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Extenzív Zöldtetők, És Azokon Alkalmazott Egyes Sedum Fajok Komplex Értékelése

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Extenzív Zöldtetők, És Azokon Alkalmazott Egyes Sedum Fajok Komplex Értékelése DOKTORI ÉRTEKEZÉS Extenzív zöldtetők, és azokon alkalmazott egyes Sedum fajok komplex értékelése Készítette: Szőke Andrea Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Kertészettudományi Kar Dísznövénytermesztési és Dendrológia Tanszék Budapest 2015 I A doktori iskola megnevezése: Kertészettudományi Doktori Iskola tudományága: Növénytermesztési és kertészeti tudományok vezetője: Tóth Magdolna, DSc egyetemi tanár Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem, Kertészettudományi Kar, Gyümölcstermő Növények Tanszék témavezetői: Gerzson László, PhD egyetemi docens Tájépítészeti Kar, Kert- és Szabadtér Tervezési Tanszék Forró Edit egyetemi docens, PhD egyetemi docens Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem, Kertészettudományi Kar, Talajtan és Vízgazdálkodás Tanszék A jelölt a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Doktori Szabályzatában előírt valamennyi feltételnek eleget tett, az értekezés műhelyvitájában elhangzott észrevételeket és javaslatokat az értekezés átdolgozásakor figyelembe vette, ezért az értekezés védési eljárásra bocsátható. Dr. Tóth Magdolna Dr. Gerzson László Dr. Forró Edit doktori iskola vezető témavezetők II A Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Élettudományi Területi Doktori Tanácsának 2015. december 08-án kelt határozatában a nyilvános vita lefolytatására az alábbi bíráló Bizottságot jelölte ki: BÍRÁLÓ BIZOTTSÁG: Elnöke: Rimóczi Imre, DSc Tagjai: Höhn Mária, CSc Kohut Ildikó, PhD Dunkel Zoltán, PhD Jäger Katalin, PhD Szabóné Erdélyi Éva, PhD Opponensek: Lévai Péter, CSc Stefanovitsné Bányai Éva, DSc Titkár: Kohut Ildikó, PhD III Tartalomjegyzék 1. BEVEZETÉS ................................................................................................................................ 6 2. IRODALMI ÁTTEKINTÉS ........................................................................................................... 10 2.1. Zöldtetők kialakulása és történeti előzményei ........................................................................ 10 2.2. Növényi felületek szerepe a meteorológiai elemek változásában ........................................... 12 2.3. Zöldfelületek, zöldtetők szerepe a városklíma klímaparamétereinek megváltozásában ......... 17 2.4. Zöldtető típusok definiálása, jellemzése, összehasonlítása ..................................................... 30 2.5. Az extenzív zöldtetők.............................................................................................................. 33 2.5.1. Extenzív zöldtetők felépítése, rétegrendek és funkciók ............................................................. 33 2.5.2. Extenzív zöldtetők közegkeverékei, komponensei, rétegvastagságai ........................................ 36 2.5.3. Extenzív zöldtetők mennyiségi és minőségi vízparaméterei ...................................................... 39 2.5.4. Extenzív zöldtetőkön alkalmazott fajok feltételei és alkalmazása ............................................. 41 2.6. Sedum fajok jellemzése ........................................................................................................... 44 2.6.1. Sedum fajok botanikai jellemzése .............................................................................................. 44 2.6.1.1. Sedum fajok rendszertani helye ................................................................................................... 44 2.6.1.2. Sedum fajok általános morfológiai és szövettani jellemzése ....................................................... 45 2.6.2. Sedum fajok speciális anyagcsere folyamatai, élettani sajátosságok, kémiai anyagok .............. 46 2.6.3. Sedum fajok szaporodási és szaporítási lehetőségei .................................................................. 48 2.6.4. Őshonos és dísznövényként termesztett Sedum fajok ................................................................ 48 2.7. Zöldtetők létesítésének hazai helyzete .................................................................................... 51 3. CÉLKITŰZÉSEK ........................................................................................................................ 53 4. ANYAG ÉS MÓDSZER ................................................................................................................ 57 4.1. A kísérlet anyaga ..................................................................................................................... 57 4.1.1. Kísérleti terv, fajok, csurgalékvizek, közegek ........................................................................... 57 4.1.2. Kísérleti tető, felépítés, rétegrend, helyszín és időtartam........................................................... 59 4.1.3. Zöldtetőkataszter bemenő adatai ................................................................................................ 60 4.2. A vizsgálatok módszerei és eszközei ...................................................................................... 61 4.2.1. Növényfajokkal kapcsolatos minőségi és mennyiségi mérések ................................................. 61 4.2.1.1. Sedum fajok szövettani vizsgálatai .............................................................................................. 61 4.2.1.2. Sedum fajok klorofill-a, klorofill-b és összes karotinoid tartalom meghatározása ....................... 62 4.2.1.3. Sedum fajok antioxidáns anyagainak meghatározása .................................................................. 62 4.2.1.4. Sedum fajok növekedési ütemének és dinamikájánk meghatározása ........................................... 64 4.2.1.5. Az extenzív kísérleti tetőn megjelenő gyomfajok vizsgálata ....................................................... 64 4.2.2. Csurgalékvizek minőségi és mennyiségi jellemzése .................................................................. 65 4.2.2.1. Csurgalékvizek elemanalitikai vizsgálatai kapcsolat analitikai módszerekkel ............................. 65 4.2.2.2. Csurgalékvizek multikritériumos elemanalitikai rangsorolása és csoportosítása ......................... 66 4.2.2.3. Csurgalékvizek átfolyó mennyiségének és a csapadék visszatartás meghatározása ..................... 67 4.2.3. Közegkeverékekkel kapcsolatos minőségi és mennyiségi jellemzés ......................................... 68 4.2.3.1. Közegkeverékek általános fizikai vizsgálata ................................................................................ 68 4.2.3.2. Közegkeverékek specifikus fizikai vizsgálata .............................................................................. 68 4.2.3.3. Közegkeverékek általános kémiai vizsgálata ............................................................................... 70 4.2.3.4. Közegkeverékek tömörödésének vizsgálata ................................................................................. 70 4.2.4. Zöldtetőkataszter statisztikai vizsgálata ..................................................................................... 71 5. EREDMÉNYEK .......................................................................................................................... 72 5.1. A Sedum fajokkal kapcsolatos minőségi és mennyiségi mérések eredményei ....................... 72 5.1.1. Sedum fajok szövettani eredményei........................................................................................... 72 5.1.2. Sedum fajok klorofill-a, klorofill-b és összes karotinoid tartalmának eredményei .................... 77 5.1.3. Sedum fajok antioxidáns anyagainak eredményei ..................................................................... 79 5.1.4. Sedum fajok növekedési ütemének és dinamikájának eredményei ............................................ 81 5.1.5. Az extenzív kísérleti tetőn megjelenő gyomfajok vizsgálatának eredményei ............................ 86 5.2. A csurgalékvízzel kapcsolatos minőségi és mennyiségi mérések eredményei ....................... 90 IV 5.2.1. Csurgalékvizek elemanalitikai eredményei kapcsolat analitikai rendszerekkel ......................... 90 5.2.2. Csurgalékvizek elemanalitikai rangsorolása és csoportosítása .................................................. 95 5.2.3. Csurgalékvizek átfolyó mennyiségének és a csapadék visszatartás eredményei ....................... 98 5.3. A közegekkel kapcsolatos minőségi és mennyiségi mérések eredményei .............................. 99 5.3.1. Közegkeverékek általános fizikai vizsgálatának eredményei .................................................... 99 5.3.2. Közegkeverékek specifikus fizikai vizsgálata.......................................................................... 101 5.3.3. Közegkeverékek általános kémiai vizsgálatának eredményei .................................................. 102 5.3.4. Közegkeverékek tömörödésének üteme és jelleggörbéi .......................................................... 104 5.4. A zöldtetőkataszter statisztikai elemzésének eredményei ..................................................... 108 5.4.2. Zöldtetőkataszter intenzív zöldtető mennyiségének statisztikai modellezése .......................... 111 5.4.3. Zöldtetőkataszter összes zöldtető mennyiségének statisztikai elemzése .................................. 114 6. ÚJ TUDOMÁNYOS EREDMÉNYEK ............................................................................................ 118 7. KÖVETKEZTETÉSEK ÉS JAVASLATOK.................................................................................... 119 8. ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS.................................................................................................................... 124 9. SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................
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