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ENERGY BALANCE and BODY WEIGHT REGULATION Metabolizable Energy, This Energy Loss Is Thought to Be Negligible Drive to Re-Establish Body Fat Stores at an Obese Level

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ENERGY BALANCE and BODY WEIGHT REGULATION Metabolizable Energy, This Energy Loss Is Thought to Be Negligible Drive to Re-Establish Body Fat Stores at an Obese Level losses due to glycogen depletion in the low-carbohydrate group, emerged as better than the rest, and if calorie restriction invokes SUMMARY Fine, E.J., and R.D. Feinman (2004). Thermodynamics of weight loss diets. this cannot explain all of the weight loss. Several possibilities metabolic and behavioral responses that “sabotage” efforts Nutr. Metab. (Lond.), 1(1):15. should be examined in light of bioenergetic principles. On the toward permanent weight loss, is there any hope for obese and Energy balance is best explained using a dynamic, as opposed to Flatt, J.P. (1995). Use and storage of carbohydrate and fat. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., energy intake side, there may be lower energy consumption overweight persons to achieve permanent weight loss? Data a static, equation in which changes on one side of the scale result 61(4 Suppl):952S-959S. Sports Science Exchange 99 on the low-carbohydrate diets. The investigations cited above from the National Weight Loss Registry suggests that all is in compensatory metabolic and/or behavioral changes on the were outpatient studies in which no attempt was made to match not lost (Wing & Hill, 2001). There are many individuals who other side. In the face of our current environment of low physical Foster, G.D., H.R. Wyatt, J.O. Hill, B.G. McGuckin, C. Brill, B.S. Mohammed, P.O. Szapary, D.J. Rader, J.S. Edman, and S. Klein (2003). A randomized trial VOLUME 18 (2005) n Number 4 energy intake between dietary conditions. Thus, energy intake are able to successfully maintain weight loss over many years. activity and an abundance of highly palatable, low-cost food, of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N. Engl. J. Med., 348(21):2082-2090. on the low-carb diets might have been reduced because of Characteristics of “maintainers” include dietary restraint, most human regulatory systems are ill-equipped to suffi ciently Information herein is intended for professional audiences, including scientists, coaches, medical professionals, athletic trainers, dietary monotony, greater satiety because of higher protein following a fat-reduced diet, and engaging in a considerable protect against gains in body weight and fat. Body fat stores Guesbeck, N.R., M.S. Hickey, K.G. MacDonald, W.J. Pories, I. Harper, E. nutritionists and other sports health professionals who have a fundamental understanding of human physiology. can be reduced by creating an energy defi cit, but severe energy Ravussin, G.L. Dohm, and J.A. Houmard (2001). Substrate utilization during intakes (Schoeller & Buchholz, 2005) and higher levels of blood amount of regular exercise (Wing & Hill, 2001). There is exercise in formerly morbidly obese women. J. Appl. Physiol., 90(3):1007- ketones (products of fat catabolism). While excretion of urinary increasing evidence in animal studies that chronic exercise can restriction produced by many extreme diets may cause metabolic 1012. ketones on a low carbohydrate diet may contribute to the loss of attenuate increases in metabolic effi ciency and lessen the biologic adaptations that sabotage the dieter’s ability to avoid regaining ENERGY BALANCE AND BODY WEIGHT REGULATION metabolizable energy, this energy loss is thought to be negligible drive to re-establish body fat stores at an obese level. the lost weight. A long-term approach to body weight regulation Leibel, R.L., M. Rosenbaum, and J. Hirsch (1995). Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. N. Engl. J. Med., 332(10):621- for most individuals on a low carbohydrate diet. and health is recommended, with an emphasis on a variety of 628. It seems likely that a “one-diet-fi ts-all” approach is ill-suited nutritious whole foods including fresh fruits, vegetables, whole Chris Melby, Dr.P.H. On the energy expenditure side of the energy balance equation, to the human population with its substantial heterogeneity grains, slowly-absorbed carbohydrates, lean proteins, and Levine, J.A., N.L. Eberhardt, and M.D. Jensen (1999). Role of nonexercise Professor of Nutritional Science and Head, it is possible that the low-carbohydrate diet induces greater (Cornier et al., 2005). As more research is conducted, the future activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans. Science, Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition INTRODUCTION smaller serving sizes. Regular exercise is a critical aspect of 283(5399):212-214. metabolic ineffi ciency. There is no evidence that either exercise holds promise for tailoring dietary and exercise prescriptions maintaining a healthy body weight and remains the best predictor Nutrition and Metabolic Fitness Laboratory Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO Despite a host of recommendations established by various health energy expenditure or non-exercise activity thermogenesis are to one’s genetic constitution. At present, however, the following of successful long-term weight loss. McAuley, K.A., C.M. Hopkins, K.J. Smith, R.T. McLay, S.M. Williams, R.W. higher on the reduced-carbohydrate diet. The high protein content suggestions are offered, recognizing that these fail to account for Taylor, and J.I. Mann (2005). Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets organizations for improving diet and increasing physical activity, Matt Hickey, Ph. D. of the diet could result in a greater thermic effect of food, but variable responses in the human population: with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women. Diabetologia, the prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically in the REFERENCES 48(1):8-16. Associate Professor and Director, fat has the lowest thermic effect of the three macronutrients, and Human Performance/Clinical Research Lab U.S. during the past two decades. The fattening of America has its high dietary content may attenuate the effect of high protein n Focus on long-term rather than short-term success. Adherence Melby, C.L., R.C. Ho, K. Jeckel, L. Beal, M. Goran, and W.T. Donahoo (2000). Department of Health and Exercise Science spawned a billion-dollar weight-loss industry, with advertising of Bouchard, C., A. Tremblay, J.P. Despres, A. Nadeau, P.J. Lupien, G. Theriault, on the thermic effect of food. The greater dietary protein intake to extreme diets is poor, especially if they promote rapid Comparison of risk factors for obesity in young, nonobese African-American Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO diet books, exercise programs, and supplements offering quick- J. Dussault, S. Moorjani, S. Pinault, and G. Fournier (1990). The response to and Caucasian women. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 24(11):1514-1522. could cause greater protein and amino acid turnover, which is weight loss with large energy defi cits. A long-term approach long-term overfeeding in identical twins. N. Engl. J. Med., 322(21):1477-1482. fi x remedies to boost metabolism and melt away fat. Given the energetically expensive. Additionally, it is likely that at least will likely help to minimize the increases in hunger and Samaha, F.F., N. Iqbal, P. Seshadri, K.L. Chicano, D.A. Daily, J. McGrory, T. confusion, misinformation, and pursuit of the ‘magic bullet’ that 100 g of glucose are required per day by the central nervous metabolic effi ciency that occur with rapid weight loss that Brehm, B.J., R.J. Seeley, S.R. Daniels, and D.A. D’Alessio (2003). A Williams, M. Williams, E.J. Gracely, and J. Stern (2003). A low-carbohydrate characterizes the weight loss industry in the U.S., it is especially randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie- as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. N Engl J Med, 348(21):2074- system, red blood cells, and other glucose-dependent tissues. eventually push the dieter toward weight regain. important for health professionals to re-examine the scientifi c restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy 2081. KEY POINTS With the extremely low availability of carbohydrate early in the women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 88(4):1617-1623. principles of body weight regulation. n Choose a healthy diet for life and adjust energy intake to diet (i.e., the induction phase), the synthesis of the necessary Schoeller, D.A., and A.C. Buchholz (2005). Energetics of obesity and weight achieve realistic weight loss goals. A whole-food approach Brehm, B.J., S.E. Spang, B.L. Lattin, R.J. Seeley, S.R. Daniels, and D.A. n Thermodynamic laws dictate that an excess of food energy glucose from amino acids, and to a lesser extent from glycerol, is control: does diet composition matter? J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 105(5 Pt 2):24-28. emphasizing consumption of a variety of fresh fruits, D’Alessio (2005). The role of energy expenditure in the differential weight loss intake relative to energy expenditure will lead to energy energetically expensive. Fine and Fineman (2005) have suggested in obese women on low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Schwartz, M.W., S.C. Woods, R.J. Seeley, G.S. Barsh, D.G. Baskin, and R.L. vegetables, whole grains, and lean, protein-rich foods is storage—an accumulation of fat. Conversely, a defi cit of that increased energy would be required to synthesize the needed Metab., 90(3):1475-1482. Leibel (2003). Is the energy homeostasis system inherently biased toward energy intake relative to expenditure will lead to a loss of RESEARCH REVIEW recommended. There is accumulating evidence that such a weight gain? Diabetes, 52(2):232-238. glucose, which would in effect, contribute to increased metabolic body energy stores and a reduced body weight. “real-world” diet which favors more lean proteins and slowly Buchholz, A.C., and D.A. Schoeller (2004). Is a calorie a calorie? Am. J. Clin. Basic Concepts in Bioenergetics ineffi ciency. However, Brehm et al.
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