DOCSLIB.ORG

Environmental Degradation and Impacts on Livelihoods Sea Intrusion – a Case Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Environmental Degradation and Impacts on Livelihoods Sea Intrusion – a Case Study IUCN Pakistan Environmental Degradation and Impacts on Livelihoods Sea Intrusion – A Case Study May 2003 Sindh Programme Office Sea Intrusion in Coastal and Riverine Tracts of the Indus Delta – A Case Study i Acknowledgements Environmental Degradation and Impacts on Livelihoods, Sea Intrusion – A Case Study is the sum of efforts of a wide spectrum of contributors who provided their expertise and support in all aspects of this document. They have included technical experts, representatives of government departments, members of CBOs, NGOs, private sector companies and coastal communities. We would like to thank them all for the assistance and, in several cases guidance that they have provided to the Sindh Programme Office for this study. A list acknowledging their contribution and support is included in the report, however we would like to apologize for any unintentional oversight on our part that may have led to the exclusion of any contributors. We would also like to thank the Norwegian Agency for Development (NORAD) for financial assistance as well as the support and understanding extended by them during the various phases of the production of this study. Last but not least we are very grateful to all IUCNP and IUCN regional staff that have provided their extensive input and taken out time to peer review the study and improve it through their comments. Environmental Degradation and Impacts on Livelihoods i Sea Intrusion – A Case Study Contents ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS vii PREFACE viii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. BACKGROUND` 3 3. METHODOLOGY AND RATIONALE 7 3.1 Criteria of Taluka Selection 7 3.2 System of Investigation 7 3.3 General Parameters of Study 8 3.4 Problems and Constraints 8 4. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA 9 4.1 Location and Setting 9 4.2 Socio-economic Profile 9 4.2.1 Demography 9 4.2.2 Poverty and Livelihoods 10 4.2.3 Status of Women 11 4.2.4 Sources of Fuel and Fodder 11 5. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 13 5.1 Agriculture 13 5.1.1 Loss of Geographic Area 15 5.1.2 Loss of Area under Cultivation 16 5.1.3 Impact on Economic Returns from Agriculture 18 5.2 Fisheries 22 5.2.1 Reduction in Freshwater Fish Catch 23 5.3 Forestry 27 5.3.1 Loss of Forest Cover/ Productivity 29 5.3.2 Loss of Forest Land 29 Environmental Degradation and Impacts on Livelihoods ii Sea Intrusion – A Case Study 6. THE SOCIAL DIMENSION 31 6.1 Wage Loss 32 6.2 Availability of Fresh Water and Sanitation 33 6.3 Impact on Health 36 7. ENVIRONMENTAL LOSS 40 7.1 Ecological Loss 40 7.1.1 Land and Soil 40 7.1.2 Water Resources 41 7.13. Fisheries 41 7.1.4 Riverine Forests 42 7.1.5 Mangroves 43 7.2 Other Losses 45 8. RECOMMENDATIONS 47 9. CONCLUSION 50 BIBLIOGRAPHY 51 LIST OF INDIVIDUALS/ INSTITUTIONS CONTACTED 53 ANNEXURES Annex 1 – News Report 56 Annex 2 – Notification of Calamity Hit Areas 57 Annex 3 – Map of District Thatta showing the Study Area 58 Annex 4 – Map Taluka Keti Bunder 59 Annex 5 – Map Taluka Kharo Chan 60 Annex 6 – Map Taluka Ghorabari 61 Annex 7 – Taluka wise Land Losses 62 Annex 8 – Aggregate Data of Selected Crops in Study Area 63 Annex 9 – Aggregate Data of Marketed Fish in Study Area 64 Annex 10 – Community Perceptions on Impacts of Sea Intrusion 65 Environmental Degradation and Impacts on Livelihoods iii Sea Intrusion – A Case Study Tables Table No. Title Pg. No. 1 1991 Water Accord Apportionment 3 2 Average Annual and Seasonal Discharge Volume Downstream of 4 Kotri Barrage 3 Taluka-wise Land Losses in Indus Riverine and Deltaic Region 5 4 Demographic Information of Studied Talukas 9 5 Land Use in District Thatta 13 6 Area under Cultivation of Selected Crops 17 7 Loss of Area under Cultivation of Selected Crops 17 8 Aggregate Production in Metric Tonnes of Selected Crops in Study 19 Area, 1995/96 – 1999/00 9 Prices of Selected Crops 2000/01 19 10 Losses on Agricultural Produce at 2000/01 Prices for the Period of 19 1995/96 – 1999/00 11 Comparative Analysis of Sindh and Balochistan Coastlines 23 12 Aggregate Production of Marketed Fish in the Study Area in Metric 24 Tonnes (1996/97 – 1999/00 13 Prices for Marketed Fish during 2000/01 24 14 Losses on Fish Produce at 2000/01 prices for the period of 25 1996/97 – 1999/00 15 Area Statement of State Riverine Forests in Study Area 27 16 Forest Productivity Losses – 1995/00 29 17 Forest Land Losses – 1995/00 29 18 Water Supply Coverage in Settlements with Population below 34 1000 through Provision of Hand Pumps till June 1999 19 Water Supply Facilities in Rural Areas of District Thatta 34 20 Sanitation in Settlements with Population of below 1000 through 35 Provision of Latrines up to June 1999 21 Prevalence of Waterborne Diseases 36 Environmental Degradation and Impacts on Livelihoods iv Sea Intrusion – A Case Study Figures Figure No. Title Pg. No. 1. Discharge Volumes Downstream of Kotri Barrage 5 2. Inundation of Land – Taluka Keti Bunder 15 3. Inundation of Land – Taluka Kharo Chan 16 4. Inundation of Land – Taluka Ghorabari 16 5. Loss of Area under Cultivation of Selected Crops 17 6. Losses on Agricultural Produce 20 7. Future Trends in Agriculture: Best Case, Average Case and 21 Worse Case Scenarios 8. Losses on Fish Produce 25 9. Future Trends in Fish Losses: Best Case, Average Case and 26 Worse Case Scenarios 10. Calamity Hit Area of District Thatta 32 11. Provision of Latrines in Study Area till June 1999 35 12. Prevalence of Waterborne Disease – Taluka Keti Bunder 37 13. Prevalence of Waterborne Disease – Taluka Kharo Chan 37 14. Prevalence of Waterborne Disease – Taluka Ghorabari 38 Environmental Degradation and Impacts on Livelihoods v Sea Intrusion – A Case Study Boxes Box No. Title Pg. No. 1. Variation in Water Quality of River Indus from Kotri Barrage to 14 Arabian Sea 2. Year-wise Shrimp Landings showing decline in Larger Shrimp 22 3. Sea Intrusion Destroys Forests in Thatta – Newspaper Excerpt 28 4. Life Without Water – Newspaper Excerpt, 1 31 5. Life Without Water – Newspaper Excerpt, 2 33 6. Ecological Deterioration causing Mental Ailments in Coastal Areas 39 – Newspaper Excerpt Environmental Degradation and Impacts on Livelihoods vi Sea Intrusion – A Case Study ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS cusec Cubic feet per second DFI Development Finance Institutions FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation GoS Government of Sindh ha. Hectare HMIS Health Management Information System IPCC Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change IUCN World Conservation Union MAF Million Acre-Feet MT Metric Tonnes PHED Public Health Engineering Department ppt Parts per thousand Rs. Pakistani Rupees TDS Total Dissolved Solids UNDP United Nations Development Programme USD United States Dollars WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organisation Environmental Degradation and Impacts on Livelihoods vii Sea Intrusion – A Case Study Preface The linkages between environmental degradation and poverty have been the topic of extensive debates in the recent past. Previously assumptions such as “poverty necessarily leads to environmental degradation” and “the poor degrade the environment more than the affluent” were taken as accepted facts. Today however, environmental degradation and poverty have been shown to be components of a complex cycle in which both are interdependent and the linkages between them are complicated and multi- dimensional. This case study is an attempt to document how environmental degradation caused by sea intrusion in the coastal and deltaic tracts of lower Sindh has been instrumental in impacting and destroying the livelihoods of the local population, thereby exacerbating their poverty. The gradual encroachment of the sea into the Indus Delta and up the main course of River Indus in lower Sindh is increasingly being brought to the forefront of recent policy debates as one of the worst cases of large-scale environmental degradation to have occurred in Sindh. For some people sea intrusion is the main cause of the destruction of several thousand hectares of land in the coastal districts of Thatta and Badin, rendering prime agricultural land barren, contaminating aquifers and causing the degradation of coastal, deltaic and riverine ecosystems. Many believe that the degeneration of land and water resources has seriously affected fishing and agriculture, which constitute the two principal vocations of the local population leading to loss of livelihoods, migration to the hinterland and an ensuing rise in poverty levels. According to observation by IUCNP experts, the sea has intruded 54km upstream along the main course of the River Indus. That this incursion is taking place against the gradient of the riverbed indicates that there might be an absence of any retarding factor such as a considerable volume of fresh water in the riverbed. Hence the sea surges have driven seawater into the river channel. This is an uncommon phenomenon for a perennial river. Many are of the view that the fundamental cause may be the progressive upstream diversion of Indus waters and the gradual depletion of freshwater discharges downstream of the Kotri Barrage – the last in a series of barrages and dams on the Indus River. Adequate freshwater flows flush the coastal and deltaic environments of seawater and salt deposits. Further, the silt load carried by the flow physically prevents the sea from intruding up the river channel. In the absence of a considerable volume of such flows there is no decelerating factor to check sea intrusion. The prolonged drought and water shortages in the country during the recent past have further aggravated the detrimental impacts of the phenomenon. The ecology and physiology of richly productive but delicately balanced riverine and deltaic ecosystems are undergoing adverse changes, and many experts are of the opinion that this is due to a lack of freshwater flow in their environment, depleting the biodiversity of these areas.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • INDUS DELTA, PAKISTAN: Economic Costs of Reduction in Freshwater Flows
    water allocationdecisions. factored intoriverbasinplanning,or benefits of water-basedecosystemsarerarely economic users ofwater.Yettheeconomic schemes, Pakistan’secosystems,too,are hydropower dams, reservoirs,irrigationand as water tolarge-scale,commercialusessuch imperative that favours theallocationof Contrary tothedominantdevelopment economically norecologicallyoptimal. decisions beingmadethatareneither needs has oftenledtowaterallocation Failure torecognisedownstreamecosystem heavily byupstreamwaterabstraction. end of rivers,havebeenimpactedmost the at lie and marineregions,becausethey Coastal ecosystems. needs ofdownstream many cases, left insufficientflowtomeetthe of large volumesofwaterfromrivershas,in particular there isconcernthattheabstraction exacting a heavytollontheenvironment.In This impressive irrigationsystemis,however, world. the irrigated torain-fedlandratioin highest the farmland, affordingPakistan system feedsmorethan15millionhectaresof than 1.65 million km(IRIN2001).The more watercourses witharunninglengthof 89,000 conveyance lengthof57,000km,and head works, 43maincanalswitha or barrages 19 three majorstoragereservoirs, comprises Pakistan’s vastirrigationnetwork Pakistan Water-based developmentsin flows reduction infreshwater economic costsof INDUS DELTA,PAKISTAN: VALUATION #5:May2003 CASE STUDIESINWETLAND Integrating Wetland Economic Values into River Basin Management Managing freshwater flows in the The economic costs and losses arising from Indus River such omissions can be immense, and often The Indus River has
    [Show full text]
  • Drivers of Climate Change Vulnerability at Different Scales in Karachi
    Drivers of climate change vulnerability at different scales in Karachi Arif Hasan, Arif Pervaiz and Mansoor Raza Working Paper Urban; Climate change Keywords: January 2017 Karachi, Urban, Climate, Adaptation, Vulnerability About the authors Acknowledgements Arif Hasan is an architect/planner in private practice in Karachi, A number of people have contributed to this report. Arif Pervaiz dealing with urban planning and development issues in general played a major role in drafting it and carried out much of the and in Asia and Pakistan in particular. He has been involved research work. Mansoor Raza was responsible for putting with the Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) since 1981. He is also a together the profiles of the four settlements and for carrying founding member of the Urban Resource Centre (URC) in out the interviews and discussions with the local communities. Karachi and has been its chair since its inception in 1989. He was assisted by two young architects, Yohib Ahmed and He has written widely on housing and urban issues in Asia, Nimra Niazi, who mapped and photographed the settlements. including several books published by Oxford University Press Sohail Javaid organised and tabulated the community surveys, and several papers published in Environment and Urbanization. which were carried out by Nur-ulAmin, Nawab Ali, Tarranum He has been a consultant and advisor to many local and foreign Naz and Fahimida Naz. Masood Alam, Director of KMC, Prof. community-based organisations, national and international Noman Ahmed at NED University and Roland D’Sauza of the NGOs, and bilateral and multilateral donor agencies; NGO Shehri willingly shared their views and insights about e-mail: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Code Name CNIC No/ Passport No Name Address Nature of Deposit
    DETAILS OF THE BRANCH DETAILS OF THE DEPOSITOR/BENEFICIARY OF THE INSTRUMENT DETAILS OF THE ACCOUNT DETAILS OF THE INSTRUMENT Transaction Federal/Provi NAME OF THE PROVINCE IN ncial Last date of deposit or S. No WHICH ACCOUNT OPENED / withdrawal (DD- Remarks Account Type ISNTRUMENT PAYABLE Instrument Type (FED/PRO) In Currency MON-YYYY) Nature of Deposit ( e.g Current, Rate Type FCS Contract Rate of PKR Rate applied date code Name CNIC No/ Passport No Name Address Account Number Name of the Applicant/Purchaser (DD,PO,FDD,TD Instrument No. Date of Issue (USD,EUR,GBP,AE Amount Outstanding Eqv.PKR surrendered (LCY,UFZ,FZ) Saving, Fixed or any Case of (MTM,FCSR) No (if any) conversion (DD-MON-YYYY) R,CO) D,JPY,CHF) other) Instrument favoring the Government 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 791 Lahore PB CMA (POF) Wah Cantt Wah Cantt LCY 1052695-00-0 Current Fresenius Medical Care pakistan Pvt Ltd PO 394760 9/14/2009 FED PKR 7,200.00 7,200.00 2 791 Lahore PB Pakistan International AirlineLlahore Airport Lahore-Pakistan LCY 1038462-00-0 Current KSB Pumps Co Ltd PO 395643 11/11/2009 FED PKR 1,000.00 1,000.00 3 791 Lahore PB Yaaseen Shipping Lines Karachi LCY 1041029-00-0 Current Escorts Pakistan Ltd PO 392581 5/14/2009 PKR 1,800.00 1,800.00 4 791 Lahore PB Ahmed Waheed Malik Lahore-Pakistan LCY 0190751-00-0 Current CRES PO 383470 4/13/2009 PKR 73.00 73.00 5 791 Lahore PB The Chief Purchase officer,Health Department,Govt of Punjab Lahore-Pakistan LCY 0056481-00-0 Current B Braun Pakistan Pvt Ltd PO 395718 11/18/2009
    [Show full text]
  • National Transport Policy of Pakistan 2017
    National Transport Policy of Pakistan 2017 Ministry of Planning, Development & Reform Government of Pakistan National Transport Policy of Pakistan 2017 Key messages from the Prime Minister, the Minister of Planning, Development and Reform and the Chief Ministers 2 of 40 DRAFT – for concurrence National Transport Policy of Pakistan 2017 Key messages from the Prime Minister, the Minister of Planning, Development and Reform and the Chief Ministers [Brief statements or messages from the Prime Minister, Minister of Planning, Development and Reform and the Chief Ministers to be added.] 3 of 40 DRAFT – for concurrence National Transport Policy of Pakistan 2017 4 of 40 DRAFT – for concurrence National Transport Policy of Pakistan 2017 Contents Introduction messages 2 1 The State of Pakistan’s Transport Sector 4 1.1 Pakistan’s Transport Context: The Current Situation 5 1.2 Business as Usual Scenario 10 2 The Need for a National Transport Policy and Master Plan 14 2.1 Contribution to the Pakistan’s Government Policies and Plans 15 2.2 Relationship with existing policies and transport plans 16 3 National Transport Vision for Pakistan 17 3.1 Vision Statement 17 4 Principles for the Governance of Pakistan’s Transport Sector 18 5 National Transport Policy Objectives 21 6 Policy directions for each of the transport sub-sectors 26 6.1 Road transport 27 6.2 Rail transport 28 6.3 Air transport 29 6.4 Maritime transport 30 6.5 Pipelines 31 6.6 Inland Waterway transport 31 6.7 Urban transport 32 6.8 Multimodal logistics 33 7 Implementation arrangements 34 8 Bibliography 37 5 of 40 DRAFT – for concurrence National Transport Policy of Pakistan 2017 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Power Project at Keti Bundar
    INFORMATION MEMORANDUM 2X660 MW IMPORTED/THAR COAL POWER PROJECTS AT KETI BANDER SINDH COAL AUTHORITY ENERGY DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF SINDH Bungalow No.16 E Street, Zamzama Park, DHA Phase-V, Karachi. Phone: 99251507 1 THE LAND AND THE GOVERNMENT Pakistan, a land of many splendors and opportunities, the repository of a unique blend of history and culture from the East and the west, the cradle of one of the oldest civilizations which developed around the Indus Valley. It is the ninth most popular country of the world with 132.35 million tough, conscientious, hard working people, wishing and striving hard to enter into the 21st century as equal partners in the community of developed nations. It is located between 23 and 37 degrees latitude north and 61 and 76 degrees longitude east. Flanked by Iran and land- locked Afghanistan in the west and the Central Asian Republics and China in the north, Pakistan can rightly boost of having a significant location advantages with a vast only partially tapped market of 200 million people. The affluent Gulf States are just across the Arabian Sea to the south and provide an additional opportunity of a high consumption market. The geographical location, with one of the highest peaks of the world in the north and vast plains in the south, offers an unusual diversity of temperatures ranging from sub-zero levels on the mountains in winter to scorching heat in the plains in summer, providing friendly habitat to exquisite range of flora and fauna and a large variety of agricultural crops used for both foods and raw material for industries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geographic, Geological and Oceanographic Setting of the Indus River
    16 The Geographic, Geological and Oceanographic Setting of the Indus River Asif Inam1, Peter D. Clift2, Liviu Giosan3, Ali Rashid Tabrez1, Muhammad Tahir4, Muhammad Moazam Rabbani1 and Muhammad Danish1 1National Institute of Oceanography, ST. 47 Clifton Block 1, Karachi, Pakistan 2School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK 3Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA 4Fugro Geodetic Limited, 28-B, KDA Scheme #1, Karachi 75350, Pakistan 16.1 INTRODUCTION glaciers (Tarar, 1982). The Indus, Jhelum and Chenab Rivers are the major sources of water for the Indus Basin The 3000 km long Indus is one of the world’s larger rivers Irrigation System (IBIS). that has exerted a long lasting fascination on scholars Seasonal and annual river fl ows both are highly variable since Alexander the Great’s expedition in the region in (Ahmad, 1993; Asianics, 2000). Annual peak fl ow occurs 325 BC. The discovery of an early advanced civilization between June and late September, during the southwest in the Indus Valley (Meadows and Meadows, 1999 and monsoon. The high fl ows of the summer monsoon are references therein) further increased this interest in the augmented by snowmelt in the north that also conveys a history of the river. Its source lies in Tibet, close to sacred large volume of sediment from the mountains. Mount Kailas and part of its upper course runs through The 970 000 km2 drainage basin of the Indus ranks the India, but its channel and drainage basin are mostly in twelfth largest in the world. Its 30 000 km2 delta ranks Pakiistan.
    [Show full text]
  • "The Port Qasim Authority (Amendment) Bilt,2019"
    NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SECRETARIAT PRESS RELEASE Islamabad the 2Sthseptember, 2020: 10th meeting of the Standing Committee on Maritime Affairs was held in Committee Room No.7, Parliament House, at 10:30 am under the Chairmanship of Mir Amer Ali Khan Magsi, MNA. The agenda of the meeting was circulated vide Notice No.F.8 (l)/2020-Com-l dated 17th September,2020. 2. The issue of containers stuck up at sea ports of Pakistan without any justification and also penalties imposed by foreign shipping companies and private terminal operators at ports for consignment arriving in Pakistan during lockdown period, was taken up by the Members of the Standing Committee Vice President of FPCCI and representative of Lahore Chamber of Commerce. It was told that although, an order was issued by the Director General of Shipping advising shipping lines not to impose container detention charges on import shipments but these are not only imposed and demurrage are also asked to be paid in billions. In other parts of the region, this has been waived off during the lockdown period of COVID-I9. The Committee vowed to take up this matter in the next scheduled meeting for the redressal ofgrievances. 3. The bills "The Port Qasim Authority (Amendment) Bilt,2019" and "The Gawadar Port Authority (Amendment) Bill,2019", were deferred for the next meeting in order to have more clarity from the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Ministry of Law & Justice. 4. The meeting was attended by MNA's Mr. Muhammad Yaqoob Shaikh, Rana Muhammad Qasim Noon, Mr. Faheem Khan, Mr. Saif Ur Rehman, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Preparatory Survey Report on the Project for Construction and Rehabilitation of National Highway N-5 in Karachi City in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
    The Islamic Republic of Pakistan Karachi Metropolitan Corporation PREPARATORY SURVEY REPORT ON THE PROJECT FOR CONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION OF NATIONAL HIGHWAY N-5 IN KARACHI CITY IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN JANUARY 2017 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY INGÉROSEC CORPORATION EIGHT-JAPAN ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS INC. EI JR 17-0 PREFACE Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) decided to conduct the preparatory survey and entrust the survey to the consortium of INGÉROSEC Corporation and Eight-Japan Engineering Consultants Inc. The survey team held a series of discussions with the officials concerned of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, and conducted field investigations. As a result of further studies in Japan and the explanation of survey result in Pakistan, the present report was finalized. I hope that this report will contribute to the promotion of the project and to the enhancement of friendly relations between our two countries. Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of the Government of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste for their close cooperation extended to the survey team. January, 2017 Akira Nakamura Director General, Infrastructure and Peacebuilding Department Japan International Cooperation Agency SUMMARY SUMMARY (1) Outline of the Country The Islamic Republic of Pakistan (hereinafter referred to as Pakistan) is a large country in the South Asia having land of 796 thousand km2 that is almost double of Japan and 177 million populations that is 6th in the world. In 2050, the population in Pakistan is expected to exceed Brazil and Indonesia and to be 335 million which is 4th in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • East Bengal Tables , Vol-8, Pakistan
    M-Int 17 5r CENSlUJS Of PAIK~STAN, ~95~ VOLUME 6 REPORT & TABLES BY GUl HASSAN, M. I. ABBASI Provincial Superintendent of Census, SIND Published by the Man.ager of Publication. Price Rs. J 01-1- FIRST CENSUS OF PAKISTAN. 1951 CENSUS PUBLICATIONS Bulletins No. I--Provisional Tables of Population. No. 2--Population according to Religion. No.3-Urban and Rural Population and Area. No.4-Population according to Economic Categories. Village Lists The Village list shows the name of every Village in Pakistan in its place in the ltthniftistra­ tives organisation of Tehsils, Halquas, Talukas, Tapas, SUb-division's Thanas etc. The names are given in English and in the appropriate vernacular script, and against _each is shown the area, population as enumerated in the Census, tbe number of houses, and local details such as the existence of Railway Stations, Post Offices, Schools, Hospitals etc. The Village -list. is issued in separate booklets for each District or group of Districts. Census Reports Printed Vol. 2-Baluchistan and States Union Report and Tables. Vol. 3.-East Bengal Report and Tables. Vol. 4-N.-W. F. P. and Frontier Regions Report :md Tables. Vol. 6-Sind and Khairpur State Report and Tabla Vol 8-East Pakistan Tables of Economic CharacUi Census Reports (in course of preparation.) Vol. I-General Report and Tables for Pakistan, shcW)J:}g Provincial Totals. Vol. 5-Punjab and Bahawalpur State Report and Tables. Vol. 7-West Pakistan Tables ot Economic Characteristics.- PREF ACE, This Census Report for the province of Sind and Khairpur State is one of the series 'of volumes in which the results ofothe 1951 €ensus of Pakistan are recorded.
    [Show full text]
  • The World Bank for OFFICIAL USE ONLY
    Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No: 56032-PK PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT ON A Public Disclosure Authorized PROPOSED LOAN IN THE AMOUNT OF US$115.8 MILLION TO THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN FOR A Public Disclosure Authorized KARACHI PORT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT August 13, 2010 Sustainable Development Unit Pakistan Country Management Unit South Asia Region This document is being made publicly available prior to Board consideration. This does not imply a Public Disclosure Authorized presumed outcome. This document may be updated following Board consideration and the updated document will be made publicly available in accordance with the Bank’s Policy on Access to Information. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective June 30, 2010) Currency Unit = Rupees Rs 85.52 = US$1 US$1.48 SDR FISCAL YEAR January 1 – December 31 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank MoPS Ministry of Ports and Shipping CAO Chief Accounts Officer MPCD Marine Pollution Control Department CAS Country Assistance Strategy CFAA Country Financial Accountability MTDF Medium Term Development Assessment Framework CAPEX Capital Expenditure MOF Ministry of Finance DSCR Debt to Service Coverage Ratio NCB National Competitive Bidding DPL Development Policy Loans NHA National Highway Authority GAAP Governance Accountability Action Plan NMB Napier Mole Boat GDP Gross Domestic Product NPV Net Present Value GOP Government of Pakistan NTCIP National Trade Corridor Improvement Project EBITDA Earnings before interest,
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of Pollution in Major Creeks Around Port Qasim
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Aquatic Commons Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences, Vol. 18(1&2), 1-9, 2009. AN ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTION IN MAJOR CREEKS AROUND PORT QASIM Muhammad Uzair Khan, Kanwal Nazim, Moinuddin Ahmed, Syed Shahid Shaukat, Qadeer Mohammad Ali, Agha Tahir Hussain Durrani, Wafra Matanat Zaheen Marine Reference Collection and Resource Centre, University of Karachi, Pakistan (MUK, KN, QMA, WMZ); Laboratory of Dendrochronology and Plant Ecology, Department of Botany, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi, Pakistan (MA, SSS); Sindh Forest Department, Government of Sindh (ATHD). e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Discharge of industrial and domestic wastes in sea alter the physical and chemical properties of sea water, which may affect the marine ecosystem. This study was aimed to measure the water quality of eight different creeks around Port Qasim. Samples were collected and analyzed using standard procedures during February and March, 2009. The parameters including pH, Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Salinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate, Phosphate, Sulphate, Chloride, Calcium, Potassium, Zinc, Iron, Cobalt, Chromium, Manganese and Cadmium were determined. The result shows that Bakran creek and Gharo-Phitti creeks are heavily polluted compared to other creeks. This study recommends that wastes from the industries or sewerage should be treated before being discharge into the creek system. Key words: Creeks, Port Qasim, nutrients, Gharo-Phitti, Bakran INTRODUCTION Pollution of water bodies is a major concern in the developing nations. According to various workers (Fakayode, 2005; Emongor et al., 2005; Furtado et al., 1998; Ugochukwu, 2004; Altman and Parizek, 1995) anthropogenic activities i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Is a Muslim?
    4 / Martyr/Mujāhid: Muslim Origins and the Modern Urdu Novel There are two ways to continue the story of the making of a modern lit- er a ture in Urdu a fter the reformist moment of the late nineteenth c entury. The better- known way is to celebrate a rupture from the reformists by writing a history of the All- India Progressive Writer’s Movement (AIPWA), a Bloomsbury- inspired collective that had a tremendous impact on the course of Urdu prose writing. And to be fair, if any single moment DISTRIBUTION— in the modern history of Urdu “lit er a ture” has been able to claim a global circulation (however limited) or express worldly aspirations, it is the well- known moment of the Progressives from within which the stark, rebel voices of Saadat Hasan Manto and Faiz Ahmad Faiz emerged. Founded in 1935–6, the AIPWA was best known for its near revolutionary goals: FOR the desire to create a “new lit er a ture,” which stood directly against the “poetical fancies,” religious orthodoxies, and “love romances with which our periodicals are flooded.”1 Despite its claim to represent all of India, AIPWA was led by a number of Urdu writers— Sajjad Zaheer, Ahmad Ali, among them— who continued, even in the years following Partition in 1947, to have a “disproportionate influence” on the workings and agenda —NOT of the movement.2 The historical and aesthetic successes of the movement, particularly with re spect to Urdu, have gained significant attention from a variety of scholars, including Carlo Coppola, Neetu Khanna, Aamir Mufti, and Geeta Patel, though admittedly more work remains to be done.
    [Show full text]