Running Head: Pornography and Sexual Motivation

Internet Pornography Use and Sexual Motivation: A Systematic Review and Integration

Joshua B. Grubbs Bowling Green State University

Paul J. Wright Indiana University

Abby L. Braden Bowling Green State University

Joshua A. Wilt

Case Western Reserve University

Shane W. Kraus Dept. of Veterans Affairs, VISN 1 New England MIRECC, Bedford VAMC

This is the author version of an accepted manuscript.

When referencing this article, please use the following citation:

Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045

Declaration of Interests: None. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Joshua B. Grubbs, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403. Email: [email protected] Pornography and Sexual Motivation Internet Pornography Use and Sexual Motivation: A Systematic Review and Integration Joshua B. Grubbs, Paul J. Wright, Abby Braden, Joshua A. Wilt, Shane W. Kraus

Abstract

Pornography use is a common activity in the developed world. This work consolidates research about pornography use into an organizational structure that is relevant to sexual motivation more broadly. To accomplish this, a comprehensive review of research is conducted, examining personality, emotional, and attitudinal associates and predictors of pornography use, as well as behaviors, attitudes, and motivations that are associated with or predicted by pornography use. Reviewing over 130 studies, the present work demonstrates that pornography is most often consumed for pleasure- seeking purposes, that it associated with increases in casual or impersonal approaches to sexuality, and that it predicts more pleasure-oriented approaches to sexual behavior. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Sexually explicit forms of media— boys, Mattebo, Tydén, Häggström-Nordin, pornography—have existed for millennia. Nilsson, & Larsson, 2013; U.S. 50% of However, technological advances over adolescents Rasmussen & Bierman, recent decades (i.e., the internet) have 2016). Various reports have placed IP as revolutionized the distribution and the largest single category of electronic consumption of such media. Globally, media both in terms of total bandwidth internet pornography use (hereafter: IPU and total traffic (Misra, 2014), with the = internet pornography use; IP = internet most popular online pornography website pornography) is a common phenomenon boasting over 3,732 petabytes (over three (Ogas & Gaddam, 2011; Price, Patterson, billion gigabytes) of downloads in 2017 Regnerus, & Walley, 2016; Regnerus, alone (Pornhub, 2018). In short, the Gordon, & Price, 2016). Internationally, consumption of IP is a common activity substantial majorities of individuals have for many adults and adolescents viewed internet pornography (e.g., worldwide, with a frequency that is Sweden, Canada, Germany, and U.S., 77% unprecedented by previous forms of of college students; Döring, Daneback, erotic media. Shaughnessy, Grov, & Byers, 2017; Given the prevalence of IPU, it is Australia, 84% of men and 54% of women not surprising to see that it is also often a Rissel et al., 2017). Furthermore, in topic of academic inquiry. Over recent nationally representative studies, up to years, there has been an increase in peer- 46% of adult men in the U.S. and 16% of reviewed literature examining IP from adult women report intentional IPU in any psychological (for reviews, see: Peter & given week (Regnerus et al., 2016). A Valkenburg, 2016; Short, Black, Smith, number of recent works confirm that Wetterneck, & Wells, 2012), sociological these viewing patterns are extremely (Brickell, 2012), anthropological common among adolescents as well (e.g., (Vucurovic, 2013), and even philosophical Taiwan, 74% of adolescent boys and 26% (Watson, 2010) perspectives. However, of adolescent girls, Chen, Leung, Chen, & despite the ubiquity of pornography use Yang, 2013; Sweden, 96% of adolescent in developed nations, to date, the majority

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation of publications and empirical studies of motivation, attitudes, or behaviors. IPU have been relegated to topical Studies that only examined gender as a journals and special interest publications. correlate of IPU were excluded.1 Cross- Herein, we seek to consider this behavior sectioonal and longitudinal investigations in terms that are relevant to psychological were included. To this end, we conducted and communication sciences more a search of available academic literature, broadly. specifically querying the following Internet Pornography Use and Sexual databases: Academic Search Complete, Motivation Academic Search Premier, MEDLINE, Internet pornography use is a Psychology and Behavioral Sciences sexual behavior. That is, people most Collection, PsycINFO, SocINDEX, often view pornography for sexual CINAHL, and PubMed. All searches purposes (Solano, Eaton, & O’Leary, included the initial terms, “internet” and 2018) and describe their use of “pornography,” which were followed by a pornography as being related other number of search terms that were meant aspects of their sexual attitudes, beliefs, to assess the variables of interest. These preferences, and behaviors (Attwood, additional terms were: “reason*,” 2005; Kohut, Fisher, & Campbell, 2017; “predict*,” “outcome,” “behavior,”2 Rissel et al., 2017). In the decades “personality,” “motiv*,” “trait,” “risk,” following the advent and widespread use “attitude,” “longitudinal,” “effect,” and of the internet, a plethora of empirical “future.” These initial search parameters research has been published examining returned over 1,000 results that were how IPU is related to various aspects of then screened for inclusion. The results of sexuality (Grubbs & Perry, 2019; this review are summarized, according to Harkness, Mullan, & Blaszczynski, 2015; PRISMA guidelines (Moher, Liberati, Peter & Valkenburg, 2016). Building on Tetzlaff, & Altman, 2009), in Figure 1. this, the purpose of the present work was After deleting duplicates, removing to conduct a systematic and integrative irrelevant or non-academic works, and review that contextualizes pornography within the greater context of human 1 Across numerous studies in several sexual motivation. Specifically, we sought cultural settings, the greatest predictor of to examine what factors (both sexual and pornography consumption is male gender non-sexual) predict IPU and the ways in (e.g., Grubbs, Kraus, & Perry, 2019; which IPU influences, predicts, or is Rasmussen & Bierman, 2017; Regnerus, associated with sexual attitudes, beliefs, Gordon, & Price, 2016; Rissel et al., 2017; and behaviors. More to the point, we Vanwesenbeeck I, Bakker F, & Gesell S, examined what factors predict IPU (a 2010; Wright, 2013; Wright, Bae, & Funk, sexual behavior) and how IPU, in turn, 2013). For the present review, we did not seems to influence various dimensions of include studies only reporting gender as a the human sexual experience. predictor of use, instead focusing on To accomplish these goals, we works that identified individual difference conducted a systematic review of variables that are associated with available literature on IPU. To be pornography use, self-reported reasons included, the study had to examine the for pornography use, or evidence of association between IPU and at least one pornography use for specific reasons. other variable relevant to sexual 2 We also searched for “behaviour”

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation screening out studies that did not involve motivation is often secondary to the male empirical research, we then reviewed the sexual drive (Baumeister, 2000, 2004; full texts of over 275 papers for inclusion Baumeister, Catanese, & Vohs, 2001; in our final review. We elected to only Baumeister & Twenge, 2002; Baumeister include studies that either examined & Vohs, 2004), more universal differences personality and motivational associates in male vs. female sexuality (Peplau, and predictors of IPU or studies for which 2003; Petersen & Hyde, 2010; Schmitt & IPU was framed as an associate or International Sexuality Description predictor of a behavioral (e.g., sexual Project, 2003), and the fact that much of activity) or attitudinal (e.g., sexual values, currently available pornography is acceptance of sexual behaviors) outcome. marketed toward male audiences (French We specifically omitted studies that & Hamilton, 2018). Another possibility is focused exclusively on problematic or that women may also underreport their addictive use of pornography, studies that IPU due to cultural norms around were limited to clinical or treatment sexuality and gender roles, and there is seeking populations, studies that focused good evidence that significant numbers of exclusively on non-internet pornography women do use IP with some regularity (e.g., studies before 1998), studies that (16-17% of adult women in the U.S. focused exclusively on paraphilic or report use within the past week or month pedophilic pornography use, case studies Grubbs, Kraus, & Perry, 2019; Regnerus or reports, and studies that did not focus et al., 2016). In short, the male-centric on human subjects directly (e.g., content approach to IP research to date has analyses of pornography websites). This hampered understandings of women’s process led to the inclusion of 134 use. As such, we provide gender studies. breakdowns for each sample reviewed in Methodological Concerns this paper, and note areas in which Before engaging in such a gender is of particular importance. systematic review, it is important to Morally charged Subject Matter acknowledge the methodological critiques Another noted limitation of IP research of research to date. Below, we consider is related to the morally charged nature three such concerns: gender, morality, of the topic (Fisher, Montgomery-Graham, and negative bias. & Kohut, 2018; Grubbs & Perry, 2019; Gender Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, & Reid, 2018). One of the greatest limitations of Numerous analyses have found that both research related to IPU is that such personal morality and religious beliefs research tends to be gender-constricted. dramatically impact attitudes toward IP A vast number of studies regarding IPU use (Droubay, Butters, & Shafer, 2018; have focused on such use in men alone Grubbs, Exline, Pargament, Hook, & (Duffy, Dawson, & das Nair, 2016; Short Carlisle, 2015; Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, et al., 2012). This male-centric focus is Pargament, & Kraus, 2018; Short, Kasper, warranted to a degree, as women & Wetterneck, 2015). Religious reportedly use pornography at rates much individuals tend to broadly disapprove of lower than men do (Regnerus et al., IP use (MacInnis & Hodson, 2016) and 2016), which is likely a function of support the censorship of pornography in multiple factors such as a grander various forms (Droubay et al., 2018; cultural trend in which women’s sexual Lambe, 2004). Not surprisingly then,

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation religious individuals report using IP at Individual difference variables. rates much lower than the general Across a number of studies—particularly population (Perry, 2017; Rasmussen & earlier studies (e.g., before 2010) of IPU— Bierman, 2017; Wright, 2013; Wright, personality characteristics and individual Bae, & Funk, 2013). Yet, despite these difference variables consistently emerged associations, there are several studies as predictors of IPU. These findings are indicating that religious individuals do detailed in Table 1, though we review the indeed use IP (MacInnis & Hodson, 2015; general findings below. L. J. Nelson, Padilla-Walker, & Carroll, Dispositional sexual affect. 2010; Perry, 2015), often with great Dispositional sexual affect is a term for emotional distress (Grubbs et al., 2019; personality factors that lead individuals to Patterson & Price, 2012; Volk, Thomas, respond to sexual stimuli in a predictable Sosin, Jacob, & Moen, 2016). Given these way (Gunter, 2001). It often refers to the associations, religiosity and moral values erotophobia-erotophilia spectrum (Paul, should be considered relevant covariates 2009) that ranges from negative attitudes in research on IP use. Yet, these factors toward impersonal sex (e.g., disinterest in have not been considered frequently strippers or pornography) to more enough in formal analyses, limiting the positive attitudes toward impersonal sex generalizability of current research. (e.g., casual or group sex), including Negative Bias pornography specifically (Fisher, White, Finally, another key limitation of Byrne, & Kelley, 1988). Higher levels of pornography research is the seemingly erotophilia are associated with pleasure- negative bias of such research (Fisher & seeking motivations for sexual activity in Barak, 2001; Fisher et al., 2018; Ley, general (Birnbaum & Gillath, 2006; Prause, & Finn, 2014; Montgomery- Cooper, Shapiro, & Powers, 1998), and a Graham, Kohut, Fisher, & Campbell, greater propensity to pursue sexual 2015), with little research examining pleasure. whether there could be positive aspects of As reviewed in Table 1, U.S. studies IP use. Inherently then, there is likely a show that higher erotophilia predicts bias in available studies demonstrating greater motivation to engage in IPU, either negative or neutral effects of IP greater arousal from IPU (Paul, 2009), consumption, with very little prior and greater probability of responding to research demonstrating, or even unsolicited IP with more IP search attempting to measure, positive effects behaviors (Shim, Lee, & Paul, 2007). (Kohut & Campbell, 2019). These tendencies seem to hold in contexts Factors Motivating or Predicting outside the U.S. as well (e.g., Lima, Peru; Internet Pornography Use Velezmoro, Negy, & Livia, 2012). In the first part of this review, we Sensation-seeking. Across a consider the various factors that may number of studies, sensation-seeking is a motivate the consumption of internet common predictor of IPU, in both U.S. pornography, with special attention paid and international contexts using both to studies presenting evidence of factors cross-sectional and longitudinal designs that are likely to drive pornography use. (See Table 1). This is notable, given that This method resulted in the identification sensation-seeking is a pleasure-seeking of 34 studies falling into three broad drive (Hirschman & Holbrook, 1982; categories, as described below. Zuckerman, 1994, 2014), that predicts

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation pleasure-seeking behaviors in general reasons for using pornography (See Table (Comeau, Stewart, & Loba, 2001; Magid, 2). Specifically, masturbation MacLean, & Colder, 2007) and sexual enhancement (Wallmyr & Welin, 2006), behaviors specifically (Kalichman & sexual arousal (Baltazar, Helm, McBride, Rompa, 1995). Not surprisingly then, a Hopkins, & Stevens, 2010), and more number of studies identified sensation- general pleasure-seeking goals (Paul & seeking as a consistent predictor of IPU, Shim, 2008) are all commonly reported as both cross-sectionally and over time. the predominant motivation for Narcissistic traits. In addition to pornography consumption. Self-reported dispositional sexual affect and sensation- hedonic motivations for pornography use seeking, narcissistic traits have also been are also evident in recent work linked to IPU. For example, entitlement is attempting to classify pornography users a self-focused trait that is a key by their reasons for viewing pornography component of narcissism more broadly (C. C. Brown, Durtschi, Carroll, & (W. K. Campbell, Bonacci, Shelton, Exline, Willoughby, 2017). Finally, these findings & Bushman, 2004; Grubbs & Exline, also persist outside of Western contexts 2016). Generally speaking, entitlement is (Chen et al., 2013). associated with a desire for pleasure and Curiosity and information- enjoyable experiences and it often seeking. A number of studies also note predicts selfish behaviors (Bushman, that a commonly reported motivation for Moeller, & Crocker, 2011; W. K. Campbell IPU is education, curiosity, or information et al., 2004). At least a few studies have (e.g., Chen et al., 2013; Paul & Shim, noted that trait entitlement, narcissism, 2008). Individuals may report a desire to and sexual narcissism are each cross- learn new sexual positions, new sexual sectionally and retrospectively associated practices, or generally gain a better with greater levels of reported understanding about sexual activity in pornography use. Collectively, these general (Attwood, 2005; Weinberg, studies, alongside previously reviewed Williams, Kleiner, & Irizarry, 2010). Given studies, suggest that self-focused traits that curiosity is a less commonly such as dispositional sexual affect, endorsed reason for viewing IP than sensation-seeking, and narcissism are all directly hedonic reasons (C. C. Brown, associated with IPU (See Table 1). Durtschi, et al., 2017), curiosity is not Self-Reported Reasons for IPU likely the most common motivation for In addition to research on use, particularly among frequent users. dispositional correlates of IPU, many Additionally, in some ways, curiosity and studies have directly evaluated self- information-seeking may also be seen as reported reasons for IPU. Below, we pleasure-seeking drives (Kashdan, Rose, consider the major findings in this & Fincham, 2004; Kashdan & Steger, domain. 2007; Litman, 2005). New information Arousal and enhancement. IPU can be both liked and wanted (Litman, results in sexual arousal (Brand et al., 2005), and the hedonic value of new 2010; Goodson, McCormick, & Evans, information can be predictive of the 2000, 2001; Hald, Malamuth, & Lange, individual’s engagement with it (Higgins, 2013). Not surprisingly then, sexual 2006). As such, although this reason is arousal and sexual enhancement are less commonly endorsed than arousal, consistently reported as predominant pleasure, or masturbatory aid, it may be

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation another form of pleasure-seeking behaviors (Elliot & Covington, 2001; Ryan motivation for pornography use. & Deci, 2001). Importantly, this Intimacy and coupling motives. motivation is also a consistent predictor Another potential motivation for IPU of greater pornography use. That is, would be intimacy or relationship goals. A across a variety of studies (See Table 3), number of prior theories of sexual mood management and stress relief are motivation (e.g., Cooper et al., 1998; consistently endorsed as reasons for IPU, Baumeister & Tice, 2001) have cited as are feelings of psychological distress intimacy and relationship goals as and/or loneliness more generally. important impetuses for sexual drive. Importantly, these findings are both These motives are particularly common cross-sectional and longitudinal (Peter & for women (Basson, 2000; Peplau, 2003) Valkenburg, 2011b), suggesting a and often serve as the primary motivation potential causal link between lower mood for sexual activity (Cooper et al., 1998). states and the use of pornography as a As such, the role of such goals in coping mechanism. We also note that motivating any sexual behavior cannot be problematic pornography use (though not understated. the focus of this review) is also commonly Some men and women in predicted by the use of pornography to heterosexual relationships report viewing cope with or avoid negative emotions IP with their partner (Daneback, Træen, (Reid, Li, Gilliland, Stein, & Fong, 2011). & Månsson, 2009; Olmstead, Negash, Boredom. Continued evidence for Pasley, & Fincham, 2013; Poulsen, Busby, IPU for pain reduction or avoidance is & Galovan, 2013; Resch & Alderson, also present in research related to 2014). Oftentimes, the motivation for this boredom and IPU (See Table 3). Boredom use is to satisfy a partner or enhance a is considered a unique and undesirable sexual relationship. However, IPU with a psychological state (Goldberg, Eastwood, romantic partner is less common (Poulsen LaGuardia, & Danckert, 2011) that is et al., 2013), as less than 20% of men distressing (Martin, Sadlo, & Stew, 2006). report ever using pornography with a Consequently, people are often highly partner, compared to 90% of men who motivated to avoid boredom (Pekrun, report using alone (Kraus & Rosenberg, Goetz, Daniels, Stupnisky, & Perry, 2010), 2014, 2016). More to the point, coupled often through a variety of pleasure- use of pornography is likely not a primary seeking behaviors, such as gambling motivation for regular IPU for the (Neighbors, Lostutter, Cronce, & Larimer, majority of users. Having said this, recent 2002), eating (Macht, 2008), drug use qualitative research suggests that young (Boys, Marsden, & Strang, 2001), and adults are increasingly expecting masturbation (Carvalheira, Træen, & pornography use to be a part of their Stulhofer, 2015; Janssen, McBride, future relationships (Kohut et al., 2017), Yarber, Hill, & Butler, 2008). In keeping which may indicate that this motivation with this trend, a number of studies do for pornography consumption will change suggest that boredom is often a in coming years. motivation for pornography use (See Coping. In addition to enhanced Table 3). pleasure, the reduction or avoidance of Summary of Motivations for IPU dysphoric or unpleasant states is also a A number of factors may motivate powerful motivation for a variety of IPU, but pleasure-focused motives seem

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation to be the most robust and obvious of longitudinal and experimental work that these factors. Self-focused, individual- explicitly test the causal mechanisms difference variables, such as entitlement motiving greater IPU, as well as for more and sensation-seeking, often predict IPU; rigorous assessment methods, such as and people most often report viewing IP Ecological Momentary Assessments which to enhance arousal and pleasure or to would allow for more immediate detail escape negative affective states. These regarding the specific predictors of findings are particularly true of men, for pornography use. whom sexual arousal, sexual excitement, Influence of Sexual Media on Sexual and masturbation were the most Motivation consistent predictors of use. For women, Separate from the above literature pleasure focused motivations were also seeking to examine or explain what common, though typically endorsed at factors motivate or drive IPU, there is lower rates than men. Such a finding is also a body of literature examining how consistent with the broader literature IPU is associated with sexual attitudes, suggesting that men tend to be more beliefs, and behaviors. This literature is pleasure-motivated in sexual behavior often framed in terms of outcomes or than women (Cooper et al., 1998). effects of pornography use, though such Although certain exceptions to this causal language may not be universally motivation certainly exist (e.g., warranted. Below, we summarize this individuals watching IP as a couple), self- literature, with a specific focus on the focused pleasure-seeking motives seem to broad categories that seem to be well- predict general desire to consume IP and represented in published work: casual the consistency of such consumption sexual behavior and attitudes, sexual risk- better than other factors (Paul & Shim, taking, sexual objectification, sexual 2008; Solano et al., 2018). preferences, and sexual satisfaction. Despite the consistency of these Casual Sexual Behavior results, the majority of studies described One commonly investigated in Tables 1-3 are cross-sectional and associate and outcome of IPU is retrospective in nature. That is, the vast uncommitted sexual behavior (e.g., casual majority of findings on the individual sex with consenting partners). Across differences and self-reported reasons that many studies (See Table 4), uncommitted predict pornography use are based on sexual behavior, casual sex, hooking up, temporally static, past recall dependent and sexual permissiveness are methods, rather than on prospective consistently well-predicted by IPU. These longitudinal or experimental designs. The findings are observed in nationally- notable exceptions to these trends are the representative data, as well as in few longitudinal studies documenting that convenience samples and a variety of psychological distress seems to predict methodologies. In studies both in the U.S. pornography use over time (Peter & (Braun-Courville & Rojas, 2009; Carroll et Valkenburg, 2011b) and the studies that al., 2008) and abroad (Peter & show that sensation-seeking prospectively Valkenburg, 2008; Rissel et al., 2017), predicts greater pornography use over IPU is consistently associated with time (Beyens, Vandenbosch, & greater sexual permissiveness, more Eggermont, 2015; Peter & Valkenburg, sexual partners in recent history, and 2011b). As such, there is a need for future with casual sexual behavior. Outside of

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation Western contexts, these findings persist. directional in nature (Attwood, 2005; For example, in Indonesia (Hald & Mulya, Löfgren-Mårtenson & Månsson, 2010; 2013), in a sample of Taiwanese Rothman, Kaczmarsky, Burke, Jansen, & adolescents (Lo & Wei, 2005;) and in a Baughman, 2015). In short, despite cross-sectional analysis of men in Hong limitations associated with cross-sectional Kong (Lam & Chan, 2007)), IPU was designs and retrospective recall (Chan, consistently positively associated with 2009), people seem to believe that their greater acceptance of and engagement in IPU influenced their sexual preferences. casual sexual behaviors. Moreover, these Sexual Risk-Taking findings are also consistently found in Collectively, across several (but not longitudinal works, over the course of all) studies, there appear to be links several weeks (Braithwaite, Aaron, between IPU and sexual risk taking (See Dowdle, Spjut, & Fincham, 2015) to Table 6). Given this general trend, multiple years (Martyniuk & Štulhofer, previous systematic reviews have 2018). concluded that there is a notable, positive Collectively, these findings indicate relationship between the use of sexually that there is likely an association between explicit media and risky sexual behavior IPU and both attitudes toward and (Harkness et al., 2015) and that this link engagement in casual sexual behavior. is possibly causal in nature. Having said These findings are consistent across this, the results of our review suggest several cultural contexts and that such clear conclusions may be methodological paradigms. Furthermore, premature, particularly based on data given that many of these findings are both obtained in the past 4-5 years. That is, longitudinal and representative in nature, links between IPU and risk behaviors are they provide strong evidence for the not consistent across studies, with many generalizability of this conclusion (that studies reporting no association between IPU is associated with casual approaches IPU and real-world sexual risk behaviors. to sexuality) and there may be grounds This discrepancy, in part, seems to be for causal speculation. attributable to the content of Sexual Preferences/Desires pornography content viewed. Several Sexual preferences and desires are studies note links between consumption also commonly investigated as correlates of pornography demonstrating unsafe or outcomes of IPU. Across a number of sexual practices and likelihood of studies (See Table 5), IPU is consistently engaging in unsafe sexual practices. cross-sectionally associated with greater However, in many case (as reviewed in diversity in sexual preferences, with a Table 6), direct links between mere greater endorsement of specific sexual consumption of pornography and sexual preferences or requests for specific risk-taking are not evident. sexual acts, and with a greater desire to Sexual Satisfaction replicate or imitate sexual acts or The relationships between IPU and behaviors that are observed in IP. sexual satisfaction have been studied Qualitative works that seek to explore extensively in recent years, with dozens of individual narratives around and publications addressing the topic, understandings of personal IPU often find theoretical reviews proposing models for that users of IP understand the link understanding the topic (Leonhardt, between IPU and sexual preferences as Spencer, Butler, & Theobald, 2018), and

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation previous meta-analytic reviews examining satisfaction, so that satisfaction decreases these findings (Wright, Tokunaga, Kraus, more sharply as IPU becomes more & Klann, 2017). The findings of these common (Wright, Bridges, Sun, Ezzell, & studies are summarized in Table 7. Johnson, 2017; Wright, Steffen, & Sun, In general, as indicated in Table 7, 2017). Given clear evidence across the relationships between IPU and multiple international samples, it seems personal sexual satisfaction are complex. reasonable to accept the conclusion that, Among couples, there is limited support as IPU increases to more than once per for the idea that IPU may enhance sexual month, sexual satisfaction decreases. satisfaction when it is incorporated into Furthermore, although these studies partnered sexual activities. On an (Wright, Bridges, et al., 2017; Wright, individual level, there is consistent Steffen, et al., 2017) were cross-sectional, evidence that IPU is predictive of lower given the number of longitudinal studies sexual satisfaction in men, with both (Peter & Valkenburg, 2009b) linking IPU cross-sectional and longitudinal works to lower sexual satisfaction, it is possible pointing to the associations of such use to infer that these associations are with diminished satisfaction. Regarding potentially causal in nature. As IPU women, scattered evidence suggests that increases, interpersonal sexual IPU may enhance sexual satisfaction, satisfaction appears to decrease have no effect on satisfaction, or diminish (Tokunaga, Wright, & Roskos, 2018). satisfaction over time. Despite these However, very recent research on this mixed findings, the conclusion of no topic (Perry, 2019) suggests that, for significant effect of IPU on sexual married couples, this decrease in satisfaction in women is the most common satisfaction may be accounted for by finding. These results have also been masturbation itself, rather than confirmed by a recent meta-analysis pornography use. (Wright, Tokunaga, et al., 2017). Sexual Objectification Reviewing 50 studies of pornography Sexual objectification, by nature, consumption and various satisfaction involves the devaluation of the outcomes (e.g., self satisfaction, body personhood of prospective sexual satisfaction, relational satisfaction, sexual partners and the view of them as objects satisfaction), this meta-analysis found that for personal pleasure enhancement pornography consumption (not internet- (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). This is specific) was consistently related to and especially true of heterosexual men, for predictive of lower interpersonal whom sexual objectification has been satisfaction variables, including sexual primarily researched (Fredrickson & satisfaction, but for men only. No Roberts, 1997; Szymanski, Moffitt, & significant findings were found for Carr, 2011). However, both men and women. Collectively, such mixed results women may view others as sexual objects preclude definitive conclusions about the (Strelan & Hargreaves, 2005), and, role of IP in influencing satisfaction for although understudied in LGBTQ women. populations, there is evidence that such One of the more notable findings of individuals may also objectify prospective recent works examining IPU and sexual partners (Wilson et al., 2009). satisfaction is that there appears to be a Published literature on the use of curvilinear relationship between use and pornography and attitudes toward women

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation generally shows that the use of sexual objects for the purpose of gaining pornography is associated with greater pleasure (Wright & Tokunaga, 2015). acceptance of violence toward women Internationally, IPU (6-point ordinal; (Allen, Emmers, Gebhardt, & Giery, 1995; never—every day) specifically has also Demare, Briere, & Lips, 1988; Hald, been correlated with objectifying women Malamuth, & Yuen, 2010), particularly among college students (N = 476; 40.3% among men already predisposed to men, Mage = 19.5, SD = 1.3) in Japan engage in sexual violence (Malamuth, (Omori, Zhang, Allen, Ota, & Imamura, Hald, & Koss, 2012). Moreover, in a meta- 2011). Similar results have been found in analytic study of the effects of undergraduate men in the U.S. (N = 393; pornography use on sexual behaviors Mage = 18.9, SD = 1.6), where (Wright, Tokunaga, & Kraus, 2016a), pornography use (time spent per week) pornography consumption in both men was positively associated with sexual and women was associated with more objectification of women (Mikorski & sexually aggressive behaviors. Building Szymanski, 2016). Collectively, these on this, in a longitudinal study of Dutch findings suggest that, particularly for adolescents (N = 962, Age Range: 14-20; heterosexual men, IPU is cross- Peter & Valkenburg, 2009a), IPU (7-point sectionally, longitudinally, and ordinal; never—several times a day) experimentally associated with increases predicted general notions of women as in sexual objectification. sexual objects among both men and Summary of Sexually Related women. However, it was noted that only Outcomes among men did such increased views of From the above literature, a few key women as sexual objects then predict outcomes are clear. Primarily, IPU is increases in IPU. In short, for male associated with more permissive attitudes participants, IPU was longitudinally toward casual sex and more engagement linked to greater sexual objectification of in casual sex. These findings are women, which was, in turn, longitudinally particularly robust, having been linked to greater IPU. documented extensively in cross- Pornography exposure has also sectional, longitudinal, and experimental been shown to predict sexually objectified works, in diverse cultural settings, and in attitudes toward women in experimental nationally-representative works in the and correlational research conducted U.S. and abroad. with collegiate men in the United States Additionally, there is strong (Wright & Tokunaga, 2015, 2016). For evidence from cross-sectional, instance, in a sample of undergraduate longitudinal, and experimental works that men (N = 133, Mage = 20.91, SD = 1.84), IPU users are more likely to endorse participants who did not generally sexually objectifying prospective sexual consume sexually explicit media and who partners, viewing them as instruments for were shown digital images of centerfolds personal pleasure. This body of work is from a popular pornographic website smaller than the body of work linking IPU (compared to individuals shown images of to casual approaches to sexuality, but the sports) reported increased desires for evidence for this conclusion is relatively non-relational sex, increased importance strong. of physical attractiveness in prospective Moving beyond casual sex and partners, and more views of women as sexual objectification, there is some

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation evidence that IP consumers are also likely negative affective states such as to report specific sexual motives and psychological turmoil or boredom. Not preferences that they attribute to their surprisingly, personality traits associated IPU. That is, the preponderance of with more pleasure-seeking orientations literature strongly suggests that viewing in general (e.g., sensation-seeking, IP is clearly associated with sexual narcissistic traits) are consistently experimentation, greater willingness to predictive of IPU, rounding out an try behaviors demonstrated in understanding of IPU as a hedonic pornography, and greater preferences for behavior. When this finding is integrated behaviors demonstrated in pornography. with the consistent finding in past Having said this, the majority of this literature noting that IPU is most often a research is cross-sectional or solitary activity (Grubbs et al., 2019; retrospective in nature, which limits Kraus & Rosenberg, 2014; Maddox, causal inferences. Even so, users of Rhoades, & Markman, 2011), it is pornography typically report that they reasonable to conceptualize this behavior believe IPU has influenced their sexual as an ego-centric, hedonically motivated desires and preferences. behavior, as opposed to socially or Finally, IPU demonstrates more relationally focused. complex relationships with sexual risk- Moving beyond motivations for IPU, taking and sexual satisfaction. In both results also consistently pointed toward cases, divergent findings abound in the an understanding of IPU’s influence as literature, precluding definitive being hedonically or pleasure-focused as speculation about causal or directional well. For example, IPU—across diverse links. methods and cultural settings— Discussion and Implications of the consistently predicts greater engagement Review in casual sexual behavior. Uncommitted The present article sought to sexual behavior is commonly associated systematically review and synthesize with pleasure-seeking motives (Garcia & research findings from the past 20 years Reiber, 2008; Kruger & Fisher, 2008; on IPU in the context of human sexual Sirin, McCreary, & Mahalik, 2004). motivation, attitudes, beliefs, preferences, People who engage in uncommitted and behavior more broadly. To this end, sexual behavior often describe hedonistic we reviewed literature on the factors goals as the primary motivation for such predicting IPU and literature related to encounters (Armstrong & Reissing, 2015; human sexuality related outcomes and Lyons, Manning, Longmore, & Giordano, correlates of IPU. Collectively, the 2014; Manning, Giordano, & Longmore, findings point toward a few key 2006; Regan & Dreyer, 1999) and often conclusions. explicitly deny social sexual motivations Primarily, we found that IPU is a as reasons for such encounters (Lyons et pleasure-oriented behavioral engagement. al., 2014). More to the point, such That is, people primarily use IP for sexual- behaviors are often inherently somewhat pleasure seeking purposes such as sexual impersonal in nature. As such, arousal, masturbation enhancement, and uncommitted sexual behavior is likely a sexual gratification. Moreover, people strong indication of pleasure-focused also seem to use IPU quite frequently as a sexual motivation, particularly among means of coping with or escaping men (Regan & Dreyer, 1999), although

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation women also frequently report hedonic pornography as a compensatory behavior motivations for such encounters (Lyons et (e.g., to account for unmet sexual desires al., 2014). in a relationship) may also be associated We also note that a number of with lower satisfaction (Perry, 2019). studies clearly indicate that IPU is Ultimately, whether or not IPU is associated with the development of and causally linked to pleasure-seeking sexual experimentation with novel sexual motivation is unclear. Given that IPU preferences and practices. That is, many itself is predicted by greater pleasure- users of IP report that IP has shaped how seeking sexual motivation, it is quite they view their own sexuality and the plausible that associations between sexual preferences and proclivities that present IPU and future pleasure-seeking they hold. In this regard, it seems that sexual motivations and behaviors is IPU is influential in shaping the sexual largely accounted for by a more pleasure- desires of users. seeking sexual motivation in general. That Additionally, IPU is consistently is, the same factors that motivate more related to sexual objectification of pornography use may also be motivating prospective partners, particularly by men. future engagement in more pleasure- Should one approach partnered sexual focused sexual behavior (see Wright, activity from an exclusively self-focused 2018 for some evidence that this is not and hedonic perspective, it is quite likely the case). Thus, it remains for future work that one would also view prospective to explicitly test whether or not sexual sexual partners as sexual objects by motivation, specifically hedonic sexual which greater sexual pleasure can be motivations, are influenced by IPU or obtained (Wright & Tokunaga, 2015, whether both IPU and hedonic sexual 2016). Therefore, links between IPU and motivation are both influenced by other increased sexual objectification are explanatory variables. further evidence that IPU seems to be Sexual Script Theory associated with greater levels of pleasure- Another possible implication for the focused, impersonal sexual motivation, present work can be seen in its particularly for heterosexual men. integration with media effects extensions In contrast to the clear findings of sexual script theory. Sexual script mentioned above, the influence of IPU on theory posits that human sexuality is sexual satisfaction and on sexual risk guided by social influences that create taking is much more nuanced. In both scripts for determining sexual desires, domains, IPU has been found to have fantasies, and practices (Gagnon, 1990; deleterious effects (lower satisfaction and Simon & Gagnon, 1986). People observe, more risk taking), no effects, or positive learn, and modify the scripts in their effects (more satisfaction and less risk environment, using them as cognitive taking). These divergent results seem to guides for how to pursue and engage with vary as a function of populations being real-life sexual partners. In regards to studied and measures being used. Even sexual media generally and pornography so, there is evidence in prior literature specifically, Wright has integrated the that consuming pornography that displays concept of sexual scripting with research risky sexual behavior is, itself, predictive and theory from communication, media of engaging in such behaviors. Similarly, effects, observational learning, and there is also evidence that the use of information processing into a sexual

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation script Acquisition, Activation, Application discussed in script-theory literature, the model (3AM) of sexual media socialization sexual scripts available in IP tend to be (Wright, 2011, 2014; Wright & Bae, 2016; hedonically self-focused in nature, Wright & Donnerstein, 2014; Wright, particularly for men (J. D. Brown & Malamuth, & Donnerstein, 2012). Within L’Engle, 2009; Hald & Štulhofer, 2016; the 3AM, acquisition refers to the Štulhofer, Buško, & Landripet, 2010; C. processes by which a consumer of sexual Sun, Bridges, Johnson, & Ezzell, 2016). media develops new or novel sexual Therefore, the present findings may be scripts based on the sexual philosophies seen as a general body of evidence in espoused and behaviors exhibited by support of the 3AM, in that the current media models. For example, an IP work directly supports the notion that IPU consumer might develop a particular is influential in acquiring, activating, and fetish or behavioral preference that had applying pleasure-focused sexual scripts. not existed for them prior to IPU due to Limitations and Future Directions the statements and actions of actors in Despite the evidence reviewed pornography. Script activation refers to herein, there are limitations that are of the processes by which sexual media may consequence to the present work. Chiefly, trigger, or prime, existing sexual scripts. across over 100 studies reviewed, the An IP consumer may have learned scripts most common methodology for for both relational, other-oriented sex and pornography related studies is cross- casual, self-interested sex, for example, sectional survey research. Consistent with but their IPU keeps the latter script more past critiques of the methodology used in centrally activated in memory. Finally, pornography research (Short et al., 2012), application refers to the processes by current research is similarly plagued by a which a sexual script that has been preponderance of causal speculations and acquired and activated is called on to inferences based on cross-sectional and guide a particular judgment, attitude, or retrospective reports. In some domains, behavior. these critiques are less applicable (e.g., Studies guided by the 3AM in the the abundant and robust links between context of IPU (Braithwaite, Coulson, pornography use and casual sexual Keddington, & Fincham, 2015; behavior). Yet, generally speaking, IP Braithwaite, Givens, Brown, & Fincham, research is in need of diverse methods, 2015; Donevan & Mattebo, 2017; M. S. experimental paradigms, and longitudinal Lim, Carrotte, & Hellard, 2016; studies. This need is particularly apparent Tomaszewska & Krahé, 2016; Wright & in adolescent and child populations, as Randall, 2012) have found evidence the age of pornography exposure is quite supporting its conclusions, with many young, and the developmental outcomes such findings consistent with the position of widespread pornography exposure that IPU is associated with pleasure- during childhood are not yet known. focused aspects of sexuality. Our findings There is also a need for more rigorous are consistent with the notion that there methods (e.g., Ecological Momentary is an influence of IP on the acquisition or Assessment techniques) that delve into development of specific sexual scripts, the the experiences associated with activation of already existing scripts, and pornography consumption in more detail. the application of those scripts. We also note that the limitations Additionally, as has been repeatedly mentioned at the beginning of this review

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation likely influenced the body of literature various individual, relational, and cultural available to be reviewed. That is the foci motivations. The present article sought to of prior IPU literature on negative provide a systematic review of the ever- outcomes (L. Campbell & Kohut, 2017; expanding body of literature related to Ley et al., 2014; Montgomery-Graham et IPU and to demonstrate the relevance of al., 2015), the male-centric approach to IP such literature to understanding human literature (Short et al., 2012), and the sexuality more broadly. Collectively, morally charged nature of the topic of IP available literature suggests that IPU is (Grubbs et al., 2015; Grubbs & Perry, most often associated with and predicted 2019; Grubbs, Perry, et al., 2018) are all by pleasure-seeking motives and likely limiting factors that have prevented associated personality traits. With a more complete understanding of the regards to attitudes, behaviors, and diverse ways that IPU impacts those who beliefs about sexuality, IPU itself tends to use it. be associated with more casual and Finally, we would also note that the pleasure-centric attitudes. Oftentimes, incredible rate of technological these associations are predictive in advancement means that the type of IP nature, wherein IPU predicts greater available to consumers and the means by future engagement in pleasure-centric which it is consumed is perpetually sexual behaviors and greater acceptance changing. As has been the case with of pleasure-focused sexuality. Ultimately, technologies prior, at present, sexually the results of this review suggest that IPU explicit media—particularly IP—are one of is more closely linked with pleasure- the first and predominant uses of new focused sexual constructs, rather than technologies such as virtual reality socio-sexual bonding or procreative goals. programming, kinesthetic internet- However, given the over-reliance of this connected devices, and even robotics. research domain on cross-sectional self- Given such advances, it is likely that the report methods, causal inferences should literature concerned with technology and still be made with some caution, and pornography more broadly will continue there is a pressing need for more rigorous to expand at a seemingly exponential rate and definitive methodological in coming years, and these changes in applications. interactivity will likely correspond to differential effects on human behaviors References (Lo, Wei, & Wu, 2010). Although we Allen, M., Emmers, T., Gebhardt, L., & believe that the general conclusions of Giery, M. A. (1995). Exposure to the present work, chiefly our pornography and acceptance of demonstration of the links between rape myths. Journal of pleasure-focused sexual Communication, 45, 5–26. attitudes/behaviors and IPU, will still be Armstrong, H. L., & Reissing, E. D. relevant to future technology, only time (2015). Women’s motivations to will test this supposition. have sex in casual and committed Conclusion relationships with male and female Given the incredible popularity of IP partners. Archives of Sexual in modern societies and the rate at which Behavior, 44, 921–934. it continues to be used, it is likely to https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014- continue to influence and be influenced by 0462-4

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When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation Table 1 Summary of studies reporting individual difference variables predicting or associated with pornography use

Study Sample Characteristics Traits Study Conclusions Identifi ed (Beyens Longitudinal Study of Sensatio Sensation-seeking was et al., Belgian adolescent boys n- positively associated with six- 2015) (N = 325; Mage = 14.1, SD Seeking month pornography use = 0.8) concurrently and predictive of such use over time. Cross-sectional sample of Sexual Sexual entitlement was (Bouffard U.S. undergraduate men Entitlem positively associated with , 2010) (N = 325; age not ent greater use of pornography. specified). (Buzzell, Cross-sectional study of Low Self Low self-control was Foss, & undergraduate men in Control positively associated with Middleto the U.S. (N = 134, 53% likelihood of viewing online n, 2006) men, Mage = 20.8, SD = pornography by downloading 1.3) pornography or by visiting pornographic websites. (Grubbs, Cross-sectional U.S. Trait Trait entitlement was Wilt, et samples of both Entitlem positively, though weakly, al., 2018) undergraduates (N = ent correlated with average daily 1,507; 65.2% men; Mage = pornography use (as 19.3; SD = 2.2) and adult measured in hours) web users (N = 782,

48.8% men, Mage = 32.6, SD = 10.3) (Kasper, Cross-sectional, U.S. Narcissis Narcissism was a consistent Short, & sample of web users (N = m positive associate of past and Milam, 257; 37% men, Mage = 29, current pornography use 2015) SD = 9.3) (yes/no question of use). (Luder et Cross sectional study of Sensatio Sensation-seeking broadly al., 2011) Swiss Adolescents (N = n- correlated with both wanted 7,548, 51.5% boys; Age Seeking and unwanted exposure to IP Range: 16-20) among both boys and girls independently, even when various other explanatory factors (e.g., frequency of internet use, the use of the internet for sexual information-seeking) were adjusted statistically (Paul, Cross sectional study of Erotophil For both men and women, 2009) undergraduate students ia erotophilic tendencies in the U.S. (N = 337, positively predicted both

53.1% men, Mage = 20, pornography use and arousal SD = 1.8) from pornography use, above

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation and beyond other predictors. Additionally, separate analyses in this same sample (Shim, Lee, & Paul, 2007), found that erotophilic tendencies were also associated with general likelihood to respond to unsolicited IP (e.g., pop-up advertisements, sexually explicit emails, sexually explicit ads) by seeking more IP. (Peter & Cross sectional analysis Sensatio Sensation-seeking was Valkenbu of Dutch adolescents (N n- positively associated with rg, = 690, 48% boys, Mage = Seeking pornography use and of 2006a) 15.5, SD = 1.7) intentional efforts to view pornography. (Peter & Longitudinal study of Sensatio Sensation-seeking at baseline Valkenbu Dutch Adolescents and n- predicted pornography use rg, Adults (Adolescent N = Seeking six months later 2011b) 1,445, 51% men, Mage = 14.5, SD = 1.7; Adult N =

833, 49% men, Mage = 47.9, SD = 16.7) (Sinković, Cross-sectional analysis Sensatio In both genders, sensation- Štulhofer of Croatian young adults n- seeking was positively related , & Božić, (N = 1,005; 50.7% men; Seeking to pornography use in the 2013) Age Range: 18-25) past year. Sensation-seeking was also positively associated with considering pornography as important in the participant’s life, suggesting that sensation-seeking is associated with both behavior and values regarding pornography use. (Ševčíkov Cross-sectional study of Sensatio Sensation seeking emerged á, Šerek, adolescents in the Czech n- as a consistent positive Macháčk Republic (N = 495 , Seeking predictor of pornography ová, & 48.4% men, Mage = 13.0, consumption among children/ Šmahel, SD = 1.5) adolescents 2013) (Velezmo Cross-sectional analysis Erotophil Across both genders in both ro et al., of undergraduates in ia samples, erotophilia was 2012) Lima, Peru, (N = 251, consistently associated with 62.5% men, Mage = 21.3, the use of the internet for SD = 2.8) and sexual purposes, including Southeastern U.S. (N = viewing IP.

320, 39.1% men, Mage =

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation 18.6, SD = 0.5) (Weisskir Cross-sectional study of Sensatio Across the whole sample, ch & college students in the n- pornography use was Murphy, U.S. (N = 138; 45% men; Seeking positively predicted by trait- 2004) Mage = 20.0, SD = 2.4) sensation-seeking. (Zheng & Cross-sectional analysis Sensatio Sensation-seeking was Zheng, of Chinese young adults n- positively associated with 2014) (N = 460, 55.4% men, Seeking pornography use in both men Mage = 30.5, SD = 6.0) and women.

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation Table 2 Summary of studies reporting self-reported reasons for pornography use

Study Sample Reasons Study Conclusions Characteristics Reported (Baltaza Cross-sectional Sexual Sexual arousal was the most r et al., analysis of Arousal commonly endorsed reason for 2010) undergraduates (N pornography use among both = 751, 44.6% men, men (39% endorsed as factor

Mage = 22.3, SD = leading to pornography use) and 5.6) at a religiously women (25% endorsed as factor affiliated leading to pornography use), (Christian) despite the fact that the sample university in the had largely negative views of U.S. pornography in general. (C. C. Cross-sectional Sexual Pornography users (38% of total Brown, analysis of college Arousal, sample) predominantly endorsed Durtschi students at a Pleasure, pleasure-focused reasons as the , et al., university in the Masturbati primary motivations for 2017) Midwestern U.S. on pornography use (i.e., sexual (N = 457; 36% arousal, physical pleasure,

men; Mage = 19.7, masturbation) SD = 2.0) (Chen et Cross-sectional Satisfying Satisfying sexual desires was al., sample of sexual listed as a core motivation for 2013) Taiwanese desires pornography use by over 64% of Adolescents (N = teens reporting intentional 1,166, 55.5% men; pornography use. Age Range: 10th- 12th grade students) (T. M. Cross-sectional Masturbati In the total sample, the primary Emmers- sample of adult on reasons identified for Sommer, pornography users enhanceme pornography use were “I use it 2018) in the U.S. (N = nt; to masturbate” (53.9%), “It is 76; 60.5% men; curiosity, sexually exciting” (15.8%), and

Mage = 21.2, SD = sexual “Curiosity” (13.2%). 4.8) excitement (Mattebo A cross-sectional Self- Preponderance of participants , Tydén, sample of reported (94% of boys, 79% of girls) Häggstr adolescents in reasons for reported that pornography use is öm- Sweden (N = 877; viewing arousing; Additionally, 93% of Nordin, 54% men, Age pornograph adolescent boys and 72% of Nilsson, Range: 15-20) y adolescent girls reported that & pornography is “good for Larsson, masturbating.” 2014) (Paul & Cross-sectional Sexual Pleasure enhancement reasons Shim, analysis of college Arousal & (e.g., “As an arousing visual aide 2008) students in the Masturbati to look at while masturbating,”

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation U.S. on Paul & Shim, 2008; p. 193) were (N = 321, 150 men, the most commonly endorsed

171 women, Mage = reason for pornography use. This 20, SD = 1.8) motivation was grouped (through exploratory factor analysis) with other pleasure-enhancement/pain- reduction motivations such as frustration management, boredom relief, and stress reduction (Romito Cross-sectional Reasons For men, curiosity (84.2%), & sample of young for first friends watching (70.4%), sexual Beltrami adults in Italy (N = exposure excitement (52.6%) were the ni, 2011) 303; 52% men; Age primary reasons for first Range: 18 - >22) exposure to pornography. For women, friends watching (82.0%), Curiosity (76%), and accidental encounters (56%) were the primary reasons. (Ševčíko Cross-sectional Sexual Among adolescent boys, sexual vá & analysis of Arousal, arousal was the greatest self- Danebac adolescents in the Curiosity, reported reason for pornography k, 2014) Czech Republic (N and Desire use (69.8%) and this motivation = 2,950, 53.3% for Sexual increased as they aged through

women, Mage = 20, Education adolescents (e.g., older boys SD = 1.8) reported greater use for arousal). Among women, curiosity was the greatest self- reported reason (46.1% of users), followed by arousal (44.9%) (Solano Cross-sectional Sexual For both men and women, sexual et al., convenience Arousal; excitement to aid in 2018) sample of adults in Masturbati masturbation was the primary the U.S. on motivation for pornography use (Mechanical Turk. enhanceme (81.6% of men; 66.7% of N = 1,392, 61% nt; Sexual women), followed by sexual

women, Mage = Relief; arousal more generally and 35.8, SD = 11.8) Entertainm sexual relief. Entertainment and ent curiosity were also commonly endorsed. (Wallmyr Cross sectional Sexual Sexual arousal with the goal of & Welin, sample of Swedish Arousal & masturbation was the most 2006) adolescents and Masturbati commonly reported reason that young adults (N = on men gave for viewing IP (48.8%). 876, 36.6% male; For female respondents, sexual Age Range: 15-25) arousal was much less frequently endorsed as a motive for pornography use compared to

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation other motives (12.4%), falling far behind reasons such as curiosity (54.6%) and social pressure (19.0%)

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation Table 3 Summary of studies reporting coping motivations for pornography use

Study Sample Negative Study Conclusions Characteristics Affect Measure (Baltazar Cross-sectional Coping Among pornography users, 23% of et al., analysis of Motivation men and 4% of women reported using 2010) undergraduates (N and Low pornography to reduce negative affect, = 751, 44.6% men, Self- despite the fact that the sample had

Mage = 22.3, SD = Esteem largely negative views of pornography 5.6) at a religiously in general. Additionally, 8% of men affiliated users and 5% of women users also (Christian) endorsed increasing pornography use university in the in response to feelings of low self- U.S. esteem. (Chen et Cross-sectional Boredom Boredom relief was listed as a al., sample of motivation for IP-seeking among 55.8% 2013) Taiwanese of respondents Adolescents (N = 1,166, 55.5% men; Age Range: 10th- 12th grade students) (L. J. Cross-Sectional Depressive Depressive symptoms were associated Nelson Study of young Symptoms with greater use of pornography. et al., adult men in the 2010) U.S. (N = 192; 100% men; Mage = 21.0, SD = 3.0) (Paul & A cross-sectional Frustration Pleasure enhancement reasons were Shim, analysis of U.S. manageme the most commonly endorsed reason 2008) college students nt, for pornography use. However, these (N = 321, 150 boredom motivations were grouped (through men, 171 women, relief, and exploratory factor analysis) with pain-

Mage = 20, SD = stress reduction motivations such as 1.8). reduction frustration management, boredom relief, and stress reduction (Peter & A longitudinal, Lower Life Ratings of lower life satisfaction at Valkenb nationally Satisfactio baseline, for both adults and urg, representative, n adolescents, consistently predicted 2011b) 2008, two-wave pornography use six months later. panel study of adults (N = 833;

Mage = 14.49, SD = 1.68; 51% men) and adolescents (N

= 1,445; Mage = 47.89, SD = 16.67;

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation 49% men) in the Netherlands. (Rissel A cross-sectional, Psychologi For both men and women, current et al., nationally cal psychological distress was associated 2017) representative Distress with greater likelihood of reporting sample of lifetime pornography use. Australian adults (N = 8,424; 47.6% men; Age Range: 16-69) (Rothma A qualitative study Boredom Boredom relief was endorsed as a n et al., of inner-city youth reason for the use of pornography (not 2015) in the U.S. (N = limited to internet pornography use). 23; Mage = 17.6, SD = N/A; 40% boys) (Schenk, A U.S. cross- Boredom Boredom was consistently related to 2009) sectional study of pornography use; although the simple 290 couples (N = effect of this relationship was small 580 individuals; (e.g., 2.2% variance in pornography

50% men, Mage = use accounted for by boredom), these 45.4, SD = 5.8) results were actually curvilinear in nature, with boredom demonstrating positive quadratic effects (e.g., more powerful predictor of pornography use at higher levels of boredom) (Weaver Cross-sectional Depressive Depressive symptoms associated with et al., sample of adults in Symptoms greater use of pornography. 2011) the U.S. (N = 559; 48.5% men, Age Range: 35-54) (Weber A Cross-sectional Life Loneliness was positively associated et al., study of German Satisfactio with greater pornography use among 2018) adults (N = 2527 n; both men and women; for men only, individuals; 47% Loneliness lower levels of life satisfaction also

men, Mage = 49.4, predicted greater levels of SD = 17.8) pornography use (Wilt, Cross-sectional, Self- Lower levels of self-esteem were Cooper, U.S. Esteem related (weakly) to greater use of Grubbs, undergraduates (N pornography. Exline, & = 1,070, 68% men, Pargame Mage = 19.23, SD = nt, 2016) 2.34) (Ybarra Nationally Depressive Depressive symptoms were associated & representative, Symptoms with greater IP-seeking behaviors. Mitchell, cross-sectional 2005) study of adolescents in the U.S.; N = 1,501, gender not

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation specified; Age Range: 10-17 years (Yoder, Cross-sectional Loneliness Loneliness was positively associated Virden survey of adults in with daily and weekly pornography III, & the U.S. (N = 400; use. Amin, 71.5% men; Age 2005) Range: 21-61)

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation

Table 4 Summary of studies reporting associations between pornography use and casual sexual attitudes and behavior

Sample Study Characteristi Outcome Study Conclusions cs (Baams et Longitudinal Permissive Higher sexual media use al., 2015) study of Dutch attitudes (including pornography) adolescents (N toward corresponded to more = 444, 48.2% sexuality permissive sexual attitudes.

men, Mage = Over time, these variables 14.5, SD = trended together, so that 0.61) greater sexual media use was associated with increasingly permissive attitudes toward sex over time. (Braithwai Cross-sectional Friends with Pornography use was associated te, Aaron, study of benefits with greater likelihood of et al., undergraduate relationships having engaged in a “friends 2015) s in the U.S. with benefits” relationship, Study 1 (Study 1, N = greater number of partners with 850, 23% men, which one had engaged in such

Mage = 19.3, relationships, and greater plan SD = 1.3) to continue such relationships in the future (Braithwai Longitudinal Friends with Cross-sectional replication of te, Aaron, study of benefits Study 1 (above). When these et al., undergraduate relationships findings were examined 2015) s in the U.S. longitudinally over a three- Study 2 (Study 2, N = month period, the association 992, 30% men, between pornography use and

Mage = 19.5., “friends with benefits” SD = 1.3) relationships both held, and was stronger than the cross- sectional association between the two behaviors, after adjusting for the stability of “friends with benefits” relationships (Braithwai Same as Casual Sexual Pornography use was associated te, described in Encounters with casual sexual behavior in Coulson, Braithwaite, (referred to the form of hookups both cross- et al., Aaron, et al., as “hook sectionally and longitudinally. 2015) 2015 ups”) pornography use predicted both the likelihood of having engaged in a hookup, the number of previous hookup partners, and

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation the planned likelihood of engaging in future hookups. (Braun- A cross- History of Pornography use was associated Courville sectional study past casual with a greater history of casual & Rojas, of adolescents sexual sexual encounters and more 2009) in the U.S. (N encounters; permissive attitudes toward = 433, 85% Attitudes future casual sexual encounters

women, Mage = toward future 18; SD = 2.1) casual sexual encounters (C. C. A cross- Sexual Pornography use was associated Brown, sectional study Permissivene with greater sexual Conner, & of college ss permissiveness in both men and Vennum, students in the women. 2017) U.S. (N = 635; 75% women;

Mage for men = 20.22, SD =

3.10; Mage for women = 19.16, SD = 2.12) (J. D. Longitudinal Permissive Greater use of sexually explicit Brown & study (2 years) Sexual Norms media was cross-sectionally L’Engle, of adolescents and Casual associated with more permissive 2009) in the Sexual sexual norms and greater Southeastern Behavior acceptance of casual sexual United States behavior in both men and (N = 967, women. When sampled again 49.9% boys, two years later, pornography

Mage = 13.6, use at baseline was associated SD = 0.7), with continued tendencies toward greater sexual permissiveness, as well as greater engagement in a variety of sexual behaviors (Carroll et Cross-sectional Attitudes Pornography use was commonly al., 2008) study of young toward non- reported by both genders (more adults in the committed so among men: 86.1% men vs. U.S. (N = 813, sexual 31% of women) and positively

38% men; Mage behaviors associated with acceptance of = 20, SD = non-committed sexual behaviors 1.8) (Doornwaa A four-wave, Sexually For boys, there was a rd, longitudinal permissive unidirectional effect of Bickham, study of Dutch attitudes and pornography use on sexually Rich, ter adolescents (N sexual permissive attitudes, where Bogt, & = 1,132; behavior greater use predicted more van den 52.7% boys; permissive attitudes over time, Eijnden, Mage = 13.95, but not the reverse. That is,

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation 2015) SD = 1.18) pornography use led to increases in permissive sexuality, but permissive sexuality did not necessarily lead to increases in pornography use. (T. A cross- Sexual For both men and women, use Emmers- sectional study openness and of pornography was associated Sommer, of university permissivene with greater sexual openness Hertlein, students in the ss and permissiveness as indicated & U.S. (N = 846; by greater willingness to Kennedy, 41.9% boys; engage in non-committed or 2013) Mage = 21.25, extra-relational sexual behavior. SD = 5.05) (Ferron, A cross- Cyber- Pornography use was associated Lussier, sectional study infidelity with greater engagement in Sabourin, of French- (e.g., cyber-infidelity among both men & Canadian emotional or and women. Brassard, adults in sexual 2016) relationships involvement (N = 779; with an 32.7% men; individual

Mage = 29.85, who is not SD = 9.91) one’s primary partner) (Gwinn, Two studies of Attitudes Experimentally (Study 1) Lambert, undergraduate toward and exposure to pornography use Fincham, s in the U.S. engagement was shown to increase & Maner, Study 1, in infidelity perceived quality of relationship 2013) Experimental alternatives (e.g., options for (N = 74; 36%% infidelity). Longitudinally (Study men; Age 2), over 12 weeks, greater use Range = 18- of pornography use at baseline 25) predicted greater engagement in extradyadic infidelity. Study 2, 12- week longitudinal (N = 291; 18.2% men; Age Range: 18-28) (Hagen, A four-year Number of Pornography use was associated Thompson longitudinal sexual with a greater mean number of , & study of partners sexual partners since age 14. Williams, college men in since age 14 2018) the U.S. (N = 795; Mage = 18.58 at baseline) (Hald & Cross-sectional Non- Pornography use was predictive

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation Mulya, study of committed of non-committed sexual 2013) university and behaviors and extramarital students (N = extramarital sexual behaviors 556; 73.4% sexual women) in a behavior predominantly Muslim society with strict anti- pornography laws (Indonesia) (Lam & Cross-sectional Sexually Pornography use was positively Chan, analysis of permissive associated with sexual 2007) men in Hong attitudes permissiveness and proclivity to Kong (N = engage in sexual harassment

229, Mage = 21.5, SD = 1.8) (Lambert, Cross-sectional Casual sexual Pornography use in the past 30 Negash, analyses of encounters, days was associated with Stillman, college infidelity greater likelihood of engaging Olmstead, students in in casual sexual encounters and/ & romantic or extradyadic encounters, as Fincham, relationships well as reduced commitment to 2012) in the U.S. one’s partner.

Study 1 (N = 367, Age 17-26 18.3% men)

Study 4 (N = 67, Age

Range 17-25, 43.5% men)

Study 5 (N = 240, Age

Range 18-28, 21.5% men)

(Leonhard Cross-sectional Sexual Both cross-sectionally and over t & (N = 568) and Permissivene a one year time period, for Willoughb longitudinal (N ss unmarried emerging adults, y, 2017) = 142) studies greater pornography use was of emerging associated with greater sexual adults in the permissiveness and greater U.S. (Time 1: emphasis on being sexually

Mage = 20.82, “ready” before marriage. SD = 3.53) (Lo & Wei, Cross-sectional Sexually Pornography use was cross-

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation 2005) sample of permissive sectionally associated with and Taiwanese attitudes predictive of more sexually adolescents (N permissive attitudes and = 2,001; 50% behaviors (e.g., casual sex)

boys; Mage = 15.6, SD = 0.9) (Lou et al., Cross-sectional Premarital Pornography use (including, but 2012) sample of sexual not limited to pornography use) Chinese permissivene was positively predictive of adolescents ( ss and sexual greater premarital sexual N = 17,016, behavior permissiveness and behavioral Age Range 15- engagement sexual engagement. 24; 51.2% women) (Martyniu Longitudinal Sexual Although positive cross- k & studies of Permissivene sectional associations between Štulhofer, Croatian ss pornography use and sexual 2018) adolescents in permissiveness were observed, two samples over the course of two years, (Sample 1, N = pornography use did not predict 372; 72% increases in sexual

women, Mage = permissiveness in men or 16.1, SD = women. 0.46; Sample 2, N = 753; 63% women;

Mage = 15.9, SD = 0.52) (Martyniu Cross-sectional Casual sexual Men who used pornography k, Briken, survey of behavior. more (including, but not limited Sehner, German (N = to the internet) reported greater Richter- 1,303, 51.5% levels of casual sexual behavior. Appelt, & men; Mage = Dekker, 22.79, SD = 2016) 1.96) and Polish (N = 1,135, 34.5%

men; Mage = 21.91, SD = 1.88) University students. (Mattebo A cross- Self-reported Positive attitudes toward et al., sectional experiences pornography use were 2014) sample of of casual sex associated with greater self- adolescents in reports of casual-sex Sweden (N = engagement. 877; 54% men, Age Range: 15- 20)

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation (Mattebo, A cross- Casual sex Girls who reported pornography Tydén, sectional engagement use (not limited to the internet) Häggströ sample of (one-night reported substantially higher m-Nordin, adolescent stands) rates of casual sexual behaviors Nilsson, & girls in (45% of pornography users) in Larsson, Sweden (N = contrast with non-users (22%). 2016) 393, Age Range: 15-20) (Omori et A cross- Sexual Pornography exposure (in print, al., 2011) sectional permissivene internet, and TV forms) was sample of ss associated with greater college endorsement of sexually students in permissive attitudes Japan (N = 476; 40.3%

men, Mage = 19.5, SD = 1.3) (Rasmusse Longitudinal Number of Pornography use (including, but n & study of sexual not limited to the internet) was Bierman, adolescents in partners predictive of initiation of sexual 2018) the U.S. (N = activity with a greater number 2029; 50% of partners and experimentation boys; Age in a greater number of sexual Range: 13-17) activities. (Peter & Cross-sectional Sexual Pornography use was associated Valkenbur study of Dutch permissivene with greater sexual g, 2008) adolescents (N ss; Attitudes permissiveness and acceptance = 2,343, 51% toward future of non-committed sexual

men; Mage = non- exploration in the future. 16.4, SD = committed 2.29) sexual acts (Peter & Cross-sectional Exposure to IP was associated, Valkenbur study of Dutch Recreational positively, with more g, 2006b) adolescents (N attitudes recreational and uncommitted = 471 , 52% toward sex. attitudes toward sex, though

boys; Mage = this relationship was mediated 15.5, SD = 1.7) by perceived realism. (Peter & Longitudinal Instrumental Exposure to IP at baseline Valkenbur study of Dutch views of sex positively predicted increasingly g, 2010) adolescents (N instrumental (rather than = 959; Mage = relational/intimate) views of 16.8, SD = 2.3) sexual behavior. This process was mediated by the effect of pornography use on increasing social realism (i.e., that IP was realistic) and utility (i.e., that IP is useful). Greater frequency of IP at baseline predicted increases in perceived realism and utility, which, in turn,

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation predicted increases in instrumental attitudes toward sex. (Rissel et Cross- Number of Having two or more sexual al., 2017) sectional, sexual partners within the previous 12 nationally partners in months was predictive, for both representative the past year men and women, of greater study of adults odds of endorsing both lifetime in Australia (N and 12 month use of = 20,094; pornography 49.5% men; Age Range: 18- 65) (Shaughne A cross- Acceptance of Past-month pornography use for ssy, Byers, sectional study casual sexual sexual arousal purposes was & Walsh, of participants behavior and positively associated with both 2011) in the U.S. (N number of greater acceptance of casual = 217; 50% sexual sex and a greater reported

men; Mage = partners number of past sexual partners. 19.5; SD = 2.0) (ter Bogt, A cross- Casual sex Among boys, but not girls, Engels, sectional acceptance pornography use (both on the Bogers, & sample of internet and on TV) was Kloosterm Dutch positively associated with an, 2010)t adolescents (N greater acceptance of casual = 217; 53% sex. boys; Age Range: 13-16) (To, Ngai, A cross- Adolescents who reported & Iu Kan, sectional study Premarital pornography use in the past 2012) of adolescents sexual year were more likely to report in Hong Kong permissivene higher levels of premarital (N = 503; ss sexual permissiveness, with 53.1% boys; greater frequency being related

Mage = 15.85; to greater permissiveness. SD = 1.18) (Štulhofer, A cross- Acceptance of Among both men and women, Buško, & sectional study recreational frequency of pornography use Schmidt, of Croatian sex was not associated with greater 2012) college acceptance of recreational or students (N = casual sex. 544; 34% men; Age Range: 18- 25) (van Longitudinal Willingness to Over time, greater pornography Oosten, study of Dutch engage in use was associated with Peter, & adolescents (N casual sexual increased willingness to engage Vandenbo = 1,467; 50% behavior in casual sex. sch, 2017) men; Age Range: 13-17)

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation (Vandenbo Three-wave Engagement Pornography use was positively sch & van longitudinal in casual predictive of engagement in Oosten, study of Dutch sexual more casual sexual behaviors 2018) Adolescents (N behavior over time. This finding was = 1079; 53.1% robust, though the inverse was

boys; Mage = not (i.e., that casual sex 15.11; SD = predicted more pornography 1.39) use over time). (Wright, U.S. Nationally Casual Sexual Pornography use was associated 2012) Representative Behavior with increasing engagement in Sample (GSS) casual sexual encounters, but casual sexual encounters were not reciprocally associated with increased pornography use. Although these findings cannot confirm a direct, causal relationship between pornography use and casual sex, they do show that increases in pornography use precede greater engagement in casual sexual behaviors over time (Wright, Four nationally Premarital Across samples 1 and 2, 2018) representative (Samples 1 pornography viewing was samples of and 2) and consistently associated with participants in extramarital greater acceptance of the U.S. sexual premarital sexual activity and derived from behavior greater engagement in the General (Samples 3 & premarital sexual activity, even Social Survey 4) after controlling for the data from relationship between use and 1988-2016. attitudes toward premarital Sample 1: sexuality. That is, pornography unmarried use was independently related participants (N to behavioral engagement in

= 4181; Mage = premarital sexual activity, above 40.9, SD = and beyond its relationship with 18.3, 43% attitudes toward and men) acceptance of such behaviors. Sample 2: Across samples 3 and 4, the unmarried same patterns held, with participants (N regards to both attitdudes

= 275; Mage = toward and engagement in 32.8, SD = extramarital sexual activity. 12.7, 54% men) Sample 3: married or previously- married

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation participants (N

= 6621; Mage = 49.3, SD = 15.3, 44% men) Sample 4: married or previously- married participants (N

= 388; Mage = 44.62, SD = 11.93, 51% men) (Wright, Longitudinal Sexual Over time, the use of sexually Tokunaga, panel study of Permissivene explicit media (not directly & Bae, General Social ss and defined as internet use only) 2014) Survey (GSS) openness to was associated with increases in participants in extramarital sexual permissiveness and more the U.S.; two behaviors open attitudes toward samples were extramarital sexual behaviors. surveyed at Notably, this association two time- persisted, above and beyond points over baseline attitudes, suggesting two years that pornography use is (Sample 1, N = predictive of such attitudes.

269, Mage = Additionally, the pattern was 47.0, SD = not evident in reverse (e.g., 14.8, 37% extramarital openness did not men, sampled predict pornography use over at 2006 and time), suggesting that the 2008; Sample relationship between the two 2, N = 282, variables is not bidirectional.

Mage = 49.9, SD = 14.0, 50.1% men, sampled at 2008 and 2010

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation Table 5 Summary of studies reporting associations between pornography use and specific sexual preferences or desires

Sample Study Outcome Study Conclusions Characteristics (Bridges, A cross-sectional Desire for Pornography use was associated Sun, samples of specific with the desire to try specific Ezzell, & internet using sexual sexual practices commonly seen Johnson, undergraduates practices in pornographic content (e.g., 2016) in the U.S.; N = men spanking their partners, 1,883; 38.6% facial ejaculation, anal

men; Mage = penetration). 22.6, SD = 8.0), (Donevan A large cross- Likelihood of Greater pornography use was & sectional study trying associated with engagement in Mattebo, of high-school activities behaviors or acts witnessed in 2017) students in seen in IP pornography. Sweden (N = 229, 46% boys; Participants all 18 years old) (Häggströ A large cross- Likelihood of Users, particularly boys, who m-Nordin, sectional study trying consumed more pornography Hanson, & of high-school activities reported greater likelihood of Tydén, students in seen in IP trying to perform acts seen in a 2005) Sweden (N = film. 718, 53.9% boys; Age Range: 17- 21) (Hald, Cross-sectional Desire for Pornography use was positively Kuyper, study of Dutch “adventurous predictive of a desire to have Adam, & adolescents (N = sex” more “adventurous sex” in real de Wit, 4,600; 30.5% life (e.g., multiple partners at 2013) men; Age Range: the same time; meeting online 15-25) partners for real-life encounters), even when other explanatory variables (e.g., thrill-seeking, sexual sensation- seeking, assertiveness, sexual self-esteem, religiousness) were controlled (Husain & A cross-sectional Sexual Both men and women who Qureshi, study of married practice consumed IP were more likely 2016) adults in preferences to report a desire or expectation Pakistan (N = in marriage for partnered practices 100, 41% men; commonly depicted in Age Range: 21- pornography (e.g., oral sex, 66) unconventional sexual

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation practices). (Martyniu Cross-sectional Variety of Pornography use (including, but k et al., survey of sexual not limited to pornography use) 2016) German (N = activities was positively associated with 1,303 , 51.5% greater variety of sexual

men; Mage = activities, but not with greater 22.79, SD = sexual risk taking. 1.96) and Polish (N = 1,135,

34.5% men; Mage = 21.91, SD = 1.88) university students. (Mattebo A cross-sectional Sexual Pornography use (not limited to et al., sample of fantasy and the internet) was associated 2016) adolescent girls variety of with greater sexual activity and in Sweden (N = sexual with endorsement of having 393, Age Range: activities fantasies or attempts to copy 15-20) behaviors witnessed in pornography. (Morgan, Cross-sectional Sexual Regular pornography use was 2011) study of of Preferences associated with greater variety college students in sexual preferences and a in the Northwest greater preference for a variety U.S. (N = 782, of sexual practices (e.g., using

41.7% men, Mage toys or props; playful = 19.9, Age domination/submission; trying Range: 18-30) novel positions). Regular users tended to report a desire to engage in a wide variety of sexual experiences, even if they had previously had no experience with such behaviors (Schrimsh A cross-sectional Sexual Large proportions of aw, study of men Fantasies and respondents indicated that Antebi- who have sex Preferences pornography use (not limited to Gruszka, with men in the the internet) had shaped their & U.S (N = 265; sexual desires (85%), fantasies Downing, Mage = 32.9, SD (93%), and actions (70%). 2016) = 12.5) (C. Sun et A cross-sectional Sexual Pornography use predicted the al., 2016) of Preferences likelihood that an individual undergraduate would request specific sexual men in the U.S. acts seen in IP from a real-life (N = 479, Age partner and the likelihood that Range: 18-29) pornography would be integrated into sexual encounters as a supplement to enhance arousal. (C. F. Sun, A cross-sectional Desire to Pornography use (including, but

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation Wright, & study of German participate in not limited to the internet) was Steffen, women (N = submissive positively associated with a 2017) 392; Mage = sexual acts desire to participate in sexually 27.49, SD = submissive acts, consistent with 6.72) those seen in most mainstream pornographic films. (B. Træen A cross-sectional Sexual Among heterosexual men (but & sample of Experimentat not among women or Daneback, Norwegian ion Gay/Bisexual men), 2013) adults (N = pornography consumption was 2381; 41% men; associated with greater sexual Age Range: 18- experimentation and sexual 25) activities consistent with those witnessed in pornography. (Weinberg Interview based Openness to IP exposure was associated with et al., study of Diverse increased openness to a variety 2010) undergraduates Sexual Acts of sexual acts, including oral- Study 1 in the U.S. (N = genital contact, the use of 172; 41% men; mechanical enhancements (i.e.,

Mage = 21.3; Age sex toys), openness to anal Range: 18-34) sexual stimulation, and the desire to engage in multi- partner sexual encounters (i.e., three-way sexual encounters) (Weinberg Cross-sectional, Openness to Free response answers from et al., qualitative study Diverse both men and women reflected 2010) with Sexual Acts a causal understanding of the Study 2 undergraduates relationship between their (N = 73, 26% pornography use and sexual men preferences, noting that IP had normalized a wide range of sexual behaviors and enhanced their personal openness to engaging in such behaviors. (Wright & Experimental Preference Men who typically did not Tokunaga, Study of for more engage in regular pornography 2015) undergraduate attractive use, when shown images of men in the U.S. partners centerfolds, reported greater

(N = 133, Mage = preferences for attractive 20.91, SD = partners. 1.84), (Wright, Cross-sectional Desire for Pornography use in women is Steffen, et study of German specific associated with a desire to al., 2017) women (N = sexual engage in specific sexual 392, Mage = 27.5, practices practices seen in IP SD = 6.7) (Wright, Cross-sectional Desire for Pornography use in men is Sun, study of German specific associated with a desire to Steffen, & men; N = 384, sexual engage in specific sexual Tokunaga, Mage = 32.1, SD practices practices seen in IP

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation 2015) = 9.1

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation Table 6 Summary of Studies Reporting Associations between Pornography Use and Sexual Risk Taking

StudySample Outcome Study Conclusions Characteristic s (Bradley etClients of Solicitation of sex Among men who were clients of al., 2016)Female Sex workers. HIV risk female sex workers, those who had Workers in behaviors. recently consumed pornography India (N = 684; (not limited to internet) were more 100% men; Age likely to report anal sex with a sex Range: 18-60; worker. Additionally, clients who

Mage = 31.4) did not use condoms during encounters with sex workers were more likely to be regular pornography users. (BraithwaitCross-sectional Multiple indicatorsPornography use was associated e, Givens,study of college of sexual risk with intoxication during et al.,students in the taking uncommitted sexual encounters, 2015) U.S. (N = 1216; with men specifically 37% men; Men: demonstrating a pattern of greater

Mage = 19.6, SD pornography use being associated = 1.4; Women: with greater intoxication.

Mage = 19.2, SD Additionally, it was also associated = 1.15) with a higher incidence of unprotected (e.g., no condom) penetrative sexual encounters while intoxicated, a particularly risky sexual behavior (Braun-Cross-sectional Multiple indicatorsPornography use was positively Courville &study of of sexual risk associated with greater frequency Rojas,adolescents in taking of sexual intercourse, more 2009) New York City lifetime partners, more partners (N = 433; 85% within the past three months,

girls; Mage = 18, greater likelihood of using alcohol SD = 2.1, Age or illicit substances during Range: 12-22) intercourse, greater likelihood to have had anal sex, and with overall sexual risk scores. (Bulot,Cross-sectional Various indicators pornography use use, particularly Leurent, &study of of sexual risk more frequent pornography use, Collier,university taking was associated with a number of 2015)students in (N risk factors such as greater = 794; 38.2% number of sexual partners, greater

men; Mage = engagement in casual sexual 19.8, SD = 1.7) behaviors, lower use of preventative measures to avoid sexually transmitted infections,

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation and higher consumption of substances when sexual active. (DonevanA large cross- Multiple indicatorsIndividuals who use more IP report & Mattebo,sectional study of sexual risk a variety of behaviors that are 2017)of high-school taking often considered risky, such as students in earlier sexual debut. Sweden (N = 229, 46% boys; Participants all 18 years old)

(Eaton,Cross-sectional Unprotected sex In a sample of HIV negative men Cain, Pope,study of men in participating in a risk-reduction Garcia, &the U.S. who intervention, pornography use was Cherry,have sex with associated with a greater 2012)men (N = 149) likelihood of having had recent unprotected sex and a greater number of partners with whom unprotected sex had occurred (M. S. C.Cross-sectional High-risk sexual Pornography viewing was not Lim, Agius,study of behaviors associated with unprotected or Carrotte,Australian high-risk sexual behaviors, but was Vella, &adolescents and associated with greater prevalence Hellard,young adults (N of anal sex. 2017)= 941; 27% men; Age Range: 15-29) (Luder etA 2002, Cross Multiple indicatorsThere were no associations found al., 2011)sectional study of sexual risk between IP exposure (intentional of internet- taking or unintentional) and risky sexual using Swiss behaviors for either male or female adolescents (N participants, except for condom = 7,458, 51.5% use among boys. For boys, boys) intentional exposure to IP was associated with a reduced likelihood to have used a condom during the most recent sexual encounter. (MahapatrCross-sectional Multiple indicatorsHaving viewed pornographic a &study of male of sexual risk videos in general was associated Saggurti,migrant taking with a greater likelihood of 2014)workers in engaging in paid sex, experience of India (N = an STI, and inconsistent use of 11,219, 100% condoms.

men, Mage = 26.6, SD = 5.5) (MartyniukCross-sectional Sexual debut Among women, but not men, et al.,survey of under 15, number pornography use (not limited to 2016)German (N = of sexual partners, the internet) was associated with

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation 1,303 , 51.5% and younger sexual debut and a

men; Mage = greater number of sexual partners. 22.79, SD = In both men and women, 1.96) and Polish pornography was not related to (N = 1,135, condom use. 34.5% men;

Mage = 21.91, SD = 1.88) University students. (Morrison,A cross- Safe sex practices No statistically significant Morrison,sectional association was found between & Bradley,sample of men exposure to pornography (not 2007)who have sex limited to the internet) and safe with men (N = sexual practices.

66, Mage = 35.5, SD = 12.6) (Noubiap A cross- Condom use, Consumption of pornography (not et al.,sectional number of lifetime limited to internet pornography) 2015)survey of sexual partners, was associated with a greater college and age of sexual number of lifetime sexual partners students in debut and a lower age of first sexual Cameroon (N = debut. Condom use was unrelated 411; Age to pornography consumption. Range: 17–50;

Mage 24.6, SD 4.6) (K. M.African- Condom Use and Pornography use was common, Nelson,American/Black preference for with the majority of participants Eaton, &men in the U.S. condom use in indicating a preference for Gamarel,who reported pornography pornography that feature no use of 2017)same-sex sexual condoms. However, such encounters (N preferences were not associated = 654; Age with real-world behaviors with Range: 18–62; regards to condom use. M 33.58, SD 11.01) (Peter &Longitudinal, Unsafe Sexual Pornography use was associated Valkenburnationally Practices with greater sexual risk taking. g, 2011a)representative, Cross-sectionally, within both 2008, two-wave samples, there were small positive panel study of correlations between pornography adults (N = use and unsafe sexual practices 833) and (i.e., unprotected sex). Over a six- adolescents (N month period, pornography use = 1,445) in was unrelated to risky sexual Holland behaviors in adolescents, but positively predictive of risky sexual behavior in adults, above and beyond the predictive influence of

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation baseline risky sexual behaviors. Additionally, no reciprocal relationship was found (i.e., risky sexual behavior did not predict pornography use over time), suggesting that pornography use may be driving increases in risky sexual behavior, but not the inverse (Rissel etNationally Anal Sex Lifetime history of anal sex (for al., 2017)representative both men and women) was study of associated with greater odds of Australian lifetime and past-year use of Adults (N = pornography. 20,094; Age Range 18-65) (Rosser etA cross Condomless sex Pornography use itself was not al., 2013)sectional study associated with condom use of U.S. men behaviors, though there were who have sex indications that higher use of with men (N = pornography (e.g., an hour per day 1,391; 83.7% or more) was associated with aged 18-45; condomless sex. Greater 16.3% aged consumption of pornography over 45) featuring condomless sex was associated with greater risk behaviors in real-life sexual encounters. (SchrimshaA cross- Condomless sex Pornography use (not limited to w et al.,sectional study the internet) including preferences 2016)of men who for condomless pornography were have sex with largely unrelated to condom use in men in the U.S sexual encounters.

(N = 265; Mage = 32.9, SD = 12.5) (SinkovićCroatian young Sexual risk-taking Frequency of pornography use and et al.,adults (N = personal importance of 2013)1,005; 50.7% pornography use were not men; Age predictors of various risky sexual Range: 18-25) behaviors. However, age at first exposure to IP was a significant, but weak, predictor of sexual risk taking, with earlier age of exposure being associated with greater risk taking. (Stein,Large-scale, Unprotected sex men who reported having Silvera,cross-sectional witnessed unprotected anal Hagerty, &study of non- intercourse in IP were also more Marmor,monogamous likely to endorse engaging in such

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation 2012)men (in the behaviors in their real-life sexual U.S.) who have encounters. sex with men (N = 751; Median Age = 32; Age Range: 18-68) (X. Sun etCross-sectional Attitudes toward For both men and women al., 2013)study of college condom use pornography use was associated students in positive attitudes toward risky China (N = sexual behaviors such as not using 19,123; 48.7% condoms

men, Mage = 20.8, SD = 1.5) (Svedin,A cross- Unsafe sexual Frequent users of IP (N = 200) in Åkerman,sectional study practices comparison to infrequent and non- & Priebe,of Swedish users (N = 1,702) were more likely 2011)adolescent boys to have paid for sex, sold sex, have (N = 1,902; a sexual debut younger than 15

Mage = 18.15; years of age, and engage in SD = 0.74) sexually coercive behavior in sexual encounters. (Thai &Experimental Condomless sex Consumption of pornography Barlow,study of featuring condomless anal sex was 2018)Australian men associated with greater intention who have sex to engage in condomless sexual with men (N = activity, but only when the 659; 84.5%% potential target of such activity aged 18-50; (e.g., prospective partner) was 15.5% aged deemed highly attractive. over 50) (Traeen etA cross Condomless sex Consuming pornography showing al., 2015;sectional study condom use was associated with Benteof Norwegian real-world condom use behaviors. Træen,men who have However, overall pornography Hald, etsex with men consumption was associated with al., 2014;(N = 507; greater unprotected anal sex, Bente75.4% aged 18- though this was mediated by Træen,45; 24.6% aged personal feelings of condom use Noor, etover 45) self-efficacy. Consumption of al., 2014) pornography featuring condomless sex predicted condomless sex. (Whitfield,A longitudinal Condomless Anal Pornography use itself did not Rendina,study of gay Sex directly predict more condomless Grov, &and bisexual sex, but consuming pornography Parsons,0men in the that featured condomless sex 2018)U.S. (N = 546; moderated this finding, in that Mage = 40.8; SD frequent consumers of = 13.7) pornography featuring condomless sex were substantively more likely

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation to engage in condomless sex themselves. (WilkersonCross-sectional, Unsafe sexual When participants found acts et al.,qualitative practices depicted in IP to be arousing and 2012)study of men pleasurable (in appearance), and (in the U.S.) when a trusted sexual partner was who have sex available, riskier sexual behaviors with men (N = were reported as a likely result.

79; Mage = not reported) (Wright &Women from Sexual partners Women who acknowledged Arroyo,the U.S. pornography use were more likely 2013)nationally to report having multiple sexual representative partners. GSS (years 2000-2004) (Wright &Men from the Multiple indicatorsMen who acknowledged viewing Randall,nationally of sexual risk pornography also endorsed a 2012)representative taking variety of other riskier sexual GSS (N = behaviors including having

1,079; Mage = multiple partners, engaging 14.2; SD = extramarital sex, and paying for 14.1) sex. (Wright,Cross-temporal Multiple indicatorsFor men, pornography use in 2013)analysis of 37 of sexual risk general—not just IP— in men was years (1973- taking associated with more sexual 2010) of U.S. partners over the lifetime and nationally greater likelihood of having representative solicited or paid for a sexual data on men encounter. (via the GSS) (Wright etCross-temporal Multiple indicatorsWomen who used pornography al., 2013)analysis of 37 of sexual risk were also more likely to report years (1973- taking having extramarital sex, having 2010) of U.S. paid sex, and having multiple nationally sexual partners representative data on women (via the GSS) (Wright,A cross- Condom Use For individuals not in monogamous Miezan,sectional study relationships, viewing Sun, &of English pornography as a source of sexual Steffen,adults (N = 98; information was associated with 2018)58% men; Mage lower levels of condom use. = 31.2; SD = 9.5) (Wright,A cross- Condom Use Pornography use itself was Sun, §ional study unrelated to condom use, but Steffen,of German considering pornography as a 2018)adults (N = source of sexual information was

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation 200; 50.5% associated with lower levels of

men; Mage = condom use. 28.93; SD = 7.34) (Wright,Two cross- Condom Use Pornography use (predominately Tokunaga,sectional IPU) was associated with less & Kraus,studies of frequent use of condoms during 2016b) undergraduates sexual encounters and lower in the U.S. estimation of peer condom use (Study 1, N = (i.e., believing that condom use is 310, 54.5% generally less common).

men; Mage = 20.4, SD = 1.8; Study 2, N = 418, 78.7%

women; Mage = 21.2, SD = 2.8) (Wright,A cross- Condom use Pornography use was negatively Sun, §ional study associated with condom use, as Miezan,of women in was perceiving pornography as a 2019)South Korea (N source of sexual information. = 140; Mage = 23.7; SD = 3.7) (Xu,Cross-sectional Multiple indicatorsPornography use itself, among Zheng, &study of of sexual risk men who have sex with men, was Rahman,Chinese men taking unrelated to risk behaviors, though 2017) who have sex viewing unsafe sexual practices in with men (N = pornography was associated with

314; Mage = greater sexual risk taking with 25.46; SD = regular partners, but not with 6.46) casual sexual partners.

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation Table 7 Summary of Studies Detailing Relationships between Pornography Use and Sexual Satisfaction

Study Setting and Sample Summary of findings (Bridges & Morokoff, A cross-sectional sample of Pornography use in men was 2011) U.S. adults in committed associated with lower individual relationships sexual satisfaction; pornography (N = 217 couples; 50% Men; use in women not associated

Men, Mage = 36.9, SD = 10.7; with personal sexual Women, Mage = 34.2, SD = satisfaction. 10.5) (Blais-Lecours, A cross-sectional sample of Daily pornography use (average Vaillancourt-Morel, French-Canadian adults (N use in minutes) was associated Sabourin, & Godbout, = 832, 28% men; Mage = with lower sexual satisfaction, 2016) 25.2, SD = 7.99) though this was mediated by the association between daily use and self-reported feelings of compulsivity or addiction to IP. (C. C. Brown, Carroll, et A cross-sectional sample of Among both men and women, al., 2017) U.S. Couples (N = 326 pornography use was associated couples; 50% Men; Men, with lower levels of

Mage = 38.2, SD = 10.4; individual/personal sexual Women, Mage = 36.3, SD = satisfaction. Among women 9.9) only, pornography use was positively associated with greater levels of shared sexual satisfaction. (Cranney & Štulhofer, A cross-sectional sample of For men, pornography use 2017) adults in Croatia (N = 2,580, (including, but not limited to the 28% men; Men Mage = 35.4, internet) was associated with SD = 9.55; Women, Mage = lower sexual satisfaction. For 28.7, SD = 9.0) women, there was not such a direct relationship, but the link between use and sexual satisfaction was moderated by religiousness, so that use was associated with less sexual satisfaction for more religious women. (Doornwaard et al., 2014) A longitudinal study of Dutch Over four waves of data adolescents (N = 1,132, collection over four years, there

47.3% boys; Mage = 13.95, was a negative predictive SD = 1.18) relationship of pornography use on sexual self-perception and esteem, so that those who used more pornography reported more negative views of themselves over time.

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation

(Ferron et al., 2016) A cross-sectional study of A small negative relationship French Canadian adults in was observed between coupled relationships (N = pornography use and both

779, 32% men; Mage = 29.85, sexual and couple satisfaction SD = 9.91) (French & Hamilton, A cross-sectional study of For women, self-reported 2018) Canadian young adults (N = pornography use that involved 505, 38.6% men; Men Mage = female-pleasure-centric 19.8, SD = 2.7; Women, Mage pornography (e.g., more focus = 19.8, SD = 3.8) on women’s pleasure) was associated with self-reported positive impacts on participant’s sex lives. (Grov, Gillespie, Royce, & A cross-sectional study of pornography use was negatively Lever, 2011) adults in Croatia (N = 2,313; associated with sexual 44.9% Men; Men, Mage = satisfaction in men. No 37.3, SD = 9.4; Women, Mage association found between use = 30.2, SD = 8.8) and satisfaction in women (Leonhardt & A cross-sectional sample of For men, greater use of Willoughby, 2019) U.S. in committed romantic pornography (not limited to the relationships (N = 858; internet) was associated with

46.5% Men; Mage = 33.10, lower reported sexual SD = 9.36) satisfaction. For women, there were no links between pornography use and sexual satisfaction. (Maddox et al., 2011) A cross-sectional study of pornography use as a primarily U.S. Adults in romantic solitary activity (76% men, 31% relationships of women users) was associated

(N = 1,291; 36.8% Men; Mage with lower sexual satisfaction. = 25.5, SD = 4.0) Exclusive use with a partner (no solitary use) associated with higher sexual satisfaction. (Morgan, 2011) A cross-sectional sample of pornography use was negatively U.S. undergraduates (N = associated with sexual

782; 42% Men; Mage = 19.9, satisfaction even when gender SD = NA) was controlled statistically. (Muusses, Kerkhof, & A longitudinal study of adult pornography use in men was Finkenauer, 2015) couples in the Netherlands cross-sectionally associated with (N = 190 couples; 50% Men; lower sexual satisfaction. There

Men, Mage = 34.1 (NA); was no association found for Women, Mage = 31.2 (NA)) women. Longitudinally, over two years, no associations found for either gender. (Peter & Valkenburg, A longitudinal study of Dutch Baseline pornography use was 2009b) adolescents (N = 1,052; 50% cross-sectionally associated with Men; Age Range: 13-20) lower sexual satisfaction in both genders, and with decreases in sexual satisfaction at intervals of

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation six months and one year. (Poulsen et al., 2013) A cross-sectional study in the pornography use in men was U.S. of adult couples (N = associated with lower sexual 617 couples; 50% Men) satisfaction in men. pornography use in women was associated with greater satisfaction, but use in women was most often in the context of dyadic use. (C. Sun et al., 2016) A cross-sectional study in the Pornography use was associated U.S. of undergraduate men with lower sexual satisfaction (N = 487; 100% Men; Age and lower enjoyment of Range: 18-29) partnered sexual activity. (Szymanski & Stewart- A cross-sectional study in the Frequent pornography use was Richardson, 2014) U.S. of undergraduate men associated with lower levels of in committed relationships satisfaction in sexual (N = 373; 100% Men; Age relationships. Range: 18-29) (Willoughby, Carroll, Cross-sectional study of U.S. Pornography use discrepancy Busby, & Brown, 2016) Couples (N = 1,755 couples; (female partner use – male 50% Men; Men Mage = 28.8, partner use) was associated SD = 8.8; Women Mage = with diminished sexual 27.0, SD = 8.0) satisfaction in couples, with men reporting substantially higher rates of use that women, and increased discrepancy predicting lower satisfaction. (Wright, Bridges, et al., A cross-sectional analysis of Among both men and women, 2017) U.S. undergraduates and pornography use was associated adults (N = 1,513; 38.5% with less sexual satisfaction in

Men; Mage = 22.6, SD = 8.0) an accelerating negative curvilinear fashion. (Wright, Steffen, et al., Cross-sectional samples of In both samples, for both men 2017) English and German and women, pornography use undergraduates and adults was associated with less sexual (English: N = 195; 38% Men; satisfaction in an accelerating

Mage = 30.1, SD = 9.1; negative curvilinear fashion. As German: N = 699; 49% Men; pornography use approached

Mage = 30.0, SD = 8.2) once per month or more, sexual satisfaction decreased. (Wright, Sun, Steffen, & A cross-sectional sample of Among both men and women, Tokunaga, 2017) German adults (N = 405; pornography use was associated 52% Men; Mage = 30.2, SD = with less sexual satisfaction 8.3) indirectly, linked by a preference for pornography over sexual interaction. Those who preferred pornography were less satisfied sexually.

When referencing this article, please use the following citation: Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019) Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045 Pornography and Sexual Motivation n o ti a

c Records identified through Additional records identified fi

ti database searching through other sources n

e (n = 932) (n = 85) d I

Records after duplicates removed

g (n = 671) n i n e

e Records excluded (on different r c

S topic, books, non-peer reviewed publications; specific to child Records screened (Title + pornography use; published in Abstract Reviewed) the pre-internet era) (n = ) (n = 379) y t i l i b i g i l Full-text articles excluded E Full-text articles assessed (missing key variables of interest; for eligibility conference papers; policy (n = 292) papers, secondary literature, theoretical reviews, commentaries; focused only on clinical populations; focused only

d on addiction) e

d (n = 159) u l c n I Studies included in Systematic Review (n = 134)

FigureWhen 1. referencing this article, please use the following citation: SummaryGrubbs, J.of B., systematic Wright, P. J.,review Braden, according A., Wilt, J. toA., PRISMA& Kraus, S. guidelines W. (2019) Internet (Moher pornography et al., 2009). use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045