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Assess-Env0196 Advisory Committee on Fishery Management and ICES CM 1996/AssesslEnv:l Advisory Committee on the Marine Environment Ref.: G REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP ON ECOSYSTEM EFFECTS OF FISHING ACTIVITIES ICES Headquarters 13-21 March 1996 This report is not to be quoted without prior consultation with the General Secretary. The document is a report of an expert group under the auspices of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and does not necessarily represent the views of the Council. International Council for the ExpJoration of the Sea ConseiJ International pour J'Exploration de la Mer Palregade 2-4 DK-1261 Copenhagen K Denmark TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page OPENING OF THE MEETING 1 2 ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA 1 3 COMMUNITIES AND ASSEMBLAGES 1 3.1 Introduction : 1 3.2 Theory ofCommunity and Assemblage Dynamics 2 3.2.1 Review of literature in community ecology and community metrics 2 3.2.2 Theory of the effect offishing on size and diversity spectra 3 3.3 Intersessional Analyses of Species Diversity and Ordinations 4 3.3.1 Hypotheses and analysis framework 4 3.3.2 Surveys analysed 4 3.3.3 Results · 4 3.4 Data Analyses: North Sea as a Whole 5 3.4.1 Data sets , 5 3.4.2 Variables and data preparation steps 5 3.4.3 Statistical analyses 5 304.4 Annual size spectra of the North Sea numbers and diversity 6 3.4.5 Area;.effects on the annual size and diversity spectra 7 3.4.6 Trends over years in the size spectra of numbers and diversity ~ 8 3.4.7 Analysis of frequencies of species by abundance and biomass class 10 3.5 Contrasts Among Selected Areas in the Northwestern North Sea 1I 3.6 International Beam Trawl Surveys 1990-1995 12 3.6.1 Introduction 12 3.6.2 Sampling and analysis 12 3.6.3 Results 12 3.7 Overall Conclusions 13 3.7.1 Regarding metrics of community structure 13 3.7.2 Regarding the dynamics of the North Sea fish community (as reflected by surveys) and the effects of fishing on that community 14 3.8 References 14 4 , NON-TARGET FISH POPULAnONS 17 4.1 Introduction 17 4.2 Trends in Fish Populations 17 4.2.1 Landings data 17 4.2.2 Survey data 18 4.3 Trends in Shellfish Populations 20 4.3.1 Northumberland (Northwest North Sea) 20 4.3.2 Central North Sea 20 4.3.3 Baltic Sea 20 4.3.4 Southeast North Sea 21 4.3.5 Extending the time series : 21 4.4 Conclusions 22 4.5 References 22 5 QUANTIFYING VULNERABILITY ~ 24 5.1 Introduction 24 5.2 Assessing Sensitivity and Susceptibility 24 5.3 Assessing Species Vulnerability: Population Modelling Approach 26 5.3.1 Analyses based on catch-at-Iength data 26 5.3.2 Index of relative vulnerability for populations 26 5.3.3 Extension to non-fish species 27 5.3.4 Application of the swept area method to three benthic infaunal species 27 5.4 Spatially Explicit Population Modelling (SEPM) Approach 28 5.4.1 Features of the model 29 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Section Page 5.4.2 Usefulness ofthis approach 30 5.5 Genetic Effects on Fish Populations 30 5.6 Conclusions 30 5.7 References , 31 6 EFFECTS OF REDUCING FISHING MORTALITY 33 6.] Introduction 33 6.2 Methodological Considerations 33 6.3 Experimental Design 34 6.4 Hypotheses , 34 6.5 Results from Closed Areas 35 6.5.1 Effects of scallop dredging on northern Georges Bank, Northwest Atlantic 35 6.5.2 Isle of Man, Irish Sea 35 6.5.3 Grand Banks of Newfoundland Trawling Impact Study, Northwest Atlantic 36 6.5.3.] Background ,36 6.5.3.2 Grand Banks Experiment 37 6.5.3.3 Project status · : 37 6.5.3.4 Preliminary results 37 6.5.3.5 Future plans : 38 6.5.4 North Sea plaice box 38 6.5.4.1 Size spectrum 38 6.5.4':2 Diversity indices 39 6.5.4.3 Discussion 39 6.5.5 Loch Gareloch, Inverclyde, Scotland 39 6.5.5.1 Background · 39 6.5.5.2 Studies to be undertaken 39 6.5.5.3 Summary of progress to date 39 6.5.5.4 Results to date 40 6.5.5.5 Discussion : 40 6.5.6 Trawl closure in the Gull mar fjord, Sweden .41 6.5.6.] Introduction 41 6.5.6.2 Proposed design 41 6.5.6.3 Choice of species to monitor 42 6.6 Conclusions : 42 6.7 References 43 7 ESTIMAT1NG DISCARDS AND THEIR UTILIZATION .44 7. ] Summarise any new work undertaken on the estimation of by-catches and discards and their exploitation by scavengers 44 7.2 Definitions 44 7.3 Estimation ofBy-catches 44 7.3.1 Incidental catch offish: demersal fisheries 44 7.3.2 Incidental catch offish: industrial fisheries 44 7.3.3 Marine mammals 45 7.4 Estimation ofDiscards 45 7.4.] Methodological stu'dies 45 7.4.2 New estimates of discard amounts 45 7.5 Exploitation by Scavengers 46 7.5.1 Survival ofdiscarded species 46 7.5.2 Seabirds 46 7.5.3 Other scavengers 46 7.6 References 47 8 FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE PROCTECTION OF THE NORTH SEA .48 8.] Intermediate Ministerial Meeting (1997) .48 8.2 Precautionary Principle 4"8 II TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Sl'ction Page 8.2.1 Introduction ~ : : : 49 8.3 Implications for Targets in Fisheries Management 50 8.4 Implications for Targets in Ecosystem Management.. 50 8.5 Implications for the Working Group on Ecosystem Effects ofFishing Activities 50 8.6 References 50 ') ICES AREA '" 50 9.1 References 51 10 FOOD FOR rnOUGHT 51 10.1 Towards a Better Way of Investigating the Impact of Fishing on Species Assemblages 51 10.2 References : 52 II ELECTION OF CHAIRMAN 53 12 RECOMMENDATIONS 53 13 APPROVAL OF REPORT 53 ANNEX 1: AGENDA ; 54 ANNEX 2: LISr OF PARTICIPANTS 55 ANNEX 3: LIST OF WORKING DOCUMENTS 58 ANNEX 4: REPORTING FORMAT ON FISHERIES AND FISHERIES-RELATED SPECIES AND HABITATS ISSUES 59 ANNEX 5: RECOMMENDATIONS 66 TABLES AND FIGURES : 68 111 OPENING OF THE MEETING One general issue on which there was considerable discussion, in view of the heavy workload, was that of rhe meeting of the Working Group on Ecosystem Effects data sources. The material used to arrive at the "I" Fishing Activities (WGEC9) was opened at 10.00 hrs conclusions reached ranged from published papers in the 11Il 13 March 1996 by the Chairman. Dr S. Hall. Dr R.S. refereed literature, through the various shades of .grey Hailey, the Fishery Secretary, welcomed the participants on literature. to reports of work currently in progress. In no hehalf ofthe ICES Secretariat in Copenhagen, Denmark. case was it possible to explicitly and comprehensively review all of the relevent material, and deciding on the weight that should be given to the various sources 2 ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA remains problematic. However, in the final analysis the report represents the collective judgement of the The terms of reference (C.Res.1995/2:14) for the meeting WGECO and it is hoped that, in reaching a consensus, are listed below. the group distilled the available information appropriately. In judging the report, however, it should The Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing be borne in mind that much more detailed treatments of Activities (Chairman: Dr S. Hall, UK) will meet at ICES all the topics covered here are possible. Headquarters from 13-21 March 1996 to: The draft agenda was accepted without amendment, and is a) analyse survey data in terms of appropriate summary appended as Annex 1. The list of participants is attached as parameters for species assemblages, with a view to Annex 2. continuing the study of biodiversity and changes in community structure; .The Chairman emphasized the importance of finalizing the report by the end of the meeting. This was necessary to ·b) examine trends in abundance of non-target and non­ meet deadlines imposed by the North Sea Secretariat. assessed fish and shellfish species, taking into account other ICES reports on non-assessed species; 3 COMMUNITIES AND ASSEMBLAGES c) refine and implement approaches for quantifying the susceptibility of species to fishing effects; Analyse survey data in terms of appropriate summa!)' parameters for species assemblages, with a view to d) analyse available data on system responses in areas continuing the study of biodiversity and changes in where fishing has been reduced; community structure. e) summarise any new work undertaken on the 3.1 Introduction estimation of by-catches and discards· and their exploitation by scavengers; This term of reference calls for analyses to address at least two aspects of the effects of fishing on exploited f) prepare work as required for the Intermediate fish communities and assemblages. The first aspect is Ministerial Meeting on Fisheries and the how the structure and function of a community changes Environment (1997) and ultimately for the Fifth as fisheries alter the absolute and relative abundance of International Conference on the Protection of the fish species through harvest (either directed or bycatch). North Sea, and address the implications of applying The second aspect is how the structure and function of the precautionary principle to fisheries activity; the exploited community may change further, as predation and competition among the species respond to g) review relevant activities within the entire ICES area the altered levels of abundance of the harvested· species. with a view to extending the activities of the Working These species interactions might compensate for or Group to ecosystems outside the North Sea.
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