DOCSLIB.ORG

A Proposition 65 Risk Evaluation of Lead in @@ Guitar Strings

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Proposition 65 Risk Evaluation of Lead in @@ Guitar Strings A Proposition 65 Risk Evaluation of Lead in @@ Guitar Strings Edmund Crouch, Ph.D. and Laura Green, Ph.D., D.A.B.T. Cambridge Environmental Inc. 58 Charles Street, Cambridge, MA 02141 Phone: 617-225-0810 www.CambridgeEnvironmental.com Prepared for @@ @@, 2009 ©2009 Cambridge Environmental Inc. All rights reserved 1 of 16 Cambridge Environmental Inc 58 Charles Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141 617-225-0810 FAX: 617-225-0813 www.CambridgeEnvironmental.com Table of Contents 1. Overview and Introduction ......................................................................................................... 2 2. Proposition 65 “No Significant Risk” dose and “Maximum Allowable Dose Level” ............... 3 3. Concentration of lead in @@ guitar strings ............................................................................... 3 3.1. Raw material specifications and measurements .................................................................. 3 3.2. Wipe test results................................................................................................................... 3 4. Initial screening evaluation......................................................................................................... 4 5. Detailed evaluation of exposure pathways ................................................................................. 5 5.1. Amount of lead rubbed from guitar strings on to fingers .................................................... 5 5.1.1. Experimental measurements of metal transfer.............................................................. 5 5.1.2. Application to lead transfer from guitar strings............................................................ 9 5.2. Ingestion exposure to lead from guitar strings................................................................... 12 5.3. Dermal absorption exposure of lead from guitar strings ................................................... 13 5.4. Total exposure to lead from guitar strings ......................................................................... 14 5.5. Other operations claimed to result in exposure in the Notice............................................ 14 6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 15 7. References................................................................................................................................. 15 1. Overview and Introduction A recent notice1 alleges that use of @@ musical guitar string products poses a significant risk of birth defects and other reproductive harm and cancer. In particular, it is implied that the presence in these products of lead and/or lead compounds would result in a dose to an average consumer and/or occupational user larger than California’s Maximum Allowable Daily Level (MADL) for reproductive toxicity and/or No Significant Risk Level (NSRL) for cancer. On its face, this claim is not credible, and cannot have been supported by any reliable data and exposure assessment. Standard wipe-test data (presented below) indicate only infinitesimal quantities of lead available on the surface of these strings, such that an average guitar player would have to lick over the entire length of such a string about 9–12 times per day, or somehow obtain an equivalent dose, in order to ingest more than the maximum allowable dose. Further exposure assessment (presented below) demonstrates that even worst-case exposures to these guitar strings do not result in any significant dose of lead, and so do not result in the alleged violation. Lead is present at low concentrations in @@ guitar strings because of the use of tin plating, bronze, and brass2 to construct those strings. Lead contamination of these materials is practically inevitable, and its concentration is controlled at sufficiently low levels by the specifications provided by its suppliers of products (wire) containing tin, bronze, or brass. As detailed below, the presence of lead in @@ guitar strings is of no toxicologic significance. 1 60-Day Notice of Violation In Compliance with California Health & Safety Code §25249.7(d), from @@ 2 The bronze and brass are not “leaded” — no lead is deliberately added; see Section 3.1. 2 of 16 Cambridge Environmental Inc 58 Charles Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141 617-225-0810 FAX: 617-225-0813 www.CambridgeEnvironmental.com 2. Proposition 65 “No Significant Risk” dose and “Maximum Allowable Dose Level” The Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Branch of OEHHA is the lead agency for the implementation of the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Proposition 65), and in that role has established no significant risk levels (NSRLs) for carcinogens and maximum allowable dose levels (MADLs) for chemicals causing reproductive toxicity. The latest available list of these levels is dated February 2009 (OEHHA, June 2009), and indicates an NSRL of 15 µg/day for lead, with higher values for several other lead compounds, and a MADL of 0.5 µg/day for lead. In assessing NSRLs for carcinogens, the relevant time frame for exposure is the long-term average, where long term is typically taken to be a 70-year lifetime.3 In assessing MADLs for chemicals causing reproductive toxicity, the relevant time frame for exposure is a 9-month average.4 In what follows, we show that even when exposures are averaged over only a single day, the MADL for lead is not exceeded. 3. Concentration of lead in @@ guitar strings 3.1. Raw material specifications and measurements The @@ guitar strings cited in the Proposition 65 notice (Footnote 1) are constructed in various ways. “Plain” strings have a steel core wire that is tin plated (about 0.3 mils thickness of tin, or 0.0003 inches), with no further treatment. Coated plain strings have a steel core that is zinc coated, with a subsequent polymer coating. The strings for lower notes (with higher gauges) have a tin-plated steel core wire wrapped with wire made from phosphor-bronze (ASTM B 159/B 159M, UNS# C51000, 95:5 copper:tin), brass (ASTM B 134/B 134M, UNS# 24000, 80:20 copper:zinc), or nickel-plated steel. For some of the wrapped strings, the bronze or brass is polymer coated. ASTM B 134/B 134M, UNS# 24000 for brass specifies a lead content <0.05% (<500 ppm); ASTM B 159/B 159M, UNS# 51000 for phosphor-bronze specifies a lead content of <0.05% (<500 ppm). The nickel-plated steel wire is certified as using nickel with a lead content that is below detection limits. The lead content of a tin ingot used for tin plating has been measured at 188 ppm; similar values would be expected for other lots of tin used for this purpose, and the lead content is here assumed to be 200 ppm. A test of a 16 mil (0.016 inch) diameter tin-plated steel core wire measured an undetectable lead content (<0.001%, or <10 ppm), but that would be expected unless the lead content of the tin exceeded about 260 ppm; the test shows, however, that the core steel itself contains less than 10 ppm lead. The manufacturer of the polymer materials claims to use no lead compounds in their formulation, and provided a test of wire samples coated with the polymer that showed non-detect (<3 ppm lead). 3.2. Wipe test results Based on the raw material specifications, the maximum potential exposures to lead from @@ guitar strings would occur from those strings that are tin plated, or those wrapped with brass or 3 See Title 27, Division 4, Chapter 1, §25721, California Code of Regulations. 4 See Title 27, Division 4, Chapter 1, §25821, California Code of Regulations. 3 of 16 Cambridge Environmental Inc 58 Charles Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141 617-225-0810 FAX: 617-225-0813 www.CambridgeEnvironmental.com phosphor-bronze. Accordingly, wipe tests were conducted of a tin-plated string, a brass wrapped string, and a phosphor-bronze wrapped string, each of the heaviest gauge used (ensuring the largest surface area exposed to the wipe testing) and polymer-free. The wipe tests were conducted by Bodycote Testing Group (Job number 115047) according to the method of NIOSH 9100 (slightly adapted to testing strings rather than flat surfaces) using Bodycote’s proprietary standard operating procedure 7040, Rev 10, including the use of ICP-MS for measurement of lead. The adaptation of NIOSH 9100 (which calls for wiping of a 10 × 10 cm area “or other standard size”) involved5 wiping the whole length of string — so the whole length of the string was pulled through the pre-moistened wipe, the wipe was folded and the pull through repeated, and the wipe was then folded again and the pull through repeated. The results obtained from Bodycote Testing Group were (at a detection limit of 0.01 µg): Blank Wipe (Ghost wipe) 0.10 µg Tin-plated plain string 0.24 µg Phosphor-bronze wrapped string 0.13 µg Brass wrapped string 0.17 µg The heaviest gauge strings supplied by @@ were used in these tests, to ensure the maximum surface areas. Bodycote also supplied data on 10 recent blank wipes (9/10/08 through 6/1/09), the average amount of lead in the blanks being 0.10 µg with standard deviation 0.0125 µg, max 0.12 µg, min 0.08 µg. Subtracting the blank wipe value, the observed amounts of lead wiped from the full length of the strings supplied was 0.14 µg for the tin-plated steel plain string, 0.03 µg for the phosphor-bronze wrapped string, and 0.07 µg for the brass-wrapped string. 4. Initial screening evaluation The wipe data presented in Section 3.2 confirm the trace nature of any lead present in the construction materials
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Safety Data Sheet
    Safety Data Sheet TIN COATED PHOSPHOR BRONZE (Olin Brass SDS No: 01334.0001) EMERGENCY PHONE: 1-618-258-5167 This product consists of a base metal alloy coated with another metal. Attached are Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for the following metal products: Base Metal – >99% - Phosphor Bronze Coating – <1% - Tin Alloy THIS SAFETY DATA SHEET (SDS) KIT HAS BEEN PREPARED IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE FEDERAL OSHA HAZARD COMMUNICATION STANDARD, 29 CFR 1910.1200. THE INFORMATION IN THE ENCLOSED SDSs SHOULD BE PROVIDED TO ALL WHO WILL USE, HANDLE, STORE, TRANSPORT, OR OTHERWISE BE EXPOSED TO THIS PRODUCT. THIS INFORMATION HAS BEEN PREPARED FOR THE GUIDANCE OF PLANT ENGINEERING, OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT AND FOR PERSONS WORKING WITH OR HANDLING THIS PRODUCT. OLIN BELIEVES THIS INFORMATIONTO BE RELIABLE AND UPTO DATE AS OF THE DATE OF PUBLICATION, BUT MAKES NO WARRANTY THAT IT IS. ADDITIONALLY, IF AN SDS IS MORE THAN THREE YEARS OLD, YOU SHOULD CONTACT OLIN AT THE PHONE NUMBER BELOW TO MAKE CERTAIN THAT THE SDS IS CURRENT. SDS Control Group Olin Brass 305 Lewis and Clark Blvd East Alton, IL 62024-1197 Phone Number: (618) 258-5654 www.olinbrass.com Olin Brass SDS No.:01334.0001 Tin Coated Phosphor Bronze Revision Date: 6/1/15 Review Date: 1/1/17 Page 1 of 16 Safety Data Sheet 1. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product Name: PHOSPHOR BRONZE ALLOYS Chemical Name: Metal Alloy Synonyms: Copper Tin Phosphorus Alloys; UNS/CDA Alloy Nos. c50000 – c52999 Chemical Family: Copper Formula: Not applicable - mixture Product Use: Metallurgical Products Manufacturer: SDS Control Group Technical Information: Emergency Information: Olin Brass (618)258-5654 (618)258-5167 305 Lewis and Clark Blvd East Alton, IL 62024-1197 www.olinbrass.com 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Boosey & Hawkes
    City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Howell, Jocelyn (2016). Boosey & Hawkes: The rise and fall of a wind instrument manufacturing empire. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City, University of London) This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/16081/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] Boosey & Hawkes: The Rise and Fall of a Wind Instrument Manufacturing Empire Jocelyn Howell PhD in Music City University London, Department of Music July 2016 Volume 1 of 2 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Figures......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Organ Pipes Differences in the Two Constructions
    Reed Pipes Pipe Repair Reed Pipes are built from spotted metal (50% tin). Resonators longer than 2’ C on The OSI pipe shop is equipped to repair individual damaged metal flue, wood or reed Trumpets and Oboes are traditionally of two piece construction with spotted metal bells pipes or to provide faithful replacement pipes for those missing from an incomplete set. and zinc stems. Full length spotted metal resonators can be provided for 8’ and ½L 16’ When a pipe is to be repaired or replaced, the pipe on either side of the damaged or Reeds. Full length 16’ octaves are made from zinc with spotted metal bells. Common missing pipe is essential, along with operating wind pressure, so that a proper match for metal or antimonial lead can be used in place of spotted metal. both scaling and voicing can be obtained. Resonator Length Pipe Revoicing Full length reed resonators in the 16’ and 8’ octaves are always preferable for complete Older metal flue, wood or reed pipes in good physical condition can often be recycled development of sound, tonal weight and color. When a full length or mitered full length and revoiced at a savings. Pipes will be accepted for revoicing provided pipes are of bass is not practical, ½L resonators are an option for brighter chorus reeds such as good manufacture, show no metal fatigue and are not badly torn or mishandled. Pipes Trumpet, Trompette, Posaune, Fagotto and Oboe stops. ½L bases are not are washed and minor repairs are made. New slide tuners are installed, reed tuning recommended for predominantly dark or full bodied reeds in the Trombone, Tromba or wires and tongues are replaced in keeping with the new tonal requirements, wind Tuba class.
    [Show full text]
  • Copper Alloys
    THE COPPER ADVANTAGE A Guide to Working With Copper and Copper Alloys www.antimicrobialcopper.com CONTENTS I. Introduction ............................. 3 PREFACE Conductivity .....................................4 Strength ..........................................4 The information in this guide includes an overview of the well- Formability ......................................4 known physical, mechanical and chemical properties of copper, Joining ...........................................4 as well as more recent scientific findings that show copper has Corrosion ........................................4 an intrinsic antimicrobial property. Working and finishing Copper is Antimicrobial ....................... 4 techniques, alloy families, coloration and other attributes are addressed, illustrating that copper and its alloys are so Color ..............................................5 adaptable that they can be used in a multitude of applications Copper Alloy Families .......................... 5 in almost every industry, from door handles to electrical circuitry to heat exchangers. II. Physical Properties ..................... 8 Copper’s malleability, machinability and conductivity have Properties ....................................... 8 made it a longtime favorite metal of manufacturers and Electrical & Thermal Conductivity ........... 8 engineers, but it is its antimicrobial property that will extend that popularity into the future. This guide describes that property and illustrates how it can benefit everything from III. Mechanical
    [Show full text]
  • C 544 Phosphor Bronze – Grade B Color Bronze Family: Leaded Phosphor Bronze Code
    544 C 544 Phosphor Bronze – Grade B Color Bronze Family: Leaded Phosphor Bronze Code C 544 Phosphor Bronze – Grade B is a Morgan standard alloy and finds use in electrical applications, as well as many industrial applications. It is used as electrical connectors and partially due to its excellent machinability finds use as bushings, gears, pinions, screw machine products, thrust washers, valve parts, and shafts. Available from stock Equivalent Specifications at Morgan Bronze in: ASTM B139/ B139M Rounds Reference Specifications SAE J461; SAE J463 ASTM B103 Copper Alloy UNS C54400 Equivalent specifications are verified and updated annually. Specifications shown are current as of May 4, 2010. Chemical Composition (%) Cu Sn P Fe Pb Zn Remainder 3.5 – 4.5 0.01 – 0.50 0.10 max. 3.0 - 4.0 1.5 – 4.5 Sum of all named elements = 99.5% Mechanical Properties Minimum Tensile Properties, English/Metric Temper HO4 hard Nominal Diameter Tensile Strength Elongation** Inches/mm ksi MPa % ¼”– ½” incl./6 - 12 mm. incl. 60 415 10 Over ½” to 1” incl./12-25 mm incl. 55 380 12 Over 1.00”/25 mm 50 345 15 **Elongation in 4D Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties shown pertain to ASTM B139/B139 M only. Machinability Rating 80 (Free Cutting Brass = 100) Phone: 847-526-6000 Toll Free: 800-445-9970 Fax: 847-438-6600 Email: [email protected] 544 Color C 544 Phosphor Bronze – Grade B Code Bronze Family: Phosphor Bronze (continued) Physical Properties English Metric Melting Point – Liquidus 1830° F 999° C Melting Point – Solidus 1700° F 927° C Density 0.320
    [Show full text]
  • What Hasn't Changed
    presented by Steven Clagett Director, Nuclear and Missile Technology Controls Division Department of Commerce What Hasn’t Changed Dual use export controls do not pose a significant barrier to civil nuclear trade throughout the world. Jurisdiction is usually well defined. Disputes are usually handled informally, many times with only a phone call or e-mail. 1 Agency Jurisdiction Process Agency Jurisdiction Advisory Agencies Part 810 Department of Nuclear technology Departments of Energy and services related Commerce, to the production of Defense, State, and Special Nuclear the NRC Material Part 110 Nuclear Regulatory Nuclear equipment Departments of Commission (NRC) and material Commerce, Defense, State, and Energy Export Department of Dual-use items Departments of Administration Commerce listed on the Defense, Energy, Regulations Commerce Control and State List Commerce Jurisdiction (NSG dual-use items) Pressure Transducers (2B230) – Used for pressure measurement in a multitude of industrial processes as well as in the uranium hexafluoride gas in the centrifuge process for isotope separation Mass Spectrometers (3A233) – Determine composition of chemical samples as well as the chemical make-up of uranium, plutonium, etc. Machine Tools (2B001) – Product manufacturing in virtually every industry including nuclear explosive device components and uranium enrichment equipment 4 2 Commerce Jurisdiction (nuclear power related items) • Balance of plant – turbines, generators, switching gear, pipes and valves • Health and safety equipment – radiation
    [Show full text]
  • Fretted Instrument Strings Introduction Index
    Fretted Instrument Strings Introduction Index With the tremendous Electric Guitar Strings “Every song I’ve ever recorded has been variety of strings XLS Stainless Steel Round Wound 6 with D’Addario strings. The y’ve never available, choosing Pedal Steel 6 the right set for your XL Nickelplated Steel Round Wound 7 let me down - the best in the biz.” playing style and Heat-Treated Stainless Steel Half Round Wound 9 taste can be quite a Chromes Stainless Steel Flat Wound 9 confusing task, but it can also be a Acoustic Guitar Strings John 5 rewarding one. This 80/20 Bronze Round Wound 12 catalog has been Phosphor Bronze Round Wound 12 designed to provide Flat Tops Semi-Flattened Phosphor Bronze 13 you with all the Silk & Steel 13 technical information EXP Coated Phosphor Bronze Round Wound 14 you need to make EXP Coated 80/20 Bronze Round Wound 15 selecting your “D’Addario is tough! I’m never favorite strings as Bass Guitar Strings switching string brands!” easy as possible. It ProSteels Round Wound 18 also includes some XL Nickelplated Steel Round Wound 19 string tips to help EXP Coated Nickelplated Steel Round Wound 21 you get the most out Heat-Treated Nickel Half Round Wound 22 Herman Li of the strings you Chromes Stainless Steel Flat Wound 23 Dragonforce choose. We’re sure Phosphor Bronze Wound 23 you’ll find it useful. EXP Coated Phosphor Bronze Wound 23 Classical Guitar Strings Pro•Arté – Laser Selected Trebles 26 Pro•Arté Composites 26 EXP Coated – Laser Selected Trebles 27 Classics – Rectified Nylon Trebles 27 Classical Guitar – Student
    [Show full text]
  • MUTES by You Do BESSON That 'DEAL' Better If You with Th·E Deal
    PER AA ANNUAL SU3SCRIPTION REGISTERED FOR LIVERPOOL, FEBRU ARY 1, 1946 PRICE POST�· • No. 773 TRANSMISSION ABROAD 3d. Post Free 4/- QUARTETS POPULAR CORNET SOLOS BESSON FOR BRASS INSTRUMENTS NOW AVAILABLE (With Pianoforte Accompaniment) WILL BU Y YOUR ACCESSORIES s. d. 15 3 SURPLU S INSTRUMENTS Complete with Score and Parts New Standard Cornet Mouthpiece ... ... ... ... of 3 5 3 H. Moss "Mosquito" Trombone Valve Springs for Cornet, " N.V. A." ... per set 2 CORNETS 2 TROMBONES Valve Springs made of phosphor bronze- H. Moss " The Joker " Send particulars to : The Phantom Brigade . .. 2 6 3 6 Trumpets-Cornets-Horns ... ... ... set of I ­ Demande et Reponse .. .. 2 6 Sutton " The Joy Wheel " BESSON, Department 19, West Street Baritone and Euphonium, 3 valve . ... ... 2 3 valve . .. 2 9 Clough "Winning Spurt" Charing 4 CORNETS Euphonium, 4 Cross Road, LONDON, W.C. 2 .. ... .. 2 9 Bal Masque 2 6 Eb and BBb Bass, 3 valves . .. Hartman "Facilita " Cornet . .. .. 3 3 Eb and BBb Bass, 4 valves .. .. TROMBONES 6 6 Percy Code "Lucille " 4 Waterkey Springs for all of above ... ... ... doz. Awake, Aeolian Lyre inside and outside, · · · · · above, complete sets "Zanette" · 2 o Corks for all of Percy Code Band Teachers, Adjudicators and Soloists Comrades in Arms } cork ... ... .. ... ... 2 6 including waterkey "Zelda" The Box of Soldiers ... ... 2 6 ... doz. 2 9 Percy Code Corks for waterkey, shellaced ready for fixing Baby's Sweetheart .. ... ... 2 6 11 "Triple Trumpeter" WILLIAM POLLAR Corks for waterkey, plain ... ... ... ... ... doz. I Grant D ... ... ... ... 10 3 2 CORNETS, HORN and EUPHONIUM Shanks for Cornet, Bb, silver-plated Templeton " Sonia" CORNET SOLOIST, BAND TEACHER, bottle I 6 Valve Oil ..
    [Show full text]
  • Copper Alloys Form an Important Group of Metals with Many Excellent Properties
    Helping manufacturers across the globe achieve sustainable leaner manufacturing processes Copper CUT TO Alloys LENGTH WIRE & COIL Commercially Pure High Conductivity Coppers Brasses Phosphor Bronzes Fast Nickel Silvers Turnaround Cupronickels Processing Beryllium Copper Pfinodal® Alloys Low Width Thickness Ratio 3:1 unique to the industry (normal minimum is 8:1) WIDE STOCK RANGE Over 75 years Experience FM 02114 Copper,Stainless Brasses Steel & Bronzes Copper and Copper alloys form an important group of metals with many excellent properties. They have very good electrical and thermal conductivities, are easy to fabricate and include some alloys of exceptional strength (notably Copper Beryllium Alloys) and corrosion resistance. The characteristics of Copper and Copper alloys have resulted in extensive use of those alloys in a very wide range of applications. They can be formed, pressed, deep drawn or photochemically etched into the most complex of shapes. COPPER, BRASS & BRONZE STOCK RANGE COIL STOCK RANGE WIRE STOCK RANGE Thickness (mm) Width (mm) Round Shaped COMMERCIALLY PURE HIGH CONDUCTIVITY COPPER 0.01 - 3.0 3 - 1220 0.1 – 10.00 mm dia upto 45 mm2 area BRASS 0.01 - 3.0 3 - 1220 0.1 – 10.00 mm dia upto 45 mm2 area PHOSPHOR BRASS 0.01 - 3.0 3 - 1220 0.1 – 10.00 mm dia upto 45 mm2 area NICKEL SILVERS 0.01 - 3.0 3 - 1220 0.1 – 10.00 mm dia upto 45 mm2 area CUPRONICKEL & HIGH COPPER CONTENT ALLOYS 0.01 - 3.0 3 - 1220 0.1 – 10.00 mm dia upto 45 mm2 area COPPER BERYLLIUM ALLOYS 0.01 - 3.0 3 - 1220 0.1 – 10.00 mm dia upto 45 mm2 area Other specifications can be made available upon request, please contact us with your requirements Types Commercially The various Coppers within this group have differing degrees of purity and consequently exhibit Pure High different characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • C51000 Phosphor Bronze
    510 C 510 Phosphor Bronze – Grade A Color Bronze Family: Phosphor Bronze Code C 510 Phosphor Bronze – Grade A is a Morgan standard alloy and finds use in electrical applications, as well as fasteners and industrial applications. Uses include various electrical connectors, fasteners, cotter pins and lock washers, sleeve bushings, welding rod, springs, perforated sheets and clutch disks. Available from stock Equivalent Specifications at Morgan Bronze in: ASTM B139/ B139M Rounds Reference Specifications SAE J461; SAE J463 AMS 4625 Copper Alloy UNS 51000 Equivalent specifications are verified and updated annually. Specifications shown are current as of May 4, 2010. Chemical Composition (%) Cu Sn P Fe Pb Zn Remainder 4.2 – 5.8 0.03 – 0.35 0.10 max. 0.05 max. 0.30 max. Sum of all named elements = 99.5% Mechanical Properties Minimum Tensile Properties, English/Metric Temper HO4 hard Nominal Diameter Tensile Strength Elongation** Inches/mm ksi MPa % ¼”– ½” incl./6 - 12 mm. incl. 70 485 13 Over ½” to 1” incl./12-25 mm incl. 60 415 15 Over 1.00”/25 mm 55 380 18 **Elongation in 4D Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties shown pertain to ASTM B139/B139 M only. Machinability Rating 20 (Free Cutting Brass = 100) Phone: 847-526-6000 Toll Free: 800-445-9970 Fax: 847-438-6600 Email: [email protected] 510 Color C 510 Phosphor Bronze – Grade A Code Bronze Family: Phosphor Bronze (continued) Physical Properties English Metric Melting Point – Liquidus 1920° F 1049° C Melting Point – Solidus 1750° F 954° C Density 0.320 lb/in³ at 68° F 8.86 gm/cm³
    [Show full text]
  • Dayton C. Miller Flute Collection
    Guides to Special Collections in the Music Division at the Library of Congress Dayton C. Miller Flute Collection LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON 2004 Table of Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... iii Biographical Sketch.............................................................................................................................................. vi Scope and Content Note..................................................................................................................................... viii Description of Series............................................................................................................................................. xi Container List ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 FLUTES OF DAYTON C. MILLER............................................................................................................... 1 ii Introduction Thomas Jefferson's library is the foundation of the collections of the Library of Congress. Congress purchased it to replace the books that had been destroyed in 1814, when the Capitol was burned during the War of 1812. Reflecting Jefferson's universal interests and knowledge, the acquisition established the broad scope of the Library's future collections, which, over the years, were enriched by copyright
    [Show full text]
  • A Complete Technical Reference for Fretted Instrument String Tensions Table of Contents Introduction
    Catalog Supplement/String Tension Specifications A complete technical reference for fretted instrument string tensions Table of Contents Introduction Technical Reference for fretted instrument string tensions 4 his brochure was created to assist in Guitar and Bass Fingerboard Legends 5 Tselecting the ideal string for your instrument and playing style. Included in this brochure String Tensions are tension tables and formulas to help you Acoustic or Electric Guitar 6 calculate what tension a particular string will Pedal Steel Guitar 7 have on your instrument. Acoustic Guitar 7 Classical Guitar 8 Folk Guitar 10 Electric Bass Guitar 10 Acoustic Bass Guitar 13 Mandolin Family Strings 13 Banjo & Loop End Strings 14 A complete technical reference for fretted instrument string tensions Understanding what determines string tension. In order to determine the tension at which a string will vibrate, you need three pieces of information: the Unit Weight, the Scale Length, and the Frequency of the string. You can use the charts in this brochure to get a pre-calculated tension for the D’Addario strings listed or you can use the formulas below to calculate the exact tension for any string using the scale length of your particular instrument. All of the charts illustrate string tensions for each string at a variety of pitches, in case you use alternative tunings. UW- Unit Weight. In all the charts and formulas in the brochure, unit weight is expressed in pounds per linear inch (lb/in). L- Scale Length. This is the vibrating length of the string. This is determined by measuring the distance from the nut to the bridge of the instrument in inches (in).
    [Show full text]