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Ecology and Evolution of Invasive Maple Tree Species

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Ecology and Evolution of Invasive Maple Tree Species Ecology and Evolution of Invasive Maple Tree Species Laurent J. Lamarque A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Biology York University Toronto, Ontario November 2013 © Laurent J. Lamarque, 2013 11 Abstract Biological invasions represent a major driver of the current decline of biodiversity worldwide and generate expensive management programs. Increasing attention has thus been devoted to the study of invasive species, which in tum has shown to provide valuable insights on ecological and evolutionary processes regulating species coexistence. A proper test of mechanisms promoting invasions requires nonetheless the use of a biogeographical approach between species native and invasive ranges. This approach has rarely been applied, especially for tree invasions, and Acer negundo L. and Acer platanoides L., native to North America and Europe, respectively, and reciprocally introduced into the other's range where they have spread, offer a perfect opportunity to employ it. Based on various methods such as population demography contrasts, meta-analytical statistics and quantitative genetics, this· project sought to highlight specific environmental factors, species functional traits and evolutionary processes that drive the success of maple tree invasion. The two species currently exhibit different stages of invasion throughout the geographical areas studied. While A. negundo has already aggressively invaded riparian habitats of Southern France, A. platanoides is present but not yet dominant in deciduous forests of Southern Ontario, Canada. Invasive genotypes of A. negundo exhibited pre-adapted plasticity to non-limiting resource conditions and genetic differentiation in growth, above-ground biomass and phenology relative to native conspecifics while life-history traits were only environmentally controlled in A. platanoides. This discrepancy may also be explained by a combination of different l1l disturbance regimes between invaded habitats and different life-history strategy between species. Frequent disturbances in npanan forests have favored the establishment of the fast-growing and highly competitive A. negundo while less disturbed inland forests have impeded dominance by the shade tolerant and dispersal limited A. platanoides. Overall, this project successfully demonstrated the importance of using various methods at the biogeographical scale to identify the contribution of multiple factors in the success of invasive species. It also illustrates that invasive trees have the potential to rapidly adapt to novel conditions and therefore represent appropriate models to assess the migration rate of tree populations and the role of adaptive plasticity and natural selection in a climate warming context. IV Nere Amari, nere Aitari eta nere Anaiari, Bihotz bihotzetik v Acknowledgments Tout d'abord, je tiens a remercier du fond du creur mes parents, qui m'ont continuellement encourage et soutenu tout au long de mon cursus universitaire. Merci pour votre presence, sans cesse rassurante et apaisante, qui m'a permis de mener a bien cette aventure. Je remercie mon frere pour son soutien ainsi que pour l'equilibre de vie qu'il m'a toujours apporte et qui m'a permis de gerer plus facilement l'eloignement de la Maison ces dernieres annees. Tous ces matchs a commenter, tous ces verres avider, toutes ces montagnes a arpenter et toutes ces truites a pecher ... Un grand merci au reste de la Famille qui, entre Bayonne, Garris et Saint-Palais, a egalement affiche un appui sans faille a mon egard. Milesker anitz. Merces hera hort. Je remercie Sylvain Delzon pour la chance qu'il m'a donnee, la confiance qu'il m'a accordee et la presence permanente qu'il a affichee depuis le debut de notre collaboration au printemps 2005. Ce fut un plaisir d'avoir decouvert le milieu de la recherche scientifique et surtout un privilege d'avoir evo]ue ates cotes. VI I thank Chris Lortie for the opportunity to come work with him. I learned a lot from the way North American scientists run their research projects. Thank you for stimulating my knowledge over and over again. Un grand merci a Annabel Porte, qui est venue en cours de route contribuer au bon deroulement de ce projet. Merci pour ta disponibilite et ta bienveillance. I'm grateful to Pr Bridget Stutchbury and Pr Laurence Packer for being part of my supervisory committee and for giving valuable comments throughout the completion of my degree. Many thanks to all the people who contributed to this project in Canada: Pr Arthur Weis, John Jensen and the Koffler Scientific Reserve at Joker's Hill; Alexandre Bera, Chloe Delmas, Maxime Diribarne, Sheila Dumesh, Ganganmurun Enkhbayar, Ciaren Fonseca, Eztitxu Goyetche, Anne-Isabelle Gravel, Deanna Harris, Luciano Lombardi, Michael Marianovski, Claudia Ratti, Sam Sharifi, Cory Sheffield; and the Lortie lab members: Robyn Borsuk, Alessandro Filazzola, Dan Masucci, Anya Reid, Margo Sloan, Diego Sotomayor and Ryan Spafford. Un grand merci a tous ceux qui ont permis de mener ce projet a terme en France: Patrick Pastuszka, Frederic Bernier, Henri Bignalet et l'Unite Experimentale de l'INRA Cestas-Pierroton; Pauline Bristiel, Camille Eymeric, Olivier Felis, Remi VII Gazeau, Cecile Lamouroux, Jean-Baptiste Lasnier, Audrey Lugot, Elsa Martineau, Astrid Moreau, Mathieu Reveillas et Camille Oudin. I thank all the Lortie lab members who made my grad school life a wonderful experience. In particular Robyn Borsuk, Alessandro Filazzo]a, Amanda Liczner, Dan Masucci, Anya Reid, Ally Ruttan, Diego Sotomayor and Ryan Spafford. Je remercie mes collegues de la T.P.E. croises ces dernieres annees. En particulier Florian Alberto, Caroline Bresson, Regis Burlett, Yann Guengant, Jean-Baptiste Lamy, Morgane Urli et Yann Vitasse. I thank all the people who made my journey in Ontario a period ohime I won't ever forget: Sheila Dumesh and Benny Lenchner, Luciano and the Lombardi Family, Diego Sotomayor, Paul Marmer and Ganganmurun Enkhbayar, Milos Milic, Milan Tosic, Alexandre Rodrigues and Maurice Aulen. Je remercie la Famille Dufour-Grave] pour l'accueil chaleureux qu'elle m'a reserve. Milesker anitz a mes amis de la Pefia Xarneguak Con Limon et aux Garaztarrak pour tous Jes bons moments passes en leur compagnie qui m'ont permis de "recharger les batteries" a chaque fois que j'ai repasse l' Atlantique. VIII Entin, mention tres Speciale pour "La Pille qui m'accompagne" depuis lejour ouj'ai pose mes valises sur Jes bords du Lac Ontario. Mon sejour a Toronto te doit beaucoup. Je t'en serai toujours reconnaissant. Mt Zt. Ya se lo que te diga nova a ser suficiente ay cry cry ay ay ay Y lo que tu me entregues dejara pendientes ay ay ay ay ay Quien nos dice, que la vida nos dara el tiempo necesario Toma de mi lo que deseas como si solo quedara El presente es lo unico que tengo El presente es lo unico que hay Es contigo mi vida con quien puedo sentir Que merece la pena vivir Laurent ix Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................... ii Dedication ................................................................................ iv Acknowledgin.ents ................................................................... v Table of Contents ................................................................... ix List of Tables ......................................................................... xiii List of Figures ......................................................................... xv Introduction .............................................................................. 1 Context of the project ........................................................................................ 2 Invasion biology: an attractive and growing field of research ....................... 11 Hypotheses related to invasions ..................................................................... 11 Traits associated with species invasiveness.................................................... 14 Phenotypic plasticity of invasive species ........................................................ 16 Evolutionary processes of invasions .............................................................. 17 Invasive trees: valuable models to understand plant invasions ....................... 20 Objectives of the project .................................................................................. 22 References ........................................................................................................ 24 Chapter 1 ................................................................................. 36 Abstract ............................................................................................................ 37 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 38 Material and Methods ...................................................................................... 40 Study species and habitat descriptions ........................................................... 40 Density and relative abundance ..................................................................... 42 Regional spread ............................................................................................ 43 Statistical analyses ........................................................................................ 43 Results .............................................................................................................
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