La Contestation Des Espaces Gais Au Centre-Ville De Montréal Depuis 1950

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La Contestation Des Espaces Gais Au Centre-Ville De Montréal Depuis 1950 La contestation des espaces gais au centre-ville de Montréal depuis 1950 Jocelyn M. Guindon Thèse présentée au Département de Géographie Université McGilI Montréal Août 2001 Thèse soumise à la Faculté des Études Supérieures et de la Recherche comme exigence partielle en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en Philosophie © Guindon 2001 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1 A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 canada canada Our file Notre réfflUll1CfJ The author bas granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence a1lowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library ofCanada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distnbute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies ofthis thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership ofthe L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permISSIon. autorisation. 0-612-78695-1 Canada Résumé L'espace urbain et ses significations sont constamment réinventés par les pratiques de représentations et de la vie quotidienne. L'espace public nous permet une analyse de la construction et de la contestation des pouvoirs dans la ville, particulièrement en ce qui a trait à la moralité et à la sexualité. La géographie des communautés gaies masculines montréalaises a connu des transformations radicales dans les années 1980. Les espaces gais du centre-ville et du « Red Light » ont été dissous à la faveur d'un nouveau quartier, le Village. Cette transformation soulève la question de l'exercice du pouvoir dans l'espace puisque les cœurs symboliques de l'enclave gaie et de la ville partageaient les mêmes lieux. L'important substrat symbolique de l'espace central fut contesté et subverti par une visibilité croissante des membres des minorités sexuelles. L'analyse de ces espaces s'est infléchie avec les diverses formes du discours dominant qui passa d'un contrôle serré des mœurs, à un cantonnement aux espaces privés, et ensuite à un discours axé sur les droits de la personne. Un ensemble de méthodes qualitatives dont des entrevues, et des sources documentaires telle la presse communautaire, est utilisé pour démontrer la dimension politique de l'espace public; une manipulation des significations symboliques permettant d'établir le droit à l'espace urbain. Le Dominion Square, espace public central à Montréal, nous a servi de point d'ancrage à l'analyse de phénomènes politiques et sociaux. Nous en avons retracé les impacts sur nos imaginaires collectifs. La transformation de l'espace urbain central par une architecture moderniste et un urbanisme fonctionnaliste a reconfiguré l'espace public au centre-ville, ainsi que modifié sa définition, ses représentations et son contrôle. Une cartographie des imaginaires géographiques gais a démontré l'importance de l'appartenance à une minorité sexuelle, à un groupe linguistique, à une classe sociale, à une religion ainsi qu'à l'identité nationale dans la constitution des lieux d'enracinements. Les identités gaies sont nécessairement associées à ces diverses facettes identitaires et aux multiples manifestations du pouvoir. Ces imaginaires remettaient en question les représentations privilégiées par le pouvoir à travers les pratiques de la vie quotidienne, la subversion des significations symboliques de l'espace et la contestation politique. La répression policière s'est révélée n'être qu'une des stratégies du pouvoir municipal dans ses pratiques de censure ; elle ne fut qu'un des aspects d'une lutte de pouvoir qui visait l'appropriation des espaces publics. 11 Abstract Urban spaces and their meanings are continually reinvented by daily life and representational practices. Public spaces provide an avenue to analyse the construction and contestation ofpolitical and social power in the city. The geography ofMontréal's gay men's communities underwent profound changes during the 1980s. The traditional gay areas ofthe downtown core and the "Red Light" districts have disappeared in favour of a new gay quarter, the Village. This transformation raisesquestions about the exercise ofpower in space since the heart ofthe gay neighbourhood and the downtown area were one in the same. The accumulated symbolism ofdowntown Montréal was contested and subverted by the growing visibility ofsexual minorities. This analysis ofurban space reflects a transformation in public discourse that evolved from a tight control ofmorals, to the confinement ofprivate morality to private spaces, and finally to the constitution ofa discourse centered on human rights. A variety of qualitative methods including interviews and documentary sources, such as the community press, have been used to show the political dimension of public space and the manipulation ofthe symbolic economy allowing the establishment ofrights to urban space. Dominion Square is the spatial focus around which collective and social phenomena have been analysed. The impacts ofthese phenomena on our collective imaginations have been reconstructed. The transformation ofcentral urban space by modernist architecture and urban functionalism, reconfigured public spaces in the downtown core, along with its definitions, its representations and its control. A mapping of gay geographic imagination shows the importance of sexuality, language, social class, religion and national identities in the development ofa sense ofbelonging in space. It has been shown that gay geographic imagination is necessarily linked to other aspects ofidentity and diverse manifestations of power. This imangination questioned the privileged representations of hegemonic social values through the practices ofdaily life, the subversion ofthe meaning ofspace and political protest. Police repression showed itselfto be only one ofthe strategies used by the municipal establishment in its censorship practices. 111 À la mémoire de Walter Bourbonnais IV Remerciements D'emblée, je désire exprimer ma plus sincère gratitude à mon directeur de thèse Brian Ray, pour l'attention vigilante et le soutien indéfectible qu'il m'a manifesté au cours de la réalisation de cette thèse. Ses qualités de lecteur, la justesse de ses commentaires et ses suggestions toujours pertinentes m'ont permis de mettre le point final, à ce long travail de recherche. Je tiens du même souflle, remercier Sherry Oison, co-directrice de fait de ma thèse. Elle a su, par son jugement et la qualité de ses suggestions, faire progresser ce projet de recherche qui parfois m'a semblé impossible. Cette thèse n'aurait pas été possible sans la participation enthousiaste des narrateurs. Ils ont accepté de partager leurs histoires et même de révéler des secrets dont ils n'avaient jamais osé parler. Ils avaient le sentiment de participer à la création d'une géographie et d'une histoire de notre communauté. J'espère avoir été à la hauteur de leurs attentes. Je les remercie sincèrement. Cette thèse est en partie le résultat des efforts de plusieurs professeurs qui ont su me communiquer leur passion d'apprendre et de comprendre. Maurice Poncelet, professeur d'administration publique à l'Université d'Ottawa, avait une extraordinaire capacité d'établir des liens entre les facettes les plus arides de la chose publique et la vie quotidienne des citoyens. Éric Weiss-Altaner, professeur à l'Université du Québec à Montréal, a su transformer l'histoire de la ville en des imaginaires urbains où tout est possible. Marc Roman, chargé de cours à l'Université du Québec à Montréal, m'a permis de découvrir comment la passion d'enseigner peut transformer la vie des étudiants. C'est Marc Roman qui m'a convaincu d'entreprendre des études supérieures. Je tiens à souligner le soutien de mes collègues du département de géographie du Collège Dawson. Ted Irwin a su confectionner des horaires de travail permettant la poursuite de mes efforts académiques. Ted Irwin, Clifford Hastings et Katia Nero m'ont grandement v encouragé dans la rédaction de ce texte. Les débats que nous avons entretenus sur divers aspects de la géographie urbaine et sociale m'ont donné l'occasion d'articuler mes idées et de polir mon argumentaire. J'aimerais remercier mes collègues étudiants, au département de géographie, Kate Boyer, Thomas Fletcher, Aurélie Lebrun, Lourdes Meana, Jeanne Schoenwandt, pour les débats que nous avons eu. Je remercie tout spécialement Julie Podmore pour les nombreuses discussions sur les géographies gaies et lesbiennes que nous avons partagées. Je souligne aussi les divers apports de Frédéric d'Outrelepont, Suzanne Berthiaume et Arnaud Alriq. Je dois mentionner le support financier du Conseil de recherche en science humaine du Canada, de la Fondation Desjardins et du Département de Géographie de l'Université McGill. Viennent enfin les remerciements à mes proches. Jeanne Paule qui s'est investie toute entière dans l'avenir à travers ses enfants. Elle a sans conteste réalisé son rêve de nous inculquer le désir de savoir et de comprendre. Je remercie Marise de sa très grande patience, ainsi qu'Henri-Paul et Denis de leurs constants encouragements.
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