf r lrl th hddn bjt f ntf rtnlt nd th hddn nd n t pr fr. h ntf npt f nvrll ntrl lbl ntr prjtd ntr ndl ttrnfntn, th r tff f thr nd prt. In th fr, th bjtrld ntrd th ntrtn f thnll nvr— nvr f ntl nd phl ntrntlt, n n thlv. h t trl "hpthtl" t, dpndn n vldtn nd vrfn bjt. h pr f vldtn nd vrftn b prl thrtl n, bt th nvr r n v nd th nvr trnt n prvt, ndvdl nd. h hpthtl t f fr nd fntn b dpndnt n nthr t— prtblhd nvr f nd, n hh nd fr hh t dvlp. Wht pprd xtrn, frn t th thrtl prjt, h frth prt f t vr trtr (thd nd npt pr bjtvt rvl tlf bjt fr bjtvt hh prvd th l, th nd. In th ntrtn f th thnll rlt, thr n h thn prl rtnl ntf rdr th pr f thnll rtnlt pltl pr. Onl n th d f thnl, n nd ntr b fnbl bjt f rnztn. h nvrl fftvn nd prdtvt f th pprt ndr hh th r bd vl th prtlr ntrt tht rnz th pprt. In thr rd, thnl h b th rt vhl f rftn— rftn n t t tr nd fftv fr. h l p tn f th ndvdl nd h rltn t thr ppr nt nl t b dtrnd b bjtv lt nd l, bt th l t nd l t l thr tr nd nntrllbl hrtr th ppr llbl nfttn f (ntf rtnlt. h rld tnd t b th tff f ttl dn trtn, hh brb vn th dntrtr. h b f dntn h b th b f n tlf, nd th OM EGAIE O OSIIE IKIG

t ftll ntnld n t. And th trnndn d f thht t trnnd n tlf. Undr th ndtn, ntf thht (ntf n th lrr n, ppd t ddld, tphl, tnl, lll thnn td th phl n th fr f pr nd lfntnd frl (bl n th n hnd, nd ttl pr n th thr. (h ntrt nt nflt. S th vr prl ppltn f tht nd bl l n ltrn ndtr. In rltn t th tblhd nvr f dr nd bhvr, nnntrdtn nd nntrnndn th n dnntr. tl pr rvl t dll fntn n ntprr phlph. Wth rpt t th fntn, pt f lnt nl ll b dd n th flln hptr. h dn t prpr th rnd fr th ttpt t h th brrr hh prvnt th pr fr n t rp th rlt, nd tblhn (r rthr rtblhn th npt hh br th brrr. E IUM O OSIIE IKIG

Ondnnl phlph

h rdfntn f thht hh hlp t rdnt ntl prtn th th n th l rlt t thrp. hht n th lvl th rlt hn t rd fr trn rn bnd nptl frr hh thr prl xt (l, tht r xtnv th th tblhd nvr f dr nd bhvr. h, lnt nl l t r thht nd ph fr nfn tphl ntn—fr "ht" f l tr nd l ntf pt hh tll hnt th nd lthh th nthr dnt nr xpln. h ph n th thrpt fntn f phlphl nl—rrtn f bnrl bhvr n thht nd ph, rvl f brt, lln, nd ddt, r t lt thr xpr. In hptr I, I dd th thrpt pr f E IUM O OSIIE IKIG

l n xpn nd rrtn bnrl bhvr n ndtrl plnt, prdr hh pld th xln f rtl npt pbl f rltn h bhvr t th t hl. vrt f th rtrtn, th thrtl pr dr b dtl prtl. It dn thd f bttr nnt, fr plnnn, rtr ffn, lr lltn. h nl, v rrtn nd prvnt, tr nt n ffrtn pr prv tlf ptv thnn. h phlphl nl f n h dt ppl tn. Cprd th th rlztn f l nd ph l, th thrpt trtnt f thht rn d. Indd, xt thnn, th lbrtn fr tphl ptr nd nnl ntn ll b ndrd nd n th lv. Mrvr, th trtnt f thht n lnt nl t n ffr nd t n rht. It dll hrtr nt t b prjdd b rrltn th trl nt nptl trnndn bnd th tblhd nvr f dr th th trl nt pltl trnndn bnd th tblhd t. n phlph rth f th n, lnt nl p fr tlf nd dfn t n tttd t rlt. It dnt f t hf nrn th dbnn f trnndnt npt t prl t fr f rfrn th n f rd, th vrt f prvln bhvr. Wth th hrtr t, t rrb t ptn n th phlph trdtn— nl, t th ppt pl fr th d f thht hh lbrtd thr npt n tnn th, nd vn n ntrdtn t, th prvln nvr f dr nd bhvr. In tr f th tblhd nvr, h ntrdtn d f thht r ntv thnn. "h pr f th n tv" th prnpl hh vrn th dvlpnt f n pt, nd ntrdtn b th dtnhn lt f 6 OEIMESIOA OUG

n (l. h lt f thht nt nfnd t rtn tp f rtnl t l dv lnt n th prt trdtn. Epr nt nrl ptv t tttd t th tblhd rlt dpnd n th prtlr dnn f xprn hh fntn th r f n ld nd th b fr f rfrn. r xpl, t tht nl nd trl r pr ntv trd t n hh vtl ntntl nd trl nd r nflflld. In ntrt, th pr f lnt nl v thn frr hh d nt ll h ntrdtn—th lfpd rtrtn t th prvlnt bhvrl nvr fr n ntrnll ptv tttd. In pt f th rdl ntrl pprh f th phlphr, th prbnd nl b t th pr f ptv thnn. fr trn t h th ntrnll dll hrtr f lnt nl, I t ttpt t jtf pprntl rbtrr nd drtr pl th th tr "ptv" nd "ptv" b brf nt n thr rn. Sn t frt , prbbl n th hl f SntSn, th tr "p tv" h npd ( th vldtn f ntv thht b xprn f ft (2 th rnttn f n tv thht t th phl n dl f rtnt nd xtn ( th blf tht prr n nld dpnd n th rnttn. Cnntl, ptv trl nt ll tph, trnndntl, nd dl brntt nd rrv d f thht. th dr t hh th vn rlt ntfll pr hndd nd trnfrd, t th dr t hh t b ndtrl nd thnll, ptv fnd n th t th d fr th rlztn (nd vldtn f t npt—hrn btn thr nd prt, trth nd ft. hlph thht trn nt ffrtv thht th phlph rt rtz within th tl frr nd E IUM O OSIIE IKIG

ttz nnptv ntn r pltn, dr r fnt. h nvr f dr nd bhvr hh bn t p n SntSn ptv tht f thnll rlt. In t, th bjtrld bn trnfrd nt n ntrntlt. Mh f tht hh tll td th ntrntl rld— nnrd, blnd ntr—n ppr thn th rh f ntf nd thnl prr. h tphl dnn, frrl nn fld f rtnl thht, b rrtnl nd nntf. On th rnd f t n rlztn, n rpl trnndn. At th ltr t n ntprr p tv, t n lnr ntf nd thnl prr hh tvt th rpln hvr, th ntrtn f thht n l vr b t lfpd—phlph n thd. h ntprr ffrt t rd th p nd th trth f phlph trnd, nd th phlphr thlv prl th dt nd nff f phlph. It lv th tblhd rlt nthd t bhr trnrn. Atn ntpt trtnt f th ltrntv t th n f rd, nd h dftn f ht "thn p n r rhr f n ftrnn" Wttntn rn tht phlph "lv vrthn t "—h ttnt

h nfrt tttd f ptv vv rdll nnnfrt d f thht ppr prhp fr th frt t n th ptvt dnn tn f rr. rr hlf (n Indtr, 8, vl. I, p. 40 h n th ttl rl f br t th frt f "r prr n rtnl nd ptv." Qtd n Andr lnd, blr hn t Crt d l hlph (r, r Unvrtr d rn, 6, p. 2. r th vr nnttn f th tr "ptv" n th n l n, nd n pptn t "ntv" trn d SntSn, d. nd lv (r, vr, 24, p. 8f.

2 r lr dlrtn Ernt Gllnr, Wrd And hn (tn, n r, , p. 00, 26ff. h prptn tht phlph lv vrthn t b tr n th ntxt f Mrx h n rbh (hr t t 8 OEIMESIOA OUG

xhbt, t nd, d dh, lf hltn, nd lfdnntn f th ntlltl h lbr d nt n ntf, thnl r l hvnt. h ffrtn f dt nd dpndn t rptr d f rht ntntnt th th lttn f rn hh, n rnzd nd ptd, pr tt n fr l ntl dvntr bt lv h prftl pbl f rntn hlf n th vn nvrnnt. vr, hn dbnd btn, h fht prfl dl, hl h r td prvd n ntlltl jtftn fr tht hh t h ln n plhd—nl, th dftn f ltrntv d f thht hh ntrdt th tblhd nvr f dr. h tl n hh th phlph bhvr prnt tlf ld b rth f nl. It t v btn th t pl f pntftn thrt nd n h n. th trnd r prftl fd n Wttntn rrrnt f th prtv th th ntt r ndndn "d" ("th" r n th pnn hptr f Glbrt l h Cnpt f Mnd, hr th prnttn f "rt Mth" th "ffl dtrn" bt th rltn f bd nd nd fl ld b th prlnr dntrtn f t "brdt," hh v hn , hrd , nd ht th thn bt th "Avr xpr." hrht th r f th lnt nlt, thr th flrt th th hp n th trt h tl pl h ldn rl n lnt phlph. h hn f ph

th t dnd, r lfhrtrztn f nptv, bt nrl prptn n phlph thht t nrrt.

hlphl Invttn ( Yr: Mlln, 60: "Und dfn Srpl nd Mvrtndn, n rn bzhn h f WOrtr ." (p. 4. "n dh nl rnht n d rthn l lhn rn—n d t d d, d dh vrrrt. Sndrn fr dh ." (p. 6. "Obrl dr flndn ll . . ." (p. 62, nd p. E IUM O OSIIE IKIG

ntl nh t xld fr th bnnn th hh br vblr f "tph" t ltt nt ntllnt nnnfrt t rdl th hd. h ln f hn nd hrd th ln hh th n n th trt tll p t th ln hh xpr h bhvr t thrfr th tn f nrtn. vr, t l th tn f fl nrtn. h ln hh pr vd t f th trl fr th nl prd ln, prd nt nl f t "nrthdx" vblr, bt l f th n fr xprn n thr ntnt thn th frnhd t th ndvdl b thr t. h lnt nlt fnd th prd ln n plhd ft, nd h t th pvrhd ln h fnd t, nltn t fr tht hh nt xprd n t lthh t ntr th tblhd nvr f dr lnt nd ftr f nn. n rpt t th prvln vrt f nn nd , t th pr nd n n f rdnr ph, hl bln ( xtrn trl nl f ht th ph bt th t tht p t, lnt phlph ppr n r ht ntnll pprd n th nvr f dr nd bhvr. h thrt f phlph v t bln t th fr hh th nvr. ln t nl btrt fr ht rdnr ln rvl n pn t d—th tltn f n nd ntr. Mrvr, ll t ftn t nt vn th rdnr ln hh d th nl, bt rthr blnp t f ln , ll rp f ph tht nd l bb tl h "h l t n l n tn ppp," " rbn," "I hd ht." Wttntn dvt h n nd p t th nl f "M br n th rnr." I t, rprnttv xpl, n nl fr . . Atn "Othr Mnd": 4

4 In: nd n, Snd Sr, d. A. l (Oxfrd, lll, , 80 OEIMESIOA OUG

" rthr dffrnt f bn htnt b dtnhd.

( t t th hr r ttn rtn tt. W I pl dnt n ht t : Iv nvr ttd nthn rtl l t bfr ... , t n : th r I thn bt t th r nfd I t: t prftl dtnt nd prftl dtntv, t n n xpr n h lltrt th hr I n fnd nthn n pt xprn th hh t pr th rrnt : I rtn t nt pprbl l nthn I vr ttd bfr, nt ffntl l nthn I n t rt th drptn. h , thh dtnhbl nh, hd ff nt th r n tp f hr I nt t rtn, r nl frl rtn, r pr tll rtn, tht t th tt f, , lrl. In ll h , I ndvrn t rnz th rrnt t b rhn n pt xprn fr thn l t, ln n vrt f hh t drv, r r l ptvl, t b drbd b th drptv rd, nd I tn th vrn dr f . (b h thr dffrnt, thh t vr ntrll bn tlf th th frt. r, ht I tr t d t vr th rrnt xprn, t pr t t, t n t vvdl. I nt r t th tt f pnppl: nt thr prhp jt thn bt t, tn, bt, l f bt, ln ntn, hh nt t rht fr pnppl? Int thr prhp jt plr hnt f rn, hh ld rl t v nd ld hrdl d fr hltrp? Or prhp t fntl dd: I t l r ntntl, n t vr nd vr: b jt pbl thr tn f n nntrl

p. f. (Atn ftnt r ttd. r t, phlph dntrt t ll nfrt t rdnr b n th lll brdnt f rdnr ph: "nt ..." "nt ..." E IUM O OSIIE IKIG 8

hr, tht t dnt l t l rdnr tr. hr l f hrpn n ht tll n, hh t b rd nt, r nt rl, b thnn, bt b tr drnnt, b nr drntn (thh t f r tr tht thnn f thr, nd r pr nnd, n r pt xprn n nd d t r pr f drntn."

Wht n b bjtnbl n th nl? In t xtn nd lrt, t prbbl nrpbl—t rrt. t tht ll t , nd I r tht nt nl t nt nh, bt t dtrtv f phlph thht, nd f rtl thht h. r th phlph pnt f v, t tn r: ( n th xpl tn f npt (r rd vr rnt tlf t, nd trnt, n th tl nvr f rdnr dr? (2 r xtn nd lrt nd n thlv, r r th ttd t thr nd? I nr th frt tn n th ffrtv fr t frt prt nrnd. h t bnl xpl f ph , pr l b f thr bnl hrtr, ldt th prl rld n t rlt, nd rv t xpln r thnn nd tln bt t— d Srtr nl f rp f ppl tn fr b, r Krl Kr nl f dl nppr. Sh nl ldt b th trnnd th dt nrtn f th ttn nd t xprn. h trnnd t trd th ftr hh th ttn nd th bhvr f th ppl h p (r r lnt n tht ttn. (In th xpl jt td, th trnndnt ftr r trd t th l dvn f lbr. h th nl d nt trnt n th nvr f rdnr dr, t bnd t nd pn lttvl dffrnt nvr, th tr f hh vn ntrdt th rdnr n. t nthr lltrtn: ntn h " br n th rnr" ht l r n l , bt thr th 182 OEIMESIOA OUG ld b rvld npprprt r vn fl xpl. h ld nl b rjt, t b rpd b dr hh, n t npt, tl, nd ntx, f dffrnt rdr— d r fr hh t b n n "lr tht vr ntn n r ln n rdr t . " thr th xt ppt th —nl, tht vr ntn lttl n rdr th rld hh th ln nt. h lt ht rdtn f ph t th hbl nd n d nt prr: "f th rd ln, `xprn, `rld, hv , t t b hbl n tht f th rd tbl, `lp, `dr. " 6 W t "t t th bjt f r vrd thnn, nd nt tr nd n tht hv t drb xtr btlt . . ." — f th r th nl ltrntv, nd f th "xtr blt" r nt th tbl tr fr Wttntn ln rthr thn fr Knt Crt f r n hnn (r t lt t xprn nt nl prd nt th trtjt f n , bt l njnd nt t nd ltn bnd th tht r lrd thr. "h prbl r lvd, nt b vn n nfrtn, bt b rrnn ht hv l nn." h lftld pvrt f phlph, ttd th ll t npt t th vn tt f ffr, dtrt th pblt f n xprn. Sbjtn t th rl f th tblhd ft ttl—nl lnt ft, t b r, bt th t p n t ln, nd r tld t b. h prhbtn r vr nd thrtrn: "hlph n n ntrfr th th tl f ln." "And nt dvn n nd f

Wttntn, hlphl Invttn, l. t., p. 4.

6 Ibd., p. 44. Ibd., p. 46. 8 Ibd., p. 4. h trnltn nt xt th Grn txt h brnn nr Erfhrn fr "vn n nfrtn." p. 4. E IUM O OSIIE IKIG 8 thr. hr t nt b nthn hpthtl n r n drtn. W t d th ll xplntn, nd drptn ln t t t pl." On ht ht rn f phlph? Wht rn f thnn, ntlln, tht nthn hpthtl, tht n xplntn? vr, ht t t nt th dfntn r th dnt f phlph. It rthr th hn f prrvn nd prttn th rht, th nd t thn nd p n tr thr thn th f n —tr hh r nn fl, rtnl, nd vld prl b th r thr tr. Wht nvlvd th prd f n dl hh ndr t t drb ht hppnn (nd nt b lntn th npt pbl f ndrtndn ht hppnn (nd nt. bn th, n rrdbl dffrn xt btn th nvr f vrd thnn nd ln n th n d, nd tht f phlph thnn nd ln n th thr. In nr l rtn, rdnr ln ndd bhvrl— prtl ntrnt. Whn bd tll "M br n th rnr," h prbbl ntnd tht bd l h hd tll d bt th br n t t t r lv t thr, n t b tfd, r nr. In n , th ntn h flflld t fntn b n bhvrl rtn: "th fft dvr th th nd brb th n."" In ntrt, f, n phlph txt r dr, th rd "btn," "d," "n," "lntn" b th bjt f prptn, n h trnfrtn f nn nt bhvrl rtn t pl r ntndd t t pl. h rd rn, t r, nflflld—xpt n thht, hr

I° Ibd., p. 4. " l lr, " t pn btrt," n: Ovr, l. t., p. . Al " rt d pt r l ln," n: r lrt (r, Gllrd, 4, p. 4f. 84 OEIMESIOA OUG t v r t thr thht. And thrh ln r f dtn thn htrl ntn, th prptn hlp t fr nd d prt. t th prptn rn nflflld vn thn—nl th hbr f blt dl rt th th f fnl dntt btn thht nd t bjt. h rd th hh phlph nrnd n thrfr nvr hv " hbl . . . tht f th rd `tbl, `lp, dr. "

h, xtn nd lrt n phlph nnt b ttnd thn th nvr f rdnr dr. h phlph n pt t dnn f ft nd nn hh ldt th tzd phr r rd f rdnr dr "fr tht" b hn th "tht" ntl t th ndr tndn f rdnr dr. Or, f th nvr f rdnr dr tlf b th bjt f phlph nl, th ln f phlph b "tln." Evn hr t v n th hbl tr f rdnr dr, t rn ntnt. It dlv th tblhd xprntl ntxt f nn nt tht f t rlt t btrt fr th dt nrtn n rdr t ttn tr nrtn. d fr th ptn, th xpl f lnt nl td bv b tnbl vld bjt f phl ph nl. Cn th t xt nd lrfn drptn f ttn thn tht r nt tt l pnppl vr ntrbt t phlph ntn? Cn t vr rv r t n hh ntrvrl hn ndtn r t t— thr thn ndtn f dl r phll ttttn, rl nt th ntnt f Atn nl. h bjt f nl, thdrn fr th lrr nd dnr ntxt n hh th pr p nd lv, rvd fr th nvrl d n hh npt r frd nd b rd. Wht th

2 S p. . E IUM O OSIIE IKIG 8

nvrl, lrr ntxt n hh ppl p nd t nd hh v thr ph t nn—th ntxt hh d nt ppr n th ptvt nl, hh prr ht ff b th xpl ll b th nl tlf?

h lrr ntxt f xprn, th rl prl rld, td tll tht f th hbr nd nntrtn p, f rh nd , f Arn Cdl nd Grn Mrd, f th ntn nd th Krln, f th nlr t nd th Chn n, f Cb, f brnhn nd r. t th rl prl rld l tht n hh ll th thn r tn fr rntd r frttn r rprd r nnn, n hh ppl r fr. It rld n hh th br n th rnr r th tt f thn l pnppl r t prtnt, n hh th dl tl nd th dl frt r prhp th nl t tht p ll xprn. And th nd, rtrtd prl nvr prt f th frt th pr tht rl th frt l hp th rtrtd xprn. b r, tblhn th rltn nt th jb f rdnr thht n rdnr ph. If t ttr f fndn th br r ttn th pnppl, th btrtn jtfd nd th nn n b rtnd nd drbd tht n trnrn nt th pltl nvr. t n phlph, th tn nt tht f fndn th br r ttn th pnppl—nd vn l td hld n prl phl ph b tlf n btrt xprn. r th btrtn rrtd f lnt nl ppld t pltl tr nd phr. A hl brnh f nlt phlph nd n th ndrtn, bt th thd lrd ht ff th npt f pltl, .., rtl nl. h prtnl r bhvrl trnltn lt h tr "frd," "vrnnt," "Enlnd," th "br" nd "pnppl," nd th rlt f th frr th tht f th lttr. 186 OEIMESIOA OUG Ordnr ln n t "hbl " ndd b f vtl nrn t rtl phlph thht, bt n th d f th thht rd l thr pln hlt nd rvl tht "hddn" thn hh f n ntrt t Wttntn. Cndr th nl f th "hr" nd "n" n l hnnl, r (t vn vrb nn tn n h t nlz dtl "th l f tr" n th tbl. Sh n nl nvr th htr" n vrd ph hddn dnn f nn—th rl f t vr t ln. And th dvr httr th ntrl nd rfd fr n hh th vn nvr f dr frt ppr. h rd rvl thlv nn tr nt nl n rtl nd frlll bt l trl n nl, th lt hh dfn th nn nd t dvlpnt—th tr hh t p n dr, nd n bhvr. h h trl dnn f nn n n lnr b ldtd b xpl h " br n th rnr" r "thr h n th tbl." b r, h ttnt n rvl n bt, pzzl, ddt, bt th r ll n th rl f ln nd d brd. Orntn tlf n th rfd nvr f vrd dr, nd xpn nd lrfn th dr n tr f th rfd nvr, th nl btrt fr th ntv, fr tht hh ln nd ntnt nd nnt b ndrtd n tr f th tblhd . lfn nd dtnhn nn, nd pn th prt, t pr thht nd ph f ntrdtn, lln, nd trnrn. t th trn rn r nt th f "pr rn." h r nt t phl trnrn bnd th lt f pbl nld, th rthr pn rl f nld bnd n n nd frl l. In brrn t th rl, ptvt phlph t p

See p. 82. E IUM O OSIIE IKIG 8

lfffnt rld f t n, ld nd ll prttd nt th nrn f dtrbn xtrnl ftr. In th rpt, t lttl dffrn hthr th vldtn ntxt tht f tht, f ll prptn, r f t nd . In n r nthr, ll pbl nnfl prdt r pr jdd. h prjdn jdnt ht b brd th pn Enlh ln, r th dtnr, r thr d r nvntn. On ptd, t nttt n prl prr hh nnt b trnndd. t th rdl ptn f th prl vlt th prl, fr n t p th tltd, "btrt" ndvdl h xprn (nd xpr nl tht hh given t h (vn n ltrl n, h h nl th ft nd nt th ftr, h bhvr ndnnl nd npltd. vrt f th ftl rprn, th xprnd rld th rlt f rtrtd xprn, nd th ptvt dnn f th nd brn th nd n ln th th rtrtd xprn. In th xprtd fr, th prl rld b th bjt f ptv thnn. Wth ll t xplrn, xpn, nd lrfn f bt nd brt, nptv nt nrnd th th rt nd nrl bt nd brt hh th tblhd nvr f xprn. And t t rn nnrnd b th thd dptd b th phlph drdt r "trnlt" th npt hh ld d th ndrtndn f th tblhd rlt n t rpr v nd rrtnl trtr—th npt f ntv thnn. h trnfrtn f rtl nt ptv thnn t pl nl n th thrpt trtnt f nvrl npt thr trnltn nt prtnl nd bhvrl tr prlll dl th ll trnltn dd bv.

h thrpt hrtr f th phlph nl trnl phzd—t r fr lln, dptn, brt, 188 OEIMESIOA OUG nlvbl rddl, nnrbl tn, fr ht nd ptr. Wh th ptnt? Apprntl rtn rt f ntl ltl, h nd nd ln d nt nfr t th tr f rdnr dr. hr ndd dl prtn f phnl n th phlph—nl tht rd fndntl nht tht th ptnt trbl rtd n nrl n hh nnt b rd b nlt thrp. Or, n n, rdn t rd, th ptnt d prtt rtn nt th rld n hh h lv. t th ph n t drrd th "rl" prbl. h t rtr th ptnt hlth, t h pbl f fntnn nrll n h rld. h phlphr nt phn h jb nt t r ndvdl bt t prhnd th rld n hh th lv— t ndrtnd t n tr f ht t h dn t n, nd ht t n d t n. r phlph (htrll, nd t htr tll vld th ntrr f ht Wttntn d t t t b hn h prld t th rnntn f ll thr, th ndrtn tht "lv vrthn t ." And phlph n f n r l "dvr" thn tht hh "v phlph p, tht t n lnr tr ntd b tn hh brn tlf n tn." And thr n r nphlphl tt thn hp tlr prnnnt hh drn G. E. Mr rnp Eth: "Evrthn ht t , nd nt nthr thn"—nl th "" ndrtd rfrrn t th lttv dffrn btn tht hh thn rll r nd tht hh th r d t b.

h nptvt rt tll drt t n ffrt nt tphl ntn, nd t tvtd b ntn f xtn hh thr tht f frl l r prl

4 Philosophical Investigations, loc. cit., p. 51. E IUM O OSIIE IKIG 8 drptn. Whthr xtn ht n th nlt prt f l nd tht, r n nfrt th rdnr ln n bth pl f ntprr phlph th rjtn r dvltn f th lnt f thht nd ph hh trnnd th ptd t f vldtn. h htlt t pn hr t t th fr f tlrtn—tht , hr rtn trth vl rntd t th trnndnt npt n prt dnn f nn nd nfn (pt trth, tphl trth. r prl th ttn d f pl rrvtn n hh thht nd ln r prttd t b lttl nxt, v, nd vn ntrdtr th t fftv f prttn th nrl nvr f dr fr bn rl dtrbd b nft tn d. Whtvr trth b ntnd n ltrtr

" pt" trth, htvr trth b ntnd n rtl dl "tphl" trth—t vldt, f n, t n thr rdnr dr nd bhvr, nr th phlph djtd t th. h n fr f th dtrn f th "dbl trth" ntn fl nn b dnn th rlvn f th trnndnt ln t th nvr f rdnr ln , b prdn ttl nnntrfrn. Whr th trth vl f th frr nt prl n t rlvn t nd ntrfrn th th lttr.

Undr th rprv ndtn n hh n thn nd lv, thht—n d f thnn hh nt nfnd t pr t rnttn thn th tt n rnz th ft nd rpnd t th ft nl b "n bhnd" th. Expr n t pl bfr rtn hh nl nd, f th rld th pprn f thn bhnd th rtn f dt xprn, thn, n l tr, t rlv h r bhnd th rtn. W rlv nt th bjt f n n, n lnt nl, nr th "prfd" bjt f ntf rnt, bt th bjt nd 0 OEIMESIOA OUG bjt f th htrl trl f n th ntr nd th t. t r ht th r rrn n th trl. hr ftlt htrl, vn hr t tll tht f brt, nnrd ntr. h ntlltl dltn nd vn bvrn f th vn ft th htrl t f phlph nd th phlph dnn. Sntf thd, t, bnd th ft nd vn nt th ft f dt xprn. Sntf thd dvlp n th tnn btn pprn nd rlt. h dtn btn th bjt nd bjt f thht, hvr, ntll dffrnt. In n, th d th brvn, rn, lltn, xprntn bjt dvtd f ll thr lt th btrt bjt prjt nd dfn th btrt bjt. In ntrt, th bjt f phlph thht r rltd t nn fr hh th nrt lt ntr nt th npt nd nt thr ntrrltn. h phlph npt rtn nd xplt th prntf dtn (th r f vrd prt, f n rnztn, f pltl tn hh hv d th bjtrld tht hh t tll — rld n hh ll ft r vnt, rrn n htrl ntn. h prtn f n fr phlph tlf htrl vnt. Arttln ph prt f phlph nd, h, prprtr t th "frt n"—ntl. h Arttln npt f ttr dtnhd fr th Glln nd pt Glln nt nl n tr f dffrnt t n th dvlpnt f ntf thd (nd n th dvr f dffrnt "lr" f rlt, bt l, nd prhp prrl, n tr f dffrnt htrl prjt, f dffrnt htrl ntrpr hh tblhd dffrnt ntr ll t. Arttln ph b objectively rn th th n xprn nd pprhnn f ntr, th th htrl tblhnt f n bjt nd bjtrld, nd th flftn f E IUM O OSIIE IKIG

Arttln ph thn xtnd brd nt th pt nd rpd xprn nd pprhnn. t hthr r nt th r ntrtd nt n, phl ph npt rn ntnt t th rl f rdnr dr, fr th ntn t nld ntnt hh r nt flflld n th pn rd, th vrt bhvr, th prptbl ndtn r dptn, r th prvln prpnt. h phlph nvr th ntn t ntn "ht," "f tn," nd "lln" hh b r rtnl thn thr dnl nh th r npt tht rnz th lt nd th dptn f th prvln rtnlt. h xpr th xprn hh Wttntn rjt—nl, tht "ntrr t r prnvd d, t pbl t thn hnd h—htvr tht n. h nlt r th lrn p f th pf phlph dnn h ld ntprr ptv t v n n thtll pvrhd rld f d nrtn, nd t rt r llr prbl thn t h dtrd. rl h phlph xhbtd r trt prt d rx thn tht dpld n h nl th ntrprttn f hr lnd M n td f "Mtphl nd Idrph n," th t dn f n "rtfll ntrtd rpl prnpllndnMr tr n ntrtd rdn t th pr prnpl f drph." rhp th xpl nfr. vr t fr t tht th t btr tph h nt xhbtd h rtfl nd jrn rr th hh hv rn n nntn th th prbl f rdtn, trnltn, drptn, dnttn, prpr n, t. Expl r llfll hld n bln

I S hptr 6 bv, pll p. 6. 6 Wttntn, l. t., p. 4. Mrrt Mtrn, n: rth hlph n th MdCntr, d. C. A. M (ndn, Alln nd Unn, , p. 2. 1 92 OEIMESIOA OUG

btn rn nd th j: th dffrn btn Stt nd th thr f Wvrl th bldn f th prnt n f rn tn r nt tn th "vr txpr" hrd n th trt n hr nd n pth f rd nd n "th rd" r th rvltn f th ft tht ppl ftn drb fln thrll, tn, pn, thrb, rnh, th, prn, hll, l, ld, l, hnrn, rdln , nn, tnn, nn nd h." h rt f pr bttt fr th htd rld f tphl ht, th, lnd, nd lln rld f nptl r nl rp, f rd nd ttrn hh r thn rnzd nt phlph. And ll th nt nl ltt, t vn rrt, fr t rvl th xtnt t hh nnprtnl d, prtn, r nd hv b xpndbl, rrtnl, nfn, r nnl. In lnn p th , nlt phlph nptlz th bhvr n th prnt thnll rnztn f rlt, bt t l pt th vrdt f th rnztn th dbn n f n ld dl b prt f n dl. t nl th lln r dbnd bt l th trth n th lln. h n dl fnd t xprn n h ttnt "phlph nl tt ht vrn dt," r tht r n t f rd bd "ll th dtntn n hv fnd rth drn." Wht th "n t"? t nld lt "d," Arttl "n," l Gt, Mrx rdnlhn n ht vr dt trnltn? t ndd th rd f pt ln? Of rrlt pr? And f , d t ntn th n thr ntv nnttn—tht , nvldtn th nvr f n ? If nt, thn hl bd f dtn tn hh n hv fnd rth drn rjtd, rvd

8 Gilbert Ryle. , loc. cit., p. 83f. E IUM O OSIIE IKIG

nt th rl f ftn r thl tltd, fl n n t p th tr nn tht dd n th nn nd xprn f tht hh . h rt dnnd—nd ndrd— ftn r thl. It nt dr, hvr, hh d nd n thl. b r, thl prtv nd tr thht. h pr f vlztn nvldt th (th lt dfntn f prr, bt t l rtrn rtnl thht t thll tt. In th lttr , thr hh dn tf nd prjt htrl pblt b rrtnl, r rthr ppr rrtnl b th ntrdt th rtnlt f th tblhd nvr f dr nd bhvr. h, n th pr f vlztn, th th f th Gldn A nd th Mllnn bjtd t prrv rtnlz tn. h (htrll pbl lnt r prtd fr th pbl n—dr nd ftn fr n, thnl, nd bn. In th nntnth ntr, th thr f l trnltd th prr th nt ll tr—r rthr dvrd n th vn htrl pblt th rtnl r f th th. hn, hvr, th rvr vnt rrd. d, th rtnl nd rlt ntn f trd n ppr t b thll hn nfrntd th th tl ndtn. h rlt f th lbrn l n dvnd ndtrl t th Mrxn "prltrt" thll npt th rlt f prntd l th Mrxn d dr. h rvrl d b th ntrdtn btn thr nd ft— ntrdtn hh, b tlf, d nt t flf th frr. h nntf, pltv hrtr f rtl thr drv fr th pf hrtr f t npt, hh d nt nd dfn th rrtnl n th rtnl, th tftn n th rlt. hr thll lt rflt th tfn lt f th vn ft—th dptv hrnztn f th tl ntrdtn. 4 OEIMESIOA OUG h thnl hvnt f dvnd ndtrl t, nd th fftv npltn f ntl nd trl prdtvt hv brht bt hft n th locus f tftn. If t nn fl t tht th dl t b bdd n th pr f prdtn tlf, t l b nnfl t t tht, n th t, th rtnl rthr thn th rrtnl b th t fftv vhl f tftn. h v tht th rth f rprn n ntprr t nftd tlf, n th dll phr, frt n th nt f rrtnl pd phlph (bnphlph th ntn f Cnt nt St ld nd Sl, t. rftd b nd tnl Sl. h r dnd th nd thr n rrtnl "phlph" b th llt thnl rtnlztn f th pprt. It th ttl blztn f th trl nd ntl hnr hh dd th jb nd ntlld t tfn pr vr th t. It rvd t th ndvdl np bl f n "bhnd" th hnr th h d t, th h prftd fr t, nd th h pd fr t. d, th tfn lnt r trd nd pld n prdtv pblt, prpnd, nd plt. M, th rft, nd tt rrndr r prtd n th dl rtn f th h, th hp, nd th ff, nd th rtnl plhnt nl th rrtnlt f th hl. r xpl, th ntf pprh t th vxn prbl f tl nnhltn—th tht nd lltn f ll nd vr ll, th rnt f prdn r nttprdn fllt, th xprnt f ndrn n bnrl ttn— tfn t th xtnt t hh t prt (nd vn dnd bhvr hh pt th nnt. It th ntr t trl rtnl bhvr—nl, th rfl t ln, nd th effort t d th th ndtn hh prd th nnt. Ant th n tftn, hh trn rtnlt nt t ppt, th dtntn t b phld. h rtnl nt E IUM O OSIIE IKIG

rrtnl, nd th dffrn btn n xt rntn nd nl f th ft, nd v nd tnl pltn ntl vr bfr. h trbl tht th ttt, rnt, nd fld td f prl l nd pltl n r nt rtnl nh. h b tfn t th xtnt t hh th r ltd fr th trl nrt ntxt hh th ft nd dtrn thr fntn. h n txt lrr nd thr thn tht f th plnt nd hp nvt td, f th tn nd t tdd, f th r nd rp h pbl pnn plld r h hn f rvvl lltd. And t l r rl n th n tht t rt nd dtrn th ft nvttd, plld, nd lltd. h real ntxt n hh th prtlr bjt btn thr rl nfn dfnbl nl thn thr f t. r th ftr n th ft r nt dt dt f brvtn, rnt, nd ntrrtn. h b dt nl n n nl hh pbl f dntfn th trtr tht hld tthr th prt nd pr f t nd tht dtrn thr ntrrltn. tht th tntxt th St (th ptl "S" t hpttz th hl vr nd bv th prt. t th hpttztn t pl n rlt, th rlt, nd th nl n vr t nl b rnzn t nd b prhnd n t p nd t . St ndd th hl hh xr t ndpndnt pr vr th ndvdl, nd th St n ndntfbl "ht." It h t prl hrd r n th t f ntttn, hh r th tblhd nd frzn rltnhp n n. Abtrtn fr t flf th rnt, ntrrtn, nd lltn—bt flf th n dnn hh d nt ppr n th r nt, ntrrtn, nd lltn, nd hh thrfr d nt nflt th th nd d nt dtrb th. h rtn thr xtn, nd r tfn n thr vr xtn. 1 96 OEIMESIOA OUG In t xpr f th tfn hrtr f trnndnt tr, v ntn, tphl nvrl, nd th l, ln t nl tf th tr f rdnr ln b lv n th n th rprv ntxt f th tblhd nvr tht th bhvrl xpltn f nn t pl—th xpltn hh t xrz th ld lnt "ht" f th Crtn nd thr blt th. nt nl n tn tht f nd hrd p f ht th hv n nd, th pl rfr t th pf prptn, ntn, r dptn hh th hppn t hv th nd vrblzd ht. Slrl, th ll nt rl flt f th l, bt pl pf d f pf dptn, prpnt, nd prtn. Slrl th "nn," "lf," "frd"—th r ll xplbl n tr dntn prt lr r d f ndt nd bhvr. I hll bntl rtrn t th trtnt f nvrl npt. Anlt phlph ftn prd th tphr f dnn tn nd nvttn b tt. h ntlltl lld n th rpt. Wht d n hn . . . ? nt nl thn? Y tl ln hh pt. Y dnt tl l th rt f , l th n n th trt, bt rthr l frnr h d nt bln hr. W hv t t dn t z, xp r tr, pr . W hll th t ht hv n nd, t " lr," t "pt r rd n th tbl." Of r, d nt p n nd r frd f thht nd ph thn l. t n p, hv t nt r thht t —n r ln r n r. Crtnl, p r n ln, bt t t b trnltbl, nd t ll b trn ltd. Y p ptr—tht ll rht. W lv ptr. t nt t ndrtnd r ptr, nd n d nl f n ntrprt r bl, tphr, nd n tr f rdnr ln. h pt ht nr tht ndd h nt h ptr t b E IUM O OSIIE IKIG 197

ndrtndbl nd ndrtd (tht h h rt t, bt f ht h ld b d n tr f rdnr ln h ld prbbl hv dn n th frt pl. ht : Undrtndn f ptr prpp th llp nd nvldtn f prl tht nvr f dr nd bhvr nt hh nt t trnlt t. M ln n b lrnd l n thr ln (n pnt f ft, t l r n ln, thn t ll ppr tht bl, tphr, t. r nt bl, tphr, t. bt n xtl ht th . Yr tlrn dptv. In rrvn fr pl nh f nn nd nfn, rnt xptn fr nt nd rn, bt n v, th dh hr l. h pt l fl tht th ld brt f lnt phlph p rthr prjdd nd tnl ln—tht f th nr ld r n n. hr vblr bnd th th "prpr," "r," "brd," "pzzln," "dd," "bbln," nd "bbrn." Iprpr nd pzzln ddt hv t b rvd f nbl ndrtndn t pr vl. Cntn ht nt t b vr th hd f th ppl ntnt tht bnd n nd ntf n hld nt dtrb th d nd th rdnr nvr f dr. t rtl nl t dt tlf fr tht hh t trv t prhnd th phlph tr t b thr thn th rdnr n n rdr t ldt th fll nn f th lttr. r th tblhd nvr f dr br thrh t th r f th pf d f dntn, rnz tn, nd npltn t hh th br f t r bjtd. pl dpnd fr thr lvn n b nd plt n nd jb nd nhbr h th p nd n th d th r plld, b tl nt, t dntf th

Cntprr nlt phlph h n t n rnzd th nt th prbl f tln p. 84 bv nd bl. 8 OEIMESIOA OUG "thn" (nldn thr n prn, nd, fln th t fntn. d n? th tlvn, ltn t th rd, rd th nppr nd zn, tl t ppl. Undr th rtn, th pn phr n xpr n f th ndvdl h p t, nd f th h h p h d, nd f htvr tnn r ntrdtn ntrrlt th. In pn thr n ln, ppl l p th ln f thr tr, bnftr, dvrtr. h th d nt nl xpr thlv, thr n nld, fln, nd prtn, bt l thn thr thn th lv. rbn "b thlv" th pltl ttn, thr n thr h tn r n th ntrntnl n, th (nd "th" nld , th ntlltl h n t nd rtz t drb ht "thr" d f ntn tll th—nd th r th ht th rll thn nd nd fl. rbn t h thr r lv nd htrd, ntnt nd rntnt, t th tr f r dvrtnt, v, pltn nd bt llr. W t th tr fr drbn r tbl, fd nd frntr, ll nd pttr—nd ndrtnd h thr prftl. h t nrl b , fr ln nthn prvt nd pr nl, r rthr th prvt nd prnl dtd b th vlbl lnt trl, hh tl trl. t th ttn dlf rdnr ln fr flflln th vl dtn fntn hh t prfr n nlt phlph. "Wht ppl n hn th . . ." rltd t ht th dnt . Or, ht th n nnt b tn t f vl—nt b th l, bt b th nvr f thht nd prt n hh th lv nvr f npltd ntrdtn. Crtn l th b rrlvnt fr th nl f h ttnt "I th," r "h t ppp," r "th n l rd t ," bt th b vtll rlvnt hr ppl rll thn ("h jt lvd h," "h h n E IUM O OSIIE IKIG

hrt," "th nt fr," "ht n I d bt t?", nd th r vtl fr th lnt nl f th, plt, t. Shrt f t, lnt nl n hv n thr prl xtn thn tht xtd fr th ppl b th vn tt f ffr, nd n thr lrt thn tht hh prttd th n th tt f ffr—tht , t rn thn th lt f tfd nd dptv dr. Whr t t bnd th dr, n t ll prftn, nl th ltn rn f th nvr— ht h r htl thn th hh th nl bt. If phlph r thn n ptn, t h th rnd hh d dr tltd nd dptv nvr. lv th t t ll n th Sl r hl prtnt t th tblhd dvn f d lbr nt thdll prnpl. r n th t b brhd d th th dt ntn tht lnt nl h nl th hbl prp f lrfn "ddld" thnn nd pn. If h lrftn bnd r nrtn nd lftn f pbl nn n pbl ntxt, lvn th h d pn t nn rdn t rtn, thn t nthn bt hbl t. Sh lr ftn ld nvlv nlzn rdnr ln n rll n trvrl r, rnzn ddld thnn hr t t b th lt ddld, nvrn th flhd n h nrl nd lr . hn lnt nl ld ttn th lvl n hh th pf tl pr hh hp nd lt th nvr f dr b vbl nd ndrtndbl. r th prbl f "tln" r th tr hh nlz th nn f rtn tr t b thr thn, r dtnhbl fr th lttr. h t b r nd thr thn r nn hh tll bln t th (d t nvr f dr. t f th tln rll t br thrh th ttltrn p f th tblhd nvr f dr, n hh th dffrnt dnn f ln 200 OEIMESIOA OUG

r ntrtd nd ltd, t t b pbl f dntn th tl pr hh hv dtrnd nd "ld" th tblhd nvr f dr. Cnntl, t nnt b thnl tln, ntrtd nl th v f nt r ll lrt. h ddrt rthr t th tblhd ln tlf p ht t nl r xld, fr ht t b rvld nd dnnd prtv thn th nvr f rdnr dr nd tn, nd th prvln ln ntn th tln. h ddrt h bn flflld n th r f Krl Kr. h dntrtd h n "ntrnl" xntn f ph nd rtn, f pnttn, vn f tprphl rrr n rvl hl rl r pltl t. h xntn tll v thn th rdnr nvr f dr t nd n rt fl, "hhrlvl" ln n rdr t xtrplt nd lrf th xnd ln. h rd, th ntt fr, r rd n th ntxt n hh th ppr—fr xpl, n n ppr hh, n pf t r ntr, p pf pn n thrh th pn f pf prn. h lxrph nd nttl ntxt th pn nt nthr dnn—hh nt xtrn bt ntttv f th rd nn nd fntn—tht f th nn pr drn nd ftr th rt Wrld Wr th tttd f t dtr trd th lhtr, th nrh, th rpbl, t. In th lht f th dnn, th f th rd, th trtr f th ntn n n nd fntn hh d nt ppr n "ndtd" rdn. h r nt ln, hh ppr n th tl f th nppr, prtn t t pltl tl. Sntx, rr, nd vblr b rl nd pltl t. Or, th ntxt b n tht nd phlph n: ltrr rt, n ddr bfr lrnd t, r th l. r, th lnt nl f p r n nfrnt th vn (dt trl (th ln f th rptv p r th tht hh th rtr fnd n th ltrr trdtn, nd hh h trnfrd. E IUM O OSIIE IKIG 20

r h n nl, th nn f tr r fr dnd t dvlpnt n ltdnnl nvr, hr n xprd nn prt f vrl ntrrltd, vrlppn, nd ntnt "t." r xpl, t bln:

( t n ndvdl prjt, .., th pf ntn ( nppr rtl, ph d t pf n fr pf prp (b t n tblhd prndvdl t f d, vl, nd bjtv f hh th ndvdl prjt prt ( t prtlr t hh tlf ntrt dffrnt nd vn nfltn ndvdl nd prndvdl prjt.

lltrt: rtn ph, nppr rtl, r vn pr vt ntn d b rtn ndvdl h th (thrzd r nthrzd pn f prtlr rp (ptnl, rdntl, pltl, ntlltl n pf t. h rp h t n vl, bjtv, d f thht nd bhvr hh ntr—ffrd r ppd—th vr dr f rn nd xpltn, nt th nd vdl ntn. h lttr th "ndvdlz" pr ndvdl t f nn, hh nttt dnn f dr dffrnt fr, t rd th, tht f th ndvdl ntn. And th prndvdl t n trn prt f prhnv, nprnt rl f nn hh h bn dvlpd, nd rdnrl "ld," b th l t thn hh nd fr hh th ntn t pl. h rn nd xtnt f th l t f nn vr ndrbl n dffrnt htrl prd nd n rdn th th ttnd lvl f ltr, bt t bndr r lrl nh dfnd f th ntn rfr t r thn th nnntrvrl plnt nd rltn f dl lf. d, th l t f nn nt dffrnt ntn tt nd lnt r, nd th lr t f nn tnd t 202 OEIMESIOA OUG nd th th rbt f th r r l dvnd ptlt t n th n hnd, nd tht f th dvnn nt t n th thr. Whl th dtrnn fntn f th l t f nn rt tlf t rdl n th ntr vrl, pltl nvr f dr, t l prt, n h r vrt, nn, tnl nnr, n th rdnr nvr f dr. A nnl phlph nl f n n h t t ll th dnn f nn nt nt b th lnt xprn prt f ll f th. Cn ntl, lnt nl n phlph h n xtr lnt tnt. If t dd n dtntn btn ltt nd nnltt , btn thnt nd llr nn, n nd nnn, t nv pltl, tht, r rl jdnt.

It b bjtd tht h n "xtrnl" nl (n t tn r b t tll nt xtrnl bt rthr th ntrnl dvlpnt f nn prtlrl t f pl hr th ntnt t ptr th nn f tr b nlzn thr fntn nd n rdnr dr. t ntntn tht th prl ht lnt nl n ntprr phlph d nt d. And t d nt d nh t trnfr rdnr dr nt pl d nvr hh prfd nd ntht vn hr (nd jt hr t flld th rdnr ln. In th nlt trtnt f rdnr ln, th lttr rll trlzd nd nthtzd. Mltdnnl ln d nt ndnnl ln, n hh dffrnt nd nfltn nn n lnr ntrpntrt bt r pt prt th xplv htrl dnn f nn lnd. Wttntn ndl ln th bldn tn, r th nvrn nd n rv xpl. In pt f th pl lrt f th xpl, th pr nd thr ttn rn ndntfd. h r x nd E IUM O OSIIE IKIG 20

, n ttr h hl th tl. t n th rl nvr f dr, x nd r "ht." h dnt xt th r th prdt f th nlt phlphr. b r, th tl f x nd prftl ndrtndbl, nd th lnt nlt ppl rhtl t th nrl ndrtndn f rdnr ppl. t n rlt, ndrtnd h thr nl thrh hl r f ndrtndn nd ntrdtn. h rl nvr f rdn r ln tht f th trl fr xtn. It ndd n b, v, br nvr, nd rtnl n nd f lrftn. Mrvr, h lrftn ll flfll thr pt fntn, nd f phlph ld b thrpt, t ld rll nt t n. hlph pprh th l t th dr t hh t fr thht fr t nlvnt b th tblhd nvr f dr nd bhvr, ldt th ntvt f th Etb lhnt (t ptv pt r bndntl pblzd n nd prjt t ltrntv. b r, phlph ntrdt nd prjt n thht nl. It dl, nd th dll hrtr th vr ft f phlph hh n nt nd ptv n vr. Stll, t dll ffrt b trl thrpt—t h rlt tht hh t rll , nd t h tht hh th rlt prvnt fr bn. In th ttltrn r, th thrpt t f phlph ld b pltl t, n th tblhd nvr f rdn r ln tnd t lt nt ttll npltd nd ndtrntd nvr. hn plt ld ppr n phl ph, nt pl dpln r bjt f nl, nr pl pltl phlph, bt th ntnt f t npt t prhnd th ntltd rlt. If lnt nl d nt ntrbt t h ndrtndn f, ntd, t ntrbt t ndn thht n th rl f th tltd nvr f rdnr dr, t t bt ntrl nnntl. And, t rt, t n p nt th nnntrvrl, th nrl, nt tht hh nl dll ntrvrl.

rt III

h Chn f th Altrntv

8

E ISOICA COMMIME O IOSOY

h tnt f nlt phlph t th tltd rlt f thht nd ph h frth trnl n t trtnt f nvrl. h prbl ntnd bfr, prt f th nhrnt htrl nd t th t trnndnt, nrl hrtr f phlph npt. It n rr r dtld dn. r fr bn nl n btrt tn f ptl, r pdnrt tn f ln nd t , th tn f th tt f nvrl t th vr ntr f phlph thht. r th trtnt f nvrl rvl th ptn f phlph n th ntlltl ltr—t htrl fntn.

Cntprr nlt phlph t t xrz h "th" r tphl "ht" Mnd, Cnn, Wll, Sl, Slf, b dlvn th ntnt f th npt nt 208 E CACE O E AEAIES

ttnt n prtlr dntfbl prtn, prfrn, pr, dptn, prpnt, ll, t. h rlt h, n trn , th ptn f th dtrtn—th ht ntn t hnt. Whl vr ntrprttn r trnltn drb dtl prtlr ntl pr, n t f nn ht I n hn I "I," r ht th prt n hn h tht Mr "d rl," nt nl n f th rfrltn, nr thr ttl, t ptr r vn rrb th fll nn f h tr Mnd, Wll, Slf, Gd. h nvrl ntn t prt n n ll "pt" , nd thr dtnh th fr th vr d f bhvr r dptn tht, rdn t th nlt phlphr, flfll thr nn. b r, h nvrl nnt b vldtd b th r tn tht th dnt hl hh r nd thr thn t prt. h pprntl d, bt th "hl" rr n nl f th ntltd xprntl ntxt. If th prlnt nl rjtd, f th rdnr ln tn t f vl—tht , f dptv nvr f nrl ndrtndn n ppl btttd fr th prvln nvr f ndrtndn nd dntrd ntn—thn th nrntd nvrl r ndd trnltbl, nd thr "thll" btn n b dlvd nt d f bhvr nd dptn. vr, th dltn tlf t b tnd—nt nl n bhlf f th phlphr, bt n bhlf f th rdnr ppl n h lf nd dr h dltn t pl. It nt thr n dn nd thr n n t hppn t th nd t vlt th th r plld, b th "r tn," t dntf thr nd th th ntl pr, thr lf th th rl nd fntn hh th hv t prfr n thr t. If phlph d nt prhnd th pr f trnltn nd dntftn tl pr—.., tltn f th nd (nd th bd nfltd pn th E ISOICA COMMIME O IOSOY 20

ndvdl b thr t—phlph trl nl th th ht f th btn hh t h t dtf. h t fn hrtr dhr, nt t th npt f "nd," "lf,"

" nn," t. bt rthr t thr bhvrl trnltn. h trnltn dptv prl b t trnlt th npt fthfll nt d f tl bhvr, prpnt, nd dptn nd, n dn, t t th tltd nd rnzd pprn (thlv rl nh fr th rlt.

vr, vn n th bttl f th ht, fr r lld p hh ht brn th phn r t n nd. On f th dtrb n prbl n nlt phlph tht f ttnt n nvrl h "ntn," "tt," "th rth Cntttn," "th Unvrt f Oxfrd," "Enlnd." prtlr ntt htvr rrpnd t th nvrl, nd tll t prft n, t vn nvdbl, t tht "th ntn" blzd, tht "Enlnd" dlrd r, tht I tdd t th "Unvrt f Oxfrd." An rdtv trnltn f h tt nt t hn thr nn. W n tht th Un vrt n prtlr ntt vr nd bv t vr ll, lbrr, t., bt jt th n hh th lttr r rn zd, nd n ppl th xplntn, dfd, t th thr ttnt. vr, th n hh h thn nd ppl r rnzd, ntrtd, nd dntrd prt n ntt dffrnt fr t pnnt prt—t h n xtnt tht t n dp f lf nd dth, n th f th ntn nd th ntttn. h prn h xt th vrdt, f

I S Glbrt l, h Cnpt f Mnd, l. t., p. f. nd p . Wd, "Mtph nd rftn," n: hlph nd hAnl, Oxfrd A. G. . l, Intrdtn t nd n (rt Sr, Oxfrd . . r, "Unvrl," n bd., Snd Sr, Oxfrd . 0. Urn, hl phl Anl, Oxfrd 6 . ll, M hlphl vlpnt, Yr , p. 22f tr ltt (d. hlph, lt nd St, Oxfrd 6, p. 22ff. 20 E CACE O E AEAIES th r dntfbl t ll, d nt th ndvdl bt "rprnttv" f th tn, th Crprtn, th Unvrt. h U.S. Cnr, bld n n, th Cntrl Ctt, th rt, th rd f rtr nd Mnr, th rdnt, th rt, nd th lt, tn nd ddn n pl r tnbl nd fftv ntt vr nd bv th pnnt ndvdl. h r tnbl n th rrd, n th rlt f thr l, n th nlr pn th rdr nd prd, n th ppntnt, lr, nd rrnt th tblh. Mtn n bl, th ndvdl r th pn (ftn nr f ntttn, nfln, ntrt bdd n rnztn. In thr dn (vt, prr, prpnd—tlf th t f ptn ntttn nd ntrt—th tn, th rt, th Crprtn, th Unvrt t n tn, pr rvd, nd rprdd— (rltvl ltt, nvrl rlt, vrrdn th prtlr ntttn r ppl bjtd t t. h rlt h d prpd, ndpndnt xt n thrfr ttnt nrnn t n rl nvrl nd nnt b dtl trnltd nt ttnt nrnn prtlr ntt. And t, th r t tr h trnltn, th prtt nt t pblt ndt tht thr thn rn hr. d n, "th ntn," r "th rt," ht t b trnltbl nt t nttnt nd pnnt. h ft tht t nt, htrl ft hh t n th f lnt nd ll nl. h dhrn btn th ndvdl nd th l nd, nd th l f rprnttv ntttn n hh th nd vdl r fr thlv nd p fr thlv, ld t th rlt f h nvrl th tn, th rt, th Cntt tn, th Crprtn, th Chrh— rlt hh nt dnt l th n prtlr dntfbl ntt (ndvdl, rp, r ntttn. Sh nvrl xpr vr dr nd d f rftn. hr ndpndn, lthh rl, pr E ISOICA COMMIME O IOSOY 2

n nh t tht f prtlr pr hh hv rn zd th hl f t. A rtrnltn hh ld dlv th pr btn f th nvrl tll ddrt— bt t pltl ddrt.

On rt rr pr I Cl, n rt pr l n d rt. On rt rr pr I tr, n rt pr l Ind trl. On rt rr pr I brt d rnn, n rt pr l brt d dvdnd. On rt rr pr l rl trt, n rt pr rrt. On rt rr r Irdr dn Ett, n rt pr IArnt l tnt. On rt rr pr n ntn, n rt pr l bndt l bl lnnnt. On rt— pr rrtn dn n br p? Crr, rr? nd II t dpprndr vvr?

h nn "trnltn" f hpttzd nvrl nt nrtn, nd t t nld th rlt f th nvrl hl lln t b t tr n. h hpttzd hl rt nlt dltn, nt b t thl ntt bhnd th prtlr ntt nd prfrn bt b t th nrt, bjtv rnd f thr fntnn n th vn l nd htrl ntxt. A h, t rl fr, flt nd xrd b th ndvdl n thr tn, rtn, nd rltnhp. h hr n t (n vr nl t dd

"h blv th r dn fr th Cl, th d fr th rt b. h blv th r dn fr th thrlnd, th d fr th Indtrlt. h blv th r dn fr th frd f th rn, th th fr th rd f th dvdnd. h blv th r dn fr th rltrt, th d fr t rr. h blv th r dn b rdr f Stt, th d fr th n hh hld th Stt. h blv th r dn fr ntn, th d fr th bndt tht t. h blv—bt h ld n blv n h drn? lv d?—hn t ttr f lrnn t lv?" rn rrx, Cxtn pf, l. t. vl. III, p. 6. 22 E CACE O E AEAIES

n thr xtn nd thr pblt. h rl ht f vr frbl rlt—tht f th prt nd ndpndnt pr f th hl vr th ndvdl. And th hl nt rl prvd Gtlt ( n phl, nr tphl blt ( n l, nr ttltrn tt ( n pr pltl n—t th tblhd tt f ffr hh dtrn th lf f th ndvdl.

vr, vn f rnt h rlt t th pltl nvrl, d nt ll th thr nvrl hv vr dffrnt tt? h d, bt thr nl ll t l pt thn th lt f d phlph. h flln dn d nt l t ntr nt th "prbl f nvrl," t nl tr t ldt th (rtfll ltd p f phlph nl nd t ndt th nd fr n bnd th lt. h dn ll n b fd n btntv dtnhd fr lthtl nvrl (t, nbr, l, t., nd n th frr, n th r btrt nd ntrvrl npt hh prnt th rl hlln t phlph thht. h btntv nvrl nt nl btrt fr nrt ntt, t l dnt dffrnt ntt. h nd r nd thr thn n t nd bhvr. It rlt ht tnt tvl b drbd th nnr r d n hh th pr tlr t r nthtzd, ntrtd b n ndvdl. On ht b tptd t prr nthtzd b "trnndntl pprptn," n th n tht th ntrtn nth hh rndr th prtlr pr nd t pbl prd th, hp th, dtnh th fr "thr nd." Stll, th frltn ld d vln t Knt npt, fr th prr t f h nn n prl n, hh nld th prndvdl xprn, d, prtn, f prtlr l rp. In v f th hrtrt, nn ll b E ISOICA COMMIME O IOSOY 2

lld dptn, prpnt, r flt. It nt n nd vdl dptn r flt n thr, hvr, bt n trt n nrl dptn hh n, n vr dr, t th ndvdl br f n rp, l, t. On th rnd, th dtntn btn tr nd fl n n b nnfl. h frr ld nthtz th dt f xprn n npt hh rflt, fll nd dtl pbl, th vn t n th vn ft. h "ll" dfntn td, nt b f n prj d n fvr f l, bt b f th ftl nrn f t nt th dt f xprn. Cnntl, th rpr n f t n th frtn f npt tntnt t n d nfnnt f xprn, rtrtn f nn.

Mrvr, th nrl rtrtn f xprn prd pr vv tnn, vn nflt, btn "th nd" nd th n tl pr, btn "nn" nd n t. If I p f th nd f prn, I d nt rl rfr t h ntl pr th r rvld n h xprn, ph, bhvr, t., nr rl f h dptn r flt xprnd r nfrrd fr xprn. I l n tht hh h d nt xpr, fr hh h h n dptn, bt hh prnt nvrthl, nd hh dtrn, t ndrbl xtnt, h bhvr, h ndrtndn, th frtn nd rn f h npt. h "ntvl prnt" r th pf "nvrnntl" fr hh prndtn h nd fr th pntn rpl n f rtn dt, ndtn, rltn. h r prnt rplld trl. hr bn rlt— ptv ftr tht xpln h tl ntl pr, th nn f h rd nd bhvr. Mnn fr h? t nl fr th prfnl phlphr, h t t t rtf th rn tht prvd th nvr f rdnr dr, bt l fr th h ffr th rn lthh th nt b r f t—fr 24 E CACE O E AEAIES

nd hrd . Cntprr lnt nl hr th t b ntrprtn npt n tr f n pvrhd nd prndtnd nd. Wht t t th nbrdd nd nxprtd ntnt f rtn npt, thr fntn n th nrprd ndrtndn f rlt—n nnnfrt, rtl thht.

Ar th rr jt bttd n th rlt ntnt f h nvrl "nd" nd "nn" pplbl t thr npt, h th btrt t btntv nvrl, t, t, ppn, th thr ntrr? It tht th pr tn f th ntrnltbl nvrl ndl pnt f thht rflt th nhpp nn f dvdd rld n hh "tht hh " fll hrt f, nd vn dn, "tht hh n b." h rrdbl dffrn btn th nvrl nd t prtlr t b rtd n th prr xprn f th nnrbl dffrn btn ptntlt nd tlt—btn t dnn f th n xprnd rld. h nvrl prhnd n n d th pblt hh r rlzd, nd t th t rrtd, n rlt. ln f btfl rl, btfl lndp, btfl ptr, I rtnl hv vr dffrnt thn n nd. Wht n t ll f th—"bt"— nthr tr ntt, nr tr rd. On th ntrr, nthn pr hp r drtl nd drl xprnd thn th pprn f "bt" n vr btfl bjt. h b frnd nd th phlphr, th rtt nd th rtn "dfn" t n vr dffrnt , bt th ll dfn th pf tt r ndtn— lt r lt hh th btfl ntrt th thr bjt. In th vn nd drtn, bt xprnd n th btfl—tht , t n, hrd, lld, thd, flt, prhndd. It xprnd lt h, prhp d t th ntrthrtr f bt, hh br th rl f vrd xprn nd pn (fr E ISOICA COMMIME O IOSOY 2

hrt nt nthr rlt (f hh frht b n ntrl lnt. h drptn f prl tht tphl hrtr hh ptvt nl h t lnt b trnltn, bt th trnltn lnt tht hh t b dfnd. hr r n r r l tftr "thnl" dfntn f bt n tht, bt thr t b nl n hh pr rv th xprntl ntnt f bt nd hh thrfr th lt xt dfntn—bt "pr d bnhr." 4 It ptr th rfrn t ndtn f n nd thn, nd t rltn btn n nd thn hh r ntrl hl vnhn, hh ppr n n dffrnt fr thr r ndvdl nd hh, n vnhn, nft ht n b. h prtt nt th v, br, tphl hrtr f h nvrl, th ntn n flr nrtn nd prttv rt f n nd ntf n tll rvl thn f tht prrdl nxt hh dd th rrdd rn f phlph thht n t vltn fr rln t thl, nd fr thl t l dfn nd rt tll r lr t n th ntlltl ll ntnl bdt. h nprd xprn t b r flr th th btrt nd nvrl thn th nlt phlph t t b bddd n tphl rld.

Unvrl r prr lnt f xprn—nvrl nt phlph npt bt th vr lt f th rld th hh n dl nfrntd. Wht xprnd , fr xpl, n r rn r ht trt n ff r b lv r htrd. rtlr thn (ntt nd vnt nl ppr n (nd vn dtr nd ntn f rltnhp,

l, nr Eln, Ert El. Stndhl 26 E CACE O E AEAIES

ndnt nd prt n nrl nfrtn fr hh th r nprbl th nnt ppr n n thr tht ln thr dntt. h r prtlr thn nd vnt nl nt nrl brnd hh r thn brnd— t th nrt rnd n hh th r, xt, nd p. h rnd trtrd n h nvrl lr, hp, dnt, hrdn r ftn, lht r drn, tn r rt. In th n, nvrl t dnt th "tff" f th rld:

"W prhp dfn th tff f th rld ht dntd b rd hh, hn rrtl d, r b jt f prdt r tr f rltn. In tht n, I hld tht th tff f th rld nt f thn l htn, rthr thn f bjt hvn th prprt f bn ht." "rdtnll, lt, h ht r hrd r t, ntd nvrl, bt f th bv thr vld, th r nttll r n t btn."

h btntv hrtr f "lt" pnt t th xprntl rn f btntv nvrl, t th nnr n hh npt rnt n dt xprn. bldt phlph f ln phz th xprntl hrtr f th npt n t rltn t th rd t ld h t n rnl nhp nt nl btn npt nd rd, bt l btn npt nd nd (t. vr, f th rd, th vhl f npt, th rl "lnt" f ln, t d nt nt th npt rdd, nr d t ntn th npt lrd fxd nd "ld." h rd rl t npt, rlt tlf t nvrl.

rtrnd ll, M hlphl vlpnt ( Yr, Sn nd Shtr, , p. 0. 6 Wlhl v. bldt, licher d rhdnht d menschlichen Sprhb ... l. t., p. . E ISOICA COMMIME O IOSOY 2

t prl th rltn f th rld t btntv n vrl (npt t pbl, rdn t bldt, t n th rn f ln trtn fr th nftn f bjt b rd nd thn prdn t thr bntn (nfn:

In rlt, ph nt pt tthr fr prdn rd, bt t th rvr: rd r fr th hl f ph ( d Gnzn dr d.

h "hl" tht hr t v t b drd fr ll ndrtndn n tr f n ndpndnt ntt, f "Gtlt," nd th l. h npt h xpr th df frn nd tnn btn ptntlt nd tlt—dntt n th dffrn. It ppr n th rltn btn th lt (ht, hrd bt l btfl, fr, jt nd th rrpnd n npt (htn, hrdn, bt, frd, jt. h btrt hrtr f th lttr t dnt th r nrt lt prtrlztn, pt, nfttn f r nvrl nd r "xllnt" lt, hh xprnd n th nrt. 8 And b vrt f th rltn, th nrt lt t rprnt ntn ll rlztn f th nvrl. Sn ht bt nt "htn" rl b btfl, vn bt, bt nt "bt" ntr b fr (n prn th thr b t ppl hv rtn lbrt, bt t nt th vr bdnt f frd. Mrvr, th npt r nnfl nl n xprnd ntrt th thr ppt: ht th nt ht, btfl th nt btfl. tv ttnt n t b trnltd nt ptv n: "bl" r "r" fr "nt ht," "l" fr "nt btfl."

p. 4. S p. 28. 28 E CACE O E AEAIES

h frltn d nt ltr th rltn btn th btrt npt nd t nrt rlztn: th nvrl n pt dnt tht hh th prtlr ntt , nd nt. h trnltn n lnt th hddn ntn b rfrltn th nn n nnntrdtr prptn, bt th ntrnltd ttnt t rl nt. hr r n th btrt nn (bt, frd thn n th lt ("bt fl," "fr" ttrbtd t th prtlr prn, thn r nd tn. h btntv nvrl ntnd lt hh rp ll prtlr xprn, bt prt n th nd, nt f nt f ntn nr r ll pblt bt th "tff" f hh r rld nt. n pr ht, nr n rl bt r n ll th rlt n n— n n lt nxhtbl fr n htr nd ntn. thr lr l f npt— dr , th phl phll rlvnt npt—hr th ntttv rltn btn th nvrl nd th prtlr lttv pt, hr th btrt nvrl t dnt ptnt lt n nrt, htrl n. vr "n," "ntr," "jt," "bt" r "frd" b dfnd, th n thtz xprntl ntnt nt d hh trnnd thr prtlr rlztn thn tht t b rpd, vr . h th npt f bt prhnd ll th bt nt t rlzd th npt f frd ll th lbrt nt t ttnd. Or, t t nthr xpl, th phlph npt "n" t th fll dvlpd hn flt hh r h d tnhn flt, nd hh ppr pblt f th ndtn n hh n tll lv. h npt rtlt th lt hh r ndrd "tpll hn." h v phr rv t ldt th bt n h phlph dfntn—nl, th bl th lt hh prtn t ll n ntrtd th thr lvn bn, nd, t th E ISOICA COMMIME O IOSOY 2

t, r ld th t dt r hht rlztn f n. Sh nvrl th ppr nptl ntrnt fr ndrtndn th prtlr ndtn f thn n th lht f thr ptntlt. h r htrl nd prhtrl th nptlz th tff f hh th xprnd rld nt, nd th nptlz t th v f t pblt, n th lht f thr tl lttn, pprn, nd dnl. thr th xprn nr th jdnt prvt. h phlph npt r frd nd dvlpd n th nn f nrl ndtn n htrl ntn th r lbrtd fr n ndvdl ptn thn pf t. h tff f thht htrl tff—n ttr h btrt, nrl, r pr t b n phlph r ntf thr. h btrtnvrl nd t th t htrl hrtr f

h ntrprttn, hh tr th nrtv hrtr f nvrl, b rltd t th nptn f th nvrl n Gr phlph—nl, th ntn f th t nrl th hht, th frt n "xlln" nd thrfr th rl rlt: ". . nrlt nt bjt bt prdt, prdt prl f th frtn plt n prltv xlln f pr frn. Gnrlt, tht t , nrl prl b nd nl t th xtnt tht t l frtn. It nrl, thn, nt n th nnr f ll nvrl r lnpt bt n th nnr f fr hh, nl b nvrll bndn, n t nf ltplt f prt nt nl hl. It llprtnt t rlz tht th rltn f th hl t t prt nt hnl (hl = f t prt bt nntl tl ll (hl = dtnt fr th f t prt. Mrvr, th nntl tlll v f hln fntnl tht bn pr pv, fr ll t rlvn t th lfphnnn, nt xlvl r vn prrl n rn tr. It rtd, ntd, n th nnt, ntrn fntnlt f xlln h, hh nf nfld prl n th pr f rtrtzn t, xlln nd nt bn th vr n dtn f th nfld fll rlt vn nfld." rld A. . h, "Gnrl Because rt": A rt Mtv n Arttl hl (Mhtt Inttt f hnl, Cbrd, 6, bltn n nt n. 2, p. 0f 220 E CACE O E AEAIES

th "trnl bjt" f thht rnzd nd lrl ttd n Whthd Sn nd th Mdrn Wrld: 0

"Etrnl bjt r ... n thr ntr, btrt. btrt I n tht ht n trnl bjt n tlf—tht t , t n— prhnbl tht rfrn t n prtlr xprn. b btrt t trnnd th prt lr n f tl hppnn. t t trnnd n tl n d nt n bn dnntd fr t. On th ntrr, I hld tht h trnl bjt h t n prpr nntn th h h n, hh I tr t d f nrn nt tht n." "h th tphl tt f n trnl bjt tht f pblt fr n tlt. Evr tl n dfnd t t hrtr b h th pblt r tlzd fr tht n."

Elnt f xprn, prjtn nd ntptn f rl p blt ntr nt th nptl nth—n rptbl fr hpth, n drptbl fr "tph." In vr dr, th r nrlt b th trnr bnd th tblhd nvr f bhvr, nd th vn b ndrbl n th ntrt f ntn nd xtn. Crtnl, n phlph nl,

"ttl rl dvn ... t b hpd fr n xpndn r nvr t nld lld pbl ntt,""

bt t ll dpnd n h Oh zr ppld, tht t , hh pblt r t b t ff. h pblt f n ntrl dffrnt tl rnztn f lf h nthn n n th th "pblt" f n th rn ht pprn n ll dr trr, bt trtn th th th

0 ( Yr, Mlln, 26. p. 228f. W. . O. Qn, r l nt f View, loc. t., p. 4. E ISOICA COMMIME O IOSOY 22

l rv th dftn f ndrbl pblt. Crtzn th ntrdtn f pbl ntt, Qn rt tht h n

"vrppltd nvr n n nlvl. It ffnd th tht n f h hv tt fr drt lnd p, bt th nt th rt f t. [Sh ] l f pbl brdn rnd fr drdrl lnt."

Cntprr phlph h rrl ttnd r thn t frltn f th nflt btn t ntnt nd t fn tn. h lnt ndr f "lvln," "tht n," nd "drt lndp" v th lbrtn r f tzh thht, ttn nt nd Ordr, hl th "brdn rnd fr drdrl lnt" bln t th ln pn b th thrt f Invttn nd Infrtn. Wht ppr nlvl nd drdrl fr th ll pnt f v, ll pr th lvl lnt f dffrnt rdr, nd th b n ntl prt f th trl fr hh phlph npt r blt. thr th t rfnd tht n nr th t xt phlph npt n nt htr. rdrl lnt ntr nt th prt bjt f thht. h t r dthd fr tl rnd, nd th ntnt fr hh th btrt d th btrtn. h th ptr f "htr" rd. If thht prd fr htrl ndtn hh ntn t prt n th btrtn, thr n bjtv b n hh dtntn n b d btn th vr pblt prjtd b thht—dtntn btn dffrnt nd nfltn f nptl trnndn? Mrvr, th tn n nt b dd th rfrn t dffrnt phlph prjt

2 Ibd. 222 E CACE O E AEAIES

nl. th dr t hh th phlphl prjt d ll, t prt f htrl prjt—tht , t prtn t pf t nd lvl f th tl dvlpnt, nd th rtl phlph npt rfr (n ttr h ndrtl t ltrntv pblt f th dvlpnt. h t fr rtr fr jdn btn dffrnt phl ph prjt th ld t th t fr rtr fr jdn btn dffrnt htrl prjt nd ltrntv, btn dffrnt tl nd pbl f ndrtndn nd hn n n nd ntr. I hll bt nl f prptn hh t tht th ntrnl htrl hrtr f th phl ph npt, fr fr prddn bjtv vldt, dfn th rnd fr thr bjtv vldt. In pn nd thnn fr hlf, th phlphr p nd thn fr prtlr ptn n h t, nd h d th th trl trnttd nd tlzd b th t. t n dn th, h p nd thn nt n nvr f ft nd pblt. hrh th vr ndvdl nt nd lr f xprn, thrh th dffrnt "prjt" hh d th d f thht fr th bn f vrd lf t n nd phlph, th ntrtn btn lltv b jt nd n rld prt nd nttt th bjtv vldt f th nvrl. It bjtv:

( b vrt f th ttr (tff ppd t th pprhnd n nd prhndn bjt. h frtn f npt rn dtrnd b th trtr f ttr nt dlbl nt bjtvt (vn f th trtr ntrl thtl ll. npt n b vld hh dfn t bjt b prprt nd fntn tht d nt bln t th bjt (fr xpl, th ndvdl nnt b dfnd pbl f bn dntl th nthr ndvdl n pbl

r th f th tr "prjt" Intrdtn, p. E ISOICA COMMIME O IOSOY 22

f rnn trnll n. vr, ttr nfrnt th bjt n htrl nvr, nd bjtvt ppr ndr n pn htrl hrzn t hnbl. (2 b vrt f th trtr f th pf t n hh th dvlpnt f npt t pl. h trtr n t ll bjt n th rptv nvr. h xt ndr th ntrl ndtn, th r f prdtn, th d f xpltn th l lth, th hrt f th pt, th rn f pblt. All th dffrn nd nflt btn l, rp, ndvdl nfld thn th n frr.

h bjt f thht nd prptn th ppr t th ndvdl prr t ll "bjtv" ntrprttn hv n n rtn prr lt, prtnn t th t lr f rlt: ( t th phl (ntrl trtr f ttr, nd (2 t th fr hh ttr h rd n th lltv htrl prt tht h d t (ttr nt bjt fr bjt. h t lr r pt f bjtvt (phl nd htrl r ntr rltd n h tht th nnt b nltd fr h thr th htrl pt n nvr b lntd rdll tht nl th "blt" phl lr rn. r xpl, I hv trd t h tht, n th thnll rlt, th bjt rld (nldn th bjt xprnd rld f ntrntlt. h thnll ntxt prdfn th fr n hh th bjt ppr. h ppr t th ntt prr vlfr lnt r plx f rltn, p tbl t rnztn n n fftv thtll t nd th ppr t n n th tff f r r lr, prdtn r nptn. h bjtrld th th rld f pf htrl prjt, nd nvr bl td th htrl prjt hh rnz ttr, nd th rnztn f ttr t n nd th t thrtl nd prtl ntrpr. 224 E CACE O E AEAIES

I hv d th tr "prjt" rptdl b t t t ntt t drl th pf hrtr f h trl prt. It rlt fr dtrnt h, zr f n n thr f prhndn, rnzn, nd trnfrn rlt. h ntl h dfn th rn f pblt pn n th , nd prld ltrntv p blt nptbl th t. I hll n prp rtr fr th trth vl f dffr nt htrl prjt. h rtr t rfr t th nnr n hh htrl prjt rlz vn pblt—nt fr l pblt bt th nvlvn th d f hn xtn. Sh rlztn tll ndr n n h trl ttn. Evr tblhd t h rlztn rvr, t tnd t prjd th rtnlt f pbl prjt, t p th thn t frr. At th t, vr tblhd t nfrntd th th tlt r pbl t f lttvl dffrnt htrl prt hh ht dtr th xtn ntttnl frr. h tblhd t h lrd dntrtd t trth vl htrl prjt. It h dd n rnzn n trl th n nd th ntr t rprd nd prtt (r r l dtl th hn xtn (l th th xptn f th xtn f th h r th ddrd tt, n ln, nd thr vt f th t. t nt th prjt n fll rlztn r thr prjt, nd n th th hh ld hn th tblhd n n t ttlt. It th rfrn t h trnndnt prjt tht th rtr fr bjtv htrl trth n bt b frltd th rtr f t rtnlt

( h trnndnt prjt t b n rdn th th rl pblt pn t th ttnd lvl f th trl nd ntlltl ltr. (2 h trnndnt prjt, n rdr t flf th tb E ISOICA COMMIME O IOSOY 22 lhd ttlt, t dntrt t n hhr rtnlt n th thrfld n tht ( t ffr th prpt f prrvn nd prvn th prdtv hvnt f vlztn (b t dfn th tblhd ttlt n t vr trtr, b tndn, nd rltn ( t rlztn ffr rtr hn fr th pftn f xtn, thn th frr f ntttn hh ffr rtr hn fr th fr dvlpnt f hn nd nd flt. Obvl, th ntn f rtnlt ntn, pll n th lt ttnt, vl jdnt, nd I rtrt ht I ttd bfr: I blv tht th vr npt f n rnt n th vl jdnt, nd tht th npt f trth nnt b dvrd fr th vl f n.

"ftn," "fr dvlpnt f hn nd nd flt"—th npt n b prll dfnd n tr f th vlbl ntlltl nd trl rr nd p blt nd thr tt fr ttntn th trl fr xtn. h th bjtv rnd f htrl rtnlt

If th htrl ntn tlf prvd th bjtv rnd fr dtrnn th trth f dffrnt htrl prjt, d t l dtrn thr n nd thr lt? trl trth prtv th rtnlt f th pbl dpnd n tht f th tl, th trth f th trnndn prjt n tht f th prjt n rlztn. Arttln n flfd n th b f t hvnt f ptl r flfd b n, t ld b b vrt f t n hvnt. Cn tnt prrvd thrh rptr: ntttv dvlpnt b lttv hn f t ttn th vr trtr f n tblhd t th tblhd rtnlt b rrtnl hn, n th r f t ntrnl dvlpnt, th ptntlt 226 E CACE O E AEAIES

f th t hv trn t ntttn. Sh ntrnl rf ttn prtn t th htrl hrtr f rlt, nd th hrtr nfr pn th npt hh prhnd th rlt thr rtl ntnt. h rnz nd ntpt th rrtnl n th tblhd rlt—th prjt th htrl ntn. I th ntn "dtrnt" n—tht , th ntrnl n f htrl prjt, n t h b ttlt, nrl prdtrnd b th trtr f th ttlt? If , thn th tr "prjt" ld b dptv. ht hh htrl pblt ld nr r ltr b rl nd th dfntn f lbrt prhndd nt ld hv rprv nnttn hh t d nt hv. All th nt ttr h. Wht d ttr tht h htrl dtrn tn ld (n pt f ll btl th nd phl blv th r nt hnt hh vlztn ntn t t nd th fltt th ntntn. I t th phr "dtrnt h" n rdr t phz th nrn f lbrt nt htrl nt th phr d n r thn ndn th prptn tht n thr n htr bt t ndr vn ndtn. trnd r ( th pf ntrdtn hh dvlp thn htrl t nfttn f th nflt btn th ptntl nd th tl (2 th trl nd ntl ltl rr vlbl t th rptv t ( th xtnt f thrtl nd prtl frd ptbl th th t. h ndtn lv pn ltrntv pblt f dvlp n nd tlzn th vlbl rr, ltrntv pblt f "n lvn," f rnzn n trl th ntr. h, thn th frr f vn ttn, ndtrlz tn n prd n dffrnt , ndr lltv r prvt ntrl, nd, vn ndr prvt ntrl, n dffrnt drtn f prr nd th dffrnt . h h prrl (bt nl prrl th prvl f th rp hh hv E ISOICA COMMIME O IOSOY 22

ttnd ntrl vr th prdtv pr. hr ntrl pr jt th f lf fr th hl, nd th nn nd nlvn nt th rlt f thr frd. And th pbl bltn f th nt dpnd n n nrn f frd—nt n frd, bt tht f n h prhnd th vn nt nffrbl pn, nd nnr.

A htrl pr, th dltl pr nvlv n n: rntn nd zr f th lbrtn ptntlt. h t nvlv frd. th dr t hh nn dtrnd b th xn nd ntrt f th tblhd t, t "nfr" t th dr t hh th tblhd t rrtnl, th nn b fr fr th hhr htrl rtnlt nl n th trl nt th tb lhd t. h trth nd th frd f ntv thnn hv thr rnd nd rn n th trl. h, rdn t Mrx, th prltrt th lbrtn htrl fr nl rvltnr fr th dtrnt ntn f ptl r f nd hn th prltrt h b n f tlf nd f th ndtn nd pr hh p t t. h nn prrt ll n lnt f th ntn prt. h "f" ntl t htrl prr —t th lnt f frd (nd hn hh pn th p blt f nrn th nt f th vn ft. Wtht t, htr rlp nt th drn f nnrd ntr. W hv nntrd th "v rl" f frd nd lbrtn bfr 4 hr t rppr th dlt f th dtrnt ntn. rnndn bnd th tblhd ndtn (f thht nd tn prpp trnndn thn th ndtn. h ntv frd—.., frd fr th pprv nd dll pr f vn ft— th prr f th htrl dlt t th lnt f h nd

4 S p. 44. 228 E CACE O E AEAIES

dn n nd nt htrl dtrntn. n f th vn ltrntv b tlf dtrnt ntn nl nd ntl t nl zd n rdr t br th pr f ntlrbl ndtn nd ttn th r rtnl, r ll ndtn rndrd pbl b th prvln n. In n , th rtn lt nd l nvd n th vnt f thht nd tn tht f th vn ndtn t b trnndd. h ntn prd n prl rnd t htrl prjt thn nd bnd n lrd n prjt, nd t trth hn t b dtrnd n th rnd. vr, th trth f htrl prjt nt vldtd x pt thrh , tht t , b th ft tht t ptd nd rlzd b th t. Glln n tr hl t tll ndnd Mndn thr lrd tr t th t f th Cnt Mnft f rn fl vn f t n nt n n ntrntnl l ("tr" nd "fl" l n th n f htrl rtnlt dfnd bv. In th n tprr prd, ll htrl prjt tnd t b plrzd n th t nfltn ttlt—ptl nd n, nd th t t dpnd n t ntnt r f ftr: ( th rtr fr f dtrtn (2 th rtr prdtvt tht dtrtn. In thr rd, th hhr htrl trth ld prtn t th t hh ffr th rtr hn f pftn.

E CAASOE O IEAIO

tv thnn nd t nptvt phlph ntrt th htrl ntnt f rtnlt h ntnt nvr n xtrn ftr r nn hh n r nnt b nldd n th nl t ntr nt nptl thht ntttv ftr nd dtrn th vldt f t npt. th dr t hh th tblhd t rrtnl, th nl n tr f htrl rtnlt ntrd nt th npt th ntv lnt—rt, ntrdtn, nd trnndn. h lnt nnt b ltd th th ptv. It hn th npt n t ntrt, n t ntnt nd vldt. h, n th nl f n n, ptlt r nt, hh prt n "ndpndnt" pr vr nd bv th nd vdl, th ntv ftr (vrprdtn, nplnt, nrt, t, rprn r nt prhndd ln th ppr rl r r l nvtbl bprdt, "th thr d" f th tr f rth nd prr. r, ttltrn dntrtn prt th ffnt 20 E CACE O E AEAIES xplttn f rr th nlrltr tblhnt prvd lln f jb thrh nr prhn pr tl nd lr b th bprdt f th tn f lth nd rpnblt ddl blndr nd r n th prt f th ldr b rl th f lf. On lln t dt n nd pltl dn—nd n b t. t th rt f nld f "th thr d" prt nd prl f th ldftn f th tt f ffr, f th rnd nftn f ppt hh ntrt lttv hn, b t prtn t thrhl hpl r thrhl prndtnd xtn tht h d t h n rld hr vn th rrtnl n. h tlrn f ptv thnn nfrd tlrn frd nt b n trrrt n bt b th vrhln, nn pr nd ffn f th thnll t. A h t prt th nrl nn—nd th n n f th rt. h brptn f th ntv b th ptv vldtd n th dl xprn, hh bft th dtntn btn rtnl pprn nd rrtnl rlt. r r bnl xpl f th hrnztn:

( I rd n n tbl. I xprn t bt, hn n, pr, nvnn—bt thn I b r f th ft tht n rltvl hrt t t ll dtrrt nd nd rpr tht t bt nd rf r hp, t pr nnr, t z dt nd tht I ll nt fnd prn pl. I t thn f r prdt f n f th hr tbl rprtn. h lttr dtrn th pprn f r nd t bt ll t hpn, t pr ll t hn, t rn ll t bln. In , I fl htd. I blv tht th r nt ht t ld b, tht bttr r ld b d fr l n. t th thr h t lv, t. W nd tx r t hh trnvr nr hv t h E CAASOE O IEAIO 2

bttr thn bfr. h tnn btn pprn nd rlt lt nd bth r n n rthr plnt fln. (2 I t l n th ntr. Evrthn t hld b: tr t t bt. rd, n, ft r, v thrh th tr f th ntn, nbd rnd, n rd, n ll f ln. hn th pth trn nd nd n th hh. I b n th bllbrd, rv ttn, tl, nd rdh. I n tnl r, nd I n n tht th nt rlt. It "rrvtn," thn tht bn prrvd l p dn t. If t r nt fr th vrnnt, th bllbrd, ht d tnd, nd tl ld ln n hv nvdd tht p f tr. I rtfl t th vrnnt hv t h bttr thn bfr . . . ( h b drn vnn rh hr. Wht I f th ppl r trd f nd lb, htrd nd nr. I fl n ht t n nt dr nf—jt . h rd, r rthr th r d n thr nppr r zn r pprb. And t, pl f hr ltr, th ppl, ddrzd, hd, drdp r dn, b hpp nd tndr, rll l, nd frt (r rbr. t t f th ll prbbl hv fl tthrn r lnn t h.

h xpl lltrt th hpp rr f th p tv nd th ntv—th bjtv bt hh dhr t th dt f xprn. It bjtv bt b th hft n ntn nd rfltn rpnd t th nnr n hh th xprnd ft r tll ntrrltd. t th ntrrltn, f prhndd, httr th hrnzn n n nd t fl rl. Crtl thht trv t dfn th rrtnl hrtr f th tblhd rtnlt (hh b nrnl bv nd t dfn th tndn 22 E CACE O E AEAIES

hh th rtnlt t nrt t n trnfr tn. "It n" b, htrl ttlt, t h dvlpd fr nd pblt hh thlv b prjt bnd th tblhd ttlt. h r pblt f th dvnn thnll rtnlt nd, h, th nvlv th hl f t. h thnll trnfrtn t th t pltl trnfrtn, bt th pltl hn ld trn nt lttv l hn nl t th dr t hh t ld ltr th drtn f thnl prr—tht , dvlp n thnl. r th tb lhd thnl h b n ntrnt f dtrtv plt. Sh lttv hn ld b trntn t hhr t f vlztn f thn r dnd nd tlzd fr th pftn f th trl fr xtn. In rdr t ndt th dtrbn pltn f th ttnt, I bt tht h n drtn f thnl prr ld b th ttrph f th tblhd drtn, nt rl th ntttv vltn f th prvln (ntf nd thnll rtnlt bt rthr t ttrph trnfrtn, th rn f n d f n, thrtl nd prtl. h n d f n xprd n Whthd prp tn: "h fntn f n t prt th rt f lf." In v f th nd, n th "drtn f th tt n th nvrnnt" hh drv fr th "thrfld r: ( t lv, (2 t lv ll, ( t lv bttr." 2 Whthd prptn t drb th tl dvl pnt f n ll t flr. Or rthr th t t tht n tll t b dvrd, rnzd, th rlzd, fr hthrt th htrl fntn f n h l bn t rpr nd vn dtr th r t lv, t lv ll, nd

A. . Whthd, h ntn f n (tn: n r, , p. . 2 Ibd., p. 8. E CAASOE O IEAIO 233 t lv bttr—r t ptpn nd pt n xrbtntl hh pr n th flfllnt f th r. In Whthd dfntn f th fntn f n, th tr "rt" nnt th lnt f dtrnt ntn. n, n t ppltn t t, h th fr bn ppd t rt, hl rt rntd th prvl f bn rthr rrtnl—nt bjt t ntf, thnll, nd prtnl n. h rtnlt f dntn h prtd th n f n nd th n f rt, r, t h flfd th n f rt b ntrtn rt nt th nvr f dntn. It pr tn b, fr th bnnn, n ntnd th tht n, th fr pl nd vn th fll f ntn, th fnt f trnfrtn n ndld n th rtnlztn f pblt. vr, th fr pl rtnd th tnt t th prvln nfd n hh t brn nd fr hh t btrtd th pblt th hh n pld r l th lbrtn—f hhr trth. r th rnl ln (thn th nvr f dntn nd rt btn n, rt, nd phlph. It th n n f th drpn btn th rl nd th pbl, btn th pprnt nd th thnt trth, nd th ffrt t prhnd nd t tr th drpn. On f th prr fr n hh th drpn fnd xprn th d tntn btn d nd n, fntn nd nfnt, hn nd prnn. Sthn f th thll ntrrltn btn th rl nd th pbl rvvd n ntf thht, nd t ntnd t b drtd trd r rtnl nd tr rlt. Mtht hld t b rl nd "d" n th n lt tphl Id. thn dd th dvlpnt f th frr b n, hl tht f th lttr rnd tph?

S hptr . 24 E CACE O E AEAIES

h t bv nr tht, t rt xtnt, th ntf btrtn ntrd nd prvd thr trth n th tl nt nd trnfrtn f ntr, hl th phlph btrtn dd nt—nd ld nt. r th nt nd trn frtn f ntr rrd thn l nd rdr f lf hh phlph trnndd, brdntn t t th "d lf" f dffrnt l nd rdr. And th thr rdr, hh prppd hh dr f frd fr tl, nrn, nd pvrt, nrl, t th rn f phlph thht nd thrht t dvlpnt, hl ntf thht ntnd t b pplbl t n nrnl prfl nd nvrl rlt. h fnl phlph npt rnd ndd tphl th r nt nd ld nt b vrfd n tr f th tblhd nvr f dr nd tn. t f th th ttn, thn th f tph, nd pll f th nnfln nd trth f tphl pr ptn, htrl . ht , htrl rthr thn prl ptll ndtn dtrn th trth, th ntv vl f h prptn. ll prptn tht d trth, th t b vrfbl th t t thn th nvr f pbl xprn. h nvr nvr xtnv th th tblhd n bt xtnd t th lt f th rld hh n b rtd b trnfrn th tblhd n, th th n hh th lttr h prvdd r thhld. h rn f vrf blt n th n r n th r f htr. h, th pltn bt th Gd f, th Gd St, rnnt btn n nrnl rlt ntnt n thnll rnd, th tphl tnd t b phl. Mrvr, f th trth f tphl prptn dtr nd b thr htrl ntnt (.., b th dr t hh th dfn htrl pblt, thn th rltn btn tph nd n trtl htrl. In r n ltr, t lt, tht prt f SntSn f th hr St tll tn fr rntd hh tplt tht th tphl prd E CAASOE O IEAIO 235 th ntf t f vlztn. t th n fnl n? Or d th ntf trnfrtn f th rld ntn t n tphl trnndn? At th dvnd t f ndtrl vlztn, ntf rtnlt, trnltd nt pltl pr, ppr t b th dv ftr n th dvlpnt f htrl ltrntv. h tn thn r: d th pr tnd trd t n ntn—tht , trd th prtn f th "rt f lf"? Wthn th tblhd t, th ntnd ppltn f ntf rtnlt ld hv rhd trnl pnt th th hnztn f ll ll nr bt ndvdll rprv lbr ("ll nr" hr nld ll prfr n hh n b xrd r fftvl b hn, vn f th prfrn prd lxr nd t rthr thn nt. t th t ld l b th nd nd lt f th ntf rtnlt n t tblhd trtr nd drtn. rthr prr ld n th br, th trn f ntt nt lt. It ld pn th pblt f n ntll n hn rlt —nl, xtn n fr t n th b f flflld vtl nd. Undr h ndtn, th ntf prjt tlf ld b fr fr trntltrn nd, nd fr fr th "rt f lvn" bnd th nt nd lxr f dn tn. In thr rd, th pltn f th thnll rlt ld b nt nl th prrt, bt l th rtnl fr trnndn th thnll rlt. h ld n rvrl f th trdtnl rltnhp btn n nd tph. h d dfnn rlt n tr thr thn th f th xt r bhvrl n ld l thr tphl r tv hrtr rlt f th ntf trnfrtn f th rld th ntf npt ld prjt nd dfn th pbl rlt f fr nd p fd xtn. h lbrtn f h npt ld n r thn th vltn f th prvln n. It ld nvlv th ntf rtnlt hl, hh h th fr 26 E CACE O E AEAIES

bn ttd t n nfr xtn nd ld n n d f n, f n. If th pltn f th thnll prjt nvlv br th th prvln thnll rtnlt, th br n trn dpnd n th ntnd xtn f th thnl b tlf. r t th b hh h rndrd pbl th tftn f nd nd th rdtn f tl—t rn th vr b f ll fr f hn frd. h lttv hn rthr l n th rntrtn f th b—tht , n t dvlpnt th v f dffrnt nd. I hv trd tht th d nt n th rvvl f "vl," prtl r thr, hh r t pplnt th ntf nd thnll trnfrtn f n nd ntr. On th n trr, th htrl hvnt f n nd thnl h rndrd pbl th trnltn f vl nt thnl t—th trlztn f vl. Cnntl, ht t t th rdfntn f vl n thnl tr, lnt n th thn ll pr. h n nd, thnl nd, ld thn prt n th prjt nd n th ntrtn f th hnr, nd nt nl n t tlztn. Mrvr, th n nd ht rt thlv vn n th ntrtn f ntf hpth —n pr ntf thr. r th ntftn f ndr lt, n ld prd t th ntftn f vl. r xpl, ht llbl th n f lbr th hh, nd th xtnt t hh, th vtl nd f ll br f t ld b tfd—prvdd th vlbl rr r d fr th nd, tht bn rtrtd b thr ntr t, nd tht pdn th ltn f ptl nr fr th dvlpnt f th rptv t. In thr rd ntfbl th vlbl rn f frd fr nt. Or, llbl th dr t hh, ndr th ndtn,

4 S hptr , p. p. 20. E CAASOE O IEAIO 2

r ld b prvdd fr th ll, th nfr, nd th d—tht , ntfbl th pbl rdtn f nxt, th pbl frd fr fr. h btl tht tnd n th f trlztn r dfnbl pltl btl. Indtrl vlztn h rhd th pnt hr, th rpt t th prtn f n fr hn xtn, th ntf btrtn fr fnl b blt n n n tr. Sn tlf h rndrd t pbl t fnl th prpr dn f n. St,

"pr n lvtn t n lrnt d dn thn, dlt rtt lr pl, thn, l prbl d fnltd, ndr trt th t prf rlx. nhvnt d thn rl l prb l d fnlt t rvt lh rpt d fn l rprnt d bl".

Undr th pt, "ntrl" ntf thd nd thnl b th n nd thnl f htrl ph hh bn rpd b t n hvnt—hh h rhd t dtrnt ntn. Intd f bn prtd fr n nd ntf thd, nd lft t bjtv prfr n nd rrtnl, trnndntl ntn, frrl t phl d f lbrtn b th prpr bjt f n. t th dvlpnt nfrnt n th th nplnt t f bn plt—f rnzn ntf nn pltl nn, nd th ntf ntrpr pltl ntrpr. r th trnfrtn f

"thrh rn nd nlrn f th thnl phr, t trt thnl prbl, tn f fnlt ndrd rnl thl nd t rl. h npltn f thn fth f prbl f fnlt nd nlv n t nd hh h thn f blt." Glbrt Sndn, l. t. p. tl. 28 E CACE O E AEAIES

vl nt nd, f fnl nt thnl pblt n t n th nt f pprv, ntrd fr n t ll n ntr. It n t f lbrtn:

"h lbr d ttn dtr v pr I fnlt d tt n pprnnt fr d l fnlt, A rnr n tt fnl l j t ppr, pr nvr p A br pv nt n ntrtn d ft." ... "h dp lrvnt n rnnt nnt I fnlt

vr, n ntttn thlv thdll pltl ntrpr, n nd thnl ld p bnd th t t hh th r, b f thr ntrlt, bjtd t plt nd nt thr ntnt fntnn pltl ntrntlt. r th thnll rdfntn nd th thnl tr f fnl th ntrtn, dvlpnt, nd tlztn f rr (trl nd ntlltl frd fr ll prtlr ntrt hh pd th tftn f hn nd nd th vltn f hn flt. In thr rd, t th rtnl ntrpr f n n, f nnd. hnl th prvd th htrl rrtn f th prtr dntftn f n nd rd, rdn t hh n n b nd rn fr n th prr f lfprpttn prdtvt n th b f pprn. th xtnt t hh thnl h dvlpd n th b, th rrtn n nvr b th rlt f thnl prr pr . It nvlv pltl rvrl.

Indtrl t p th ntrntlt fr trn frn th tphl nt th phl, th nnr nt th

6 "Mn lbrt hlf fr h ttn f bn bjtd t th fnlt f vrthn b lrnn t rt fnlt, t rn "fnld" hl, hh h jd nd vlt. Mn vr nlvnt b rnn nl fnlt." Ibd., p. 0. E CAASOE O IEAIO 2 tr, th dvntr f th nd nt dvntr f thnl. h trrbl phr (nd rlt f "nnr f th l," "hd hrnr," "ntf nnt," "n f n ptn," ptz (n rbl fr th prrn rtnlztn f th rrtnl, f th "prtl"—th dnl f th dlt ltr. t th ntn f thnll rtnlt, hl trnltn dl nt rlt, ld l trnnd th trlt ntth t th ltr. r th trnltn f vl nt nd th tfld pr f ( trl tftn (trlztn f frd nd (2 th fr dvlpnt f nd n th b f tftn (nn rprv bltn. In th pr, th rltn btn th trl nd ntlltl flt nd nd ndr fnd ntl hn h fr pl f thht nd ntn rtnl nd drtn fntn n th rlztn f pfd xtn f n nd ntr. And th d f jt, frd, nd hnt thn btn thr trth nd d n n n th l rnd n hh th ld vr hv trth nd d nn—th tftn f n trl nd, th rtnl rnztn f th rl f nt.

"fd xtn." h phr nv prl nh th ntnt t p, n n dn d, th tbd nd rdld nd f thnl, th rprd fnl bhnd th ntf ntrpr. If th fnl r t trlz nd b fftv, th f thn ld pn nvr f lt tvl dffrnt rltn btn n nd n, nd n nd ntr. t t th pnt, trn vt t b ttd— rnn nt ll thnll fth. Sh fth h rntl bn xhbtd nl n Mrxt rt f ntprr ndtrl t—d f th ftr nptn f thn ll n, f "thnll Er," t. h hrd rnl f trth n th d dnd n pht dnntn f th 240 E CACE O E AEAIES

tftn hh th xpr. hn, nvr f ntrntlt, nr th n ll th pr f n. At th prnt t, h prhp r prl vr h n pprt thn h vr bfr. h tftn nt rvd b trnfrrn thn ll nptn fr prtlr rp t th n tt nd th ntrl pln. hnl rtn thrht t dpndn n thr thn thnll nd. h r thnll rtnlt, frd fr t xplttv ftr, dtrn l prdtn, th r ll t b dpndnt n pltl drtn—n th lltv ffrt t ttn pfd xtn, th th l hh th fr ndvdl t fr thlv. "ftn f xtn" d nt t n ltn f pr bt rthr th ppt. nd pr, frd nd pr, Er nd pr ll b ntrr I hll prntl tr t h tht th rntrtn f th trl b f t th v t pftn nvlv lttv ll ntttv rdtn f pr, n rdr t rt th p nd t fr th dvlpnt f prdtvt ndr lfdtrnd nntv. h ntn f h rvrl f pr trn tv n dltl thr.

th dr t hh th l f pftn dtrn th f thn, t ltr th rltn btn thnl nd t prr bjt, tr. ftn prpp tr f tr, hh nd rn th bjt ppd t th dvlp n bjt. t thr r t nd f tr: rprv nd lbrtn n. h lttr nvlv th rdtn f r, v ln, nd rlt. In tr ll n tr, th trl fr xtn th tn f rt, ffrn, nd nt. h r th lt f blnd ttr, f th rl f d n hh lf pvl ffr t xtn. h rl rdll dtd n th r f th htrl trnfrtn f tr t b prt f th hn rld, nd t th xtnt, E CAASOE O IEAIO 24 th lt f tr r htrl lt. In th pr f vlztn, tr t b r tr t th dr t hh th trl f blnd fr prhndd nd trd n th lht f frd. tr th ntn f tr. Wht nl ntrl vr nd rrtd b th pr f n. h t phl ntn tht tr t tlf n htr pnt t th nnrd lt f n. It l th htrl lt— t t t b plhd, r rthr t t b ndrtn. If tr n tlf rtnl, ltt bjt f n, thn t th ltt bjt nt nl f n pr bt l f n frd nt nl f dntn bt l f lbrtn. Wth th rn f n th nl rtnl—pbl f trnfrn tr n rdn th th flt f th nd nd th pt f ttr—th rl ntrl, th brtnl, ntv tt. It b rl t b prhndd nd rnzd b n. And t th dr t hh n d n bjtn ttr t rtnl tndrd nd , ll brtnl xtn ppr t b nt nd prvtn, nd thr rdtn b th htrl t. Sffrn, vln, nd dtrtn r t r f th ntrl ll hn rlt, f hlpl nd hrtl nvr. h trrbl ntn tht th brtnl lf f ntr dtnd t rn frvr h nvr, nthr phlph nr ntf n t prnnd b dffrnt thrt:

l npt f frd prpp nn thrht (n l trnl: lfnn. Cnntl, th "rlztn" f tr nt, nd nvr n b tr n r. t nh tr n tlf ntv (.., ntn n t n xtn, th htrl trn frtn f tr b Mn , th vrn f th ntvt, th lbrtn f tr. Or, n l rd, tr n t n nn ntrl—"Gt". 242 E CACE O E AEAIES "Whn th St fr th rvntn f Crlt t Anl d th p fr h pprt, h rfd t, n th rnd tht hn bn n dt t lr nl, nd tht ll trtn nl nt nfl. h b nl hv n l."

Mtrl, hh nt tntd b h dll b f th l, h r nvrl nd rlt npt f lvtn. It dt th rlt f ll nl t n dfnt pl, hr n rth, nd rt tht th ll rtd b Mn (nd b tr. rt f th ll th lltrtnt f nl—th r f hn t h rtnlt tll th rrtnl. All j nd ll hppn drv fr th blt t trnnd tr— trnndn n hh th tr f tr tlf brdntd t lbrtn nd pftn f xtn. All trn llt, ll dlht th rlt f n dtn, f tn nd ntrdtn. Glrftn f th ntrl prt f th dl hh prtt n nntrl t n t trl nt lbrtn. h dftn f brth ntrl trn xpl. In brd r f th rld, t l "nt rl" tht bl r r nfrr t ht, nd tht th d t th hndt, nd tht bn t b. It l ntrl tht b fh t lttl fh—thh t nt ntrl t th lttl fh. Cvlztn prd th n fr frn tr fr t n brtlt, t n nffn, t n blndn, b vrt f th ntv nd trnfrn pr f n. And n n flfll th fntn nl ptthnll rtnlt, n hh thn tlf th ntrntlt f pftn, rnn f th "rt f lf." h fntn f n thn nvr th th fntn f Art. h Gr ntn f th ffnt btn rt nd thn

Qtd n: rtrnd ll, Unpplr E ( Yr: Sn nd Shtr, 0 p. 6. E CAASOE O IEAIO 24

rv prlnr lltrtn. h rtt p th d hh, fnl , d th ntrtn f rtn thn— jt th nnr p th d hh d, fnl , th ntrtn f hn r xpl, th d f n bd fr hn bn dtrn th rhtt ntr tn f h th d f hll nlr xpln dtr n th ntrtn f th pprt hh t rv th prp. Eph n th ntl rltn btn rt nd thn pnt p th pf rtnlt f rt. thnl, rt rt nthr nvr f thht nd prt nt nd thn th xtn n. t n ntrt t th thnl nvr, th rtt nvr n f lln, bln, Shn. vr, th bln rbln t rlt hh xt th thrt nd pr f th tblhd n. In vr fr f nd ln, th rtt nvr rnzd b th f lf tht fr—n nd ln b rt tht pr t brn bt th lf, nd vn tht pr t rprnt t dtl. Stll, th pr l, llr trth f rt (hh h nvr bn r prl nd r llr thn td, hn t h b n npr nt nrdnt f th dntrd t ttf t th vld t f t . h r bltntl rrtnl th t b, th rtr th rtnlt f th rtt nvr.

hnll vlztn tblh pf rltn btn rt nd thn I ntnd bv th ntn f rvrl f th f th hr St nd f "rvldtn" f tph n th b f th ntf nd thnll trnfrtn f th rld. h ntn n b xtndd t th rltn btn nthnl nd rt. h rtnlt f rt, t blt t "prjt" xtn, t dfn t nrlzd pblt ld thn b nvd vldtd b

S hptr . 244 E CACE O E AEAIES

nd fntnn n th ntfthnll trnfrtn f th rld. thr thn bn th hnddn f th tblhd pprt, btfn t bn nd t r, rt ld b thn fr dtrn th bn nd th r. h thnll rtnlt f rt t b hrtrzd b n tht "rdtn":

"Art bl t rd th pprt hh th xtrnl ppr n rr n rdr t prrv tlf—rdtn t th lt n hh th xtrnl b th nfttn f prt nd frd.""

Ardn t l, rt rd th dt ntnn n hh n bjt (r ttlt f bjt xt, t tt n hh th bjt t n th fr nd lt f frd. Sh trnfrtn rdtn b th ntnnt ttn f fr rrnt hh r xtrnl, nd hh tnd n th f t fr rlztn. h rrnt nttt n

" pprt" nh th r nt rl ntrl bt rthr bjt t fr, rtnl hn nd dvlpnt. h, th rt t trnfrtn vlt th ntrl bjt, bt th vltd tlf pprv th th tht trnfrtn lbrtn.

h tht rdtn ppr n th thnll trn frtn f tr hr nd f t d n lnn tr nd lbrtn, drtn tr trd lbrtn. In th , th nt f tr rd th blndn, frt, nd frtlt f tr—hh pl rdn th frt f n nt tr. Cltvtn f th l lttvl dffrnt fr dtrtn f th l, xtrtn f ntrl rr fr

° Hegel, Vorlesungen fiber die Aesthetik, in: Siimtliche Werke, ed. H. Glockner (Stuttgart, Frommann, 1929), vol. XII, p. 217f. See also Osmaston's translation, in Hegel, The of Fine Art (London, Bell and Sons, 1920), vol. I, p. 214. E CAASOE O IEAIO 245

tfl xplttn, lrn f frt fr hll dfrttn. vrt, d, nd nr rth r ntrl ll hn ll—thr rdtn nd rvl lbrtn f lf. Cvlztn h hvd th "thr," lbrtn trn frtn n t rdn nd pr nd rrvtn. t td th ll, prttd r, t h trtd tr t h trtd n— n ntrnt f dtrtv prdtvt.

In th thnl f pftn, tht tr ld ntr t th dr t hh th prdtv hnr n trtd th v f th fr pl f flt. t nt ll "thnll Er" nd lr nptn, "lbr nnt b pl . . ." Mrx ttnt prld rdl ll rn t ntrprttn f th "bltn f lbr." h d f h lln dll n dvnd ndtrl vlztn t n th Mddl A, nd prhp vn r . r n trl th tr nrnl trl th h t, h pr vr th ndvdl b r "rtnl" nd thrfr r nr thn vr bfr. vr, hl th rl f nt ntn, t rnztn th v f lttvl dffrnt nd ld hn nt nl th d, bt l th xtnt f ll nr prdtn. And th hn n trn ld fft th hn nt f prdtn nd thr nd:

"fr t trnfr t pr nt dffrnt Sbjt, nd dffrnt Sbjt h ntr th pr f dt prdtn."

I hv rrrntl phzd th htrl hrtr f hn nd. Abv th nl lvl vn th nt f lf

" Marx, der Kritik der politischen Oekononne, loc. cit., p. 559. (My Translation). 246 E CACE O E AEAIES

n fr nd rtnl t ll b thr thn th prdd n nd fr n rrtnl nd nfr t. An, t th npt f "rdtn" hh lltrt th dffrn.

In th ntprr r, th nt f rt tll nfnd t ll r f dvnd ndtrl t. hr prprt vr p th Infrn nd nd td thr br dr t l prd rprv prdtvt nd "fl nd." It rprv prl t th dr t hh t prt th tftn f nd hh rr ntnn th rt r f thn p th n pr nd th plnnd bln, njn frd fr n th brn, rn th nd fr th n f dtrtn. h bv frt nrtd b th rt f prdtvt, nd vn r, th pprt hh t v t t f prftbl dntn, fltt t prt tn n l dvnd r f th rld hr th ntrdtn f h t tll n trnd prr n thnl nd hn tr. vr, th l ntrrltn btn thnl nd pltlnpltv nh, btn prftbl prdtv t nd dntn, lnd t th nt f rt th pn fr ntnn lbrtn. rt xtnt, t th hr ntt f d, rv, r, nd rrtn n th vrdvlpd ntr hh fftt th ntnnt. Cnntl, lttv hn t prpp ntt tv hn n th dvnd tndrd f lvn, nl, rdtn f vrdvlpnt.

h tndrd f lvn ttnd n th t dvnd ndtrl r nt tbl dl f dvlpnt f th pf tn. In v f ht th tndrd h d f Mn nd tr, th tn t n b d hthr t rth th rf nd th vt d n t dfn. h tn h d t b rrpnbl n th "fflnt t" h E CAASOE O IEAIO 24 b t f prnnt blztn nt th r f nnhltn, nd n th l f t d h bn pnd b rnztn, th prpttn f tl, nd th prtn f frtrtn. Undr th rtn, lbrtn fr th fflnt t d nt n rtrn t hlth nd rbt pvrt, rl lnln, nd plt. On th ntrr, th lntn f prftbl t ld nr th l lth vlbl fr dtrbtn, nd th nd f prnnt blztn ld rd th l nd fr th dnl f tftn tht r th ndvdl n—dnl hh n fnd thr pntn n th lt f ftn, trnth, nd rlrt. d, n th prpr rfr nd lfr tt, th hn lt f pfd xtn l nd nptrt— lt h th rfl f ll thn, tthrn, nd brtlt dbdn t th trnn f th jrt prfn f fr nd n (th t rtnl rtn t th t ntv ntlln nd b tht hh bn pr ptrtd th tnt t th fbl nd rdld tn f prtt nd rfl. h xprn f hnt, t, ll b rrd b nr pr—b th nd t vr nlf, t b pbl f htn th htr, nd t lv nd thn n pt f th. In th ttltrn t, th hn tttd tnd t b pt tttd, t fll Sl tt dv: "nt t t b hntd t hd. . . ." Evn h prnl thdrl f ntl nd phl nr fr ll rrd tvt nd tttd td pbl nl fr f t nl n nnntl pt f th rdr tn f nr hh t prd pftn. nd th prnl rl, lfdtrntn prpp fr vlbl nr hh nt xpndd n prpd trl nd ntlltl lbr. It t b fr nr l n th n tht t nt hnnld nt th hndln f d nd rv hh tf th ndvdl, hl rndrn h npbl f 248 E CACE O E AEAIES

hvn n xtn f h n, nbl t rp th p blt hh r rplld b h tftn. Cfrt, bn, nd jb rt n t hh prpr tlf fr nd nt nlr dtrtn rv nvrl xpl f nlv n ntntnt. brtn f nr fr th prfrn rrd t tn dtrtv prprt n drn th hh tndrd f rvtd n rdr t nbl th ndvdl t dvlp tht rtnlt hh rndr pbl pfd xtn.

A n tndrd f lvn, dptd t th pftn f xt n, l prpp rdtn n th ftr ppltn. It ndrtndbl, vn rnbl, tht ndtrl vlztn n dr ltt th lhtr f lln f ppl n r, nd th dl rf f ll th h hv n dt r nd prttn, bt dvr t rl nd rl rpl f t th tn f vdn th prdtn f r lf n t hh tll rd t th plnnd nnhltn f lf n th tnl Intrt, nd t th nplnnd dprvtn f lf n bhlf f prvt ntrt. h rl rpl r ndrtnd bl nd rnbl b h t nd n vr nrn nbr f tr nd pprtr th ntntl rnrtd x pt t b nd. vr, th rrnt f prftbl prdtn r nt nrl dntl th th f nnd. h prbl nt nl (nd prhp nt vn prrl tht f dtl fdn nd rn fr th rn ppltn—t frt prb l f nbr, f r ntt. hr r thn pt ln n th ndtnt hh Stfn Gr prnnd hlf ntr : "Shn r hl t rvl" h r tht f t n hh th rn ppl tn rvt th trl fr xtn n th f f t p bl llvtn. h drv fr r "lvn p" prt nt nl n ntrntnl rvn bt l thn th ntn. E CAASOE O IEAIO 249

r, xpnn h, n ll fr f tr, nt lf, nd fn, nvdd th nnr p f prv nd prtll l ntd th pblt f tht ltn n hh th ndvdl, thrn b n hlf ln, n thn nd tn nd fnd. h rt f prv—th l ndtn tht, n th b f tfd vtl nd, n v nn t frd nd ndpndn f thht—h ln n b th t xpnv dt, vlbl nl t th vr rh (h dnt t. In th rpt, t, "ltr" rvl t fdl rn nd lttn. It n b drt nl thrh th bltn f dr, .., f t h dd n rtrn th prrtv f prv b rntn th t ll nd prttn th fr h.

th dnl f frd, vn f th pblt f frd, rrpnd th rntn f lbrt hr th trnthn th rprn. h dr t hh th ppltn lld t br th p hrvr thr tll p nd ln, t b l nd t lf thn, t z flrt, t ffnd nt d fr frhtnn. It frhtnn b t xpr th lfl nd vn rnzd ffrt t rjt th Othr n h n rht, t prvnt tn vn n ll, rrvd phr f xtn. In th vrdvlpd ntr, n vrlrr prt f th ppltn b n h ptv dn— ptrd nt b ttltrn r bt b th lbrt f th tzn h d f nt nd lvtn pl th Othr t prt f thr nd, ht, nd ll. Cn t hh npbl f prttn ndvdl prv vn thn n fr ll rhtfll l tht t rpt th ndvdl nd tht t fr t? b r, fr t dfnd b r, nd b r fndntl hv nt, thn prvt tn. And t, th bn f th lttr vtt vn th t np ntttn f n nd pltl frd—b dnn frd t t hddn rt. 20 E CACE O E AEAIES

Mv lztn bn t h nd rrt th dvlp nt f nn nd nn. h ttnnt f tn dnd ndtn n hh th rprd dnn f xprn n t lf n thr lbrtn dnd rprn f th htrn nd nd tftn hh rnz lf n th t. h r th hv b th ndvdl n nd nd tftn, th r ld thr rprn ppr t b n ll bt ftl dprvtn. t prl b vrt f th ftl hrtr, t rt th prr bjt v prrt fr lttv hn—nl, th redefinition of needs. t n (nfrtntl fntt xpl: th r bn f ll dvrtn nd f ll ndtrntn d f nfrtn nd ntrtnnt ld pln th ndvdl nt trt vd hr h ld hv th hn t ndr nd t thn, t n hlf (r rthr th ntv f hlf nd h t. prvd f h fl fthr, ldr, frnd, nd rprnttv, h ld hv t lrn h AC n. t th rd nd ntn hh h ld fr ht t vr dffrntl, nd ht h prtn nd fr. b r, h ttn ld b n nbrbl nht r. Whl th ppl n pprt th ntn rtn f nlr pn, rdtv fllt, nd tnbl fd tff, th nnt (fr th vr rn tlrt bn dprvd f th ntrtnnt nd dtn hh th pbl f rprdn th rrnnt fr thr dfn ndr dtr tn. h nnfntnn f tlvn nd th lld d ht th bn t hv ht th nhrnt ntrdtn f ptl dd nt hv—th dntrtn f th t. h rtn f rprv nd h ln n b prt f ll nr lb•—nr n th n tht tht t, th tblhd d f prdtn ld nt b tnd. thr prbl f phl nr f tht r t t, bt th trl b f dntn. 0 COCUSIO

h dvnn ndnnl t ltr th rltn btn th rtnl nd th rrtnl. Cntrtd th th fn tt nd nn pt f t rtnlt, th rl f th rrtnl b th h f th rll rtnl—f th d hh "prt th rt f lf." If th tblhd t n ll nrl ntn, vldtn r nvldtn t n rdn th l rrnt, thn th vl ln t th rrnt prhp hv n thr d f ntn thn th bnrl n f ftn. h tht dnn tll rtn frd f xprn hh nbl th rtr nd rtt t ll n nd thn b thr n—t n th thr nnbl. h rl f f r t h n Sl tt nvl t rl htr rttn n lf hhf pl r Stllvrtrtr. It n lnr ntn hh p hr, bt n, n rl t hh jtf vrthn nd blv vrthn—xpt th n nt t prt. Intn bdtn t th rlt, hh thn p th nd vrtn ntn. 252 E CACE O E AEAIES

Ahtz ntn t hnt, nt th r bt th plhnt f n—th p flht th rt nd l th "lbrnthn bnt ndr th Sn r" th prtt ltrn plnt, ln, hn nd th flr bd th pn hh nt rll hrfl t ppl th r n hh ll prtpt. h th ttn n hh th rt hn hvnt f n, dn, thnl t pl th ffrt t v nd lrt lf r th l pr n th dtr. h llfl pl th fntt pblt, th blt t t th d nn, ntr ntr, t xprnt th n nd thn, t nvrt lln nt rlt nd ftn nt trth, ttf t th xtnt t hh Intn h b n ntrnt f prr. And t n hh, l thr n th tblhd t, thdll bd. Sttn th p nd tl f plt, th pr f ntn fr xd Al n Wndrlnd n th npltn f rd, trnn n nt nnn nd nnn nt n. h frrl ntnt rl r n thnl nd pltl rnd— nd n, lf nd dth, j nd r. t rvl t trrr hhl lfd nlr plnt nd lbrtr b "Indtrl r" n pln rrndn Cvl fn drtr dpl "dlx fllthltr" th lltll rptn ("ft", ln hr, tlvn, nd Srbbl, "dnd bntn fl r drn pt ( nd fl fllt hltr hld r br t." If th hrrr f h rlztn d nt pntrt nt nn, f t rdl tn fr rntd, t b th hvnt r ( prftl rtnl n tr f th xtn rdr, (b tn f hn nnt nd pr bnd th trdtnl lt f ntn. h bn rr f tht nd rlt rft th

Ardn t h Yr , vbr , 60, dpld t th Yr Ct Cvl fn drtr, xntn Av. nd ftffth Strt. COCUSIO 2 phlph hh pp "pt" ntn t ntf nd prl n. hnll prr pnd b prrv rtnlztn nd vn rlztn f th n r. h rhtp f hrrr ll f j, f r ll f p l thr ttrph hrtr. hr pprn n th dl lf f th ndvdl n lnr tht f rrtnl fr—thr drn vtr r lnt f thnll dntn, nd bjt t t. In rdn nd vn nln th rnt p f n tn, t h frd th ntn t prv tlf n n rnd, n hh th r trnltd nt htrl p blt nd prjt. h trnltn ll b bd nd dtrtd th t hh ndrt t. Sprtd fr th rl f trl prdtn nd trl nd, ntn r pl, nvld n th rl f nt, nd ttd nl t fntt l nd fntt trth. Whn thnl prr nl th prtn, t nvt th th t n l nd t n trth t rd th fr flt f th nd. t t l rd th p btn ntn nd n. h t ntnt flt b ntrdpndnt n n rnd. In th lht f th pblt f dvnd ndtrl vlztn, nt ll pl f th ntn pln th thnl pblt, hh n b ttd t thr hn f rlztn? h rnt d f "n f th Intn" t n vrrprl pt. h ntf, rtnl hrtr f Intn h ln n bn rnzd n tht, n th hpth nd xpr nt f th phl n. It l rnzd n p hnl, hh n thr bd n th ptn f th pf rtnlt f th rrtnl th prhndd ntn b, rdrtd, thrpt fr. t th thr pt fr h frthr thn n th r f nr. It nt pt bt ntt h h tlnd th prpt: 24 E CACE O E AEAIES

t n phnl trll pt ... n dr rr d n , d n n dr ltr lpr d n . On pt lr prr pvr rndr ln tn hr, trnt dt, pvr dnnr bnn nn lntn, n l rdnt plnnt t n dxprn, tt l trll prdnt dn l d ntrl, dn ltvt nr nrl. ndr hr lntn, l rdr tt n xbrn, t prnt dnnr lntn vrtbl fntn

dntrnnt ph. 2

Intn h nt rnd n t th pr f rf tn. W r pd b r , ffr r n . hnl n t ll, nd n th nn. vr, "t v t th ntn ll th n f xprn" ld b rrn. h tltd ndvdl (tltd l n thr flt f ntn ld rnz nd dtr vn r thn th r n prttd t d. Sh rl ld b th nttd hrrr—nt th ttrph f ltr, bt th fr p f t t rprv tndn. tnl th ntn hh n b th prr f th rntrtn nd rdrtn f th prdtv pprt trd pfd xtn, lf tht fr. And th n nvr b th ntn f th h r pd b th f dntn nd dth. lbrt th ntn tht t n b vn ll t n

2 "An ntr phnl f ttr n hlp t r f r r t lt hlp t lt th hld f r n . On thn hp t b bl t rndr ntn hpp, t v t d nn n lln t fll ll t n f xprn, ll trl hh r n ntrl dr, n nrl dr tvt. rndr ntn hpp, t ll t ll t xbr n, n prl t rnt ntn t tr fntn phll pl nd fr." Gtn hlrd, Mtrl tnnl (r. r Unvrtr, , p. 8 (hlrd ph COCUSIO 2

f xprn prpp th rprn f h tht n fr nd tht prptt rprv t. And h rvrl nt ttr f phl r th bt f plt, n th n n hh th tr h hr bn d thrht: th prt n hh th b tl ntttn r dvlpd, dfnd, tnd, nd hnd. It th prt f ndvdl, n ttr h rnzd th b. h th tn n n t b fd: h n th dntrd ndvdl— h hv d thr tltn nt thr n lbrt nd tftn, nd th rprd t n n nlrd l— lbrt thlv fr thlv ll fr thr tr? t vn thnbl tht th v rl b brn?

rdxll, t tht t nt th ntn f th n tl ntttn hh prnt th rtt dfflt n th ttpt t nr th tn. h tblhd t thlv r hnn, r hv lrd hnd th b ntttn n th drtn f nrd plnnn. Sn th dvlpnt nd tl ztn f ll vlbl rr fr th nvrl tftn f vtl nd th prrt f pftn, t nptbl th th prvln f prtlr ntrt hh tnd n th f ttnn th l. Qlttv hn ndtnl pn plnnn fr th hl nt th ntrt, nd fr nd rtnl t n r nl n th b. h ntttn thn hh pftn n b nvd th df th trdtnl dftn nt thrtrn nd drt, ntrlzd nd lbrl dntrtn. d, th pptn t ntrl plnnn n th n f lbrl d r hh dnd n rlt rv n dll prp fr rprv ntrt. h l f thnt lfdtrntn b th ndvdl dpnd n fftv l ntrl vr th prdtn nd dtrbtn f th nt (n tr f th hvd lvl f ltr, trl nd ntlltl. 26 E CACE O E AEAIES

r, thnll rtnlt, trppd f t xplttv ftr, th l tndrd nd d n plnnn nd dvlp n th vlbl rr fr ll. Slfdtrntn n th pr dtn nd dtrbtn f vtl d nd rv ld b tfl. h jb thnl n, nd trl thnl jb, t fr th rdtn f phl nd ntl tl. In th rl, ntrlzd ntrl rtnl f t tblh th pr ndtn fr nnfl lfdtrntn. h lttr n thn b fftv n t n rl—n th dn hh nvlv th prdtn nd dtrbtn f th n rpl, nd n th ndvdl xtn. In n , th bntn f ntrlzd thrt nd drt dr bjt t nfnt vrtn, rdn t th dr f dvlpnt. Slfdtrntn ll b rl t th xtnt t hh th hv bn dlvd nt ndvdl lbrtd fr ll prpnd, ndtrntn, nd npl tn, pbl f nn nd prhndn th ft nd f vltn th ltrntv. In thr rd, t ld b rtnl nd fr t th xtnt t hh t rnzd, tnd, nd rprdd b n ntll n htrl Sbjt. At th prnt t f dvlpnt f th dvnd ndtrl t, th trl ll th ltrl t dn th xn. h pr nd ffn f th t, th thrh ltn f nd th ft, f thht th rrd bhvr, f prtn th rlt, ltt nt th r n f n Sbjt. h l ltt nt th ntn tht th rplnt f th prvln ntrl vr th prdtv pr b "ntrl fr bl" ld n th dvnt f lttv hn. h ntn vld, nd tll vld, hr th lbrr r, nd tll r, th lvn dnl nd ndtnt f th tblhd t. vr, hr th l hv b prp f th tblhd f lf, thr nt t ntrl ld prln th n dffrnt ttn. And t, th ft r ll thr hh vldt th rtl COCUSIO 2

thr f th t nd f t ftl dvlpnt: th nrn rrtnlt f th hl t nd rtrtn f prdtvt th nd fr rv xpnn th ntnt thrt f r ntnfd xplttn dhnztn. And th ll pnt t th htrl ltrntv: th plnnd tlztn f rr fr th tftn f vtl nd th n f tl, th trnfrtn f lr nt fr t, th pftn f th trl fr xtn. t th ft nd th ltrntv r thr l frnt hh d nt nnt, r l rld f t bjt tht bjt, tht th prt hh ld v th bjt n th n drtn. ltl thr nt rftd, bt t nnt ffr th rd. It nnt b ptv. b r, th dltl npt, n prhndn th vn ft, trnnd th vn ft. h th vr tn f t trth. It dfn th htrl pblt, vn nt bt thr rlztn n nl b n th prt hh rpnd t th thr, nd, t prnt, th prt v n h rpn. On thrtl ll prl rnd, th dltl npt prnn t n hpln. h hn rlt t htr nd, n t, ntrdtn d nt xpld b th lv. h nflt btn trlnd, rrdn dntn n th n hnd, nd t hvnt tht fr lf dtrntn nd pftn n th thr, b bltnt bnd n pbl dnl, bt t ll ntn t b nbl nd vn prdtv nflt, fr th th rth n th thnll nt f ntr r th nt f n b n. And th nt rd th frd hh nr prr f lbrtn. h frd f thht n th nl n n hh thht n b fr n th dntrd rld— th nn f t rprv prdtvt, nd th blt nd fr brn t f th hl. t prl th blt nd d nt prvl hr t ld b th drvn fr f htrl prt, th fftv f 28 E CACE O E AEAIES

lttv hn. Wtht th trl fr, vn th t t nn rn prl. ttr h bv th rrtnl hrtr f th hl nft tlf nd, th t, th nt f hn, nht nt nt h nvr ffd fr zn th pbl ltrn tv. Cnfrntd th th nprnt ffn f th vn t f lf, t ltrntv hv l pprd tpn. And nht nt nt, th nn f th vl tt, ll nt ff vn t th t hr th plhnt f n nd th lvl f prdtvt hv lntd th tpn ftr f th ltrntv—hr th tblhd rlt rthr thn t ppt tpn.

th n tht th rtl thr f t bdt nd lv th fld t n prl l hh, frd fr ll thrtl dn xpt thdll n, b t th fll f pld nrtn, th prfrn n d ll rv hl prln th lntn f vl jd nt? Or d th dltl npt n n ttf t thr trth—b prhndn thr n ttn tht f th t hh th nlz? A rpn ht t tlf f n ndr th rtl thr prl t th pnt f t rtt n—t nblt t dntrt th lbrtn tndn thn th tblhd t. h rtl thr f t, , t th t f t rn, nfrntd th th prn f rl fr (bjtv nd b jtv n th tblhd t hh vd (r ld b dd t v trd r rtnl nd frr ntttn b blhn th xtn n hh hd b btl t prr. h r th prl rnd n hh th thr rtd, nd fr th prl rnd drvd th d f th lbrtn f inherent pblt—th dvlpnt, thr bld nd dtrtd, f trl nd ntlltl prdtvt, flt, nd nd. Wtht th dntrtn f COCUSIO 2

h fr, th rt f t ld tll b vld nd rtnl, bt t ld b npbl f trnltn t rtnlt nt tr f htrl prt. h nln? "brtn f nhrnt pblt" n lnr dtl xpr th htrl ltrntv. h nhnd pblt f dvnd ndtrl t r: dvlpnt f th prdtv fr n n nlrd l, xtnn f th nt f ntr, rn tftn f nd fr rn nbr f ppl, rtn f n nd nd flt. t th pblt r rdll bn rlzd thrh n nd ntttn hh nl thr lbrtn ptntl, nd th pr fft nt nl th n bt l th nd. h ntrnt f prdtvt nd prr, rnzd nt ttltrn t, dtrn nt nl th tl bt l th pbl tlztn. At t t dvnd t, dntn fntn dn trtn, nd n th vrdvlpd r f nptn, th dntrd lf b th d lf f th hl, n th dfn f hh th ppt r ntd. h th pr fr f dntn. Cnvrl, t ntn ppr t b th pr fr f ntn. All ntnt rdd t th n btrt dnd fr th nd f dntn—th nl trl rvltn r xn, nd th vnt tht ld vldt th hvnt f ndtrl vlztn. In th f f t ffnt dnl b th tblhd t, th ntn ppr n th pltll p tnt fr f th "blt rfl"— rfl hh th r nrnbl th r th tblhd t dvlp t prdtvt nd llvt th brdn f lf. In th rd f Mr lnht:

"C n rfn nt p n vlr n n prt n. Ct bn A d l l rf t nr. II n rn n nptrn pl, t n pprn d n ft hrrr, t n ffr drd t d 260 E CACE O E AEAIES

nltn n nntndrn p. Un rptr t prdt. vn dtd rnd tt frnh n tlr pl l pltd."

t f th btrt hrtr f th rfl th rlt f ttl rftn, thn th nrt rnd fr rfl t tll xt, fr rftn n lln. th tn, th nftn f ppt n the medium of technological rationality must be, in ll t rlt, n llr nftn, hh lnt nthr th ntrdtn btn th rn prdtvt nd t rprv , nr th vtl nd fr lvn th ntrdtn. t th trl fr th ltn h trn th trdtnl fr. h ttltrn tndn f th ndnnl t rndr th trdtnl nd n f prtt nfftv—prhp vn dnr b th prrv th lln f pplr vrnt. h lln ntn trth: "th ppl," prvl th frnt f l hn, hv "vd p" t b th frnt f l hn. r rthr thn n th rdtrbtn f lth nd lztn f l th n trtftn hrtrt f dvnd ndtrl t. vr, ndrnth th nrvtv pplr b th btrt f th tt nd tdr, th xpltd nd pr td f thr r nd thr lr, th npld nd th nplbl. h xt td th drt pr thr lf th t dt nd th t rl nd fr ndn ntlrbl ndtn nd ntttn. h thr pptn rvltnr vn f thr nn nt. hr pptn

"Wht rf nt tht vl r prtn. rl b f tht, th rfl nr. hr rn which we no longer accept, there n pprn f d hh hrrf , thr pl fr rnt nd nltn hh ll n lnr hd. A br h rrd. W hv bn rdd t tht frnn hh n lnr tlrt plt." "Le f," n 4 llt, n. 2, r, Otbr 8. COCUSIO 26 ht th t fr tht nd thrfr nt dfltd b th t t n lntr fr hh vlt th rl f th nd, n dn , rvl t rd . Whn th t tthr nd t nt th trt, tht r, tht prttn, n rdr t fr th t prtv vl rht, th n tht th f d, tn, nd bb, jl, nntrtn p, vn dth. hr fr bhnd vr pltl dntrtn fr th vt f l nd rdr. h ft tht th trt rfn t pl th b th ft hh r th bnnn f th nd f prd. thn ndt tht t ll b d nd. h n nd thnl pblt f th tblhd t r f fntl vt t ll fr djtnt nd nn t th ndrd, nd thr rd fr ffntl trnd nd ppd t t r f rn ttn. vr, th ptr thr n, nd nd td th frntr f th dvnd t. h fl htrl prlll th th brbr n thrtnn th pr f vlztn prjd th th nd prd f brbr ll b th ntnd pr f vlztn tlf. t th hn tht, n th prd, th htrl xtr t n: th t dvnd n n f hnt, nd t t xpltd fr. It nth n bt hn h rtl thr f t p n npt hh ld brd th p btn th prnt nd t ftr hldn n pr nd hn n , t rn ntv. h t nt t rn ll t th h, tht hp, hv vn nd v thr lf t th Grt fl. At th bnnn f th ft r, Wltr njn rt:

r rn dr ffnnln lln t n d ffnn bn.

It nl fr th f th tht hp tht hp vn t .

IE

prr: prl 8 f htrl 20: 4, 6 dlt 22f. thnll tht, nd rlt 2 ff. pltl f. fflnt t , 26, 6, 246f. brdnt: lr f f., f. ACIO, Attn nd Mjr hphnzd 6 ntx f 2f. hnll Chn xlv btrtn xv, xlf., , 4, 4ff., rvn xxxv, , 8 6, 6, 220, 24: fl nd tr lntn xxv, xxx, f., , 2, 2, 8, 6ff., : rtt 6ff., ff. tlt, nd ptntlt xv, xxv, ltrntv xl,8,2ff., 20, 2ff., l, 24, 2f. 28 dntrd t x, xx, xxv, nlt phlph x, 8, 2, xxxl, , 28, 8, 4 , 46 , 2 6, 2ff. dntrtn xxv, , 20, 24, , nl th l 242 4, , l6f., 2 l ttl "pphnt l" 4 dntrtn pprt: f rt 244 nd hh Adrn, hdr W. xvf., zn: ltr f. thnl xxv, xlv, , lt f Enlhtnnt xv, 24f., 2,4,62,2, 4 pprn: nd n nd "dvnd ndtrl t" xf., rlt xv, xxv, 2, 0 dx, xxx, xlff., 48 pprptn, trnndntl 22 dvrtn xxx, 2, 60, 4, 8, , rhttr, fntnl 68ff. 264 I E

Arttl , , 40, 0: bd, nd r rld f. Intrprttn 4 Mtph lhv rvltn 4 4 Ornn 28, , 40 rn, Mx 2f. r r 6f. br xl, 62,0 rt: ptntlt f xv, 2ff. rht, rtlt 6f., pr f ntn n 6f. rdn, .W. 4f. rtnlt f 24f. nd thn rth br rt 22 242f. thnll rtnlt n brrtztn xxv, , 4, 0 ff. r, Ednd 04 "rt f lf", nd n 22f., 242, tlr, hp ph 88 2 ltn 0, 2, 0, 2, 88: n ptl, hn f v dr 4, 200 f hh ptl xvf., xl, zz: ltr 6ff. pblt f f., 8 lbl Ahtz 22 r f tblztn f xx, Atn, .. f.: "Othr Mnd" xxv, xxxf., 24 v. n , € 4, 8, 228 thrtrn prnlt r 20 thrtrn r f., 4 r 2 ttn xlv, 8, 2ff., 8f. Crtn dl 6 tn 4f, 6, , 24€ trl prtv 6f. vnt rd 6f., tr xlvf. lt 6 hlrd, Gtn 24 ntrfl tndn 8ff., 0 hlrd, Sznn 60 h, dtrnt 226f. lz, nrr d 8 Chrtnt 8 rth, lnd 8,0, 4f., 06 vlztn , , 226, 22, 2, dlr, Chrl, lr d 24f., 24, 26 Ml 80 l 2, 2: lztn , 0, bt 24f., 22 26 trtftn 260 tt, Sl 24, 2 l, drn ltn f bhvr 4f, f., 0, 0, 02, 6f. 8, 8f., 8 lhé 0 n 2, 2, lr: f th pltl nvr ll, nl xxx, xxxv, f. 2ff. f th nvr f dr njn, Wltr xxxv, 26f. 8ff., 20f. rl, A.A., h Mdrn Crprtn xtn, lbl 48 nd rvt rprt xlv ntn, n th nd ph lnht, Mr 2f. 64f. lh, Ernt 2 rlztn I E 26

tt 6 208 f ph 2f. dftn , 6 thnll 22 ntn, br th f. ntrdtn xxxf., 8f., , 6, 2,

n xxx, xl , xlv, 22f., , E, 22, 26: htrl 228: ln f , 202 hrtr lf, l4, 46f, , ttltrn l f6f, 44f., 48 226f l f npltn trntn t ptl , 4ff. 2f. prnpl f4 rtnlt f Cnt Mnft 44f. pln 2 ntrl: nd npt 4 n npt: ntn f fr f ff. phlph f prl C, rd . xxx, xlv trtnt f 4f. n htrl rprtn (l, , 2, nt 2ff. pdd b 2 8, l, 6 prtnl r nt hnt , 226 nd l ntrl ff., ff., 4 rtl rn xv, xx, f.

n rltn t th rld 26f. nd Crtl hr xvf., xxf. , xlf., xlvf., ntf rtnlt 6f. n, , 26 l rnfrt npt: trnndnt , 8ff., Shl 2 trnfrtn f ntf rtl thnn xvf, xv, 8, 46, 2f trnltd nt prtnl 24, 2f.: htrl tr lf., 8 trtnt f nn trnfrd nvrl 6, 2ff. f tr nt ptv thnn 8f. 8ff. nd rd f., 84f. rt, prl f xxxxff. nrtn 8f., , f., 44, , rt x, xv, xxx, xlff., 22 , , 2, 28 ltr: drtztn f 64, nfrt x, x, xx, ff., 8 24 ntrtn n ff. nn 8, , 82, 8 rtnlztn f xxv, 2 nn 22f., 22: fl .., 4, 8, nd frd 22 d th "pp" ff., 82f, 8, 24 drtztn 6f., 8 n "p thn" 26 th Intnt 82 rntn f ntf ddn 6 pltl 2f f rvtd , 2 dfn xxxxf., , 20, 8, f, 2, 2 tr nd fl xlv, , 2 dfntn, prtnl nd nnt, drt 8f. thnll 8, , lf., f., nrvt xxxv, 2, 2 nr xxv, xxx, , 2 dhnztn xxx, 2 ntnnt xxxf., xlv, ff., 24ff., dr xxv, 44, , , 4 pttv thr f 8 ntxt: f xprn 84f., , dfnn b prtnl npt 266 I E

ff. ltn n f. lbrtn l nd 4n th l f, nd f. ndt thr ff. thnll rtnlt 4ff. t f dntn 6, 68 trl b f 20 plt f drtztn, f ltr 64, 24 8, 6f. rtnlt f 2 l rt, nd 6, 8: ntrnt f xxx thnl tn , 6 prr 8, 8, 2 drptn 8, 8, 8 dl, Crtn 6 dtrtn xxxv, 8f., 2, 4, nt, nd 228 dbltn: ntrlld W. Et, prd th Wt 2, ntttnlzd , 82 n xxv, , 6, 22 rprv ff. ff xxv, 88 dtrntn, htrl 226ff. ltn (US (2 dtrrn 6 pr4f.,8ff.,2f.,,4f , hn nd, nd n 8, dlt, ltn 0,f.,40, nr, rdrtn f 24f. 22f. nlvnt , 2f., 44, 2, 2, , dltl phlph x, xv, xv, 48, 6, 248 xv, xxv, 240, 28 ntrpr, frd f 4f. dltl thnn f., 44f.: ntrtnnt, nd lrnn , , prd th ndnnl 20 thht xvff., 00,0f. ntrprnr 48 dttrhp, dtnl 4 ptl, th 2 nr, rbrt 2 lt dr: thrtrn Er: nd , 0, nd rtlztn f 4f. ln f hnt 8ff. th nvr f 6, 4, 8ff. p 24f. tblhd nvr f ff. n: nd pprn nd pn dltl xxv, xtn xv, xxv, 44E f n rjtn f trtr b ltrtr f., f. Srt pltl 8 tblhd t , 20, 224, dtn , 0,0f. 22, 2 dtrbtn , 2 trnntfft dvn f lbr : d (&dnfft ntf 4 th: ptl 2 dntn x, xxf., xl, , 28, 2: n prtd fr 0 nd ltrl lt 6f. n xtn, nd n xv, xxv, dr f. n f 44f. l pftn f ffln nd lbrt 20, 48 xtn

htrl ntn f f. xtntl x IE 26

xplntn 8 Grn xv, xx, 22 xplttn xxx, 2, , 48f., 2 Grr, Stnl 0 Gth, hnn Wlfn vn: ft: rntn f htrlt f Whlvrndthftn 8 , 0, 2, 0 bjtn t Wlhl Mtr 62 6€, , ,82f. rr, nd ph 8f., z f xv, xxv, 8, 8, l, 4 "Grt fl" r, xxxv, 66f., 4, lnr, Wll 8 26 fn xxxv Gr phlph 2ff., 242f. fth, thnll 2f. Grpnb, Adlf 2 lbrt, Gtv, Md vr lt 82f., 8f. 6ff. frn pl 22 thrn Wr, Wtrn Eltr frl l 4ff., 88 Cpn lbr rltn td frl f, 4, t, 4, 6 lff. rr, Chrl n l, Gr Wlhl rdrh x, fr f rfrn 6, 22f. xv, xxv, xxv, 44, , 6, 8, rn, hlpp G. 2 24n, 244: hnnl 86 rnfrt Shl xff., xvf., xx dr, Mrtn xf., xv l Crtl hr nbr, W. fr t 4, 2, 2, 24, 2 hh ltr, nd thnll frd xf., xxv, xxv, l, 226: nd rtnlt ff. nn 22 dnl f lfrdn, dlf xxv 24 n, pltl nd htrl prjt 222ff. ntlltl xxx, 6 l htrl rtnlt 224f, 22f. nptn 24n trlztn "htr" 22f. f 2 ntn nd 6 ntv htr xl: dnn f 22f rlztn f2 rprv nn 86, f dntn dl f 4f, f nd th 42 th ntn f ntr thnl b 26 24 phlph tnt rd, Snd 8, 8, 86, 88 t 4, 0, 2f ptntlt f fntnl n, 8, nn, , lf., 226f pprn f n 6,8 thht nd 2ff. tlr, Adlf xv Glbrth, hn xxxv bb, h Gll Gll 6, 6, 66,68f. hht, lf, r Stllrtrtr 2 "nt ptl" (t hp xxxv, 26 64f. rhr, Mx xv, xvf.: lt tr , 6, 6 f Enlhtnnt xv, xx Gr, Stfn 248 hn rltn 2 268 IE

bldt, Wlhl vn , 26f. 0, f, 2 , vd 8 ntrntl rtnlt f. rl, Ednd xv, 4f., 6, ntrntlt , ,ff., 62f, 66ff. 6, 2, , 22, 240 hphntn 6f. ntrtn x, xl, 2, 8, ff.: hpth 2,6f., 220, 26, 2 l xxx, xlv, 2, , z ntrt: l 4 dnnt xlv, dl , , 84: Grn x 2 dntftn f prtlr dl, trlztn f 6, th nrl rl nd dntftn , 86, 88, f., 8, dt xlv vtd , 42, 6 208f. ntrjtn 2 dntt, prnpl f 4 ln, E. 8 dl: brptn nt rlt f, rrtnlt xxxf, xl, xlv, , 4f, 2E rt xv, xxx, xlv, 2f., 2f, 2: rtnl hrtr f,

20 nd th tl pprt , 20 4E hh tn ft 22€ "ht" tnn l, 6E, 44f, , prjtn f hrn f ntrdtn 6f., 06, 24 ntn 2ff. ntz, Mrr, "Cpttv nrprtn, f ltrl vl rr nd rt Gff. Cnnt" ndn ppltn, rtn jdnt, l f 4f. f. ndvdl dvlpnt, ptl 8 Knt, Inl : Crt f r ndvdlt, dln f x, xx, xxv, n 82 vf. Kpp, Ernt 40 ndtrntn xxx, 6, 0, 4, 44, 2, Kllnr, l xff. 20, 20 Krh, Krl xv ndtrl phl 2 Kr, Krl 8, z ndtrl t xl€, 28f. ndtrl l lff lbr: bltn f (Mrx 8, 6, ndtrlztn: dffrnt f 24 xplttn f 2 nd 226€ n l dvlpd ntr xlt 2€ l dvn f 4ff. nd rnt f r lbr nn 2 pltl thn f 20, 42 br t br. A Cnvrtn Stlnt 46 22, f. Inttt fr Sl rh ln: dltl 04E rnfrt Shl flrt f prnlzd ntttn: l f rprnttv fntnlztn f 8ff., lff., 20 l nd ltrl t 0f, 8f, 202f rdnr , IE 26

8ff.,8,6f, 208 Orlln Mllr, Stphn 2 f phlph Mllt, Sr , 2f tln 84f. n: th nl rtnl 24 ln: f ttl dntrtn npt f 28f. 88ff. n ntxt f. l Mnnt nd th Wrr

lnt nl npltn xxx, , 4, 4, : ln 82,86, 22f. r nnt 8f. ntrdtn f th hr St 24E, 24 l f 2f. lrnn, nd ntrtnnt , 0, Mnn, h 62 20 Mr, rbrt: An E n bnlt phlph 66 brtn xxx, xxxv lr 2, 2 l fr t Cntrrvltn nd vlt nn, ldr 86 xxx, xxxv Er nd Cvlztn l dvlpd ntr xlv, 42, xf., xxx n nd vltn 4ff., 88, 246f. xv, xxv "S Sl lbrl Ipltn f Mdrn lbrtn xf., xv, xxxf., xxxv, 6ff., hnl" xx Svt Mrx , 28: tht xxx "hr f Sl Chn" trnfrtn 244 xxff. "h" (46 xxf.

ttrph f 22ff. l On nnl Mn lbrt: n ntrnt f rnl ppltn tdr dntn f, 6 Mrv, n, "Cpttv prhndd nt 226f. rr nd rt lbd, hnztn f 6f. Cnnt" lnt nl4ff.,f.,6f, Mrx, Krl x, xv, xxv, 8, 24f, , 202 E, 44,f., 22, 24 ltrr rt 2f Mrx xv, xx, xxv, xxxv, 24, 04: ltrtr: rjtn f trtr f Svt 4ff. dr f thnll ntn rtnlt n ff. d lvn p 248f. ltr xx, xxx, ff. , hn d xx, xxv, xxv, xxx, xl, l t, 4f., 4f, : nd xlv, 6, , 2, 6f., 8, 20 dntn 4f. frl l Mtrn, Mrrt

thtl nd bl 4f., trl 242 6f. trlztn, f dl 6, 2, l, Arttln frl l 2

6, 4, : "pphnt" thtztn 4f. , 6, 2 4 nd Er , 0, Mh, Strt nthl, nn: brdnt f f., 2f. 20 IE

lntn f trntv f. 24f rdfntn f 2 "x f 0f., htr tftn f 4, 4, 26f hddn dnn f 86, 2lf. trnltn f vl nt 28f ltdnnl 2f. l trnplnttn f l nt t f 20f. ndvdl 0f., 20 tr nd fl Mn, h Mdrn Crprtn nd xxx, xl, ff., 246 rvt rprt xlv ntn xxv, 6, 26, , 226f, 2: rnt 6 dlt fdtrnt 22f, 2, hnztn ff., 26ff., 8f., 6f., 2 d f , 2f n pt 8, 2 ln f. pr n rt 6f dtn 8, f, 84, 0, 242 ntv thnn xvf., ,2f., ,

r °f. 22, 22: rpld b ptv tln 84f, n, f. thnn 4ff., 20f tph xl, xxvf, , , 220, ntvt: "nnr" 4 pr f 2f, 24f.: nd n 24f. xxv, 6f, 2ff., f, 20 ltr xxxv, 2 nlnl f. ltrndtrl plx xxx, , nptv 8, 88f, 22 20 nn, rnz, "hr f Sl Mll, hn Strt 04 Chn" xxff. Mll, C. Wrht xxx, xxxv, xlv ntrlt, f n , f, 28 2f. ft x, xxxv nd 6, 6, 20f., 22f. n l vnt xxxv blztn , 8, 24 tzh, rdrh 22 Mr, G. E., rnp Eth 88 nrlztn 8 tftn, hft n l f 4f. nn, vrnn f, thl nvl, Enlh 62

n 0 bjtvt xl, 42, 44, 4, , 2 tnl Sl x, xv, xxv, 4 bjt: nd th htrl prjt ntnl 8n 22 "th f phl" 2n ntnlztn 22, 46 brvtn f,6,6 ntr: nd th tht rdtn bln, plnnd 2 244f tr fxl, xlvff., 4,62, "ndnnl", f npt 68, 2, 24 thtztn (vf. f 0, 2, 6f, 6, 66 Onnnl Mn: nd th rltnhp th thnl rnfrt Shl xff. n 24f. bvrn f xprn f nd dvlpnt f xvff. n rt 2f. trnndn f 242 rptn nd rlvn xxxvff. nd: dntrd xxv, xxx, 4, nfn f xf. 2 htrl hrtr f 6f, ndnnl n xx, xxv, 8 IE 2

ndnnl t xx, phlph f n f 82, 260: rtl thr f rOxff. ph 42, 2, 6: Arttln ndnnl thht xxxv, 0 "lttv" 0 2ff., 4, 6f., 2ff.: prd t, n 64f. th dltl thnn xvff., plnnn xxv, 2 xxv lt xx, 4, 28, , , , 4, Oll, En 8 , 2: Mn ntl 2, 42, 0 lr rnpl f., prtnl 4f., f., , 6, 8f., plrl , 4ff., 64ff. ff., f., f, 62, 8, 8 pt ln 6f.: ntn n ppt: ntrt f 24, 2 f. nftn f f., , 26 pll 8 pptn: ntrtn f x, , pltl tvt, npt 22f. rht t pltl 4 t pltl dr, prptnl tht rxff., fr n pprn, xlt nd 8 pltl pr f., 4f., 62, 2, 240 "rnzd ptl" xxv pltl nvr, ln f th 6, tdr xxxv, 6ff., 26f. 2ff. plt xxxv, 2: pttn, pftn f., , 22, 228, 2: nnt r npltn 8f. l f 24f., 24f. thnl f nd ntn 22f. ln 24 f6f. ndnnl xxx, , "pftn f xtn" 8f., 22, 4 prtnl dfntn n 2, 2f, 2ff. ff. n phlph xxf., 20 rd, n xxx, xlv rntn f ntf p, nd pr 24 ntrpr 2f. nd rrx, rn 6, 8, 2 thnll rtnlt xlv, 4, phnnl xf., 86 20, 4, 2, 22 USA ff. phlphrn ppr, Krl 4 phlphrttn pplr ltr ff. phlph: btrtn f 8 pplr vrnt 26 lnMrxt x, xv, xv ppltn rth 8, 248f. th htrl tnt f ptvthnn88,4f.,,22f. 2ff. f ln 26f nd lvl ptv x, xv, 6, 6ff., f tl dvlpnt 222 pblt xxx xlf, , 82f, , ndnnl 4ff. plt n 28f, 222f., 2, 2ff.: prjdn xxf., 20 ptntlt f xv, th 20 rdfnn 6, 2 f. rl f 88, prtn ptntlt: nd tlt xv, xxv, fr n f. thrpt l, 24, 2f f n frd 6 fntn f 20 lt n xx, 6 22 IE

prt, thht nd f. rtnlt, prvln fr f x rntl, Crl 40 l htrl rtnlt prndtnn f. ntf rtnlt prdtn, nlt , 4€ thnll rtnlt prrt, tndrd f 8 rtnlztn f., 2: f ltr prvt p xxv, 2, 8, 24f. xxv, 2 dbl nn 4E f prdtn f., 2, f., , 4, 24, prdtn 4, 2 248: ptlt d f 24f. n, nld xxxv rtnlztn f 4, 2 lt rlt: nd tht 2 46 ntnt E nd prdtvt 2ff., 2, 88, 48, 4, pprn xv, xxv, 2, 0 228, 24E, 2 htrl hrtr f 226 trth prr: bvlnt rtnlt f nd 4 ,0 ntn n lt rnpl , , 8 ntrnt f 22ff. thnl n €, 2ff., 6: n xlf., , , 8, 2, 46E, 6, 82, 6, ntrnt f dntn xxvf., 22 f tr 8 , 22f. nd th "rt f lf" prjt xlvn, 22f. 22f. lttn f 8 nd prltrt xxvf., xl, 24, 26E, 0, ntr 24 pf 0, , 22 htrl prjt 28ff., 4E prpnd 2, 6, , 4 thrtl nd prtl 62, prptnl t f., , , 64E, 6 l rtl rn prptn 2, 6, E, 84 rdtn 246f.: tht 244E

prtt xxv, xxv , xxxv, , 2ff., rfltn 08f. 88, 24, 260 rfl xlv, 2, , 4, 24, 2f. phtr 4 l Grt fl phnl 88, 2f. h, rld A. . 2 phl xx, 6 hnbh, n 2, pbl dr ff. rftn xxv, 6, 40, 82, 2, pbl pnn xxx, 6, 2 86, 20€, 24, 260 pbl rltn 2, 8 rltvt rbrn r lt 2E, 22: rdtn f rprnttn: pblt f 6E f prr t ndr 42, 60 xlt n ltrtr 8ff. ntftn 6, 60E, 68: f rprn x, xxx, xl, xlv, f., , , vl 26E 4, 4, , 0, 8, 4, 24, Qn, W. . 0.2n, 22 2: dbltn nd ff. rtn xxxv, 4, 48: b n, n, hdr 8 ndn ppltn f. nd Crprtn 84f. rvltn 24, 44E, 26 IE 2

rhth 2, 62f. , 2, 24E, 2ff. bd, Arthr rvtd lvr "nt" 6 xlt: nd lbr 2f. lbrtn pr, El, "ltl Atvt f f ff. rprnttn n Arn Ctzn" 22 ltrtr 8ff. , n 4 Sndn, Glbrt 2, , 6, 2f. rl f l 4 lvr xxxf., , 6E, l ll, rtrnd 26, 242 nlvnt l, Glbrt, h Cnpt f Mnd l hn xx, xxff., xxx: 8,2, 20 ntnnt f 24ff. lttv 20, 4, , 22, 246f., 2ff. SntSn, Cldnr 6f., l hn xlv, 2f.: nd 24 ltrl vl 6E lvtn 242 l ntrl x, xx, xxv, xxx, xlv, Srtr, nl 2, 8 2: prtnl npt nd Shn (lln 24 ff. thnll E, 4, 6f. n: nd dntn f ntr l ntrnt, f dntn ln th rt nd phlph nd 2 nd tph 2E nd l rprdtn 4E th ntrlt f E, 28 l n, Arn xxx prtd fr th l thr xv: rtl x, xv, prtn fr phlph f. xxxff., 26E, 28E rnh xxx ntf dr, nd rtnlt phlph nd plt xxf. f dntn 8 l trnfrtn xv, xxx, xlf.

ntf nnt 2E, 2, , l xxv, 24f., 44,0 ,480 4: f th lbd 8 lztn xx, 2 ntf thd 4E,, 8E, 62: tl dvlpnt xxxf.: dl bl nd 66 lttn f f 246E phlph nd lvl f 6E, 0 222,22€ ntf rtnlt , 8ff., 2, St: nd npltn f 2: nnr fr f 6E thn 2 tntxt f htrl trtr 66f E, f. ntf thht 4E, 8, : l xx, xx, 6f., , , 28: bvrn f xprn 44 nd th ntf prjt 64

"nd ntr" xxv , 20 ltd, thnl pblt f r 22 4 lrztn Sbrt, Wrnr l2 "n", n d f 68f. Svt Unn 2, 4ff. lf 2f. ph: lll 8 nd lfdtrntn xv, xxv, 4, 4, rr 8E "ntrnl" 24 IE

xntn f 2f., 2 2 ptthnll 242 nd Stln 46,04 prthnll 2€ nd tndrd f lvn xl, 4, 2, , 46f., prndtn fr lf 82, 4: dntrd 2f. nd dtrntn 26f rdtn f vrdvlpnt "thnll t" x, xxvf., 246f. 20, 20 tndrdztn 4f, 28 thnl: dvlpnt f 24f tt, lfr nd rfr 2, 2ff. dntn f xl, xlvf.,6f, 2 bjt (v, 0f., , 0,ff.: th nd f 2€ nd tph htrl ntlf.,8f.,222f, xxvf. ntrlt xlv, 6, 28 nd 226f. n htrl 26fE ntl 42 rl f xxv, 28 ntf 6€ f ntn 8f. hnt, nd Er 8ff. hft ff. thtr 6f. bjtvt , xxv, 40, 42, 2 thr: htrl ptn f xlv bltn: lttn f p f rnntn f 88 , nnrprv 2 thrp: prtnl npt bn 8f., 62 f., 4€, 4, 8f., 2f bvrn xlv phlph nd 20 Spr thht: hbt f 88f. dntt th Srrl 6, , bjt 84 nd 8, 06 bl 0, 66 ndpndn f 4 nn prtnl n ,4f., fr. nd ntx 200: f brdnt 2€ prt 4 rdfntn f 4.4 t xlv, 4, , 6, 8, , 48, rprv rdtn f ,8f. 228, 20, 26: hpthtl 2 t, nd r 02f. f d 20 f ntttn 4 vll, Alx d 04 f ntrntlt lt, , Ann Krnn 8 tl 6n tt 80, 84 trtr 88 ttl , 0 ttl dntrtn 2f.: th thn 8, 240, 242: nd rt 242f. ln f 88ff. th rrh f thnll rtnlt xf., xxf., 0ff. v000, 24ff.: n lt r ff. l ttltrn xv, xx, xxv, xlvf., , t nd nd hpp 20, 4, 02, 48, 22€, 24, 2: nn f., 8 nd th nd ltr 64 nd lt f dntn 624 ntrntlt 624 nd nd th l f dntn Orlln ln 2 nd 4ff. ntrltf8f. pltl phlph 20 rtnlt xlv, 4, 20, 4, 2, "ttll dntrd t" see 22 pblt fr trnndn dntrd t IE 2 trd : th nd f 6f. vrftn 2, 24 trnndn xl, , 4, 0, , 22f., 22: nt f 82,, Wlr, Chrl . 28f. 86f., 8 prjt 224f., 22f. r 82,4: lnl 88 nlr 6 trnltn 6f., 208f., 24f. thnll 84f. trth 2f.,,f.,8: dtrn f rfr, nd lfr tt 2, 2ff. th "dbl trth"8 htrl 24 4E, 224ff. nd rlt 4 t 88, 24 bvrv hrtr f 6 Wbr, Mx 02 tdnnl ltr, Wzr, C. . vn 4, ldtn f 6ff. lfr xxxv, 42, 6, nd tdnnl thht 4, 46 rfr tt 2, 2ff., 24 Wt: prd th Et 2, nfrd 62, 2 hhr ltr 6f. nn 4f., 48: nd rprtn Wtrn Eltr Cpn, 22 thrn Wr ff. nvrl, "rlt f th" f. Whthd, Alfrd . 22: Sn nvrl 4, 84f.: "rlt f" nd th Mdrn Wrld 220 f. nrtv hrtr f hl, pr vr ndvdl 2f. 2n bjtv vldt f 222ff. Wht, Wll . xlv pltl 2f. prr ll6,2f. lnt f xprn 2f. Wttntn, df.,,82, btntv 22f., 24f. trtnt 88,,22f. b nlt phlph 2ff. Wdrd, ln ., "ltl US Cnr, prr tnl Atvt f Arn Ctzn" En Ctt n h 22 Cnntrtn f En r rd: "n t f 2E xlv nd npt , 84f., 26f. USA xv, xx, xxx, xxxv, xxxv, 22f., pltl nd rl t 2f. 4: plt ff. t fr nn 4, 202 r: hn n hrtr f 2 lr, l f., 8 rnt f vldtn 2, 222 r rld f., f.: nd th bd f. vl jdnt xlf., lf., 22 rn l: ntrtn f xx, vl f., , 2: nrprtn xxx, 2ff. rvltn 44 f ltrl 6ff. trlztn trnfrtn f 26ff. f 26 ntftn f 26f. rld n